Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Giao Trinh Thuc Hanh Hoa Li Nang Cao
Giao Trinh Thuc Hanh Hoa Li Nang Cao
H CH MINH
TRUNG TM CNG NGH HA
HA L NNG CAO
Mc lc
Ni dung
Trang
Li ni u
Nhit ng hc
Cn bng ha hc
ng hc
in ha
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Tc gi bin son
1.
L Th Thanh Hng
2.
BI 1: XC NH ENTAPY CA QU TRNH
HA HI CHT LNG
1.
Nguyn tc
Qu trnh ha hi ca cht lng xy ra khi hp th nhit. xc nh
Nhim v
-
4.
- Cobra3 unit
12150.00
- Ngun 12V/ 2A
12151.99
- Cp truyn d liu
14602.00
12102.00
- Software
14503.61
- u d nhit Pt
11759.01
04402.00
- Bnh bay hi
04405.00
- in tr
04450.00
13500.93
- Cp ni, l = 500mm
07361.05
- Bp khuy t
35720.93
- C t
35680.04
- Thanh , l = 500mm
02022.20
- Kp gc phi
37697.00
- Kp vn nng
37715.00
- Chn , h = 500mm
37692.00
- Cn 620g
48852.93
- Cn 3200g
48803.93
- ng h bm giy
03071.01
- Bnh an ton v p k
34170.88
02728.00
36134.00
39286.00
39282.00
- Bp cao su
39275.03
- Kp ng, d = 12 .20mm
40995.00
37003.00
- Xylanh 20 ml
02591.03
02597.04
- Bnh tia
33931.00
30007.25
- Metanol 500 ml
30142.50
- Nc ct
31246.81
1
6
5.
Lp t v vn hnh
Lp t dng c nh hnh 1 nhng trong thi gian ny ng ni b
L thuyt
Khi cht lng c gia nhit p sut khng i (ng p) n nhit
H
Tv
(1)
H = S.Tv
H =
(1.1)
h
n
(h = - Qv)
(2)
h = - Ck. Tv
(3)
(4)
Ck =
Wel
Tel
(4.1)
H = C k .Tv
H = Wel
M
m
Tv M
Tel m
(5)
(5.1)
Trong :
TV: Chnh lch nhit ca nc trong sut qu trnh bay hi.
Tel : Chnh lch nhit ca nc trong qu trnh cung cp in th.
Wel : Nhit lng cung cp to ra chnh lch nhit Tel.
Ck: Nhit dung ring ca dng c o nhit lng.
n : s mol cht bay hi.
10
BI 2: TNG IM SI
1.
Hemholtz,
2.
Nguyn l
Nhit si ca dung dch lun lun cao hn nhit si ca dung
Nhim v
-
4.
11
5.
- Dng c o tng im si
36820.00
13617.93
- u d nhit
11759.04
- B iu khin tc un
47557.01
- Bp un
32247.93
- Bnh cu 250ml
35812.15
- Becher 250ml
36004.00
- u ni, GL 25/8
41242.03
- ng silicon
39296.00
- Chn
37694.00
- Kp gc phi
37697.00
- Ngm kp
37715.00
- Ci v chy
32604.00
- pinchcock
43631.15
- Mung cc nh
33393.00
- Dng c p vin
04403.04
- Cn
48852.93
- Da cn
45019.05
- Phu
34459.00
- Pipet
36590.00
- Bp cao su
39275.03
- NaCl 500g
30155.50
- Ur tinh khit
30086.25
- Hydroquinone 250g
30089.25
- Glycerine, 250ml
30084.25
- Nc ct, 5l
31246.81
Lp t v vn hnh
Lp t dung c nh hnh 1.
Sy kh v cn bnh bn trong, ghi khi lng (m1). t bnh trong vo
L thuyt
13
Ps =
Trong :
PS :p sut hi ca dung dch.
P0: p sut hi ca dung mi nguyn cht.
n1,n2: s mol ca dung mi v cht tan.
