Engineering Reference - Equations

Voltage Reflection Coefficient

VSWR to RSLdB RSLdB = 20Log

= Z r + Zo r o
where:

Z -Z

( )
VSWR-1 VSWR+1

= reflection coefficient
Zr = impedance at reflection Zo = characteristic impedance (typically 50)

1 Impedance Z = RjX = = Z0 1 + Y 1- Admittance Y = GjX = 1 = Y0 1 - Z 1+

( ) ( )

Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR) VSWR = r = 1 + 1 -

2 Pr = = r - 1 r+1 Pi

( )

RSLdB to VSWR

2 Pt =1- = 4r 2 Pi (r + 1)

VSWR =

(( ) ) (( ) )
10 10
RSL dB 20

+1 -1

RSL dB 20

where: r = VSWR = reflection coefficient Pr = reflected power Pi = incident power Pt = transmitted power

Material Parameters at 20C Table 1.1 Nonmetals

r, at frequency
Material Nylon Plexiglas Polyethylene Teflon (22C)

at frequency ,
1010 2.80 2.50 2.26 2.10 Metals 60 106 1010 0.0110 0.0050 0.005 0.004 (V/inch) 400 990 1200 1500 0.018 0.022 0.064 0.104 (<0.0002) (<0.005)

r
1 1 1 1

60 3.60 3.45 2.26 2.10

10 6 3.14 2.76 2.26 2.10

Material Silver Copper Aluminum Brass

r
1 1 1 1

r
1 1 1 1

( /m)
6.17 5.8 3.72 1.6 x x x x 10 7 10 7 10 7 10 7

Depth of penetration for plane waves (m) 0.064/ f 0.066/ f 0.083/ f 0.013/ f

All specifications are subject to change without notice

Kathrein Inc., Scala Division Post Office Box 4580 Medford, OR 97501 (USA) Phone:(541) 779-6500 Fax:(541) 779-3991

Engineering Reference - Equations

Characteristic Impedance of Free Space Effective Aperature Related to Gain of Antenna Aem = 4

o =

o o = 120 = 377
= free space permeability = 4.0 x 10-7(H/m) = free space permitivity =

2 G

where:

o o

G=

4A em

( )

10 (F/m) 36

Watts to dBm dBw = 10 log10(Power Watts) dBm = (10 log10(Power Watts))+30 dBw to Watts Watts = 10

1 c = oo = propagation velocity = 2.997925 x 108 m/s ( 3 x 108 m/s) In free space the wavelength is: c = f For a nonmagnetic dielectric:

c d = f = o r r where: r is relative dielectric from Table 1.1

Characteristic Impedance of Coaxial Line
a

(dBw) 10 ( dBw+30) 10

Milliwatts = 10

dBm to Watts Watts = 10

( dBm-30 ) 10 (dBm) 10

b Zo = 138 log10 a

( )

Milliwatts = 10

where: a = inner diameter b = outer diameter r = relative permeability (usually = 1) r = permitivity (dielectric constant) as given in Table 1.1 Friis Transmission Equation Pr = Pt

Voltage Gain/Loss to dB dB(gain/loss) = 20Log10(Gain or Loss)

dBm to Volts/Volts Volts = Log10-1 dBm-13 20

( )

GG t r 4R
2

where: Pr = received power Pt = transmitted power R = separation distance

Volts = Log10-1 dBm-107

20 dBw to Volts/Volts Volts = Log10-1 dBw-17 20

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
20

( )
4R

= free space loss

Using effective areas A A Pr = et er Pt 2R

Volts = Log10-1 dBw-137

All specifications are subject to change without notice

Kathrein Inc., Scala Division Post Office Box 4580 Medford, OR 97501 (USA) Phone:(541) 779-6500 Fax:(541) 779-3991

Engineering Reference - Equations

Quarter Wave Matching Z = ZoZL where: Z = line impedance Zo = desired input impedance ZL = given load impedance Noise Factor F= Pno SNRIN = = GAPni SNROUT Radio Horizon (in miles) H = 2 (Tx) (Rx) where: H = horizon Tx = transmit height in feet Rx = receive height in feet Gain of Parabolic Antenna

()

Te -1 To

D G = 10 logK

( )

Noise Figure NF = 10LogF

where: G = parabolic antenna gain K = eff L 55% D = diameter in feet = wavelength in feet Beamwidth of Parabolic Antenna

Cascade Noise Factor F -1 F3-1 F = F1 + 2 + + GA1 GA1GA1 Freespace Path Loss L = 96.6 + 20 log(d) + 20 log(f) where: L = freespace path loss d = distance in miles f = frequency in GHz Directive Antenna Gain G = 41253 .

70

D = beamwidth D = diameter in feet = feet

where:

G = 32400 .

theoretical

corrected for efficiencies

where: G = directive antenna gain = horizontal beamwidth = vertical beamwidth

All specifications are subject to change without notice

Kathrein Inc., Scala Division Post Office Box 4580 Medford, OR 97501 (USA) Phone:(541) 779-6500 Fax:(541) 779-3991

Engineering Reference - Equations

-2
Normalized Directivity, dB

2L = 10

-4

2 L = 100
-6

-8

Cos

-10

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Scan Angle From Broadside,

Reprinted from Microwave Scanning Antennas, edited by R. C. Hansen, Vol. 1, p. 20, published by Peninsula Publishing, Los Altos, California. Courtesy of R. C. Hansen

All specifications are subject to change without notice

Kathrein Inc., Scala Division Post Office Box 4580 Medford, OR 97501 (USA) Phone:(541) 779-6500 Fax:(541) 779-3991

Engineering Reference - Equations

Beam Broadening Versus Sidelobe Ratio 1.7

1.6

Taylor one-parameter distribution

1.5

Beam Broadening

1.4

1.3

1.2

1.1

1.0 10

20

30 Sidelobe Ratio, dB
Courtesy of Dr. R. C. Hansen

40

50

All specifications are subject to change without notice

Kathrein Inc., Scala Division Post Office Box 4580 Medford, OR 97501 (USA) Phone:(541) 779-6500 Fax:(541) 779-3991