You are on page 1of 24

!

The Students' Friend tbh. (35) vg,lRvH = vgtD;uxdbX. 2011 eH.

uFdzdtod. rh>unDuFdzdySmbs;pJu%l> tvHm&RvDRwbh.


The Students' Friend is a publication of the Karen Student Network Group

uFdzdtod.eD.*H>(35)2011eH.

&0H;'d.w>uGJ;

rh>w>qDwvJeD>uD>{g?
oh.wz.rRoud;0J'D;xHuD>vXt[J bsX vDR ph w z. tHR uJ xD. w> uD w> cJ vXySRo0DzdvXttd.xlvHRwh>vXw> vD>vXt0Joh.u[JrRw>*kRxD.yoD xD.w>wdmusJR'D;o0DvXtzsX.wqH cH qH b. ok; uGHm t o; tHR w rh> w> nD b.I y0Juvkm'l.zdwz.tHRyxH. b.'H;w>uDw>cJtzXrk>vDRIyuvkm 'l.cd.e>wz.ub.zD.vdmtpkrRo ud;w>M.vDRIcJtHRySRzD.pku0JRxD'g rDR pd &dR tg xD.<'D; vX u vkm 'l. w z.tbX.pXRxH%l>uD>oJ;w>Clw>zd; tgxD.M.vDRIw>tHRyub.qJ;ol. xD.tDRM.vDRItgpktgbsDvXyw>*JR vdmtylRw>Clw>zd;td.'.w>uGJ;vDR tDR vX p; cd tylR< b.q. vX w> rR eD> eD>wcDtrd>vHRrd>yS>wzsgxD.b.I w> C lw> zd; vX u vkm 'l. w z.tbX.pXR<'D;'H>rd.jch.pH.u&Xrd> yS> w z.< rh> ok; rDR pd &dR t w> b. ,d. w>ysHRt'd.uwX>M.vDRIrDRpd&dRtd. 'D;w>rk>v>wh>vXtw>rRw>CkxXu 'k; u qS. vDR 0J '. uD> csX t w> zD. CH; tDR< b. q. w>tH RtzD cd. ph> uD; t 0J oh. w rR eXR w> b.I rk> usdR 0JR uGm t w>zD.CH;tDRwvDRuqS.eDwcgb.< trJ&uR<cJe'>'D;,l&yRwrRvDRu qS.trk>usdR0JRuGmw>zD.CH;b.I y,DRy'd.wzktHRvDw>oh'd.r;'D;ypH; ohvX[D.cd.csXySRvDw>ohty'd.wzk

uFdzd od. ySR z; vHm z dud; *R 'J; oh.{XyuGJrkmb.okvXuFdzdod.eD>*H> 35wbh.tHRM.vDRIvXuFdzdod.eD>*H> 35wbh.tHRtylReuz;b.ySRtg*R tw>uGJ;b.C;'D;w>upD.tuvkm u vkm< ySm bs; pJ t w> u pD. 'D; w> *h> vXy-uX;oh.ngwz.M.vDRI p;xD.vXuD>y,DRw>CkxX 0HR t vD> cH M. uD> y ,DR y 'd. *JR 0J xH %l> uD> oJ; vX w> ul. w &H; usJ t bd bd 'f od;trHRu*hRt*D>M.vDRIt0Joh.p; xD. rR vDR u qS. w> u pD. t 0J; p; (Website )<ol0Jw>bl.w>bgcd.e>vX u[JwJw>rkmw>ck.'D;uvkm'l.zD.pk u 0JR w z.< uGJ rkm ySR uD> y ,DR zd vX t [;xD.vXuD>t*Roh.wz.vXu[J uhR 'D; zJ w ,Hm 'H; b. tHR ys> vDR 0J ySR Cdm zd 'D; xH %l> uD> oJ; ySR Cdm zd pSR *R M. vDRIy,DRok;y'd.tw>rRw>qDwvJ oh. w z. tHR rh> 'f od; xH *km uD> *R u xH. b. vX t 0J oh. qD w vJ w> z; tg vH b. q. y rh b. uG> uhR w> td. o; eD> uD> cJ vXm M. uD> y ,DR xH %l> uD> oJ; w>*h>uDtHRwbSgqStDRwM>'H;b.I J w> 'k; w> ,R w z. td. 'H; '. w> vX u vkm 'l. oh. w z. t [D. u 0DR< y ,DR ok; qSX tg xD. t ok;< rX qlm rXpd;ySRo0Dzd<rRoHw><rRw&Dwygydm rkmoh.wz.'D;qJ;rR0Jw>*kRxD.yoD xD. t w> wdm usJR oh. w z. M. vDRI w> *kR xD. y oD xD. t w> rR vX t 0J

ph>uD;M.vDRIt0Joh.wz.*kmusJ;pX;0J 'H; od; u uJ xD. b. t. pH. ,R ySR yXR vD> qh. eDR zJ 2014 eH. M. vDRI ySR td. 0J weDRvXtemtD.y,DRy'd.wzktHR'D; pH; 0J vX ?td. cd; 'D; uG> rDR /w> qD w vJ utd.xD.{goX.M.vDRIy0JvXtrh> ySRb.wl>b.w>wz.tHRyuemM>y ,DRy'd.wzktHRt*D>wrh>w>nD'H;b. t0Joh.vDwh>ySRtgM>teH.CkqHbsJ. vH 'D; y w> wl> b. w z. tHR uD cJ zSD. e; 'd.r;M.vDRI 'f w> *h> uD tg r; vX y ym zsg xD. vX x; t od; tHR M. y wJ vX uD> y ,DRylRtHRw>qDwvJtd.ohvH{g?M. vDRI ySR z; vHm z dud; *R y qX rk> v> vX y ok w td. rH cH rH o yhR w *hR u wD> tHR y td.'H;'.vXw>*JRvdmtylRtCdvXy uM>b.w>upD.t*D>yub.z;vHm &RvDRwz.tgtg'D;'duemb.uGJRvh vdRohph>uD;M.vDRIw>vJvdmteD>uD> uJxD.to;ohzJySRxHzduD>zdwz.Ekm vDRymCkmym*D>vXw>[l;w>*JRwcgcg tylR<'D;rh.td.'D;w>wDcd.&dRrJvXt *hR oX ysXR M. w> cJ vXm u vJR t o; b.*h>b.0DM.vDRI yqXrk>v>oyS>uwX>vXuFd zdtod.wbh.tHRu[JpdmM>eRw>vX euo;td.z;tDR<'D;'d;oMRtDRvXe w> yJm xH eDR z; xH %l> uD> oJ; t w> td. o;vXuwD>tHR'D;cgvXu[JqlngM. vDRI yu xH. vdm o; ql ng vX uFd zd t oDwbh.eDRIIIIIIII ClClqlyw>rReXR<

uFdzdtod. eD.*H> (35) 2011eH.

!
The Students' Friend

w>*h>vXvHmwbh.tHRtylRtbh.(35)vg,Rl vH=vgt;D uxdbX.2011eH. f ySR'Ju0DRzdbS*Rh xD.t[H.wM>wz.xH.b.w>uDw>cJ D


?weH.tHRw>plRw'fod;'D;eH. M.vDRySRb.uDb.cJtCduFdwz.M. vXtylRuGHmb.I rk>[Jud>vDRM.w w>uDw>cJ'kwtd.b.cDzsdvXIIIIIIIIII xH. eDwxH. 'fb.ySRvXtwbSDb.'f t[H.cd.wz. xH.b.w>uDvDR ySRvXttd.bl;vX,[H.w'l.M.vk> rRbXt[H.cd.vXyv;pwH;'D;ub. uG>fql ubsH;yR (7) td.vXw>vD>vXrlcd.wplRb.w>vD>

tJ;'H;x>.f = &0H;'d.f eD>fq.frl tJ;'H;x>.frRp>R pD R q.f u qD 'gvHmf'gvJ>f(Design & Layout) pD R uqS H w>f&RvDR unDuFdzdySmfbs;pJu&l>fwz.f
P.O.Box 74 Mae Sot Post Office Mae Sot, Tak 63110 Thailand E-mail: ksngktl@yahoo.com www.ksngktl.blogspot.com

,ymuzXvXo;vXeC o;vXeCd

w>f*DRvHmfukcd.f = unDuFdzdySmfbs;pJu&l>f
!

=rh>unDuFdzdySmbs;pJu%l>tvHm dF d S &RvDRobVwbh.vDRIb.w>'k;td.xD.tDRvX unDuzymbs;pJ(15)0Dw0DrRw>ohvXySRw0Xt*D> b.q. udFo&.vXt*Rw M.'D;0gCH tw>ul.vX utD.,l>uGHm 1995 eH. vgpJ;yxhbX. tylR 'fw>y&Xo z. 'd;xD.ubD,lR 'D;[H;pkuG>rJm0Jt yySRuvkmM.vDRI bVwbh.vXySRz;w>zdwz.t*D>vDRI
=vHmt0JtHRrh>ysJ>pDRcd.wcgvX unD uFd zd o; p> w z. t *D> vX u eDR [h. vDR vdm to;w>ohw>b.w>xH.w z. vDRIuFd zdtod.b.w>&R vDR tDRoXvgwbh.vDRI w>xH.w>ym ol.ymo;'D;w>[h.ul.[h. z;wz.w>wl>vdmtDRvDRI
!

ySR u vkm t *D>A t Cd Arh> w> vX t [h. ewl>zSD.wl>e;o;tHRAewym Ay w> ol. rH o; rH M. vDRA eH. vX t ylR tDRvXw>eDwrHRb.Arhrh>wcDAeymzsg uGHm Aok; xD.Aew>tJ.b.eySRuvkmAeD.eD>M. vDRI AvX uD> y ,DR ylR Ay xH. b. Ay ySR u vkm w z. Ab. [; td. wrSH R AvX cd cd.yS>v>usgAxHcHuGmpd;Aerh>eJySRw*R AvX [H; w> bH. w> bX vX e ySR u vkm uG>fql ubsH;yR (8) wz.tHRt*D>A-wDqX'k.'gwz.AvXe

w>rRtgM>'f td.wD>uhRM.vDR cJtHR utd.0JvXto;uH>ylRweDR,ym, o;uzXvX ubD,lRqX,R uD> oXbh.M.vDRI,qdurd.ubD ,lRtHR urh>xd.z;'d.vX ,zHwJ,R vX t w> wdm usJRA t cD. xH; wywD>t*D>ArR0Jw>td.zSd.zJweH.tHR vg,lRtwD>ylRA'D;t.wvH.xJw>*kR xD.yoDxD.Aul.yeH.(ITD )AtySRyXR vD>qh.eDR_yHRcFJRuReRplRxR (Premc-

uG>fql ubsH;yR (21)


hai Kanasuta)AwJ0J'.zJw>td.zSd.tylRcD

d D D '0J>xH,mw>*kRxD.yoDx.w>wdmusRJ uJx.w>*h>uDz;'d.
zsdvXw>ubSDxD.AxH,dmubDoe tCdAvD>u0DRursX>Awuv;bsJ.vX t td. zJ e bl; vJ; vD> u 0DR t ylR wz.A ub.w>ok;uGHmtDR

=tw>rk> v>uG>pdrh>0J= ='fod;u[h.xD. ?uD.u;tvD>/wcgvX unDuFdzd'D;o;p>vX[D.u0DRwz.'fod;u eDR[h.vdmto;tw>xH.'D;tw>vJRcDzsd ='fod;uok;xDxD.w>o;td.M> [D. cd. *h> 0DvXchcgqXuwD>cJtHR vXunDwz.tusg ='fod;updmuzDxD. unDtw>qJ;w> vR< w>pH.pdRwJpdR ='fod;uymrlym*JRunDudsm ='f o d ; u[h . ql . xD . ?w>pH ; uwd R w>o bV cGJ;,m/vXunDtw0XylRI

uG>fql ubsH;yR (20)


uFdzdtod.eD.*H>(35)2011eH. 3

w>vXepH;eJ
?yysJ y w>f x H . f vD R qD v d m f to;v> w>f C l w >f z d ; t yl R wuh > f /

e rh> tJ. 'd; wJ oud; w> 'D; uFd zd t od. t ySR z; vHm zd M. qSX e vHm w> uGJ; td. o ud; ql tJ; 'H; xX. t td. eDRIyem vX u'k; pJ bl ;y o; tg 'd. xD. zJ y uGJ; td. o ud; vdm o; t cg vDRI

w>oHuG>vX tJ;'H;xX.IIIIIIII ql tJ;'J;xX. tqdrfw>xHw>wDup>vXt rl0Jw*Ruqd.*hRb.ySRvXtrRoud; w>'D;eRcJvXmCkm'Dyk>0J>ySRz;vHmzdud; *R 'J;w uh> M. rh> , w> qX rk> v> 'D; , w>qX*hRqX0geRM.vDRI'f,rh>,JudFzd o;p>w*R tod;,o;ckpH;bsK;b.u p> ,GR vX t rl vDR xl vDR ,dm w *R [h. ,Rw>cGJ;w>,mvX,uoHuG>b.w> qltJ;'H;xX.ttd.M.vDRI cD zsd vX , rh> o; p> w *R t od;,yJmz;eDRz;w>wb.cJvXmb.t Cd ,tJ.'d;oHuG>vDR wH>tJ;'H;xX.t td.'fod;tJ;'H;xX.upH;qXb.,RM. vDRIp;xD.zJvX,td.uFM.ySRvXtyS> d M>,R'D;,yk>0J>rd>y>oh.wz.pH;,RvX w>vX*k>oDM. erh>zD.tDRM. zD.rh>CH; wkRezD.tDRvHM. ys>tDRvXRw*hRIerh> ys> tDR M. *k> oD u th. u 'g uhR eR M. vDRIw>uwdRwzsX.tHR,we>yX>b. tCd,tJ.'d;oHuG>tJ;'H;xX.M.vDRI y ySRunDzd oh.wz.tJ.b. tySRuvkmyX>qX'k;w>'D;[l;*JRvXusJ tbdbd p;xD. vX 1949 'D; wkR cJ u eH. tHRM. yxH.b.vXunDzdw z.td.rl b. 'H; 0J M. vDRI cd. e> vX t yX> qX w> oh. w z. b. r EkRvX t w> vDR rk> vDR z; td.xD.0J'.vJ.I tw>xH. wvDRy vdmvdRo;b.cD{gI rh w rh> w cD w> em M> vDR o; w td.b.cD{gI rh>cDzsdvX ycd.ye> oh.w z. w>uGJM>vGJM>tDRvX'k.'gwcD{gI y cd.ye>weDReDRxH.qH;unDzd'D;uhRvDR
4

uhRvX'k.'gtpkylRcD{gIrh>vXwtJ.u nDzdb.cD{gIrhwrh>wcD<cDzsdvX'k.'gt w>*dmpk*dmcD.'D;tw>ul.tXul.oDw cD{gI vX w eH. t wD> ylR u nD zd o; p>rk.cGgoh.wz.zsdxD.uFdtd.tg'Htg *RvDRIb.rEkRCdvXtrRw>vXtySR uvkmt*D>td.pSR'HpSR*RvJ.IvXw>*h> rEkRtzDcd.vJ.Iw>tJ.tySRuvkmw td.b.cD{gI vX=M>uD>cV (&SdusdunDuFdzdySRbs;pJu&l>)

w>pH;qXvX

tJ;'H;xX.IIIIIIIIIIII

ql 'hM>uD>cV w>bsK;'d.r;vXew>oHuG>zd oh.wz.tHRtCdvDRIerhrh>o;p>b. q. w vd.e o; qH; b. ySR ud; *R 'J; b.[JcDzsdo;p>tw>td.rlvDRIw>u wdR'dtd.0Jerh>oHuG>r;euM>b.w> pH;qXvDRI w> oH uG> vX e oH uG> b. C; 'D;*k>oDM.erh>zD.tDRM.zD.rh>CH;wkRe zD. tDR vH M. ys> tDR vXR w *hR< e rh> ys> tDRM.*k>oDuth.u'guhReRM.'f, w> e> yX> t od; M. w> vX *k> oD M. rh> q.zduD>zdwuvkmvXtd.'D;tpkmtX 'D;rh>zs;b.ySRM.ySRoHohtCd'fq.zd uD> zd t od; t 0J oh. t w> oh. ng td. '.'fq.zduD>zdtod;vDRIy0JvXyrh>ySR unDtHRyrh>w>b.whvXtxDuwX>
uFdzdtod. eD.*H> (35) 2011eH.