Trong :
TS: nhit si dung dch.
T0: nhit si dung mi.
T =
K S .m ct .1000
M ct .m dm
14
BI 3: XC NH NHIT TO THNH CA NC
1.
Nguyn l
Entapy to thnh iu kin tiu chun c lp thnh bng tnh
Nhim v
Xc nh entapy to thnh ca nc bng cch t 100ml H2 trong
13670.93
- Dy ni 1m
07367.00
02615.00
- Clorimeter
02615.01
02617.00
- ng Silicon
39296.00
- hnh ch H
02009.55
02031.00
02032.00
02033.00
87997.01
38034.00
2
15
- Knh lp
64598.00
- C t
64598.00
46299.02
- Phu
34457.00
- Ca nha 1 lit
36640.00
- Cn
48852.93
- Bnh kh hydro
41775.00
- Bnh kh Oxy
41778.00
33482.00
41774.00
- ng cao su
39282.00
- Nc ct
31246.81
5.
Lp t v vn hnh
Lp t dng c nh hnh v:
t dng c o nhit lng vo ng bc thy tinh nh c m t
L thuyt
Nhit to thnh ca nc (H) c nh ngha nh s thay i
H =
p,T
- h = Q cal = m i c i T = m H 2O .c H 2O + C cal T
Trong :
m H 2O : khi lng ca nc trong dng c o nhit lng
-1
-1
PV
RT
Trong :
P: l p sut kh quyn (N.m2)
18
V: l th tch kh H2 (m3)
T: nhit phng
R: l hng s kh (= 8,314 J.mol-1.K-1)
S mol H2 trong 100ml kh (n = 4,065 mol) nhit T = 296,5K v p
sut l P = 100,1 KPa, T = 0,45K. Kt qu l nhit to thnh ca phn
ng l -277,1 KJ.mol-1 (gi tr = - 286 KJ.mol-1).
19
BI 4: CN BNG LNG - HI
1.
Nguyn l
cc nhit khc nhau, p sut ring phn ca pha kh c to ra
do cht lng bay hi cng khc nhau. Nu p sut trn b mt cht lng
gim, cn bng lng hi c thit lp li bi s bay hi mt phn ca pha
lng.
3.
Nhim v
Xc nh nhit ha hi ca aceton bng cch o p sut hi ti cc
04402.00
13617.93
1
20
5.
- u d nhit Pt
11759.01
- ng bo v u d
11762.05
- Barometer
07136.00
- u d p sut
07136.01
39296.00
39298.00
- Chn ng h = 750mm
37694.00
- Kp gc phi
37697.00
- Bnh cu 3 c
35677.15
36701.65
- Van mt chiu
36705.00
34170.88
02728.00
39286.00
- ng ong 50 ml
36632.00
- Phu
34457.00
- Ca nha 1 lit
36640.00
Pipet
36590.00
Bp cao su
39275.03
Acetone 250 ml
30004.25
Gyxrin 250 ml
30084.25
Mui 500g
30155.50
Nc
Lp t v vn hnh
Lp t dng c nh hnh v. Lp vo bnh cu 3 c mt van mt
21
L thuyt
p sut hi ph thuc vo nhit v c m t bng phng trnh
Clapeyron - Clausius:
H V
dP
=
dT T(Vg Vl )
Trong :
P: p sut hi
HV: entapy ca qu trnh bay hi
Vg, Vl: th tch ca pha kh v pha lng
T: nhit (0K)
Kt hp vi phng trnh trng thi kh l tng ta c:
22
1 dP H V
=
P dT RT 2
dP H V dT
=
R T2
P
lnP =
H V
+C
RT
ln
H V
P2
=
P1
R
1
1
T2 T1
1
Hnh 2: th hm s lnP = f
T
23
BI 5: SC K KH
1.
thuyt), u d dn nhit.
2.
Nguyn tc
Qui trnh sc k cho php tch mt hn hp cc cht vi s c mt
Nhim v
-
4.