'D;ytd.ph>uD;'D;w>o;q;tCdw>*hR w> tX w> -uX; w -uX; 'k y b. oh. ng ud;*RvDRIw>vX*k>oDtd.'D;tpkmtHR yzD.rh>M>wcDyb.oh.ngvXytd.'D; yuH>ypDw>ohw>b.vXt*hR'd.r;M. vDRI wkR y zD. tDR M> vH M. y u vJR ys> vDRtDRtcDynDrEkRtd.vJ.yoluoh vX usJ r EkR w bd vJ. t Cd e rh> ys> vDR tDR w cD td. '. u th. eR M. vDR wH> vDRIwkR*k>oDth.eR0HRM.euwl>b. 'fvJ.'keuoh.ngb.tpXvDRI e w> oH uG> cH zsX. w zsX. tHR *hR'd.r;vDRIyySRunDwuvkmtHRvX ysXRvXupXRM.ytd.upk'k'.yw>rR pXRvdmyo;<tJ.w>wDw>vdR<wl>wHR wl>wrSHRywtJ.w>th.vdmqd;uhvdm b.Ierh>z;b.vXunDw>pH.pdRwJpdR vXpDRtD.v;uGJ;0JM.euoh.ngb. tgxD.yySRunDzdt*h>vDRIyySRunD uvkmtHRw[;Ckth.vdmo;'D;ySRt *R b. td. '. ySR t *R [J Ekm vDR 'D; 'k; th.vdmySRM.vDRI ySR oh. ng vX y Ckl 'D; ySR Ekm vDR rR eXR ySR w M> b. 'D; ySR Ck xD. usJ t bd bd vX u rR vDR z; ySR M. vDRI w> u wdR 'd td. 0J w yd> w vd. y 'J w 'k M. bD.od.tD.M>nDu'.vDRIvXw>*h>0J tHRtCdy'k.y'golusJ0JtHR'D;rRvDR z;ySRwzkb.wzkM.vDRI erh>b.uG>uhRw>*h>uDtcd. oh.M.wrh>xJyySRunDu'Ju'Jth. vdmqd;uhvdmo;b.w>*h>cd.oh.M. rh>'.y'k.y'gol.vDo;uGHw>vXyySR u nD td. 'D; uG> 0J y ySR u nD w u vkm

tHRCl'd.r;tCdul.xD.w>tXvXy bX.pXRM.vDRI e w> oH uG> t u wX> w zsX. tHR , xH. b. vX o; p> tg *R oH uG> wh> vH 'D; rh> w> oH uG> vX y 0J o; p> oh.

wz.ud;*Rt*D>vDRIySRud;*Rtd.'D;t rlt'gvXurRw>vXtySRuvkmt*D> vDRIySRuvkmw>rRtHRM.wvd.w>rX M>ql.b.yup>o;ub.q;r;yrR uM>vDRIeup>ySRuvkmw>rRtHRySR M.w>woh.ng'fb.t*h>0h>vd'd.yXR uD>oMwJzsg0JM>vDRI Amy Winehouse M.oH0JzJvg ,lR vH 23 oD< zJ t 0J oH t qX u wD> t o; eH. td. 0J 27 eH. vDRI t w> o;0H. vXtrh>0JBack to BacktHRySRymy-wDR Cm vX u M> 0 Jcd. z; vGH> cg 'D; t 0J 'd; M> b.0J(r.uFL.&H.-bH.wH.p.) ySRzds;pd cd.z;M.vDRI AmyWinehouse tHRvXtylR uGHmt0Jol0Jw>rlRw>bSD;'D;oH;oh.w z. 'd. 'd. rk> rk> t Cd t 0J b. vJR 'd; bSD to;vXySRywkmw>rlw>bSD;u&Xu&d ttd.M.vDRI

ySRo;0H.w>zdvXtrHR[lo.zsg thrH.0JR[h. b.oHvXrEkRCd


v>=pDR'l'l

u vkm t *R u [J rR M> eR M. t vD> w td.b.tCdo;p>oh.wz.,emvX tup>uo;q;'.tw>'D;rRw>vX tuJbsK;vX tySRuvkmt*D>M. vDRI 'fod;ySRo;0H.w>zdrHR[lo.

zsg

Jimi Hendrix ,Janis Joplin, Jim

Morrison,Kurt Cobain oh.wz.tod; Amy Winehouse Aph>uD;oH0JzJto;eH.

uD>b&H.wh.Soul'D; JazztySR o;0H.w>zd AmyWinehousetHRw>xH. M>tDRvXtoH0vXteD>up>t[H.ylRzJ J 0h> vd 'd.tHR'D;< b.rEkmCdt0JoHvJ.

td. 27 eH. M. vDRI uD> b &H. wH. t ySRo;0H. w> rHR [l o. zsg w z. w J zsg xD. 0J vX th rHR 0JR [D; t *D> t 0J oh. t o;wrkmph>uD;b.M.vDRI zJ 2006eH. t wD> ylR th rHR 0JR [D;tw>o;0H.vXtrh>0J Back to Back M.w>o;0H.vXtrh>0JRhab 'D; Love is Losingw>o;0H.cH,k>tHRySRb.o;tDR ttguwX>M.vDRI vXw> vJRcDzdswrHRrHR'D; yuuhR oluhRvX yySRuvkm t*D>vDRIp;xD. vX ,[J xD.zJtHRvHRvHR ,wqdu rd.vXy uvJRql uD>oXwbh.eDwbsD b.'fod;,uymb.,zd,vHRvXuFd vDR vXuD> y,DRe. zdo.w 'd;e> b. w>ul>b.ul>oh *hR*hRb. w>vXm bl.vXmph tgtCd yrRweXR b.'D; y[JxD.td.zJtHRvDRI b.C;'D; w>CkxX ySR'Ju 0DRzdtw>ymo; vXtvDR qDvdmo; tHRuDF.wJ.y'd.w[h.w>*h>w>usdReD wrHRb.< b.q.w>*h> tHRub. xGJvdmto;'D; w>utd;xD. &RrwH =rJqD;w>&h vdmrkmvdmvX uD>y,DRy 'd.yHmCm0J tHRt*D>M.vDRI zJtylR uGHmwvg uD>y,DR y'd.ChxD.vX'J u 0DRzJw;uD>&h.t ylRwz. uFD.wJ. y'd.ub. ok;uGHme>tDR vXutd; uG > f q l u bsH ; yR(9)
5

uD.wJ.CkxX'Ju0DRzdwz.utd.uuhRuvJR{g F
v>=uFdzdtod.f

wJ0JvDRI 'fod;tl;yF.'Ju0DRt0Joh.rX y0J'Ju0DR urH;wHmCkxX ySRb.uD b.cJ tw>ymo;M.vDRI ySRvXuok vD>okusJqluD>oXbh.wbh.td.0J50 rs;u,RvDRI ySRvXutd. zJuD> uFD.wJ.td.0J 40 rs;u,Rb.q. w>qXuwD>cJtHR tzDcd.ySRvX uuhR u'guhRqluD>y,DRrs;u,RpSR0JvDRI 'Ju0DRzdweDRvXuuhRu'guhRqlxH vD>uD>ylRwz.e. wrh>vXt 0Joh. uuhR0J'u.wJ.y'd.'D;y,DRy'd.tw> f FD ok;w>usJRtd.0J tod;b.uuhR u 'guhRvXteD>up>tw>&J.w>usJR'. 0JvXuuhR rRySJRw>vd. b.vXtySR uvkmt*D> t*h>tl;yF.'Ju 0DRzdvXu uhRqlxHvD>uD>ylRpDRbsJ.phpH;0JvDRI vXyuD>ylRe. w>vd.td.0J tgr;vDRIy0Jytd.zJtHRyurRvdyo;
uFdzdtod.eD.*H>(35)2011eH.

uD>uFD.wJ. w;uD>&h. tl;z. uD>q.ed.zd unDb.uDb. cJ'Ju0DR tylR w;uD>&h.cd. rX'Ju0DR urH;wHm CkxX ySRb.uDb.cJ tw>b.o; e.ySR vXto; td. uhRu'g uhR qlxH vD>uD>ylRwz. teD>*H> trs; u,RpSR 0Jt*h>'J u0DRurH;wH; pDRolvhR 'd.pd pH;0JvDRI 'fw;uD>&h.cd. (pJRr. vGRzg) tw>eJ.vDR t od; w>eDRz;0J ySRb. uDb.cJoXzk vX trh> ySRvX uuhR u'guhR qluD>ylR ySRvXu ol. xD. tw>td.rlzJuD>uFD.wJ.ySRvXuvJR qluD>oXbh.wbh.w z.tHR 'ft rXwh>0J tl; yF.'Ju0DR urH;wHm wz. zJtylRuGHm wvgt od;'D; ed.zd'Ju0DR zdvX to;td. uhRu'guhR qluD>ylR pSR0Jt*h> 'Ju0DReJ.&GJ> pDRolvhR'd.pd

w>upD .
wUfupDO tJ;'H;xUO

yuG J r k m f b .f yS R z;vH m f z d ud ; *Rv> to;rh > f t d . f u G J ; w>upD . f b .f C ; xHvD>fuD>fylRw>fupD.f rh>f*hR$ xH*RuD>f*R rh>f*hR 'D;w>fupD.ftuvkmfuvkmf rh>f*hR qS>b.fq.f uFztod.f rJ;upH oh0'.fM.fvR$ v>e*D>vmubs;yR td.ymf0'.fM.fvR$ l d d J D f Hf H f J D

tHw>l x.'Ju0DRb.ysRH b.zk;w>


v>=uFdzdtod.f

tHwl>x.'Ju0DRvX td.ol. vDRto;zJ uD>y,DR unDuD>pJ.vX tuG>qX.rJm'D; uD>uFD.wJ. rJ[D.pD. uD>&h.tHR 'Ju0DRbH.bX ySRb.rlb. 'gwz. [h.yvD>ySR 'Ju0DRzd wz.u td.yvD>to;t*h> 'Ju0DRySRb.rl b.'gzHwusgwJ0JvDRI ok;y'd.w>vD>vX ttd.bl; 'D;tHwl>x. 'Ju0DRwz. uwD>tHRt 0Joh.td. 'D;ok;tw> qDwvJtd.0J'D; [;xD.[;vDR tg0JtCd'Ju0DRbH. bXwz.b.,d.0JvXu[JEkmvDRc;0J 'Ju0DRtCd 'Ju0DRbH.bX ySRb.rl b.'gwz. [h.vDRw> uvk>vXySR'J u0DRzdwz. utd.'D;w>yvD>o;t *h>tHwl>x. 'Ju0DRySR b.rlb.'go &.rk.zHwusgpH;0JvDRI vXt0Joh.vDR'X;rh>[J0Jwe>&H>usJ'X; wkR ytd.vDRI yrh>'d;vXcsHM. utd.t rH;eH;wqHwqH,J>rH;eH;'X;wkRy,DRw> vD>vDRI ytd.zJtHR yb.ysHRw>xDbd vDRIrhrh>,RM.,bd.C;,w>bd.xD bdvDRIytd.nDEk>uFgMRvDRI/ w>vD>wz.w>'k;w>,Rwtd.eDwrHR b.tCduD>uFD.wJ.y'd.wz.w[h. tcGJ;vX uEkmvDRtd. u'kvXuD> uDF.wJ. tylR'f ySRb.uDb.cJtod; b.vDRI tH ; wl > x.'J u 0D R tH R b. td. 0J'.vX ch.tJeftJ.th. tw>yXzD vm 'D;'Ju0DRtHR ySReD>*H>td.0Jbl;xD. vX ,J>uxd vDRI'Ju0DRtHR tw>rR pXR td.xJ'.[ko; wcgvDRw>rRpXR vXt*Rwtd.eDwrHRb.vDRI w>,Rwtd.< ySRvXt[H.zdCDzd tg 'X;vJRwoh ySRol.uho;yS>< ySRuhySR uGJ>'X;vJRwoh.rDR ySRvXtJ.'d;vJR vJRw>cGJ;w>,m wtd.ySRvX tw>cJG; w>,Rtd. wtJ.'D; vJRrDR/ ySRvX to; pJvJR ql,y.uD> wz.wb.rh> ySRuhySRuGJb.< [H.zd CDzdwb.tg M. 4 *R b.< to;eH. wb.tgM. 40 b.< ub.rh>ySRvX td.'D;[H.CD'D; ub.td.'D; bDrk>pXzdS.vHmtk.o; ,l.tJ.w>*DRwz.vDRI,y.y'd.tHRvdm b.'.ySR vXuvJRrRw>'D;ySRvXt

ySRb.uDb.cJ zJtHwl>x. wz.tHR rh>ySRoh.wz.vX [JvXu nDuD>pJ. ok;uh 2 vXtrh> wDtluD>&h. ?tuJ0Jy,DRok; w;qDwvJrDR[;w 'D;rh>ph>uD;ySRoh. wz.vX[J xD.zJ &k>bHbl'X; ySRb.,d.vX u[JEkmc; 2005 eH.tylRwz.vDRI cDzsdvXunD b.y'Ju0DRrDR y'Ju0DRwcDtd.bl; uD>pJ.vX tbl;'D; uD>uDF.wJ.uD>qX ySRb. uD;b.cJ bDrk>pXzdS.0JR'X; vJR xH.vdmto;'D; tlyF.'Ju0DR ySRb.rl b.'g vXuwl>vdmtl;yF.'Ju0DRzd vX to;pJ vJRtd.vJRqd; qluD>,y.w z.cJr[d weH. vgpJ;yxhbX.M. u[J xX0JtrHRp&Dt*h>b.q.'Ju0DRurH; wH;wz. em0JvX ySRo;pJuD>,y.pSR t*h>pDRxlusXRwJ0JvDRI?'fod;t0Joh. 'k;oh.ng 0Jtod;'kySRvX to;pJtd. pSRvDR b.rEkRtCdvJ.M. ySRvXtJ. 'd;vJRCkw> ul.b.ul.oh'X; w>cGJ;
uFdzdtod. eD.*H> (35) 2011eH.

uD>,y.uwl>vdmtl;yF.'Ju0DRzdtqduwX>wbsD
v>=uFdzdtod.f

uD>rd>yS>th&S>tylR uD>vXt wl>vdmySRb.uDb.cJ tqduwX>vX trh> uD>,y.tHR uEkmvDRud;0JuD> uDF.wJ.w;cfuD>&h.zd;z;uD>q.tl;yF. unDb.uDb.cJ 'Ju0DRzdwz.tqd uwX> wbsDzJeH.vX u[J 2012 eH. twD>ylRt*h> tl;yF.'Ju0DR ySR*h>0Dcd. pDRxlusXR pH;0JvDRI zJweH.tHR vg,lR M. ,y.y'd.cX.p; 'D;[D.cd.'DzsX.
6

td.'D; w>ol.w>zs; tw>ohw>b. wz.vDRI ,y. uD>tHR urRpXR0JySR b. uDb.cJwz. vX usd.phwu;b. u[h.0J w>od.vd b.C;'D; ,y. usdm< ,y.vk>v>xl oElw>vk>tD. eD>cd o;orl tw>ohw> b.vX Ckvg twD>ylRvDRI tylRuGHm 2010 eH.M.uD> uDF.wJ. uD>y,DR uD>qXunDb. uDb. cJ'Ju0DRt 'd.uwX>vXt

rh>rJ>v;unD b.uDb.cJ'Ju0DR t ylRM. ,y.uD> wl>vdm wh>vH ySR'Ju 0DRzd 27*R vHvXuok; vD>ok;usJql uD>,y.t*D>'D;rh>0J'.ySRwXwzkvDRI weH.ngtHR ySRcHzk wzk t*D>ySRrJ>v; 'Ju0DRzd26*RtHRb.w>p;xD.od.vd vHtDRb.C;'D ,y.usdmvk> v>xlo ElvH t*h>rJ>v;'Ju 0DRurH;wHm wJ0J vDRI tlyF.'Ju0DRtHR td.ol.vDRt o;vX uD>uFD.wJ. uD>y,DRuD>qX

td.pDRpkR'D;0h>rJqD;75 uHvdrHxX.vDRI tlyF.'Ju0DRtHR p;xD.td. ol.vDR to;zJ 1999 eH. 'D;ySR'J u0DR zdtd.0J cHuv;bsJ.vDRI uDF.wJ.uD>y,DR uD>qX'Ju 0DRtd.0J 9 zsX.vXtrh> rJ>v;< tl;yF. <ed.zd< rJ>v;tl<rJ>&Rrd>< xgr[h.< bg'd.,g vXtrh>unD'Ju0DR7zsX.'D; u&h.eH.'Ju0DReD>*H>(1)'D;(2)M.vDRI

ySR'Ju0DRzdbS*Rh xD.t[H.wM>wz.xH.b.w>uDw>cJ D
v>=uFdzdtod.f

uD>uFD.wJ. w; uD>&h.zd;z;uD>q. tly.'Ju0DRySRb. F uDb.cJwz.w eH.tHR bSD*hRxD. t[H.cd.wM>*hR*hR b.'D; uwD>tHRrl cd.plRtg tCdySR b.uDb.cJ oXyl wyl xH.b.w> uD;w>cJt*h> 'Ju0DR w>u&Xu&dvX trRpXRySRw 0Xuu&Xcd.pDDRbsJ.phpH;0JvDR ?weH.tHRw>plRw 'fod;'D; eH. vXtylRuGHm b.I rk>[Jud>vDR M.< w xH.eDwxH.'H;b.I ySRvXtwbSD b. 'H;t [H.cd.wz.xH. b.w>uD vDRI ySRvX ttd.bl;vX ,[H.w'l. M.vlRrRbXt[H.cd.vXyv;pwH;'D; ub.td.vXw>vD>vXrlcd.wplRb. w>vD>M.vDRI ySRb.uDb.cJ tCd b.td.0JuFdtHR< uFdwz.M. w>uDw> cJ'kwtd.b.cDzsdvX uFdweDR[H.cd. M.rR0J'.vX x;0gtCdvDR/

weH.tHReH.cD.xH;M. 'fod; ySR 'Ju0DRzd qXxX.vX tcD.uoh t*D> w>rRpSR vDR0J 'Ju0DRw>rRpXR wz.tusgw> rRpSRvDR0J w>ol.xD. w>yD; w>vDw z.tCd w>ol.xD.w> vd.vXtrh> oh.< 0.< v.wz.w vXwySJRb.'D; 'Ju0DRzdvXbSD*hR xD. t[H.wM>w z.xH.b.w>uD w>cJ t*h>ySR'Ju0DRzdteJRygpH;0JvDR ?rlcd.plR'D; [H.CDb.qD.'D wzsX. b.rR'fvJ. woh.ngb. b.[; vlRrRbX[H.cd.vX oGJ.v; xX.'D; b.td. vXrlcd. wvDR pDRb.
uFdzdtod.eD.*H>(35)2011eH.