Cobra3 unit
Ngun cung cp 12V/2A
Cp truyn d liu
Software
Dy ni, l = 250mm mu
12153.00
12151.99
14602.00
14520.61
07360.01
1
1
1
1
1
24
07360.04
36670.99
36670.10
02615.00
36670.00
02615.03
36675.00
02009.55
37692.00
37697.00
37715.00
02607.00
02593.03
02598.04
36701.65
38056.00
03071.01
41776.00
41774.00
33481.00
08492.93
08492.01
08487.02
39286.00
39282.00
40995.01
40996.01
48852.93
35862.00
02728.00
34170.88
33398.00
34457.00
39275.03
36003.00
33499.00
41773.11
41773.12
31773.03
31514.04
31276.10
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
6
6
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
6
7
2
1
25
Acetone 250ml
Ru etylic tuyt i 500ml
Etylacetat 250ml
Nc ct 5l
Dung dch x phng
30004.25
30008.50
30075.25
31246.81
Lp t v vn hnh
Chun b th nghim nh hnh 1.
Chun b pha tnh cho ct tch kh bng cch rt aceton vo 10g
Hnh 2: Cu to ca h thng sc k
Lp t ct tch vo trong ng bao thy tinh iu nhit v t chng
v tr thng ng bng hai kp thng nm bn tri thanh . Sau ni
vi b iu nhit tun hon nm trong b ln bng nha v c th tch l 6l
(b iu nhit ), vi ng bao thy tinh bn ngoi bng ng cao su sao cho
nc vo ng bao thy tinh bn ngoi t pha di. Dng nc chy xung
quanh ct tch v ra ngoi bng mt ng gn nh ct tch.
27
Hnh 3: Dng c ly kh
n vo bu cao su c cha 2 ml dung dch x phng to mt t bt
x phng phn trn ca ng thy tinh. Kh i vo mang theo bong bng
ln trn ng. o thi gian mt bt bong bng i t im mc 0 n mc 5
hoc mc 10ml bng ng h bm giy. Tnh vn tc dng kh (ml/pht) t
gi tr ny. V d khi mt bt x phng ti mc 10 ml trong 15 giy, ta o
vn tc kh trong ct tch l 40 ml/pht.
y nc vo erlen c nhm. Ni ng thy tinh trn erlen vi bnh
kh (n-butane, iso butane, camping gas) bng ng cao su di. M van
kh i vo erlen, n to p lc y nc i vo phu nha gn pha trn
erlen. Sau khi y, ng ng vi nt y cao su. ngn khng cho kh b
p ra ngoi erlen do p sut ca nc tc ng ln n y phu bng nt
cao su. Nt ny s c ly ra sau .
6.
Qui trnh
chn Average over 1 valuve (nh hnh 5). Sau khi ng ca s ny chn
ch Displays. Ci t t -0,2 n 1V (nh hnh 6). Trong menu Digital
ci hin th Digital 1 l Voltage cc phn khc th off. Mn hnh hin th
ny ch ng vai tr iu khin.
Trong phn <Analog> chn <off> cho tt c cc hin th, trong khi
trong <Diagrams> chn <Line diagram> trong Diagram 1, chn <Voltage>
trong Diagram 1a v chn <off> trong Diagram 1b v 1c. Ci t ch <0 300s> v chn <Scroll> (nh hnh 7). ng ca s ny. Kt thc ci t
bng <Continue>.
Sau mn hnh hin th o c m. M rng s sao cho chim
khong 2/3 din tch mn hnh. hin th s din tch bn di ca mn
hnh. Cc gi tr o c kim sot ti y.
Bt cng tc iu khin vi pht trc khi bt u o (nh, ch bt khi
kh mang chy qua, trnh trng hp qu nhit u d). Gi nt Grob
v tr mt lt, sau iu chnh n gi tr ng nn 0V. Sau 3 pht,
kim tra li mn hnh hin th. Nu cc gi tr o thay i nhiu, th nhn nt
Grob 1 ln na. Nu vn cha t ta vn nt Fein t gi tr xp x 0
(V).
M van Heli v s dng dng c o bt x phng (vi bu cao su cha
1-2 ml dung dch x phng) iu chnh tc dng Heli 30 ml/ph
(10ml/20s). n vo bu cao su to v nh v bt x phng.
Hnh 4
30
Hnh 5
31
Hnh 6
Hnh 7
6.2. Tch hn hp etanol v etyl acetat
Dng 2 ng tim (1 ml) ly mi cht etanol v etylacetat 1ml cho vo l
nh c np. Hn hp ny c cha trong l nh c th bo qun c
mt thi gian ngn dng sau ny. Thc hin qu trnh tch kh 800C.
Ci t b iu chnh nhit n nhit ny v i cho n khi cp nhit
cm trong v ngoi bng thy tinh (glass jacket) n nh 800C. Qui
trnh tch sc k kh tip theo hon ton tng t nh m t trong phn 1.
Ht 5l hn hp, khng c bong bng, vo trong ng tim 10l. Bt u o,
cn thn a kim tim vo su xuyn qua septum, dng tay cn li p
32
L thuyt:
Qu trnh tch sc k ca hn hp cc cht xy ra gia pha tnh l pha
a IA
a IIA
K: h s phn b Nernst
L
H
Trong :
N: S mm l thuyt
33
L: chiu di ct
H: chiu cao tng ng mi mm l thuyt.
Chiu cao mm l thuyt c tnh ton trc tip t sc k . Hnh 9
miu t c im v s lng ci m c th c t sc k . Cng
ca tn hiu l mt hm theo thi gian. Thi gian ng l thi gian m kh
khng c ct gi li cn i qua ct. T sc k chiu cao tng ng
ca mm l thuyt c th xc nh c. chnh l kh nng tch ca ct.
H=
b2L
16t2 R
Hnh 8
Hnh 9
Cng ca tn hiu
t0:
thi gian bt u
tm:
L thuyt v kt qu
34
Hnh10
Hnh 11
Hnh 12
Hnh 13
35
220C
Tc dng kh mang
30 ml/pht,He
Tng lng kh bm vo
1 ml kh/ hn hp kh
Hnh14
Hnh 15
Hnh 16
Nhit ct tch
Tc dng kh mang:
800C
30ml/pht, He
37
Nhng iu cn ch
Vic s dng sc k tch cc cht c chng minh l mt
Hnh 17
Hnh 18
39
1.
Nguyn l
Trong dung dch axit, CH3COOC2H5 thy phn thnh C2H5OH v
Nhim v
4.
08492.93
08492.01
- B iu nhit, 6l
08487.02
- ng cao su d = 6mm
39282.00
07050.00
- u d nhit NiCr-Ni
13615.03
- ng h bm giy
03071.01
- Bp iu nhit c khuy t
35720.93
- C t l = 15mm
46299.01
- C t l = 30mm
462.99.02
- Thanh l = 500mm
02022.05
- Thanh l = 750mm
37694.00
- Buret, 50ml
37720.00
- Kp gc phi
37697.00
- Kp vn nng
37715.00
- ng ong 100 ml
36629.00
36552.00
- Pipet 5ml
36577.00
- Pipet 100ml
36582.00
- Bp cao su
39275.03
46245.00
36134.00
36424.00
- Nt cao su 17/22mm
39258.00
- Becher 250 ml
36013.00
34457.00
33931.00
- CH3COOH, 250ml
30075.25
48454.70
48329.70
31714.10
- Nc tinh khit 5l
31246.81
1
41
5.
Lp t v vn hnh
Lp t dng c nh hnh v.
Chun b dung dch NaOH 0,2M bng cch ly 200 ml dung dch NaOH
L thuyt
CH3COOC2H5 + H2O
CH3COOH + C2H5 OH
Tc phn ng:
vR =
dCE
= k.CE .CW.CK
dt
Vi:
k: hng s tc phn ng.
CE, C W, CK: nng ca este, nc v xc tc ti thi im t.