w>vD>vDRIcJtHR'kb.td.'.'ftHRvDRI cJuX. weH.ySR rh>[h. vDRv.r; ybSD y[H. uoh vDRI yu[;xD. rR w>vX w>csX t*D>uFD.wJ. ySR b.rl b.'g rh> xH.csK;tpSRuwX>ub.[h.100b; weDRub. [h. 400<500 b;vDRI uFD.wJ.ySRb. rlb.'gcsK; M.,R td. 3<4bsDvH/ eH.vXtylRuGHm [H.zdCDzdt eD>*H>rh>td. Ck*RM. M>b.v.wu ,RbsJ.b.q. weH.tHRM. M>b.0J v.xJ 40 t*h>t0JwJtgxD.0JvDRI

w>fyJmfxHeDRz; v>=eD>vguFRd zD uD>r&>f eD>*>H (1)wDRxDudF f fl f f od. 'lzd AvX w>tJ. ud; *R 'J; okrh>r;q.zdvXAtCHvRwzsX.'D;ok w> u yDR zd vX At w vDR yHm AeD w bsD t Cd Ao; ck,J '. 'D; , ym u zX ,J , o; vXokCdM.vDRI zJ,ySRuvkmtg*R to;vDR p> 'D;vDRbSH; vDR bSg At qX uwD> tHRe rh>'H;'.q.zd AvXtuyDR'H;tCdrh> w>*H>w>bgvX,*D>'d.r;M.vDRIAyySR uvkmuxl.zsJ;xD.Ab.vXuk>tvD> Ayutd.uhRAb.'D;ybl.ywD>A'.y0J t*D>e[h.vDReo;wkR'.vJ.eo;o rl[;xD.uGHmwpktCdA,ymuzXvX b.,o;vXeCdvDRI yySRuvkmAycd.ye>ySRvXt td.'D; Aw>ul.b.ul.oh wJ w> oh rJ th. yVR oGJ; Aoh. w z. At 0J oh. tg *R xH. b. w> uD w> cJ AvJR c Dzsd Ab. w> zSD.w>,mwl>0JwohwM>vXRAtCdcg xD.tcD.cgzd Aqlw> vD> toD w wDR td.0Jtg*RvDRI b.q.A rh rh> eJ w cD w rh> eJ 'f M.b.AzJvXeySRuvkmAb.uG>qX. rJm w> uD w> cJ b.w> qD.wH> rR eXR b.w> rRoHrR0D rR w &D w ygrR tX rR e;rRtXrRoD t qXtuwD > eqX

,ymuzXvXo;vXeC o;vXeCd
xX.vXAeySRuvkmt*D>'D;AeqXxX. eJ'l'lAvXeySRuvkmt*D>AtCd,o;ck 'D;ymuzXvXAb.,o;vXeCdvDRI 'f erh> eJ od. 'l zd t od; vX e ySR u vkm Au xl. zsJ. xD. AvX uk> t vD> At*D>Ae*kmusJ;pX;A[h.vDReo;A'fod; e ySR u vkm Au td. rkm td. ck. A'fod; uM> uhR AxH uD> w> o bV t *D> e b. [h.vDReoGH.exHoh.wz.tCd,ym uzXvXb.,o;vXeCdM.vDRI 'f erh>eJ'.q.AvXtCH;vR wzsX.tod;AeySRuvkmt*D>'D;cDzsdvX w> tJ. b. ySR u vkm At oGH. yX> xD. 0J vXeylR eb.vJRvXw>rJmngcDzsdb. 0JusdcsHySmo.AvXw>ud>w>ck.vX'k. 'gtusgph>uD;eb.cDzsdeJ<vXw>rHw> *JR t qX u wD> vX z. u rl. [D. cd. u yHRusgA'D;wRq+.wRrJoh.wz.tusg e b. rH eJ '. AvX w> tD. w> tD Aoh. w z. e wtD. b. bsJ bsJ w bsD bsD e b. uDR 0HR uDR phR eJ b. q. Ae w ym eJ vX w>eDwrHRb.AtCd,ymuzXvXb. ,o;AvXeCdvDRI rH;v; vXA t u xd vX At u ,RAvXrk>eRrh>*hRAvXw>qgcD.rh>*hRA rH w bsJ A*JR w bsJ b.A b. q. Ao em uhwutkupGg0JAeDwbsDb.A'D;Arhrh> w cD Ae rJm zsg eHR u rSH eJA xD bd 'D; e ym zsg xD. Ae w> tJ. e ySR y vkm A'D; w> o; plR Aoh. w z. t Cd A, o; ck 'd. r; vDRI Ae td.'D;w>uwdRobVAvXeySRuvkm t *D> Acd. e> vX t od. wh> eR A'D; u wdR wh> w> A'D; eR w z. Ae w og yh. eD.A eJ b. rl 'gA vX t vDR b. eR Aw z. b.A eRe[H;xD.zD.xD.A'D;*kRusJ;pX;eJ'.A 'D;erRvXySJRAerle'gAcDzsdAvXetJ.b. AeySRuvkmAvX eo;'D; zsX.ngAtCd vDRI od. 'l zdoh. w z. tg 'H tg *R Arh>vDRCH>0HRxD.Avdmo;w*R'D;w*R At CdA vX e rJm ngA rh> b. uG> qX. rJm A'D; w> ql. w> qg Aw> uD w> cJ Aoh. w z.AokjyJmul.vdmuhRoko;A'D;Aokym zsg xD. Aok w *R 'D; w *R Aw> tJ. vdm uGHm vdm o; A'D; w> eX> yX> vdm ok o; Aoh.wz.M.vDRI 'ferh>od.'lzdApJ.eD.w*RAt od;M.Aetd.r;CH;CH;vRvRAvXw> ol. wD o; &R AuD> u nD vX qX 'd;M> 'D; Ao; o [D. vX t td. 'D; eR M. A'k; ql. xD.uhRAew>emA'D;Aew>qXrk>v>A'D; w>o;pGHuwkRAtylRerRAeJ'.vDRI 'feuM>b.Aw>ul.b.ul. oht*D>A'D;A'fcd.e>'D;eySRuvkmAoh. wz.AuemM>eRt*D>Ae&heJ'D;cd.e>AwD wDvdRvdRA'fod;eokwb.Aw>'k;'GJ.pH; tXeRAw*hRt*D>M.vDRI w>ul. b. ul. oh AvX t td.'D;eRwz.Ae*kRusJ;pX;A[h.vDReJ '.od.'lzdt*RA'D;AerRoud;w>AvX w> Cl; w> zd; AvX w> o; 'l A'D; Aok [h. vDRAph>uD;Aok;o;orlAwkR'.vJ.Aok zdokrgb.td.urJAzd.CJA'D;okymvDR wJmuGHmA'lvX>cd.AtCd,ymuzXvX Ab.,o;vXAokCdM.vDRI

uFdzdtod. eD.*H> (35) 2011eH.

yySRuvkmAw>td.o;Aw*X> w usXR AvDR jyH vDR jyg Aql rk> Ekm Ark> xD. uvHRxH;AuvHRpd;b.q.AeJwcDA'fe rh>q.zdAvX[h.xD.w>uyDRA[H;Cm usXR A'f w>y X> qX o; o [D. At Cd Arh> w>vXt*hR'd.r;M.vDRIAew>tJ.'D;e w> o; td. Ae ySR u vkm Atd. 'f wkR t cJ tHRAtCdAyo;ck'd.r;vDRI ewl>zSD.wl>e;o;tHRAewym tDRvXw>eDwrHRb.Arhrh>wcDAeymzsg xD.Aew>tJ.b.eySRuvkmAeD>eD>M. vDRAvXuD>y,DRylRAyxH.b.AyySRu vkmwz.Ab.[;td.wrSHRAvXcdcd.yS> v> usg AxH cH uGm pd Ae rh> eJ ySR w *R AvX [H;w>bH.w>bXvXeySRuvkmwz. tHRt*D>A-wDqX'k.'gwz.AvXeySRu vkmt*D>AtCdArh>w>vXt[h.Ayw> ol.rHo;rHM.vDRAeH.vXtylRuGHmAok; ubsH ; yR(5)w>f y d m f x G J xD.uhRwdR t *D>t*h>M.'J u0DR urH; wHmwz.em0JvDRI 'Ju0DRt*R vXtd.ol.vDR to;zJw;uD> &h.ylRwz. w>xXySR 'Ju0DRzd w>ymo; 'fod; tHRw td. 'H; b.oemuhvXuDF.wJ.udwdmcd.usX> vD>vHR x;ph. tpdRM. tw>wdm

zd oH. zd AvX t u xd u v; Ab. q. cJ tHRAtd.wh>'.vXAtu,RAw>vD>w wDRAvXtqHwwDRAvXw*R'.vJ.Ae rR 'f eJA w> vX e ySR u vkm *D> At Cd Arh> w>o;ck'd.r;vDRI ew>emA'D;Aew>rk>v>AvXe u xH. b. Ae ySR u vkm Au xl. zsJ; Au o bV u td. 'D; xH uD> tHR Ark> w eHR u vX ySJR 0J o yS> u wX> M. vDRIA , w o; yhR eD. A, ySR u vkm cd. e> Aod. 'l vX t rRw>AvXtySRuvkmAt*D>wz.b.I , ySR u vkm A'f od; eR tHR A, ymuzXvX ,o;vX eCd'd.r;vDRIA 'D;ym'd.ymuJtDR'd.r;vDRIAvX,vD> A'f w> ohw> b. td. 'D; ,R At od;A u usJ;pX;rRph>uD;A,JvX,oeX.'.,J vDRI rk>weHRAqXxH.b.vdmuhRyo; vXuD>obVAtylRM.vDRIAw>tJ.ySRu

vkmAo;eD>eD>tHRAutd.0JwRAw>rReXRzD k wX.M.Arh>w>rk>v>AvXetd.vDRIApkwm l rJmbsD.AcD.u>uh>*DRAoh.wz.AwvX ySJRvXngtod;AvXRb.Ab.q.Ae*kR usJ;pX;AwkR'.vJ.Aeb.[h.xD.uGme H o;orlwpkM.vDRIAeymuyDRxD.e o;A'fq.zdwzsX.tod;AtCdA,o;ckp; H bsK;b.eRA'd.r;vDRI w>rk>v>vXAySRunDuvkmud; *R'J;AvXuD>ylRrh>*hRAuD>csXrh>*hRAw>tJ.ySR uvkmAto;utd.*X>A'feRtod;At*D>, qXrk>v>,J'.AoyS>yS>vDRA'ferh>q.AvX tCHvRA'D;AuCHvReJxbt*D>Arh>, D d w>rk>v>vDRA'D;w>ok;rkmo;rkmvX eylRA'D;Arh>ph>uD;Aw>tJ.ySRuvkmAtCd ,ymuzXvX,o;AvXeCdvDRI

usJRtd.0J vX u bSg &SJ 0J'Ju0DR tw> *h>uDtHR cD zsdw>ueDz;ySR b. uD b. cJ tuvkm'ftHR'D;u'k;td.xD.uDF.wJ. = uD>y,DR uD>qXrk>usdR0JRuGm tvD> vXu'k; td.xD.ySRb. uDb. cJwz. tw>zH;w>rRt*D>M.vDRI uD>uDF.wJ. uD>y,DR uD> qXtylR b.uDb.cJ'Ju 0DRcGHzsX.e.

ySReD.*H>utd.0J wuvD>vGH> uv; bsJ.'D;'Ju0DR vXtd.ol.vDR to; zJ uD>uDF.wJ.w;uD>&h.ylRwz.rh>0Jed.zd <tlyF.'D; rJ>v;unDb. uDb.cJ 'Ju0DRwz.vDRI

uFdzdtod.eD.*H>(35)2011eH.

erh>unDr.erh>,wHRoud;RrHvDRrD. rh>yuuhRrHvDRI w> k uuh


v>=tDRth wpd>fwvD>f rJ>fv;'Ju0DR

w*DRtHR ,*JRqXxX.vX vD>rHcd. ,yJSR,J'D;w>ol.zSHo;nD M. vDRI ,ys>rJmys>eg0HR ,uwJRuwDR, o;vX ,uvJRxD.ql uFdt*D>vDRI b.q. zJ,wcsK;vJRtcg ySR[Jud; ,RoD.w*RvDRI ?[hwHRoud; pDRtJ. uvkmrh>evJRuFv{gIwvJR'H;b.td. d H cd;,RrD.yuvJR'H;od;od;,uuhRvJ xD.qhuRwbh.rh> ,utd.cd;eR/0HR 'D;y'Doud;cH*R yvJRoud;qluFdM. vDRI yxD.uFd wkRuFdpH.vDR'D; y[J uhR 'fod;od; ud;bsD'J;M.vDRI b.w [gzJrk>eR vgzduyDRvDR uvHRqSHzd vXtck. [Jtl xD.0J'D;w> tX.oh.w z. 'H0hR'H0DRvX uvHRusgxHusduGm ySJR 'D;w>o,k>owG;M.vDRI xHusdoh.w z.[J,GRvDRvX upX>uyRoD. r;&h &h&d&drkmb. ,o;'d.r;M.vDRI y'DwHR 'D oud;cH*Ryqh.eDRwJoud;w> ySJR r; 'D; w>o,k>M.vDRI wHRoud; 0gtJ. w*RoH uG>,R etd.uFdrh>zsd etJ.'d;uJ xD.rEkRvJ. 'D;,pH;qXtDR 'f,rHRrh> pDRtJ.uvkm tod;,td. uFdrh>zsd,u rRw>vX ,ySRuvkmt*D>vDRI 'D;,oH uG>u'g uhRtDRwHRoud; 0gtJ.{X e td.uFdrh> zsdetJ. 'd;uJxD. w>rEkmph> uD;vJ. 'D;pH;qX0J ,R'f,rh>,J unD rk.w*Rtod; ,u[h.vDR ,o;vX xHuD>'D; uvkm*D>'D;,xH zduD>zdt*D> 'fod; tuohxD. w>ul.b.ul.oh tod; ,u[h. vDR,o; M.vDRI 0g tJ.{X ew>rk> v>'k*hR 0J'fod;oX.eu *kmusJ; pXRql.M. 'H;y'D oud;cH *RywJ oud;w>ySJR'D;w>o; zSHvDRI , pH;b. wHRoud; 0gtJ.{X z;zDrk>vH y
10

bsK;(Good night )ycH*RyuhRoud; ql[H.M.vDRI wkRrk>0gxD.'D; ,oud; 0gtJ. w*R[Jql,td. *DR*DRM.vDRI 'D;wJ0J,R ,xD.uFdwohvXR b., ub.vJRvX bDuD;vDRI 'D;,oHuG> tDRrwRrXevJRvJ. 'D;pH;qX0J,R, rd>rX,vJRvDRerh> vJRvXbDuD; eu vJRtd.vXrwR t[H.vJ.'D;wJqX ,R,uvJRtd.vX,rk>*>t[H.vDRI 'D;t0JwJu'D;,RvXtJ.uvkm{Xerh> ,wHRoud;vX,tJ.tDRt'd.uwX> w*RvDRI tCd,u b.vDRz;'D;eR 'ferk>v>tod; rRvXySJRoyS> uwX>eDR rhrh>,J ,w>rk>v> 'k[;*DRuGHm0J'.vH M.vDRI 'D;,wJqX u'D;tDR ew>rk> v> M.erh>wrR [;*DRb. M.[;*DRw M>b.etd.vX ySR[H.ySRCD ySRxHySR uD>b.q.vXew>tJ.ySRuvkmM.e rRpXR eySRuvkmohvXusJtbdbdvDRI 'D;,wJtDR 0g{X erh>b.vJR w>weHR tHRM. ,wvJR xD.uFdb.,uvJR qSXeRvXodvh. oMph>uD;vDRI ywJ oud;w>0HR'D; ,vJRqSXtDRql odvh. oMM.vDRI w,HmwrD>b.'D; ,Rph> uD;,td.uFd zsdxD.0J'.vDR I wkR, td.uFdzsdxD.'D; ,p;xD.EkmvDR rRo ud;w>'D; ,ySRuvkmM.vDRI zJ,Ekm vDRrRoud;w>'D; ,ySRuvkm tcg, xH.b.,J ,ySRuvkmoh.wz. weDR tD.w vXw ySJRqhulqhuRr; wtd. b. w>ul.oh wtd.'D;tDRb.zdo. oh. wz. }uX;'d;M>w>ul.b. ul.oh b. q.cGJ;,m wtd.'D;t0Joh.b.t 0J oh.b.td. vXyS>rk>oD}wdt ylRySJRr; 'D;w>rJmxHrJmed cDzsd'k.'gw>*DRpk*DRcD. tCdM.vDRIzJ,xH.b. ,ySRuvkm 'ftHRtw>td.rl'ftHRtcg ,oh.eD.
uFdzdtod. eD.*H> (35) 2011eH.