V nng H2O v H3O+ l khng i, v vy ta c:
dC E
= k 'C E
dt
Ly tch phn 2 v, ta c:
42
ln
C E,0
CE
= k't
VNaOH, VNaOH,0
VNaOH, VNaOH
= lnQ = k , t
Trong :
VNaOH, : th tch NaOH dng chun thi im t =
VNaOH,0 : th tch NaOH dng chun thi im bt u
VNaOH : th tch NaOH dng chun thi im t.
Th tch VNaOH, 0 v VNaOH, c th c xc nh bng th nghim
hoc c tnh bng cch s dng cc phng trnh sau:
VNaOH,0 =
C NaOH 105
Trong :
V1: th tch mu (= 5ml)
CHCl: nng dung dch HCl (= 1M)
CNaOH: nng dung dch NaOH (= 0,2M)
VNaOH, =
E .VE .V1
+ VNaOH,0
M E .VS .C NaOH
Trong :
E: khi lng ring ca este
ME: phn t lng este
VE: th tch dung dch este
VS: th tch ca dung dch (= 105ml) ti thi im t0.
43
Trong :
EA
RT
EA
+ lnk 0
RT
lnk 1' =
EA
+ lnk 0
RT1
lnk '2 =
EA
+ lnk 0
RT2
Ta c:
Suy ra:
T1 .T2
k ,2
EA = R
ln '
T2 T1
k1
44
BI 7: VN TC PHN NG TH HALOGEN
1.
2.
Nguyn tc
Cc nhm halogen alkyl phn ng trao i halogen nhanh trong dung
Nhim v
-
4.
5.
- Thit b o dn
13701.93
- u d nhit v dn
13701.01
- Bp khuy t
35720.93
- Dng c ci t nhit
35721.00
- C t, l = 25mm
46300.01
- C t, l = 50mm
46299.03
- ng h bm giy
03071.01
- Da cn
03065.20
- Thanh , l = 750mm
02023.20
- Kp gc phi
37697.00
- Kp vn nng
37715.00
46245.00
- Bnh cu 3 c
35677.15
- ng sinh hn
35815.15
36701.65
- Septum
02615.03
- Cn
48852.93
- ng ong 100ml
36629.00
- Xylanh 1ml
02593.03
02599.04
- Pipet
36590.00
- Bp cao su
39275.03
- Phu
34472.00
- Beaker 50 ml
36001.00
- Mung
33398.00
39282.00
- Kp ng, d = 812mm
40996.01
31756.25
- NaI 50g
31634.05
- Aceton 250ml
30004.25
Lp t v vn hnh
Th nghim c lp t nh hnh 1. Rt 100ml aceton vo bnh cu
L thuyt
Phn ng Finkelstein tin hnh theo c ch phn ng SN2
C3H7Br + I- =
C3H7I + Br-
Trong :
dC PrBr
= kC PrBr C I
dt
(1)
k l hng s tc phn ng
CPrBr, CI- l nng propyl bromide v ion I- ti thi
gian t
V nng u ca C3H7Br v NaI bng nhau (CPrBr,0 = CNaI,0), nn
phng trnh c th c vit nh sau:
dC PrBr
= kC 2I = kC 2PrBr
dt
(2)
= kt +
1
C PrBr,0
(3)
47
(4)
Hnh 3: th nng theo thi gian (CPrBr = CI- = CNaI) ca phn ng gia
propyl bromide vi I xc nh bc phn ng, v th
1
C PrBr
- t
48
1
C PrBr
v t c minh ha hnh 4 ti
49
BI 8: DN IN TRONG CHT RN
1.
2.
Nguyn tc
Xc nh in tr ca cht rn ph thuc vo nhit , n cho bit c
Nhim v
Xc nh h s nhit in tr i vi dy st, ng v dy
50
Nt
mu
trng
Nt mu
vng
sensor
dy mu
dy mu
dy mu xanh
Hnh 2: S lp mch in
- Cobra3 Unit
12150.00
12151.99
14602.00
14504.61
07050.00
- u d nhit NiCr-Ni
13615.05
13500.93
- Bp khuy t
35720.93
- C t, l = 30mm
46299.02
- Thanh , l = 500mm
02022.20
- Thanh , l = 250mm
02031.00
- Kp gc phi
37697.00
- Kp vn nng
37715.00
- Pin cch in
07807.00
- Dy ni, l = 500mm, mu
07361.01
- Dy ni, l = 750mm, mu
07362.01
07362.04
- Becher 1000ml
36017.00
1
51
5.
- Ko
64798.00
- Dy ng
06106.00
- Dy st
06104.00
- Dy constantan
06100.00
- Nc ct
31246.81
Lp t v vn hnh
Lp t thit b th nghim nh hnh 1 v hnh 2.
Chun b 3 mu dy kim loi. Tip theo ct mu dy th nht di 30cm
Hnh 3
Di diagram 1 chn <Calculated Channel> t 0 - 5 Ohm, gii hn X:
0 - 15 v <no auto range>. Sau khi thc hin nhng bc trn nhn
<Continue> chp nhn cc gi tr c ci t. Sp xp cc hin th
nh bn mong mun.
52
Hnh 4
Hnh 5 - 7 cho thy in tr ca 3 thanh kim loi ph thuc vo nhit
. Di <Display options> ta c th chn <Hide curve> v thay vo s
xut hin ng thng hi quy.
6.
L thuyt
dn in trong cht rn ph thuc vo kiu lin kt cc thnh phn
U
I
(1)
Trong :
U: hiu in th (V)
I: Cng dng in (A)
54
R T2 R T1
R T1 (T2 T1 )
(2)
55
1 dR
R dT
(3)
1 R
R C T
(4)
Trong :
RC : in tr nhit phng
R
: dc ca ng thng
T
: H s nhit ca in tr
56
1.
Nguyn tc
Phng trnh Nernst pht biu th in cc ca pin ph thuc vo
Nhim v
-
4.
3+
, Fe 2 +
ti nhit th nghim.
13702.93
18475.00
- ng bo v in cc platin
45206.00
- Dy ni, l = 500mm, en
07361.05
- in cc Pt
13702.01
- My khuy t
47334.93
- C t
46299.02
- Chn , h = 750mm
37694.00
- Kp gc phi
37697.00
- Kp vn nng
37715.00
- Thanh 2 in cc
45284.01
- Kp gi buret
03065.20
- Buret 50ml
36517.01
- Cn phn tch
48802.93
- Da cn
45019.05
- Becher 100ml
36002.00
- Becher 150ml
36003.00
- Bnh nh mc 1000ml
36552.00
- Pipette 50ml
36581.00
34457.00
34459.00
- Mung
33398.00
- Bp cao su
39275.03
- Bnh tia
33931.00
- K4 [Fe(CN)6]: 250g
30101.25
- K3 [Fe(CN)4]: 100g
30100.10
- Nc ct
31246.81
- pH - meter
-
5.
in cc so snh Ag/AgCl/Cl-
Lp t v vn hnh
Lp t th nghim nh hnh 1.
Chun b dung dch cho th nghim nh sau:
58
(ml)
( ml)
(ml)
( ml)
49
20
30
48
12
38
46
43
59
6.
(ml)
( ml)
(ml)
( ml)
43
46
38
12
48
30
20
49
25
25
L thuyt
Pin in ha c s dng y, in cc Ag /AgCl/ Cl- c dng
lm in cc so snh cung cp mt in th c nh xc nh th ca
in cc oxy ha kh.
in cc bc clorua gm c mt si dy Ag c bao ph bi AgCl v
c nhng trong dung dch KCl c nng xc nh.