b.uhR ,oud;rk. eD>0gtJ.vX t pH;0J,urRpXR ,ySRuvkm vXw> ul.b.ul.ohwz.M.vDRI we>[l 0g tJ.t*h>eDwrHR 'H;b. b.weHR, qh.eDRvX [H.rJmngySJR,J'D;w>qd u rd.tgtcgySR[JvX,td.w*RwJxD. 0JvXcJrk> qh.M.eoud; rk.0g tJ.u [JuhRtCde uvJRtd.cd;tcd. ph> uD; {g ,J wcDvXw>o;cktylR,wJ qX tDRrh>cJrk>qh.'k ,u vJRtd.cd; tDRvX odvh.MvDR0HR'D; ,oHuG>u'D; ySR[J wJ,Rw*RM. vXtu[JuhR uwkR vXySJRe>&H. vJ.'D; ySRw*R M.pH;qX,Rt[JuhRuwkRvXodvh. oMzJ rk>Ch> vDRwe.&H.M.vDRI t0J wJw>'D; ,R 0HR'D;pH;0J,R w>bsK;vDRI ,uuhRvDR 'D;,pH;qX tDRw>bsK; 'D;t0J uhR0J'. M.vDRI rk>qh.xD.'D; ,vJRtd.cd;zJodvh.oMwkRrk>Ch>vDR we>&H.'D;t0J[JuhRwkR0J'.M.vDRI wkRrh>t[J uhRwbsD ,uG> eD.tDR wb.vXRb. t0JrRto; M.,qdurd.wb. vXR b.wkR t0J pH.vDRvXodvh.ylR 'D; w>rRt o;'f vJ.M.eqdu rd.w b.vXR b.t0J ul0JzsD.cHzk.zk.wkR'.vJmzsgxD.r;vX teX.xH;e uG>u 'D;vX tudmvdR wbsDtuRqhuR w bh.M. tCH;tDR CH;uFhRtqhuRrd>yS> {DRzk. uFhRt ,D>'hzsgxD.r;vX w>csXcJ vXm M.vDRI te>wcDwk>r;t ylR0;w &H;M.vDRI tcd.olwcDtvGJ> td.r;t uvkmu vkmM.vDRI wkRtpH.vDRvX odvh. 0HR'D;,qX*hRtDRvX[g vXt*hR'D; t0J pH;qX,RvX (pd;0g'Hc. )wkR ,e> [l'D; ,zk;b.,o;M.vDRI u nDrk. {XIIIIIwbsDngtHR'kw>rR to; 'D; eR'fvJ.vXng ew>td.rl'f tHRew rReDwbsDb. erh>xH.ySRulw>zk. 'f

tHRepH; vXySR'ftHR touJ;y0;w*hR b.wbsDngtHR erReo;'fvJ. 'D;t 0JpH;qX,R rd>td.zsJ. vDRySRM. qhuR wy.rh>ohM. ,wuRqhuR b.cD zsd vXySRuR0JtCd ,uRph>uD;vDRI w bsDngtHR 'kew>uwdRvX etJ.eySR uvkmeu rRpXReySRuvkm'k rh>eoh. eD.'H;{g IIII'D;t0JwJqX,Rw> vXySR unDM.rh>oh ,wtJ.'d;td. zsJ.xD. vXySRunDtusgb. ySRunDM.,w }uX;uG>vdph>uD; b.uvkm*Rtd.'D;
v>=uFdzdtod.f

txHtuD>tclt0h> rhrh>unDzdwcD txH uuD>wtd.tclt 0h>wtd. yrh>rRw>vXt*D>M.w>uJbsK;wtd. b. ,ue>tw> uwdRwbsD tHR'k tb.w td.vXRb. 'D;, pH;tDR vX ngerh> ,wHRoud; erh>unDrk. b. q. t cJtHRerh>rk.uDRvH> tzdo'g vH{g 'Dyk>0J> unDzdud;*R {XIIIIIrf yurh>ySRvX oh.ngvDRo;vX yrh>u nDzdM.wuh>zJytd. vXySRxHySRuD>rh>

*hRytd.vXvD> u'ktvD>rh>*hR rfyu oh.ngvDRyo; vXyrh> unDzd wuh> rfyokwxH.qH; yySRuvkm unDzd M.w*hR'D; yokwqgtD.ph>uD; yySRu vkmvXtw*hR oh.wz.M. w*hRyok wxH.qH; unDzdwz.vXw td.'D;t xHtuD>'D; tw>obshM>w*hR oh.eD. uhRvXokrh>unDw> vXtvJR w&H; vXeeD>cdeD>o; tusgM>oh.ng vXt rh>oGH.unDvX tuqSDwDvdR xDbdM. wuh>I

w>xH.vdmoHuG>'D;ySR'Ju0DRzdvXuok;vD>ok;usqluD>,y. J
w> vXm bl. vXm phR w z. Awvg w pJ; vDR exH . f v >uD > f , y.f r h > f x H u D > f v > t}u>;uw>>f v > e*D > f t Cd eCk {g x>tD R {g ySR tg *R 'k Au qd u rd. 0J t uvkmuvkmvDRIArhrh>,J'k,qdurd. 'ftHRy0JySRunDAb.uDb.cJwz.y vJR td. vJR qd; vX AxH uD> tg bh. vX tvDRqDvdmo;wz.A'D;yuohwJySR t usdm t rdF rdF vDRI Ark> w eHR AzJ vX u nD uD> pJ. AM> uhR w> o bs e. ySR u nD zd vXAtvJRtd.vJRqd;AvXxHuD>t*R w z. u [J uhR 'D; ol uhR 0J usdR wz. AvXw>rRylRrh>*hRAzJ&'D;ySRuD>csXzdw z.rh>*hRvDR evJR rh> wkR vX AuD> , y. e. Ae qd; urd . vXeuxH . b.w>uD w >cJ r Ek m vJ . usdme.Aurh>w>*h>uDvX, *D> vDR b. r EkR t Cd vJ. e. y u [; xD.[;vDRt*D>AoHuG>w>wohpH;qX wohuyORtD.yORwohw>vXyo;vD y wJ w b. Ab. q. Ay vJR wkR oD A6 vge.t0Joh.urRpXRySRAcJvXmvDRI AzJw>6vgtwD>ylRe.ySRvXto;eH. td. 12 eH. t zDcd.wz. woDe. u[h.0J ,y.ph 1500 vDRI Ay zD tD. zD
uFdzdtod.eD.*H>(35)2011eH.

uD> t h&SX. t ylR uD> vX t wl> vdmySRb.uDb.cJAtqduwX>vXt rh>, y.uD> tHR AySRb.uDb.cJ o;p J tDR pSR b. q. ArJ> v; 'J u0DR AvX t td.ol. vDRo; zJuD>uFD.wJ. Aw;uD> &h.tylRtHR 'Ju0DRzd 26 *R vXu ok; vD>ol;uJsA'fySRcHzkwzktod;tHRe.Au b. [; xD.zJ w vgtHR A28 oD teHR tHRvDRAvXtusgpDRz.vX<vXuvJR uD>,y.w *RAuwJ yF;ySR b. rEkRt CdAt0JCkxXAuD>,y.t*h>vDRI t cJ tHR Ay rh> uG> uhR y w> td.rle.rh>yuJr w*RAxHzduD>zdr.y w oh. ngb. ytd.zsJ. xD. AxH uD> w bh.'X;yw>obsAw>cGJ;w>,R wtd. eDwrHRb.rhrh>qlngvX oX bh. w bh.e.,J>eH.qlrJmngwbsDAy*D>e.Ay w>cGJ;w>,Ru*hRxD.0JvDRrDRAuD>, y. tHR Atd. bl; 'D; y xH y uD> vDR At 0J oh.wud;ySRvXAt[H.zdCDzdtgb. Ab. rEkR t Cd vJ. e. w> vXm bl. vXmphRtg'D;AySRb.uDb.cJwz.Au qXxX.vXAtcD.t*D>AuD0JtCdvDR Aw> vXm bl. vXm ph RvX At rh> u bD ,lR vJ Aw csK; wl> vdm 0J t cg Aw> o rH ord;tywD>Aw>vXmbl.vXmphRwz. w vd. [h. uhR Ay 'd. vXRb.Arh rh> xH uD>vXt*Rwz.Aub.[h.u'guhR

tDrh>wohe.AuCke.0JySR'D;vJo;vX u[JzDe.yw>AuusdRxHe.ySRw>A'D; ph vX y u 'd; M> b. w z. e. Ay u b. [h.tDRA'fod;yyORtD.uhRrhRrDR euvJRb.uD> ,y.tHR ewl>b. 'fvJ. e qd rd. vX Ae uJ ySRb.uD b.cJtCdevJRvXe.AySRuuG>xGJeR *hR*hRvDRrDR b.q.wrh>'fM.b.eu b.uG>qX. rJmb.Aw>uDw>cJtgrHR 'D;eub.rRvde>w>A'ft0Joh.xHzd uD> zd t od; t Cd Ae o; [; *DR uFh b. q.y o; ql. 'H; Arh> vX y u ol. xD. y w>td.rltoD'keub.od.vdvDRuhR eo;'feuJzdo.tod;vDRrDRAyrh>qd rd. uhR w> vX ok; zd e. Au uJ xD.b. ok; cd. e. Au xH. b. Aw> uD w> cJ tg rHRvDRrDRAyqdrd.uFge.'X;Ao;ql.r> r> vDR 2010 eH.e. AuD>uFD.wJ. uD> y ,DR uD> qX A'J u 0DR At 'd. u wX> vX trh>ArJ>v;'Ju0DRtHRA'Ju0DRzdA27*R e. b. w> wl> vdm rkm vH AvX uD> , y.'D; rh> ph> uD; ySR wX>w zkvX At ok; vD>ok;usJqluD>,y.vDReH.vXu[J 2012eH.e.uD>,y.tHRAup;xD.wl> vdm0J'.AtlyF.'Ju0DRzdph>uD;vDR
11

v>rlcd.fwbh.fCD tzDvmf

J usvX,CkxX'D;ydm
v>=pDR&Gh.fuFD.f b.fw>fuJG;uhRtDRv> zHqDC>f KTTC uFd

yuGJrkmb. ySRz;vHmzdwz.vX to;rh>td. uGJ;b.C; ySRuvkm wzkzktvk>v>< xloEl'fod; u'k;vJ>xD. yySRw0Xtw>xH. tw>e>yX> w>qJ;w>vR'fod; 'k;xl;xD. wDRwD. ySRw0X tw>xH. M.ohvDRI 0Ho;plR qSXtDRql uFdzdtod. ttd.ohvDRI e*D>ubHs;yR?vXrlcd.w bh.CDtzDvm /utd.vXe*D>vDRI tJ;'H;xX.

usJvX,CkxXydm rlcd.wylR 'D;w>tX. ySRunDwylR'D; w>ur. b. b.q. ySRvXt*kRusJ; pX;xH. vDR tw>*HH>qH;bgp> 'D;bSDvDR uhRt o;w*R v>v>M. rh>ySRvX t'k;vJR xD.vJRxD teD>up> wu;b.'k;vJR xD.vJRxD ph>uD;t ySRuvkm'. 0JM. vDRI zJ,rh>'H; zdo.vXcd. xHbD. o; egyS>bltqXuwD> ,w>xH. ,w> qdurd. ,w>ol.ql.o;*JR rh>'f'. zdo.vX to;ql. tqXu wD> b. q. wkR,wkRql rd>vD>y>vD> vHM. ,w>xH. ,w>qdurd., w>wl>cD. ymo;rh>'f'.vX ub.[H;pkeJ.usJ 'f zdvHRoh.wz.t*D>M.vDRI ,'d.xD. b.vXy,DR ok;y'd. rDRpd&dRw>yXt wuGD>ylR M.vDRI ,ySRuvkm wl>b. w>qD. wH>rReXR w>rRw&D wygrd>y> t uyXRvX vDRq+. ,ySRuvkm rJmxH vX vDRq+. ,ySRuvkm trJmxHvX t vDR ysm ,ySR'lzdo 0Dzdtw>u tkupGg wz. 'D;rRxl&>toGH. vXtvDR,GR wz.'D;,rJmcsHt w>xH.eDw bsDb. wkR,'d.wkRcd. ySJRxD.u,Du ,D,
12

o;cD.%O. xd.*JRxD. ,RvX,ub. zH;xD.zD.xD. ,ySRuvkmtw>zH;w> rRvX trRw>yX>qX xD'guhR ok;rDR pd&dRy'd.wzkvX t,D>vDRwH> qD.vDR bsXuGHm wh>,ySRuvkmvXeH.u,Rw z.tylRvHM.vDRI zJ 1983 eH.,wkR qlw>yX>qXvD>u0DRylR'D;uJxD.ySRyX> qXw>zdw*RM.vDRI b.q.w>yX> qXtusJ oElvDRwH>vDR qJ;rh>w>'fvJ. ,e>w yX> cJvXmb.wkR,rR w>,Hm xD.w> zH;w>rRwz. od.vd,Rtu vkmu vkmvX ,-uX;rl ,-uX;rR ,-uX; [l;*JR 'fvJ.'fvJ. t*D>vDRI ySRtg *Rtw>uG>'D;,eD>up>w>xH.vDRo; wbsDbsD rh>w>vX tvDRyvdm'.u ,Xm b.q. wbsDbsD rh>w>vX twzd;rHzd;bJ vdmto;b.vX w>yX> qXtw> vJRcDzsdtylR wbsDbsD,xH. vXrh>w>rRrkmrR rH,o; b.q. w bsDbsD rh>w>vXt'k;vDRbSH; ,ol., o;ph>uD;vDRI zJ 1985 eH. ,wkRql ok;'lpd w>od.vdysD'f o;p>w*R tod; ,w>xH.rh> '.,ub.'k; oud;w> 'D;, ySRuvkmo;p> ub.*H>ql.bg
uFdzdtod. eD.*H> (35) 2011eH.

ql.'fod;,Rwz. vXw>'k;vD>ySD.uGHm ok;rDRpd&dRwz. t*D>M.vDRI ,'k;wh> ,rRwh>,usJ;pX; wh>wohzJ tohvDRI ,'Dyk>0J>tg*R uh>*DRvDRr> wh>vX, rJmngo;orl,lR xD.uGHmvX, uyR utkupGgvX ,uym, rJmxH vXt vDRq+.wh> ,o;vX tvDRbSH;wh>tHR ySR*Rrh>[h.*H> [h.bg,Rb.q. rh> '.w>*H>w>bg wpd>wvD>zJ, e>[l b.w>uvk> tqXuwD>'D;,xH. b.w>[l;w>*JRtzXvDRIw>tug'd. uwX>vX ,uM>b.w>*H>w>bgol. uH>o;vJt*D>rh>'.,eD>up>tw>yJm xHeDRz;'D; w>[h.*H>[h.bgvDR uhRt o;M.vDRI qXuwD>wkRCDRql w>qD [H.qDCD ,xH.b. zdtrJm,b.xGJ 'D;zdrgwz.vHtCd w>qdurd. toD wz.EkmvDRu'D; ql,o;ylR vJ>xD. ,dmxD.u'D;vDRI wbsD ,rh>wh> ySRo bV,rRw>vX w>obVylRvDRI wkR ,td.vX [H.zdCDzdvHM.'l.zdxXzd [H.zdCDzdt w>tJ.w>uGHmw> b.xGJ wz. tgxD.vJRxD.w>tJ. ySRuvkm o;vJ>xD.,dmxD.vX ,xH.oyS>u wX>vX'f ,[H.zdCdzd< zdvHRrgvd., w>rRpXRw> u[ku,mtod; ,eD> up>ph>uD;,vd. b.zdvHRzdrg tw> qD.xGJ[h.*H>[h>bg ,Rph>uD; vDRI'fM> tod;,xH,uD> ,ySRuvkm vXt vDR'dwh>vXw>cGJ;w>,mw>obVvd. b.,w> rRpXReD>eD>'D; ,vd.b.ph> uD;,xHzduD>zd ursX> oh.wz.w> qD.xGJtw>[h. *H>[h.bg,R vDRI tg pktgbsD,yJm xHeDRz;uD'd.r; ySRunD tg*R tw>xH.tgrHR tw>wl>cD.ym o; tguvkm tCd yrRyoud; vJRo

ud;wylRCD b.q.w>qXwJm eDRz;'f od;ud; bsDb.tCdySR vXtqdrd.xH qdrd.q; w>wz.xD. b.rRvdw> oh0JySRvX tw>xH. zk.wz. rRu r.w>ohph>uD;vDRIb.q.yySRuvkm tw>vD> wlmvDRumz;'d. wcgvXt rh>w>xH.wcDwXR wcgtHRtgbsD'k; qH;vDRpSRyw> yX>qXoh0J 'D;wbsD bsD wkR'.vJ.rR [;*DRuGHm yw>u&Xu &dohph>uD;tCd xDbd,usJ;pX; yJmxH eDRz;vDR,o;'. ,JvXrl'gw> zH;w> rRtylRvDRI yrSHRyyS> pH;wh>0J qDrHoemuh w>zdnDR wrHb.y'k. y'gwz.'f;od; urRobSH;rRvDRuGH ,ySRt*D> wrHch oyhRb. xDbduG>Ck yw>*H>p> tusJ vXuEkmvDRqJ;zsd; rR[;*DRuGHm ySR t *D>M.vDRI ywpH;wpJ;,D>vDR CHmySRy vDRCHmw pJ;,D>qH;El; ySRvDRvX'k.'g tw>*dmpk*dmcD. tCdvXyySR uvkm tw>wl>cD.ymo; wohb.t CdyySR unDtHRoJ.z;tD; vJ;wbsDb. wbsD y-uX;wkRvXw>obV qlyw>ynd. tvD>vHb.q.ywwkR'fb.cDzsdyw> wl>cD.ymo;wvDR yvdmzd'hb. tCd vDRI 1991 wXcGH,J> rh>yunDu vkmtw>*H> w>'G;tuDb.q.rh>w> *H>w>'G;vXt*hR r;tpX*hRu wX> vX yrh>'G;tDRtusJb.b.tpXu[JxD.

uhR*hR'D; yuM>tr;vX t*hRM.'D;u 'k;wkRtywD>ql zF.pdrDRuFd vXtxDu wX>wzsX.M.vDRI'k.'gud;ySRvHw}uX; oJ.z;b. 'k.'guXySRvH yw-uX;vDR zS.b. yoh.z.vHy-uX;xd.b. y vDRzS.vH y-uX;xd.Cl;w>rRto;eD> uD>wrh>w>rHrD>b.wrh>w>vdmuGb. J 'k.'gtd.'D; tw>ynd. vDRw>vD> wH> vXtD.qgw>wdmusJR uusDywydm wcd.tHR wkRtcd.qX.'.vJ. wym vDRwJm0Jb. ,rh>ySRrRo;ck ,'k., 'g{gM. ySRvXtoh.ngvDRto; t *hRuwX>rh>teD>up>vDRw>vDRz;vX , ySR u vkm t usg td. wh> tgbsDvH(1995)eH.rh>eH.vX,p;xD. 'G; ,ySRuvkmtw>'G; wzsX.tHRM. vDR uG>qlpkph>rh> ,bl;,wH> uG>ql pkxGJrh>,oGH.,xHySRwz.tHRwrh>, 'k.,'geDw*Rb.rh>,'k.,'gy.Ckm ,R w>uJxD.o;tHR rh>yw>qdurd. wcDwXR vXttd.'D; w>yJmxHeDRz; t CdvDR ,vJRw&H;vJR0hR0DRvX ,rd> ( KNU ) tusg,wkRql,'Dyk>0J> ( DKBA )txXylRb.q.,wxH.t w>ur.eDw*Rb. ,xH.vDRuhR, o;'f ,w>*H>qH;bgp>tod; ,ySRu vkmwrh>ySRvXySRySJReDw*Rb. w>*h> tcd.oh.tug'd. xJwrHR vXyw>Ck xH.vdmuhR ,ySRuvkmtw>*hR u'J u'Jxd.uqS.vDRuhR ,o;,>cD,>

cDzD.vdm,pkCH;CH; pXCmvdmoud; ,o;usXR xGJxD.oud;ycD.Cl;Cl; ql yw>rk>v>tzDwX.vDR vXyySRuvkm cHcD,>b;tylR'.vJ. ,w*>vDR, ySRuvkmt oGH.eD wvDRpDR'fb. , w'k;,lRuGHm ,ySRuvkmto;orleD wzsX.b. ySRvXttJ.,Rtd. ySRvX to;[h,Rutd.0JvDRI b.q. , wo;[ho;uh.o;ug ,ySRuvkmeD w*Rb. vXw>tJ.b.,ySRuvkm ,xH,uD> w>vdmb.,ySRu vkm w>obVeD>eD>t*D> zJ(2010)eH.vg , ElRttg&HRCkoD trk>weR, ydmxGJ xD.oud; ,cD.'D; ,'D;yk>0J> ySRvX, tJ.'D; ySRvXto;wD'D; ,Rwz.ql vX'XuF.pd vXw>rR[;*DRuGHm y'k.y 'gtw>ynd.wdmusJRvX urR[;*DR uGHm yySRunDtbl.twD>'D; t0Joh. [J[H;M>y'hyD>vD>'D; ymuJ0JvXtvD> vDR bl;wh>r;vX rk>u0gxD.u'ku,D> tqXuwD> ,p;xD.oud;w>'k; 'D; vXwzs;rJmtwD>ylR zJySRvX,tJ.tDR w z. w csK; M> w> vD> t cg usJ vX , Ck xX ydm tDR w bd tHR zsg xD.vX,rJmng ysD'X.uvm 'D;w> vX,pH;wh> ,zd,vHR ySRvX,tJ. tDRwz. ,b.vH tcDynD ,CkxX usJ vXtb.vH xD.[HM>uhR w>vD> wkRtM> vXw>ol.rH o;rkmtylR , ydmxD.usJql uvHRusg'D; uG>vDRuhR ,zd,vHR ,wHRoud;wz. tw>rR eXR vXw>o;ck'D; ymuzXvXo; t ylRvDR ,ymuzXvXo;vXusJ vX, CkxXydmtHR rh>usJvXtb. ,qX*hR b.,rgo;bd vXtwD'D;,RvX rl'g w>zH;w>rR vXw>ud;uyR 'J;[h.*H> [h.bg ,qX*hRqX0gb. zdrk.zdcGgw z. vXtrh>ySRe>vdRo;q; rk>weHRu rh>pJCJR'l.zdxXzdwz. vXupdmuzD xD. tySRuvkm qlw>rReXRzDwX. vDRI
13

uFdzdtod.eD.*H>(35)2011eH.

'Ju0DRoe>.f

tHwl>x.unDb.uDb.cJ 'Ju0DR[JuJxD.o;t*h>
v>=ySd>fySDRvh eD>fyRrk.fxl

'Ju0DR

td.ol.vDRo;tcD.xH;

y'Ju0DR tHRM.w>qD.xGJvX w>tD. w>tDw>ulw>uR'D; qhvk; ,.vk;[H.CD uoH.u oD'D;uFdzdw> vdmwz.cDzsdySR w*Rv>v>tw>[J rRpXRtw>o; td.tzDcd.vDRI 2007=2008 w>td.o; w>[h.ySRw>tD.rh>0J[ko;< tHo.< n.tk.< yJbD< rd>[Jo.'fw> ymyeD.ySRo;eH.(5)eH.zDvm'D;(5) eH. zDcd.'f w.&J.w>usJR ymyeD.0Jtod; vDRI zJ2008 eH.ed.0hbX. usd.phw>*h> uDvXySRrRpXRw>tw>*H>w>bgpSRvDR tzDcd.'D; usd.phw>qDwvJo; zDcd. 'D; p;xD.2009=2010'Ju0DRy'd;M.b. uhRxJ[k;o;'D;tHo.cHuvkmvDRI 2011 w>td.o; zJ v gr;&S ; y'd ; M.b.uh R [k;o;eD>w*R (13) uHvdeD>'d. zdo. 8 uhvd'D; uJxD.w>*h.uDvX ursX> t*D>eh.vDRI 'Ju0DR w>zHtD.rRtD. zJck;zJoH.wohcDzsd e=t=z tok; td.qDvDR to;vX w>vD> pDRpkRvXcD.us J(1) e.&H.wcDuDwyR uDuyR'J;td.'.ursX>ol.tD.zs;tD. '.0Jw>vX [H.cd.[H.vR'D;td.rl'. weHR*D> weHRoD vXuD>uFD.wJ.'lo0D wuyRph>uD;w>rR wtd.eDwrHR ph> uD ; b.vD R Irh r h > vX'J u 0D R zd w z. p;xD. vXv.xX 'D;cJp;xD.vX vgzhR jblRtg &H.wkRvgthjzh.'D;yShRtD.yShRtD [H.CDw>vd.upJu&J; rhrh>w>zHtD. rRtD.t*kRt*Rwtd.eDwrHRb.I
14

'lo0D cd.CXRw>td.o; 2011eH.t*D>o0Dbl;'D;uD;ySRwz.cDzsd bkysd.od.M. tDRt0J oh.wz.w> uDw> cJ'd. M>y'Ju0DRzdvX uvJRcD zsd0J2011eH.t*D>uDuDcJcJM.vDRI 'Ju0DRtd.xD.t*h>zJ2005eH. uwX>C.C. eItIz 'k;ql.xD.w> uxD.'k;okuh (2) 'D;wDtluD>&h.vX trRvDRuvJuGHm0J'ftM.'D; wrh>xJ w>zD.pku0JR wz.b.I y.Ckmph>uD; xHzd uD>zdym Ckmph>uD;zJ2006 vg zhRjblRtg &H.tylR eItIz ok;y'd. 'D. wJmuGHmw> vJRxD.uhRvDR wJmwJmzsK zsK tCdu rsX>b.ok; tvD>w'l. b. w'l.wo 0Db.wo0D'D;[JxD. ok;t vD>ql uD>uFD.wJ. xHqXuD>qX'D; EkmvDR td.u'kvX uD>uFD.wJ.ySR b. uDb.cJ'Ju 0DRylR'D;w>'k; td.xD. rJ>&>rd>oh.zd vg 2006 vgr;&S; uD>uFD.wJ.y'd.ywkmuGHmw>wl>vdmySR b.uDb.cJvXtEkmtoDtCdvDRI 'Ju0DR p;xD.td.xD. zJvgthjzh.(3)oDeHRursX> vXttd.vX tl'gusdtl0JRusdwz. ymzdSd.xD.to; 'fcd>e>w>ymyeD. ySRvD>td.u rSH'Ju0DRw> vD>rh>0JtH wl>x.tCd[JvDRwpJ;bSDw>qg[H. y}wDmcl.w>[;vD>'D;ol.xD.[H.
uFdzdtod. eD.*H> (35) 2011eH.

CDvX 'l.zdxXzdvXu[J vDRtd. uoht*D>'D; w>whxD.bSD xD.wuD; wzsX.b.wzsX. zJvgthjzh. (10) oD'k;td.xD. w>uJxD. vdmxD.u rH;wHm zdwzkvX toD(10) twD>ylR [H.vXw>bSDtDR'D;ub.bSDxD.toD ub.td.wuyRw zsX.b. wzsX.'D;zJ 21=4=2006 teHR'k; td.xD. 'Ju0DRyXqSXw> urHwHm'D; tHwl>x. 'Ju0DR b.w>ym*X>ym usXRvXcd>e>wz.M.vDRI ySRvD>td.urSH'Ju0DRtHwl> x.rh>0J unDuD>pJ.ylR 'Ju0DRcH zsX.wzsX. vXttd.ol. vDRt o;zJ rkmjwDRuD>&h. bkod.uD>q. 'D; cDylu &l>'D;z;[Ju&l> tqXwDwD zJCd. vdmusdteHRvX ttd.pDRpkR 'D; uD>uFD.wJ. oD.vJ;x. w>vD> w>'h.pXR csHw>vJR we.&H.wcD C.C. 'D;uJxD. w>qSXxD.qSX vDR0HpdmwDqSXvX cd>e>'D; ySRol. td.o;td. qD.xGJrRpXRw> vXusJ ud;uyR'J; nD0JtCd uJxD.w. *H>ql. vX'Ju0DR0HpdmwDqSX y*D>'d. r;vDRI 'D;wrSHR wysDRvX uD>csXw z.[J [h.w>rR bl.rRpXRw>vX teD>u p>'.0Jw>jwDtDRwtd.b.'D;zJ2010= 2011 w>rRvdeh. tylRvX 'Ju0DR ylRtHRuFdtd.tg xD.0J(2)zsX.vXtrh> (wDRzk.uFdwzsX.)td.ol.vDRI

to;vX zJu0DR'h(1) 0.uhs.x. wDRzk.uFd'D; uFdzdutd. 0J(50) C. C.eh.vDRI uFdt8Rw zsX.vXt td. xD.rh>0J (uD>vg[h unDo;p> uwDRqduFd) uFdtHRrh>0J wDR'd.wkm uFdwzsX. td.ol.vDR to;zJ u0DR 'h(1)tylR'D;uFdzdeD>*H> td.0J (31)*R vDRI uFdwzsX.'D;wzsX.yxH.vX 'Ju0DRtw>&J.w>usJRtd.tod;vJR to;b.*h>b. 0DupD'D;vDR t0J tHR rh>tHwlmx.'J u0DRw>ul. b. ul.oh'D; uFduD.wz. w>td. o; vXyuGJ;ymzsgxD.tDRM.vDRI w>td.ql.td.chs vX'Ju0DRw>td. ql.td.cV t*D> ytd.'D;yw>qg[H.< ySRuG>xGJ'J u0DRw>td.ql.td.cVtd.0JzJtywD> td.0Jtod;vDRI rhrh>w>qgvX tywD> xDxD. wkRb.zGJ;b.ug'D; ySRvX e;e;wz. yChw>rRpXRvX rJ>v;tl 'Ju 0DRvXttd.bl;uwX> 'DRySR'D;y qSXySRqgwz. wohzJtoh csK;qX csK;uwD>vDRI rJ>v;tl;'Ju0DRtHR y b.vJRvXcsHusJutd.5e>&H.usJvDRI 'J u 0D R urH m wH m w>rRvd rRoud;w>'D; 'Ju0DRunD ydmrkmu&X< unDo;p>u&X< bl.bg u&X'D;unDuFdzdySmbs;pJu%l>wz.'f

w>'k; td.xD.tDRzJ 2006eH. vgth jzh. w>td.o; tzDcd.'f tvD>td.0Jtod; (6) oDteH.M.vDRI td. ol. vDRto; vDRI zJuD>y,DRuDF. wJ.uD>qX Cd.vdm usduX>eHRvX uD>y,DRw uyRM.vDRI 'Ju0DRcd.wqDb.wqD zJ2006eH. tylReD.*H> td. (1500) *R 2006=2007 bsJ. b.q.cJtHR ySReD> *H>td. (4000) o&.zHxX. bsJ.M.vDRI 2007=2008 tHwl>x.'Ju0DR'D;w>ul.b.ul.oh o;yS>0g*hRxl 2008=2009 p;xD.vXw>'k;td.xD.tDR o&.qhysd>0g vHRvHR w>'k;td.xD.'D; ymvDRph> 2009=2010 uD;uFduD.'D; ul.ohySRrRw>zdwbsD o;yS>0gbh.xl CDM.vDRI zJ2006 eH.tylRb. xGJ'J w>zD.vdmpkrRoud;w>'D;'lo0Dc.CXR u0DRw>ul. b.ul.oh o&.zk&Sg uFH d [H;rl'g'D; yXqSX&J.usJR 0JM. vDRI 2010eH.'lo0Dcd.CXR 4 zsX. wkRvDRvX2008eH.tylR o&.zk&Sg cDzsdw>tD.rd>yS> [ko;w>vd. tzDcd. vJRqluD>csX(Canada ) tCdb.w> 'Ju0DR urH;wHm u&l>u&X'D; 'Ju0DR CkxXxD.uhR o&.vDR vR'd.vX ursX> td.zSd. qXwJmvX vgtDulm wkR uyX qSX&J.usJRb. xGJ'J u0DR w>ul. vgtDuxdbX. yxX zSd.ySRw*R w> b.ul.ohwuyR 'f 'Ju0DRul.ohrl tD. [k;o;w'X yxXzSd. [ko;vX 'gcd.w*Rtod;wkRvDRcJtHRM.vDRI 'X;ud;zsX. vX(3) vgtwD>ylRyymzSd. zJ'Ju0DRp;xD.oDtcguFdtd.xJwzsX. [h.eDR vDRuhR 'lo0D 4 zsX.vX w'l. vXtrh>wDRcX.o;uFd'D; uFdzdtd.xJ [ko;3'X'D;t0Joh.vJRcDzsd0J2010eH. (300)bsJ.M.vDRI vXcH weH.(2007) uwX>*hR*hRvDRI rhrh> 2010 eH.yu eH.tylRwDRcX. o; uFdtHRb.w>ok; ymzSd. 'Ju0DRursX> tw>o; td.w oh xD.qlwDRxDuFd'D;uFdzdeD.*H>td.(800) wnDvXRb. rh>vX ursX>w> tD.pSR bsJ.t rJmng vXu0DR'h(6) wcDw?'k; vDR tCdteD>up>'.0J t*D>'. vJm td. xD.ph> uD;wDRzk.uFd wzsX.'D; uFdzd uJxD.w>uDw>cJph>uD;tCdvDRI eD.*H>td.(100)C.C.M.vDRI tH w l > x.'J u 0D R tH R b. vXcHweH.(2008) tylR u0DR'h(6)wDRzk.uFdtHRb.w>ok;xD. qlwDRcX.o;uFdcJ tHRb.w> ok;xD xD.qlwDRxDuFdtywD>'D;uFdzdutd.0J (200)bsJ.M.vDRI rhrh>vX tHwl>x. wDRxDuFdwzsX. weH.'D; weH. uFdzd eD.*H>tgxD. wpJ;b. wpJ;wkRvDRvX 2010=2011 w> rRvdeH.tHRuFdzdeD.*H> td.0J(1183)*RM.vDRI

uFdzdtod.eD.*H>(35)2011eH.