in cc oxi ho - kh l cp Fe(III)/ Fe(II):
[Fe(CN)6]3- + e-
[Fe(CN)6]4-
(1)
(2a)
e(kl) = e + Fdd
(2b)
Y(dd) = Y + (z-n)Fdd
(2c)
Vi:
dd: in th ca dung dch
(kl): in th ca in cc kim loi tr
i: ha th ca cu t i
Kt hp phng trnh (1) v (2), ta c:
X z + Y(z n)+ + n e = nF dd nF kl
(3)
60
= dd kl =
1
( Z + Y (z -n) + + n e )
nF x
(4)
Xz + = 0Xz + + RT.lna X Z+
(5a)
(5b)
a z+
1 0
RT
X z + 0Y(z n) + + n e +
ln X
nF
nF a Y(z n) +
(6)
RT a X z +
ln
nF a Y (z n) +
(7)
[
[
RT Fe 3+
ln
nF
Fe 2+
]
]
Th in cc ca in cc m:
E Ag/AgCl/Cl = E 0Ag/AgCl/Cl
E 0t = E 025 +
[ ]
RT
ln Cl nF
dE
(t 25)
dt
[
[
]
]
RT Fe 3+
ln
E Ag/AgCl/Cl
nF
Fe 2+
(8)
3+
, Fe 2 +
E Ag/AgCl/Cl = 172
62
BI 1: XC NH ENTAPY CA QU TRNH
HA HI CHT LNG
H v tn sinh vin :
im
1.
Li ph
Kt qu o:
Cht bay hi
Nhit lng
Wel (J)
TV
Tel
Dietyl eter
Metanol
2.
Xc nh nhit ha hi C2H5OC2H5
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------63
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3.
Xc nh nhit ha hi CH3OH.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------64
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------6.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------7.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------8.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------65
9.
66
BI 2: TNG IM SI
H v tn sinh vin :
im
1.
Li ph
Kt qu o:
-
m1
m2
Khi lng
cht tan (mg)
m ct
m dm
TS
TS
KS
1
2
3
4
5
2.
V th TS m ct
K m
S dm
67
3.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4.
Ti sao khng un si trc tip dung dch cha cht tan trn bp in
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------68
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------6.
Ti sao khi cho cht tan vo th nhit si li gim sau mt thi gian
mi tng tr li?
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
7.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------8.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------69
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------9.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
70
BI 3: XC NH NHIT TO THNH CA NC
H v tn sinh vin :
im
1.
Li ph
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------71
3.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------72
6.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------7.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------8.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
73
BI 4: CN BNG LNG - HI
H v tn sinh vin :
im
1.
Li ph
Kt qu th nghim:
Stt
p sut P
(hPa)
Nhit T
(0K)
lnP
1
T
74
Stt
p sut P
(hPa)
Nhit T
(0K)
lnP
1
T
1
T
2.
V th: lnP = f
3.
T h s gc (
H V
) ca ng thng hnh 2, xc nh H ca
R
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------6.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------7.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------76
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------8.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------9.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
77
BI 5: SC K KH
H v tn sinh vin :
im
1.
2.
Li ph
Xc nh sc k ca cc hn hp sau:
-
5l hn hp (ethanol/ester = 1/1)
4l hn hp + 2l ester
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------78
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------79
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------6.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------7.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------8.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------9.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
80
H v tn sinh vin :
im
1.
Li ph
v VNaOH, =
M E .VS .C NaOH
C NaOH 105
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------81
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------82
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------6.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
83
BI 7: VN TC PHN NG TH HALOGEN
H v tn sinh vin :
im
1.
Li ph
dn in ring
ca NaI (mS/cm)
Nng ca NaI
(mol/l)
1
2
3
4
5
2.
84
3.
Thi
gian (s)
dn in
ring ca NaI
(mS/cm)
Nng cn li
ca NaI (mol/l)
Nng cn li
ca C3H7Br (mol/l)
1
2
3
4
5
4.
V th CPrBr - t.
85
t .
5.
V th
6.
C PrBr
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------7.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------8.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------9.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------10. Ti sao ta phi dng kim tim dung dch propyl bromua vo bnh cu?
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
87
BI 8: DN IN TRONG CHT RN
H v tn sinh vin :
im
1.