15

w>fCJRyl toe>.f

tJ.pdw>wl>cD.ymo;vX*Rh
v> = eDyRrkmxl (tHw>l x.f uD>vg[hunD o;p>fuwDRqdu)dF f f f

w>pH;0JwbsDo0Dzdtd.0J'.w zsX.M.vDRI vXo0DwzsX.tylRM. ySRo0Dzdwz. rh>'.ySRupX>cd.zd'D; vk>tD.o;orlvX w>zJ;ck;'D;xlpHm 'D;td.'D;upX>vl>zd'D;xHusdzd,GRvDR0J '.vXo0DuyR'D;eD.vg[hwz.zsgCH vR'D;uJbsK;ph>uD;vXq.zduD>zdw z.t*D>'D;vXxHusdwz.M.'h.zdn.zd wz.tgr;'D;rh>ph>uD;o0DwzsX.vXw> vD > w>usJ r k m M.vD R I 'D;vXo0DwzsX.M.tylRM. [H.zdCDzdtd.ph>uD;0J'.w'l.rh>0J'. o;yS>pDRv;'D;o;yS>rk.eD>ck.M.td.'D; tzdcGgw*R'D;tzdrk.w*RvDRI 'D;t zdcGg0J>udw*R M.trHRrh>0J pDRtJ.pd 'D;t'hrk.M.trHRvX eD>tJ.qH; vDRI vXo0DwzsX.tHRtylRM.cDzsd vX'k.'gw>[l;w>*JRtCdySRuol. xD.wDRxDuFdrh>w>uDw>cJtCdySRol. xD.'.xJwDRzk.M.vDRI pDRtJ.pdrR vdwDRzk.uFdzJo0D'D; tJ.pdrh>ySRw*R vXte>vdR'D; ue.rd>y>o&.o rgtw>od.vdoDvd tDRw*RtCd b.w>tJ.tDRvXrd>y>o&.org'D; wH R oud ; zd o h . wz.M.vD R I

'D;t0J oh.tySR[H.zdM.vk> tD.t o;orlvX w>xltD.pHm M.vDRI vXw>w ymol.ymo;t ylRtJ.pd trdtd. wql.z;'d. wkR'.vJm ogyhReD.uHGm 0Jto;wkR pDRtJ.pd oh.ng0JvX, ub.vJR uG>u oH. o&.vXu [Julqg, rdrh>w rh>,rdogyhReD.uGHm to;'D; wl> b.0Je;r;vDRI 'D;tJ.pdd rh>ySRvX ol . q;o;q;w*RtCd t 0J u G > t ygtrJm zsgwrkm'D;t0JxGJ xD.t cD. upk'k'D;vJRCh>0JvXuoH.o&.td. w>vD>M.vDRIvXuoH.o&.td.w> vD>M.vDRI 'D;[JuhRM.wHmwm0J 4e.&H.us';zJevJRM.eub.vJRcDu J D 'D; upX>uvdwz.M.vDRI tJ.pd rh r h > emuh z d o .qH ; zd w *Remuh t 0J ol.q;o;q;'D;wkRtvJRuG>uoH. o&. [JuhRwkRt qXuwD>M. tJ.pd trdo;orlw td.vXRb. vXw>M.tCdtJ.pdttHwl>x.uD> vg[hunDo;p>uwDRqduFdo;b. o;b. 'dz;'d.tylR[D.[ho;cDzsdvXwcsK; M>to;orl'D; rRpXRtrdwohb. tCdvDRI zJM.qXuwD>tJ.pdqdrd. xD . 0J u oH . o&.rh > td . vXo0D y l R M.wrh>vX,rdw>uuJxD.to;'D; ,rd'fM.b.q. t0JuG>xHuhRvX o0D y l R yS R o0D z d w z.

ub.*JRvdm0JvX w>vk>tD.o; orlt*D>rh>w>uDw>cJ z;'d.wrHR w>vD R wl m vD R umtd . 0J ' .tCd tJ.pd ymvDRto;vX,rhzsdxD.uFd M.,uxD.uoH.w>rRvd,u[J uhRrRpXRuhRw>vX,o0DylRM.vDRI 'D;tJ.pdrRvdw>wwDRb. wwDR'D;t0JzsdxD.0JwqHwDRM.vDRI 'D;wkRtJ.pd zsdxD.twDRwqH0HR'D; t0JChcGJ;vXtygvXuvJRxD.uoH. w>rRvdvX0h>ylRM.vDRI zJM.tqX uwD>tygtX.vDRtDRvDRI 'D;t0J vJRxD.uoH.w>rRvdvX0h>ylRM.vDRI 'D;zJvJRrRvdw>tqXuwD>M. xH. vdmto;'D;toud;zdw*R vXt rh>0J'.pDRtJ.ph< tJ.phrh>ySRw*RvX td.'D;rd>y>w>td.w>,XRw*R 'D; ySRcH*RvX trh>pDRtJ.ph'D;pDRtJ.pd rh > yS R 'D o ud ; vXt*h R uwX>cH * RM. vDRI zJt0JrRvduoH.w>rRvdt qXuwD>M. pDRtJ.pdM.*km usJ;pX; 0J o yS > yS > vD R Irh r h > vXtJ . ph w *RM. t0Jrh>ySRvXtd.'D;usd.phwu;b. 'D;'d.xD.b.vX0h>ylRw*RtCdoh. ngb.w>tuvkmuvkm'D; wHRo ud;zd wz.tgr;'D; vXt0JxD.uFd tqXuwD>M.t0Jtoud;wz.uGJ M>vJGM>tDRvXyuvJR [;vXw>*JR uvH.usg'D; tDoH;rRrkmo;vXw> CHw>vRb.C;ydmrk.zd'D;wkRt0JrR 0J,Hm,HmM. toud;zdwz.uGJM> vGJM>tDRvXw>vD>tgylRtgwDR'D;b. weHRzJvXt0J[;'D;toud;zdwz. M.t0JxH.b.rk.ueDRzd vXtrh> eD>tJ.zD'D;xk;M.b.to;wkR'.vJm td.0JwohvXR'D;yrh>wJvXtzk.M. qD[H.qDCD0J'.M.vDRI'D;wkRuoH. w>rRvdys>M.pDRtJ.pd rh>ySRzsd;pdvX uoH.w>rRvdw*R tusgM.vDRI 'D;wkRtJ.pdzsdxD.0HRuoH.o&.z;'d. wJtDRvXerh>ySRvXte>vdRw*R'D;

16

uFdzdtod. eD.*H> (35) 2011eH.

cJtHRezsdxD.b. uoH. w>rRvd*hR*hRvHwvd. euhRvXR b.rh r h > wcD t d . 'D ; ,RvXzJ t H R 'D ; rRpXR,RvXw>vd.wz. ,urR M>eRcJ v XmvD R I 'D;wkRt0Je>[luoH. o&.t w>uwdRwbsCt0Jx.rSuRvXto D D H H h 0D'D;qdrd.xD.uhRvX teD>qH;cgw> vXtwl>b.wz.'D;t0JwtX.vDR to&.b.rhrh>wcD uG>to&.t rJm'D; pH;qX0JvXo&.{X0Ho; plR ,R,rRpXReRwohb.< b.rEkR Cdv.vX,o0DM.w>vd.0J'.tCd, J ub.uh R ymvX,o0D v D R zJ M .t qXuwD > to&.uG > xD . trJ m 'D ; eHR urSH'D;qX*hRqX0gtDRvXerh>ySR ol.td.o;td.eo0DtCdwvd.b.

rRvXt*h R uwX>vXcH r ;yuxH . vdmyo;eDR'D; wkRtJ.pdzsdxD.0HR'D; [J u h R vXo0D w >td . w>qd ; vD > usJ 'D;'lzdo0Dzdwz.'D;wJb.(wJyF;)w> *h>w>usdvXu'k;td.xD.(aq;cef;) zdwzsX.'fod;uuG>xGJySRqgt*D>zJM. tqXuwD>ySRtg*RtX.vDRwl>vdm0HR 'D;rRpXR'lzdo0Dzdwz.t0JrRrhcsK;M. t0J[h.w>oh.ngw>od.vd'D;wu; b.t0Jod.vdph>uD;w>vXo0DylRM. vD R I 'Dyk>0J>'hrk.'hcGgySRz;w>zdud; *R{Xyw>wl>b.cD.b.'D;yw>vJRcDzsd b.wz.w>vXyxH.b.oh.wz.M.zJ yb.rkmrh>*hRb.zSD.rh>*hRywb.og yhReD.tDRw*hRrfyuuG>vdpDRtJ.pdw *Rtw>wl>cD.ymo;t0Jto&.rh>

J J [h.tDRw>xJv.xJv.vXw>rkmw>ck. t*D>b.q.t0JwtX.vDRb.Irhr>w h cD'ftw>wl>b.cD.b.tw>tJ.b. ySR'lzdo0Dzdtod;rk>weHRvXw>rk>v> vXyS J R M.[J u h R rRoud ; w>vXo0D ylRM.vDRIrhrh>wcDuG>vdpDRtJ.phw *hR<rhrh>emuh ySRusd.td.phtd.b. q.w>uGJM>vGJM>tCdrk>weHRt0Jw wkRqltw>ynd.zDwX.b.M.vDRI eDeDu[h.okw>uwdR'dw zsX.0.vXtylRzdstgqlM.zJvXtd.vX xHusgM.vDRbsXuGHm0J'.I 'hrk.'hcGg zd o h . {Xrf y ok w vD R *m'D ; 0.vXt ylRzsdtgqlw*hR rhrh>wcDyurh>0.zd vXtbsX'D;tylR zsdw*hRtM.r;zJy rh>td.vXxHusgrh>*hRxHrh>[Jb.ySR oemuhywvDRbsXb.Iyutd.vX xHzDcd.xDbdvDRI

bs;H '0J>unDuzymbs;pJu&l>yXqSXw>urH;wHmvX2011'D;2012eH.f Fd d S
u&l>fcd.f= o&.frk.f 'g'gtJ.f0h u&l>fcd.f (2)= o&.fo;0guFH eJ.f&GJ>f =o&.fxHuJ0h eJ.f&GJ>foCJR= o&.frk.ftJ.feH.f ySRy>Rph= o&.f'Je,>.frl wz.f e . f v D R $
unD uFd zd ySm bs; pJ u &l> t 'h w zk vXtrh>bsH;'0J>unDuFdzdySmbs;pJu&l>wzk tHR rh> u &l> w zk vX t d. pDR pk R u &l> rR o ud; w>t*Roh.wz.M.vDRI bsH;'0J>unDuFdzd ySm bs; pJ u &l> tHR td. qd; 0J '. xg r [h. 'J u 0DRylRvXuFD.wJ.uD>qX(uRcF;e.blR&HRuD> &h.)tylRM.vDRI bsH; ' 0J> u nD uFd zd ySm bs; pJ u &l> tHRrh>u&l>wzkvXtol.ql.*JR[l;*JRrRw> vXySRw0Xw>qDwvJt*D>'d.r;M.vDRIb. q.w>uDw>cJvXtjwDwHmCmt0Joh.td. ph>uD;M.vDRIw>uDw>cJvXt0Joh.b.uG> qX. rJm oh. w z. rh> '. w> cg xD. cg vDR M.vDRI t 0J oh. rh> vX t td. pDR pkR ,HR t Cd u&l>wzktHRrh>td.pDRpkR,HRvdmo;'D;u&l> vX w> qJ; usd; 'D; u &l> t *R t *D> uD cJ w u; t *R b. q. t 0J oh. rk> v> qX xH. b. 0 J b. vX u y. Ckm y.*D> vX w> xH. vdm td. vX u &l> t *R oh. wz. u qJ; usd; tg xD. oud;oeX.zJunDuFdzdySmbs;pJu&l>'k;td. vX w> eD cD vJ w> [l; w> *JR oh. wz. rh> *hR u xD.w>td.zSd.wbsDv>v>t0Joh.[JwwkR &l>w>td.o;oh.wz.'D;[D.cd.rJmzH;cd.t *h>tusdRtusdRoh.wz.M.vDRI xD.xD.b;ud;bsD'J;b.M.vDRI uFdzdtod.eD.*H>(35)2011eH. 17

w>ftd.fql.ftd.fchsoe>.f

-uX;yoh.ng o;oG.usRd tH. w>qg H

v>=eD>fqSK.f0g(unDuD>fpJ.f)

eo;M.rh>0Jw>vD>vX tvDRu rXur. w>*H>w>bgt[H.(Power house) wzsX.vDRIwrH;eH;twD>ylRxk; xD.qSXM>0JySRoGH.qlyeD>cd'Dw*RtylR 5*RvX6*RM.vDRI uDRvJ;px&D <odpg;<xdpg; ( calcium ) oh.wz.rh>ymzdS.xD.t o;vX oGH.usdRuyR'D; uJxD.0Jt oH;tumoh.wz.M.oGH.udsRw> qgp;xD.uJxD.o;tcD.xH;M.vDRI oGH.udsRvXtrRpXR0Jo;oh.w z. rh>uJxD.to;0HR oGH.usdRwz. up;xD.u;yHmuGHmto;<o;vXtyHm ymoh.wz.vXyud;tDR heart attack oh.wz. utk.oHuGHm0J wuwD>CD o;tw>ogxD.ogvDR uywkmuGHm0J '.M.vDRI vX trJ&HuRuDd> pXzSd.tylR ydmrk.ydmcGg oh.wz. tg'.w>wuh> oH0J'.vX o;oGH.usdRtH.w>qg M. vDRIo;oGH.usdR w>qguJxD.o;t*H> cD.xH;oh.wz. rh>0J w>tDrDm< oGH. xD.< oGH.tusg (uDRvJ;px&D) t odt.tgtg*D>*D>pH. d qXw>qgtd.'D; bD.wvXt cX; oh.wz.M.vDRI w>*h>t*kmt*R wz. rh>0JeD>cdw>[l; w>*JRpSR< ytD. w>tD.w>tDdvX twzd;rH'D;w>td. ql.td.cVb. (t'd=odtg< w>td. w.tDvX t[Dwz.)o;t w>qD.o eH;'D; yoGH.t'd(th.) td.0J'D; ol.[l; o;*JRwz.M.vDRI oGH.usdRtH. w>qg vXtvDR ysHR'd.uwX> wxH.rh>0J'.w uwD>CD (wbsDCD) o;tw>ogxD. ogvDRy wkm uGHmto;M.vDRIo;oGH.usdRtH. w>qg tw>yeD.w z. rh>0Jo; tqg zJo;w0H;ylRwDwD uog xD.ogvDRuD<
18

c.CHqg< csXCHqg'D; o;ued;oh.w z.M.vDRI w>qg tw>yeD. t*kmt*R wz. rh>0Jcd.rlR< *H>p>uogxD. uog vDR wb.vD>b.q;b.< bSd;'D;[XzX qgoh.wz.M.vDRI ydmrk.oh.wz.< ySRvX to;yS>oh.wz. 'D;ySRvXpH. qXw>qgtd. oh.wz. tw>qgyedD. vDRqD0J'.vDRI uoH.o&.wz. rRuG>0J o;toGH.usdRtH.w>qgtd.wtd.ol 0JusJttguwX>wbd rh>0J (ECG)w> ud;tDRvX ySRrRuG> o;pJ M.vDDRI zJ ECG M.rh>wxH.b.w>qgtw>yeD. b.M>uoH.o&.urX0JerRw>*JRvd (w>[lw> *JR) (avhusifhcef;) 'D;urR uG>eRvDRI w>rRuG> t*Rwcgrh>0J Echocardiography yud;tDRvXyu e.o;tw>ogxD.ogvDRM.vDRI(CT scan) pJ;z;'d.ph>uD;yrRuG>0Jo;w>qg wtd.b.'D;o;t oGH. udsRM.td.0J tvD>vD>( yHkrSef) M. oh0J'.vDRI usJt *hRuwX>wbdrh>0JywXEkmqdyJ;qH;qH; zdwbd vXo; oGH.usdR tylR0HRyqJ; uoH.'D;'d';r>("mwfrSef)M.rh>0JusJt *hRuwX>vDRI yulqg,gbsg0Jo;oGH.usdRtH.

w>qgM.ySRqgw*R 'D;w*R w'H;od; vdmto;b.IySRqgweDRM.uoH.o &.wz. u[h.tDR vXuoH.tDM. vDRI ySRqgvXt tDxJ uoH.wcg{dR rh>wb.vdm b.wz.M. yub.ol usJ'ftrh> w>rRvJ>xD. oGH.usdRw>zSJ; bSD*hRxD.uhRtDRwz.M.vDRI o;oGH.usdRtH.w>qgM.rh>0J w>qgvX y'Do'XtDRM.'D; ulqg,g bsgtDRM>M.vDRI ytD.w> tD.w>tD vXtwzd;rH'D; w>td. ql.td.chsb. M.rh>0J'.usJwbdvXt*kRzSd.M>ySRo; oGH.usdRtH. w>qg uuJxD.t*D>M. vDRI y'Do'X w>qg usJoh.wz. rh>0J ywkmuGHmrDmxl'D; ytD'.oH;xJ wpJ;{dRM.vdDRI tDoH;rh>tgM. w>qg u[JuJxD.0JvDRI y'Do'X oGH.usdR tH.w>qgusJ t*Rwz. rh>0J'. yw> *JRvd (avhusifhcef;) xD bdoGH.xD. w>qg 'D;qH.qX w>qg rh>wtd.b. M. yb.ulqg,gbsg o;vDRwH>vDR qJ; M.vDRI (rh>vdmM. uoH.o&. u [h.tDeRuoH. 'Do'Xw>qg vXt rh>0J Aspirin 'D; Aspilet uoH.zsX. (uoH.bh.)oh.wz.M.vDRI

uFdzdtod. eD.*H> (35) 2011eH.

w>vDRr>rl'H;
v>=zkoHck.f

?uG>vXtHR'X; w>vDRr> uG> vXM.'X;w>vDRr>ue>uG>vXtHR'X; ySR wJwrFd ue>uG> vXM. 'X;ySRwJ wrFdrh> ub.uhR{g ub.td.{gu b.vJR{g/w>tHRrh>w>uDw>cJ'd.r; vXy ub.qXwJm tDRvDR I ySRweDReDRuwJ0JvX?xHuD>vXM.w bh. 'k *hR vX M.wbh.'k t*hRu wX>/ b.q. ySRtd.'H;weDR wcD ?,w> ul.b. ul.oh wtd.b.{J> ,rh>vJR vXySR usg'X;w b.'D;ySR ,rh>td.zJ tHR 'X;,rRtD. w>wb. ,uuhR zJ;tD. uhRck;zJ;tD. uhRoH.vX ,u p>'lo0D vDR /'fySRw eDRqdurd.vX ?,uvJR wl>qg , o;zJ,pdRtHRrDR ,zd,vHR rh>'d.xD. uhRw cDtw> td. rluvJR xD.vJR xD0J /rd>y>weDR eDR ?td.cd;uG> v> vXu nDuD>pJ>M> w>obhsvDRtcJ tHRutd. ue>uG>'f tHRvJR'kwvJR'H;nDb.{JR/ qXuwD> rk>rqg weHRtHR w>wRw>'D; yySRuvkm unDzd wz. td.0J tgrHRtguvkmvDRI uD> oXbh. wbh.uGJM>vGJM> ySRuD>cHbh.w bh.rRysHRrRzk;ySRuD>wXwbh.wcDrR e;rR zSD.rReXRtD.CD.ySR tCdow; 'D;u nDzdtg*R tw>xH.yX>xD.uhR tgrHR tw>qdurd.xH. rSHuhRw>vDR qDvdmo;'D;w>vDRrl;vDRr>td.xD.0J vXusJ ud;uyR'J; cDzsdtw>wl>cD.ym o;vDR qDvdmo; vXw>rk>v>wcg CDt zDcd. vDRI w>vDRr> vXyod;y usgtHR utd. 0JtgrHRtguvkm b. q. w>vX ,tJ.'d;wwDRtHR rh>0Jw> vDRr> vX unDzdwz. vJRcDzsdb.0J ud>ud> *DR*DR t*h>tHRvDRIyu e>[l xHb.vX unD tw>u&Xu&dtusg rh>*hR < unDw 0XtylR uFdwz.rh>*hR<

vXtw>uDw>cJtusgM. w>uDw>cJ t'd.uwX> wcgrh>'. w>vDRr>cDzsd uD> oXbh.wbh. xk;M>to;'d.M> w>u&X u&dtCdcd.e> ySRrRoud;w> weDRym wh>uGHm tw>u&X u&dvX ySR*RtpkylR y 'h.uhRto;'D;[h.vDRuhRw>pdw>urDR vXySRvX ttd. zsJ. oDoh.wz.tpk ylRvDRI oh.ng0JvX tw>u&X u&d uvJR u'Hu'g b.q. to;wlm 0JvDRI rh>vXcd.e>'D; ySRrRoud; w>w eDReDR uD>oXbh.wbh.zD.wH.C;(jyefay;qGJ) to; w>tJ.t rd>ty> twHRoud;'D; tw>td.rlcgql rJmng wz. ow;'D; wvJRwohb. tCd b.xGJxD.tcD. 'D;ymwh>zd.CJuGHmtw>u&Xu&dvDRI ySRtd.zsJ.xD.oDwz.wcDb. zD. xD.uhR'D; td.wh>zd.CJ 'H;tHR rR'fvJ. tD.'fvJ. ub.p;xD.w>zH; w>rR tcD. xH;'fvJ. vDR*m 'fySRw oh. ngCJm 'D;ub.zD> 0JvX CJmwd>{gCJm ue.{gub.usDw>'fvJ.'fvJ.M.vDRI vXy ySRw0XtylR ycd.y e>wz.vDRr> vXw> u&X u&dtylR vHySRtd. zsJ.xD.oDzD.xD.rl'gvHb.q.w>td. o;'ftHRvDRI?w>td.o;'ftHR cgql w>td ngw>urRto;'D ; yyS R unD z d w z. 'fvJ b.ySRuvDRr> w*RwJ0J'ftHR ?qXuwD> cJtHR yrh>td. zJvJ.zJ vJ. twG; b.q. wtd.b.y
uFdzdtod.eD.*H>(35)2011eH.

qJ;usd;vdm yo;ohvDRI ySRweDR eDRymw>tJ.wDvX Internet tylR vDR'X; yrh>tJ. 'd;rRo ud;w>'k yqJ; usd;vdm yo;ohvDRI b.q. ,vJR rh>wkR vXMRM.w> uwR w>'D; ,R'fvJ.M. ,woh.ng b./ w>tHRrh>w>uD'd.r;vXw>wR w>'D;ySRtd.tgrHRtCdvDRI ycd.ye> 'D;ySRrRo ud;w>zd vXuok; vD>ok; usJql ngw>uwR w>'D;t0J oh.'f vJ.M. woh. ng0Jt CdwcsK; vXt vDRr>'H;b.tcg u [h.ySRvX w>tX. vDRtgrHR b. q. wkRrh> tvDRr> vH'D; w>wRw>'D;tDR tgrHRt Cd uvJR uymb.0J t w>tX.vDR vXt[h. vDR wh> zd.CJ wz.tHRvDRI 'fySRwJ pdRwh> 0JvHmvDR r>[J vXuDR vRtod;M. w>vDRr> 'ftHR u[JuhRyX>xD.uhRvXrEkRvJ.b. q. yemvX rk>weHR unDzd wz. tw>xH. utd. uhRwrHR CD'D; rRo ud;w> ClClzd;zd;vDRI tw>u&X u&dzd.CJ'D;u [h.tD.uhRySR td.zsJ. oD vXw>tD. vDRxk; wz. tw>tD. bsJbsJvDRI

19

d D D '0J>xH,mw>*kRxD.yoDx.w>wdmusRJ uJx.w>*h>uDz;'d.
v>=uFdzdtod.f

zJ 2010 eH. e. AuD> uDF. wJ. ul.yeH.vXAtrHRrh>tH.wvH.xJAw> *kR xD. y oD xD. ul. y eH. rR w> tX. vDRIA'D; uD>y,DRok;y'd.AubDoe0JR usdRvXAeH.yFH.'D.vXAurR'd.xD.xD xD.A'0J>xH,dmubDAoew>wdmusJR ?pJ; zDu [. w> rRvD>A'D;usJrk>z;'d.A qluD>uFD.wJ.tHRe.Aw>b.'db.xH; td.xD.vXcd.CXRMqX.Aw>td.,XR w u; b. AvD> u 0DR 'l o 0D vXAt u ,Rwz.Ab.ok;uGHmto;vDR$ ' 0J> xH ,dm Aw> *kR xD. y oD xD. Aw> wdm usJR tHR AvDR vX 0J t rJ & uRAph'Dv.A8I6 bH.vH,X./Arhrh> vX uFD. wJ. t ph e. AvDR vX 0 J 260 bH.vH,X.C.C.A(1bH.vH,X.e. t u uGJ> 1<000 b; ) e. vDR$ Aw> wdm usJRwbsDtHRAw>up;xD.bSDxD.tDRA zJ 2011 eH.tHRA 'D;rh>0Jw>rRvD>At 'd. u wX> vX uD> y ,DR t ylR e. vDR$ A' 0J> yD. vJ. eHR AxH ,dm u b Do e A'D; pJ; zD u [.Aw>*kRxD.yoDxD.Aw>wdmusJRw bsD tHRA ol vXR uGHm 0J Aw> vD> A2 5 0 Au Hvd rHxX.0;0;C.C.A'D;wdmym0JvX Aw>ol.xD.u0HRAzJ 2020eH.twD>ylR e.vDR$ w> wdm usJR At w> y nd. vX uuJxD.uD>uDF.wJ.AuD>y,DRrk>usdR 0JRuGmAt}wJRz;'d.wbh.A'D;wbsDCDA
20

vX At. pH. ,. xH uD> AvX t rh> uD> uFD. wJ. AuD> pH. AuD> v. td. AuD> bH. ,J;e.AuD>zH;vH;yH;AuD>-bL;eJAuD>cJ. bd 'H ,g A'D;uD> y,DR AxH uD> wz. Aw bh. 'D; w bh.A t bX. pXR A0H pdm wD qSX u nD A'D; u *hR xD. t *D> Aw u; 'H;b. A0HpdmwDqSXAw>vXmbl.vXmphRAupSR vDRA 'D; w> zd w> vHRA t ySR ph> uD; u pSR vDR0JAt*D>e.vDR$ vX t w> wdm usJRA t cD. xH; wywD>t*D>ArR0Jw>td.zSd.AzJweH. tHR Avg,lRtwD>ylRA 'D; t.wvH.xJ w>*kRxD.yoDxD.Aul.yeH.(ITD )At ySR yXR vD> qh. eDRA _yHR cFJR uR eR plR xR (Premchai Kanasuta)AwJ0J'.zJw>td. zSd. t ylR AcD zsd vX w> u bSD xD. AxH ,dm ubDoetCd AvD>u0DRursX>Awu v;bsJ.AvXttd.zJebl;vJ;vD>u0DR t ylR w z.A u b. w> ok; uGHm tDRA 'D; vD>u0DRzdwz.tHRAw>w[h.rRpXRA t0Joh.AvXw>eDwrHR'H;b.Aw>rReD> rR Cg Aw> b. 'd b. xH; AvX u [h. uhR0J phtD.vD;t*D>A'D;vD>u0DRzdu'J u'JAub.uG>xGJvdmto;M.vDR$ ySRvXtCkAoh.ngb.xGJ'D; '0J>w>*kRxD.yoDxD.Aw>wdmusJRApDR tD.pH;0JvXAyrh>uG>uhRvXAw>rRtzD cd.Aw>rRwz.AvDRqDe>AySRvD>u0DR zdAtw>ohw>b.e.vDR$Aw>[;xD.
uFdzdtod. eD.*H> (35) 2011eH.

uD>A'D; w>[JEkmvDRAcDuD>utd.xD.0J e. vDR$ AySR vX t [D. cd. u yHm AvDR r> uGHm 'D; At w> rR w td. e.A u vJR Ekm vDR ACk rR w> ql AuD> uFD. wJ. ylR e. vDR$ AySR uD> csX zd AvX t w> o hw> b. td./ ApJ;zD u[.AySR rR w>zd wz.Au [JEkmvDRA[H;e>uGHmAw>zH;w>rRAtoD wz.AzJvD>u0DRzdwz.AwcDAw>cGJ;w> ,mAutd.'.qH;Audmzde.vDR$ Ab. oh.oh.At0Joh.ue.b.Aw>rR vX tywD>zk.A'fw>bSxD.Aw>tw>zH;w> D rRAzJ w>bSD xD.w>AtqX uwD> At*h> wJ0JvDR$ ' 0J>A w> *kR xD. y oD xD.A w> wdmusJRvXAutd.'D;w>zDvX>oGJ.v; vDo[D.4000 rH.u0;tHR Aurh> vX> oGJ.v; AvDo[D.At'd.uwX>AvXrk> xD. u vHR xH; Ath &SR t rJm ng AtH. w vH.xJAul.yeH.wdmym0JAvX urRtg xD. AwkR vX 10000 rH. u 0; e. vDR$ w>tHRAu'k;td.xD.A[D.cd.n.xh. / AxH'D; cd.CXReqX.Acd.CXR w>b. tXb.oDtrJmng u'k;td.w>*h>uD vX vD>u0DR zdA tw> td.ql. td.cst *D>At*h>At0JwJtgxD.Au'D;vDR$unD 'D u vkm ApX zSd. u&XA t eJ. &GJ> cd. usX> o&.rk.pH.zd&RphRpH;0JvX rh rh> vX u n DA'D u vkm p XzSd. u &X At w> xH. b. C; uD> c sX Aw> [J qD vDR Aw> *kR xD. u o D xD. Aw> wdm usJRAvXunDuD>pJ.AwbsDtHRAtzDcd. 'k;td.xD.A'D;'k;tgxD.Aw>b.'db. xH; AvX u rsX> AxH zd uD> zd w z. At w> td.w>qd; Ark>qh.rk>*DRAw>td.rl AvX ttd.rlAnDEk>0JtzDcd.<Acd.CXReqX. 'D; w> bH. w> bX AvX 'D u vkm w> [l; w>*JRe.vDR$ AuD>y,DR Aok; y'd.toD AwzktHRAol0J w>*kR xD.AyoD xD.Aw> wdmusJRtusJA'fw>pku0JRAwcgvXAu
uG > f q l u bsH ; yR(23)

ySmfbs;pJ w>fupD.f v>=eD>ftGRvdudR

unDuzymbs;pJ(15)0Dw0DrRw>ohvXySRw0Xt*D> dF d S
TPC

udF

weHRtHR rlcd.uvHR oD.*DR oh.wz.ym uzXvXxD.to; vX urRplRvDR rlcd.xH ql[D.cd.'D; u 'k;'d.xD.0J eD.zdrHRzd ,uG>CH;vRxD. 0Joh.zd0.zdvX tqhuRtoD 'ftrh> 0Jtv.zd vgvg[h[hoh.wz. t*D> e.vDRI zJt0Joh. uwJmuwDRxD. t o;'D; ymzdS.rRoud;w> Ckm'D;w> tX.oh.wz. tcgw*RvX trlt'g td.0JpkmpkmrR vXySJR0JM.,wJ,JohcD zsd,xH.b. upX>uvdud; zsX.'J; b.w>yXRCm tDRvXw> tX. zgol oh.wz. tCdvDRI ,emph>uD;vX rlcd.plRxHzdwz. tHR'k;uJxD.0J yD. vJ.yD.-wDRoh0J cDzsd ymzSd.xD. o;oh tCde.vDRI ,qdurd.'. y0Jw*Rupk'k zdy0Jph>uD;yrh>ymzdS.xD.yo;'frlcd.xH zdod;yrRoh0J'.vX yySRuvkmt *D>rk>weHRurh>0J w>uJbsK;uJ zSd.wrHR e.vDRI zJ,e>[lb. ,JunDuFdzdySm bs;pJu&l> tw>u&Xu&d wcgtHR trHR wbsDCD[J'd;b. vX,o;'D; xd.[l;xd.*JR,o; wbsDCD'f ,rh> ,J uFdzdw*R tCde.vDR,emvDR , o;vX ,rh>rlcd.plRxHzdwwd. 'D;, tJ.'d;ymzSd.xD. ,o;'D;t0J oh.'fu rRvXyJSRyw> rk>v>cgqlng vXyyk> 'hqH;oh.wz. t*D>e.vDRI ,oh.ngwh>,J wqH;wuh> vX unDuFdzdbs;pJu&l> tw>rRrh>0J rRpXR uFdzdvXxHvD>uD>ylR'D;[; td. oud;[h.*H>[h. bguFdzd o&.rk. oh.wz. 'fod;to;uql. xD. vXw>rRvd rR'D;t*D> wu;b. uFdo&. urh>ySRvXol.vDR zDcsHto. *hR'D;uFdzd urh>zDvX ueXrl'D; uJbsK; vXySRtg*Rt*D>e.vDRI cJtHR,rRvd w>zJ(TPC )udF'D;,oh.ngwh>ymvX

uFdtHR 'k;td.xD.0J uFdo&. rk.wz. vXcgqlng ySRuvkm*D>e.vDRI ,ym uzXvX,o;vX ,xD.b.uFd 0JtHR cDzsd,u rh>,Jcgqlng o&.rk.vXt *hRw*Re.vDRI wkRrh>,uJxD.b. o&.rk.w*R 'D;,ymvDR, o;vX ,u rRoud;w>'D; uFdzdySmbs;pJ u &k>vX ,w>zH;w>rRt*D>e.vDRI wR v.zd vXtd.'D;,RtHRrh>qH; pSR0Jb. q.xDbde. ,uo;rH,JvX ,rh> uFdo&.rk.w*Re.vDRI 'fw>plRxHzdwwd. 'k;td. xD. 0JyD.vJ.ohtod; ,Jph>uD; 'k; td. xD.cd.e>vXt*hRtge.tcJtHR'D;u rR*hR xD.uhRyw>yX> qXtusJoEl oh.w z.t*D>e.vDRI'fw>uwdR'd zd td.0Jtod; rh.tlrk> vgw>uyDR ul.ohuyDRvk>bXtDR tod;w>ul. b.ul.oh tvk>tySR 'd.qH;tgvJ. e.yxd.'G;tDRvXeD.xd. woh0Jb. b. y< y vX>b.tDRvX yo;'D;yxd. 'G;tDRvXcd.ElmM.vDRItCdow;'D;yD ng'fod;rd>Ek>xHtHR y-uX;tD tDR'D;ol tDRud;*R'J;e.vDRI,e>[lb.vX, zHwJ,R vXngpH; 0Jrk>weHRxd.z;'d. u ,lRpdm ok'D;0gCH urRvDRz; oke. vDRI'D;cJtHR ,xH. b.uD>oXbh.w bh.cH;wkRCDR0J'D; y0JunDzd oh.w z.tw> ynd.vJR cd.cHuGHm0JvXmM. vDR yxH.b.vX udFo&.oh. wz. tqhuRvdm utd.0J'D; vHmzsX.vX

ym eJeo;uzXvX uJo&.uJ rkmuJ yXR vXyk>'hr.yk>'hcgG t*D>M.vDRI k b.q. udFo&.vXt*Rw z. 'd;xD.ubD,lR 'D;[H;pkuG>rJm0Jt w>rRtgM>'H; td.wD>uhRM.vDR cJtHR utd.0JvX to;uH>ylRweDR ,ym, o;uzXvX ubD,lRqSX,R uD>oXbh. M.vDRI ,qdurd.ubD ,lRtHR urh>xd.z;'d.vX ,zHwJ,R M.'D;0gCH tw>ul.vX utD.,lmuGHm yySRu vkmM.vDRI w>tHR yqdurd.tDRvXm uoh 0J'fvJ.'Dyk>0J>rk.cGgoh.{X ,oh. ngph>uD;vX ,oud;weDRpH;0J uFdzdySm bs;pJu&l>tHRw>'k;td.xD.tDRzJ1996 eH.M.vDRI cJtHRwkRu'D;0JvX 2011vH b.q.ow;'D;*X> usXR'H; tCdrh> w>vDRy-wXR'd.r;M.vDRIw>t0JtHRrh> w>[h.ql.xD., o;o [D.vXcgql ng,urh>(KSNG )tySRrRoud;w>zd w*RM.vDRI zJw>rR vRuyDRuhRunD uFdzd bs;pJu%l> t eH.qJ;qX(15) 0D0HR tvD>cH,emvXyrRw>uoh0Jwcg'ft rh>[h.eDRvDR w>ul.oh qlpXRoGJ. oD oh. wz.'fu uJxD.uhR cd.e>vX t *hR'D; urRySJR uhRw>vDR[d wz.M. vDRI(KSNG )ubs;pJ'D;(TPC )'fysHRx; wuGDRoh.tod; vDRzsJ.0Jwoh b.'D; y uol.xD.oud; w>rk>v>wrHR CD'frl cd.plR xH'k;td.xD. yD.vJ.tod; M.rh> ,w>rk>v> vXcHu wX>vDRI wHRoud; o;bdoh.ok{XII

uG>qlubsH;yR(23) uFdzdtod.eD.*H>(35)2011eH. 21

KSNG

v>=uFdzdtod.f

d ySRcJ.w>*DRzd(pDRuD>pdp)t*h>

( KSNG)ySRcJ.fw>f*DR pDRuD>fpdpd zJtcJ.fw>f*DRtq>uwD>f pDRuD>pdpd td.zsJ.xD.zJ (198 6)vg th jzh. (27) oD w> vD> ok; uh (4) bsH;'0J>uD>&h.<weDw&H;uD>q.e.u jzD.o0DrdrHRrh>0JeD>uzX.'D;ygrHRrh>0JpDR zdEHG'Dyk>0J>td.w*R'D;uD>pdpdrh>ySRo'g M. vDRI 'D; t rd> td. zsJ. xD. tDR M. oX vg t cgrd oH o ' .uHGm tDR 'D; b. w> vk>'d.xD.uhRtDRvXrk*gzgwH>M.vDRI zJtd.qd; vX rk *g zg wH> t qX uwD>b.td.,HR'D;'Dyk>0J>cGgw*RvX eD>qH;qH;zdwxH.vdmb.o;'D;w'd;M> b.'Dyk>0J>w>tJ.rd>y>w>tJ.wkRvDR wDR vDR b. cD zsd b. vDR z; vdm o; vX eD>qH;cgtCduJxD.ph>uD;'Dyk>0J>woh. ngvDRuhRo;vX'Dyk>0J>b.M.vDRIyg w*RcDzsdvXzJrdwtd.vXRtqXuwD> EkmvDRuJw>yX>qXtCd'Dyk>0J>cH*RtHR b.td.vX rk*gzgwH>tod;tusgtd. vXrk>Ekmw*Rrk>xD.w*RtCdw'd;M> b.ph>uD;w>ul.b.ul.ohcD.wCm b.'D;utd.b.uFdurRvdb.w>t *D>w>w[h.tcGJ;tguJqd;b.tCd'D yk>0J>cH*RtHRrh>w>uDvXt0Joh.t*D> 'D;p;xD.zJ(1994)tqXuwD>M.y>w *RvDRvXw>'k;ysDtCduD>pdpdt'D;yk>0J> w *R b. w> qSX tDR ql( rJ qD; ) cD zsd ok; cd. pd p d( rh w rh> ) M >pd t w> &J. usJR t
22