Li ph
Kt qu o RC ti nhit phng:
Ln o
(ni)
Ri (St)
Ri (ng)
Ri (Constantan)
1 .cm-1
1 .cm-1
1 .cm-1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
88
Ln o
(ni)
Ri (St)
Ri (ng)
Ri (Constantan)
1 .cm-1
1 .cm-1
1 .cm-1
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
RC
2.
Ti
Ri
Ri
Ti
(R2 R1)
(T2 T1)
R
)i
T
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
89
Ln o
(ni)
Ti
Ri
Ri
Ti
(R2 R1)
(T2 T1)
R
)i
T
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
T
R
2.3. Tnh h s gc ng thng :
=
T
T
n
1 R
=
R C T
90
Ti
Ri
Ri
Ti
(R2 R1)
(T2 T1)
R
)i
T
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
91
Ln o
(ni)
Ti
Ri
Ri
Ti
(R2 R1)
(T2 T1)
R
)i
T
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
R
92
R T
=
T
n
1 R
=
R C T
Ti
Ri
Ri
Ti
(R2 R1)
(T2 T1)
R
)i
T
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
93
Ln o
(ni)
Ti
Ri
Ri
Ti
(R2 R1)
(T2 T1)
R
)i
T
19
20
R
T =
T =
R
4.3. Tnh h s gc ng thng :
=
T
T
n
1 R
=
R C T
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------94
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------6.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------7.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------8.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------9.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------95
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
96
H v tn sinh vin :
im
1.
Li ph
Kt qu th nghim
Nhit (0C) th nghim:
Dung dch Fe (II)
(ml)
( ml)
49
48
46
43
38
12
30
20
25
25
20
30
12
38
43
46
48
3
[
Fe(CN )6 ]
ln
[Fe(CN )6 ]4
Sc in ng
(mV)
97
(ml)
( ml)
49
3
[
Fe(CN )6 ]
ln
[Fe(CN )6 ]4
Sc in ng
(mV)
[Fe(CN )6 ]3 :
[Fe(CN )6 ]4
2.
V th Epin - ln
3.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4.
3+
, Fe 2 +
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------98
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------6.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------7.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
99
PH LC
in cc
Phn ng in cc
E 0298 (V)
dE 0
10 3
dt
(V/)
Li+/ Li
Li+ + e = Li
K+/ K
K+ + e = K
Ca2+/ Ca
Ca2+ + 2e = Ca
Na / Na
Na+ + e = Na
Mg2+/ Mg
Mg2+ + 2e = Mg
Al3+/ Al
Al3+ + 3e = Al
Mn2+/ Mn
Mn2+ + 2e = Mn
2+
Zn / Zn
Zn2+ + 2e = Zn
Cr3+/ Cr
Cr3+ + 3e = Cr
Fe2+/ Fe
Fe2+ + 2e = Fe
Fe3+, Fe2+/ Pt
Fe3+ + e = Fe2+
2+
Ni / Ni
Ni2+ + 2e = Ni
H+/ H2, Pt
H+ + e = 1/2H2
Sn4+, Sn2+/ Pt
Sn4+ + 2e = Sn2+
Cu2+/ Cu
Cu2+ + 2e = Cu
2+
Hg2 / Hg
Hg22+ + 2e = 2Hg
Hg2+/ Hg
Hg2+ + 2e = Hg
Ag+/ Ag
Ag+ + e = Ag
AgCl + e = Ag + Cl-
Hg, Hg2Cl2, Cl
2-
-3,045
-0,534
-2,925
-1,080
-2,866
-0,175
-2,714
-0,772
-2,363
+0,103
-1,662
+0,504
-1,180
-0,080
-0,763
+0,091
-0,744
+0,468
-0,440
+0,052
+0,771
+1,188
-0,250
+0,060
+0,000
0,000
+0,150
+0,337
+0,008
+0,788
+0,854
+0,799
+1,000
+0,222
+0,268
+0,615
100