Cdt0J>w*RtHR [Jtd.b.uFdvX'Ju 0DR(rJ>v;)'D;uD>pdpdwcDrh>vXtd.b. vXrg*gzgwH>tpkylRtCdw'd;M>w>cJG; w> ,m vX u [J 0J b. 'D; t rJm ng b. w>rXrRtD.w>zH;w>rRM.vDRI zJ y> w td. vXm t qX u wD> uD>pdpdtd.'H;'.cGHeH.bsJ.M.vDRIuD>pd pdzJrRpXRrk*gzgwH>w>zH;w>rRtqXu wD>t0JySJRr;'D;w>*H>p>bgM.vDRI'D;rR pXRrk*gzgwH>w>zH;w>rRwuJvXmb. 'D; p; xD. zJ ( 1999 ) eH. M. t 0J [; xD. vXtrk*g[H.ylR<[JxD.0Jqlok;usg'D; td.0JzJok;usg0HRb.w>qSXtDRql'Ju 0DR(rJ>v;)'D;td.b.u'guhRuFdrRvd b. uhR w> 'D; xH. vdm b. t o; 'D; t 0J>cGgM.vDRI uD> p dpd zJ t udF t cg rh> ySR vXo;pJ b. C; w> wh w> *DR w *R M. vDRI'D;wkRtzsdxD.udeD>*H>(1)wDRxDuFd F wDRwqH0HRtvD>cHEkmvDRrRpXRw>vX uFdw>od.vdoXeH.zJeD>*H>(5)wDRxDudF 0HRt0J'k;td.xD.0Jw>ohw>b.qlw> rkmw>ck.rh>wD(cJ.w>*DR)whw>*DRudw F zsX.p;xD. ol.xD.tDRzJ (5I12I2009 =2010)eH. w> ol. w zsX. tHR rh> 0J pDR uD> pd pd 'k; xD. tDR M. vDR I'f od; w> ol. xD.wzsX.tHRuuJxD.w>bsK;w>zSd.
uFdzdtod. eD.*H> (35) 2011eH.

vXySRo0X'D;ol.p>o;bD.t*D>M.t 0J'k;td.xD.tDR'D;ySRvXo;ql.'D;[h. *H> [h. bg tDR td. t Cd 'f t w> wd> ym td.0Jtod;'D;*kmusJ;pX;xk;*H>xk;bg0J w> vXR bl. vXR phR w z. cJ vXm 'D; ol. xD.0JM. vDRI 'D; tw>ynd.wcDrh>0JzJ w>qXuwD>cJG;,m*hR'H;zJ'Ju0DRtd.'H; tcg'fod;ol.bDo;p><zd'H. zdo.oh. w z. u oh xD. b. xD. vX w> oh w> b.vDRqDcDzsdpkw>ohw>b.'ftrh>w> xk; w> *DR ( cJ. w> *DR ) whw>*DRw> ul. b.ul.ohusJoElwcgtHRt*D>'D;rh>ph> uD;w>vk>tD.o;orlusJoElwcgtCd t0JtJ.'d;vXol.bD.o;p>wz.zJ'd; M>b.w>qXuwD>cJG;,m*hR'H;tcgqX rk> v> 0J vX u [J rR vd oh xD. b. xD. t o; M. vDRI 'D; t eD> u p> '. 0J tJ. 'd; uJG;wh>uhRtw>pH.pdRwJpdRvXtrh>w> w> xk; w> *DR cD zsd pkw> oh w> b. w cg tHRM.vDRI 'D;t w> wd> ym cg ql ng w> cJG; w>,mrh>*hR'H;tqXuwD>u*kmusJ;pX; rR vd oh xD. b. xD. tySR u vkmol. bD.o;p>wz.tgtg'fod;uvk>*RrR 0Johtod;unDzdph>uD;rR0Jub.oht od; M.rh> t w> qd u rd. w> wd> ym M. vDRItwrh>ySRvXohuvk>*Rtw>wJ tw>uwdRw>uJG;ph>uD;b.<b.q. w>o;ql.td.'D;tDR'fwRv.vXt'd; M> b. 0J t od; u *km usJ; pX; [h. eDR vDR uhR ql t ySR u vkm vX vd. b. 0J w z. M.vDRI w>ol.xD.wzsX.tHRrh>0Jw> tqduwX>wzsX.vXttd.ol.vDRt o;zJ(rJ>v;unDb.uDcJ'Ju0DR)ylRM. vDRI'D;w>ol.xD.wzsX.tHRud;0JM>t rHRvX(ART OF JUST PEACE- w>oh w>b.qlw>rkmw>ck.rh>wD)tcDy nDrh>0JtJ.w>rkmw>ck.'D;uzH;urRw> vXw>tJ.w>uHGw>wDwDvdRvdRtusJ oElM.vDRIw>rRvdvD><w>uG>pd='f od; zd o.< ol. bD. o; p> oh. w z. u

unDudzySmbs;pJu%l>*h>*D>tlw>td.zS. Fd d
v>=uFdzdtod.f

rR vd oh xD. b. xD. t o; vX pk w> oh w>b . vDR qD w cg tHR t *D> zJ w> qX u wD> cJG; ,m td. 'H; 'D; zd 'H. zd o.< ol.bD.o;p>oh.wz.(w>ohw>b. (w>oh qlw>rkmw>rh>wD)tHRu[h.vDRw>rR vd t usJ o El tHR ql ol. bD. o; p> vX o;pJ oh. w z. t td. 'D; u oh xD. b.

xD.0JvXw>rRvdwcgtHRt*D><'fod;u oh pD. rJm pD. eg 'D; oh. ng w> oh w> b.wcgtHRt*D>M.vDRIw>rRvdvD>< w>rRvd w>ynd.='fod;o;p>oh.wz.urRvd = M>tgxD.w>ohw>b.tHRusJoElt*D> 'D;'fod;uohxD.b.xD.0JwywD>b. wywD>'D;yXqSX&J.usJRvDRuhRteD>u [l;w>*JRwbsDtHRuoht*D> 'D;olvXm 0J uDF.wJ. tph 106000M. vDRI w> &J. w> usJR vX w> [l; w> *JR w bsD tHR t *D> w>qXwtd.vDRwH>'H;b.q.zsX.ySD>< zsX. C; 'D; w> wD> csH; 'H. u y. Ckm 0J vX u&l>cJvXmw>jyXt*D>M.vDRI vXw>&J.w>usJRtusgySRvX t [h. vDR t o; vXu nD udF zd ySm bs; pJ t *D> vXm ol. vXm o; p; xD. vX u nD udFzdySmbs;pJu%l>td.xD.vHRvHRwkRt ySJRxD.15eH.uwD>tHRub.w>rRvR uyDRtDRzJ unDudFzd,lyvH.t w>&J.w>usJRtylRM.vDRI *h>*D>tl

zJvgtDulm29oD2011eH.teHR y0JunDudFzdySmbs;pJu%l>td.'D;*h>*D>tl w>td.zdS.vXtwJoud;0Jb.C;eH.u wX>w>td.zdS.'d.'D;w>CkxX90Dw0D 'D; unDudFzdySmbs;pJu%l>15eH.t,lyvH. t w> uJ xD. vd. xD. t *D> vX u %l> t'h cX. p; w *R pkm pkm wz. t w> qX wJm M. vDRI u nDudFzdySmbs;pJu%l> t'hvX 'J u 0DR ylR cJ vXm C. C. [J xD. w> td. zSd.wbsDtHR'D;wJoud;w>*h>bsJ;bsJ;bsD; bsD; 0HR qX wJm o ud; 0J vX u rR 0J eH. u wX>w>td.zSd.'d.'D;w>CkxXCkR'D;unD udFzdySmbs;pJu%l>t,lyvH.zJ'H.phbX. 27oDwkR30vXtl;yF.unDb.uDb.cJ 'Ju0DRM.vDRI vXw>[l;w>*JRwbsD tHRuusJ;pX;&J.usJRM>0JunDudFzdySmbs; pJu%l>t'hud;zku[Jy.CkRy.*D>vXw>
ubsH;yR(20)w>ydmxGJ

p>'.0Jto;vXw>vk>tD.uhRteD>u p>'.0Jto;orlcDzsdw>rRvdtHR'D;'f od; u oh pD. rJm pD. eg oh. ng w> oh w> b.'ftHRwuvkmtvk>tyShRt*D>M. vDRI 'D;cJtHRt0JrRoud;w>'D;u nD uFd zd ySm bs; pJ u *l> 'f t rh> ySR(cJ. w> *DR)whw>*DRzdw*RM.vDRI w>td.zS.wbstRcX.p;vXt[JwRwz. d D H k rh> 0JxH CDm cH u nD udF zd ySm bs; pJ u %l> =ed.zd'Ju0DR<xHqJ;rJ;,GR'D;0gc;unD udzdySmbs;pJu%l>=tl;yF.'Ju0DR<rJ>v; F 'D;%SusdunDudzdySmbs;pJu%l>=rJ>v;'J d F u0DR<rJ>cD.cgunDudFzdySmbs;pJu%l>= rJ>v;tl'Ju0DR<uqD0gvhunDudzdySm F bs;pJu%l> =rJ>&Rrd>'Ju0DR<rkm}wDRu nDudzdySmbs;pJu%l>=rkm}wDRuD>&h.vX F trh> u nD uD> pJ. ok; uh 5 w u yR M. vDRIu%l>cX.p;vXt[JwwkRwz.rh> 0JbsH;'0J>unDudFzdySmbs;pJu%l>'D;udFzd [l;*JRwz.cDzsdvXw>vJRw>uhRuDcJ0J 'D;w>qXuwD>pSR0JtCdvDRI

M>ySRrRw>zdAvXtySRb.tCdvDR$tg rR [;*DRA'D;eD[;xD.uGHmAySRvXtxD'g e.Ate.rh>w>vD>AvXeqX.Aw>td. tDRwz.Awu;b.AuGJe>vGJe>0Ju vkm ,XR Atd. tg r; A 'D; rh> w> rR &J. usJR At 'l.zdwz.Atuvkmuvkm'fod;uo;yhR cd.oh.wcg vXAu'd;e.b.Aw>pkvD> eD.uGHmtw>*JRvdmt*D>e.t0JwJ0JvDR$ cd.cd.AvXtvk>'d.ySR'd.AzJuD>y,DRt cD zsd vX w> *h> uD Aoh. w z. tHR tCdAuD>uFD.wJ.CkxX0JvXAw>*kRxD. yoDxD.Aw>wdmusJRtHRAvXuD> y,DRw uyRArh>vXpJ;zDu[.Aw>rRvD>A'k;td. xD. Aw> b. tX b. oD tg r; A'D; w> o 0H b.tXb.oD[;xD.tgtCdw}uX;w> ol.xD.AvXtuD>ylRb.Awu;b.'d;
uFdzdtod.eD.*H>(35)2011eH.

ylR A'D; vD> u 0DRA ySR w 0XAt w> od. w oDwtd.b.Awu;b.AuFD.wJ.y'd. oh.ng0JvXAuD>y,DRAy'd.tHRph>uD; Aw u e.CkmAt x HzduD> zd AvD> u 0DR Atw>od.w>oDb.AtCde.vDR$

23

xg toe>.f

oG.o;wD';D uD>olvRh H
'Dy>0J>unDr.cGg k k o;td.uGJ;wJokwcg w>vXunDuD>olvhR rh>0JuD>vXb.qd.*hR CHvR'D;xk;M>,o; uvkm*Ro;uGHtDRr; uD>olvhRokwvD>r> zkzHod.oD'due. o;wDeJ'D;uD>okvhR ue.zHzkw>od.uhR zHzkw>od.oD*hR0g 'due.vlRydmtgtg chcgqXuwD>cJtHR w>uGM>vGM>tgr; J J vGJeh>ySRvXw>xl;wDR 'fod;yuo;uGHtDR vD>ysHRuwX>rXoXbh. unDzd[;qSJ;wuh> b.C;'D;w>qD[H.CD unDzyvD>y'D d

eoGH.rh>0JunDoGH. okwusJ.usDySR*RoGH. tJ.uhReJeySRuvkm rRwDtD.vdRxD.&k>&k> unDzdyvD>eo; 'k.'gul.urRbsJ;eR ul.vDRySD>ySR,Hmwh>vH bl;xD.qlteH.EGHqH w>'k;uvkmtd.0Jtg 'funDzduvDRz; yySRokwvDRuvJ unDzdClzd;uhReJ xHuD>*R[Jud;ySRr; 'fod;urRpXRuhRySR unDvXvJRb.wz. w>ul.oh*kmrRvdym

cDzsdw>td.o;w*hR uFD.wJ.b.td.u'k;uhR td.u'k;vXw>usJRym o;qH;tvD>wtd.b. unDr>zdu'd.pd d 'd.pdvX,GR'd.tCd wkRyxHyuD>M>uhR unDud;*R'J;[JuhR yuD>rh>0JuD>olvhR 'fw>Cl;zd;uM>uhR oGH.o;wD'D;uD>olvhR yuD>olvhRueh>uhR vX = pDRpwgvh uD>rl&>wDRxDuFd tl;yF.'Ju0DR

w>bd;b.oh.ngvXuFzdtod.tySRz;vHmzdwz.t*D> d
unDuFdzd ySmbs;pJu&l>t vHm&RvDRobhsvX trh>uFdzdtod.w bh.tHR b.w>rRpXRqD.xGJtDR vX (Phan Foundation )u&XvXrg%Sgvgzg (ch.tJ.,l.eJ>&GJ>cd.usX>vXtb.w> rRoHwh>tDR zJvgzhR}bL;tg&HR 14 oD 2008eH. tHR )'k;td.xD.0J'D; 0HRt vD> cHtzdrk.zdcGgwz.wD cd.&d. rJuhR0JM. vDRI(Phan Foundatio)rRpXRwh>uFdzdt od.tHRp;xD.vX2010eH.wkRtcJtHR
24

'D;yxk;xD.&RvDRb.yuFdzdt od.w bh.tHRb.*h> b.0D0J'.M.vDRI y0JuFdzd tod. ySRrRw>zdwz. yo;ckpH;bsK;b.Phan Foundatio 'd.r; rhwrh>b. vXtw> ol.td. o;td.ySRb.'D; y*H>y bgupSR vDR 0J oyS>uwX>vDRI uFdzdtod.vHm &RvDRobhs w bh.tHRt ySRuGJ;vHmzdwz. rh>0J'. uFdzd ol.bD.o;p> wz.'D;o &.org
uFdzdtod. eD.*H> (35) 2011eH.

weDR'D; w>uGJ;wz. rh>0J'. ySRuGJ;vHm zd tw> xH.vX uFdzdtod. ySRz;vHmzd wz. uz;b.0J'D; yJmxHeDRz;tDRvDRI uFdzdt od.tySRrRo ud;w>wz. wl> vdmySRuGJ;vHm zdt w>uGJ;wz.vX t [h.xD. 0JcJvXm 'D;tvD>rh>td.vX ySR z;vHmzd }uX; z; 0Jwz.M. uy. Ckm y.*D>0J vXuFdzd t od.rJ;upH vXu [;xD.qlng wbh. tylRM.vDRI yrk> v>vX ySRz;vHmzdu [h.xD. tw> uGJ;vX uFdzdtod. ql rJmngwbh. t*D>vDRI

You might also like