-

2005


.
, .
.


. .

,
.
:
. - . . , :
, 2, 3;
. . - . . , :
1, 4, 5, 6.
. - . .
, . - . . , , .

,
,
.

ISBN

, . 13
12.07.05.
. , . , 2005
. , . , 2005
. , . , 2005
-


......................................................................................................................6
............................................................................9
1.

1.1 ............................................................................11
1.2 ................................................................................12
1.2.1 ..................13
1.2.2 ....................................................13
1.2.3 .........14
1.3 .................................................................16
1.3.1 ..............................................................16
1.3.2 (, ).....................................19
1.4 .....................................................................20
1.4.1 (GTO)......20
1.4.2 MOS (MCT)..............................................21
1.5 ...................................................................................23
1.5.1. .........24
1.5.2 Ksat ...24
1.5.3. O a ....27
1.6 (MOS FET)...................................................................28
1.6.1 MOS ................28
1.6.2 MOS .......................30
1.6.3 MOS .........................31
1.6.4 (SIT)...................................32
1.7 (IGBT)...................33
1.7.1 IGBT .............................................34
1.7.2 .....................................35
1.7.3 IGBT ..........................................................................................36
1.7.4 IGBT .................................................39
1.8 (IPM)...........................................................40
1.9
........................................................................................................................41
1.9.1
...........................................................................41
1.9.2 ..................42
2.
2.1 ....................................................................................................45
2.1.1 ........................45
1

2.1.2 . . ................48
2.2. .................51
2.2.1. E ..........................51
2.2.2. E .......55
2.2.4. ..................................................65
2.3. -
.............................................................................................................................77
2.3.1. E
R-L ...........................................................................................77
2.3.2. E
.........................................................................................81
2.3.3 E
- ..............................................................................84
2.3.4. ,
- ..............................................................................90
2.3.5. ,
- ..............................................................................94
2.3.6. - .
.............................................................101
2.4 ..............108
2.5. .......................113
2.5.1. ............................................................................................113
2.5.2.
(...) .......................................................115
2.6. ...................116
2.6.1. .......116
2.6.2. ...................121
2.7. ......................................................................................124
2.7.1 ......................................................125
2.7.2 .........................................................127
2.8. .....................................................................129
3.

3.1 .................................133
3.1.1
.....................................................................................................133
3.1.2
- ...........................................................................137
3.2 ...................................141
2

 4.

4.1 ..................................................................................................144
4.1.1 ................................144
4.1.2 ...................................................................145
4.1.3 .......................................................146
4.2
..........................................................................................147
4.2.1 (Buck DC-DC converter)..147
4.2.2 (Boost DC-DC converter)...155
4.2.3 - ..................160
4.2.4 (Cuk DC-DC converter) ..............................164
4.2.5 ................................169
4.3
................................................................................................................171
4.3.1 ...............171
4.3.2
(Flyback DC-DC converter) ............................................................................175
4.3.3 ...179
4.3.4
(Push-pull DC-DC converter)..................................182
4.3.5
.........................................................................................................184
4.4 ...189
4.4.1 ...............................................................190
4.4.2 ........................190
4.4.3 ..........................194
4.4.3.1 ... 194
4.4.3.2 ...... 197
4.4.3.3 .......... 198
5.
5.1 ..................................................................................................199
5.2 ..........................201
5.2.1 ........................................201
5.2.2 .....................................................203
5.2.3 .....207
5.3 .............................209
5.3.1
.......................................................................................209
3

5.3.2
............................................................................................................212
5.4 ........................................................214
5.5 .............................................................................................216
5.5.1 .................................................216
5.5.2. .................217
5.6 .......................................................................................223
5.6.1 .................................223
5.6.2 A R-L-C ........225
5.6.3 ......229
5.6.4
....................................................................................................236
5.6.5 ......................241
5.7
...........................................................................................................................244
5.7.1 (), ......245
5.7.2 ...................................................247
5.7.3 ..................................................250
5.7.4 (ma1).......................................252
5.7.5
.........................................................................................................253
5.7.6 - .........................................................254
5.7.7 .................257
6.


6.1
................................................................................................................260
6.1.1 ..............260
6.1.2 .................261
6.2
...................................................................263
6.2.1 (Zero Voltage Switching).........263
6.2.2 (Zero Current Switching) ..................264
6.2.3 ........265
6.3 ..................................................266
6.3.1 ........266
6.3.2
.........268
6.4 - .......274
4

6.4.1 -
(Quasi-Resonant Converters) .......................................274
6.4.2 -
(ZVS-QRC).....................................................276
6.4.3 - .................279
6.5 ................................285
6.6 .........288
6.6.1
(ZVS-PWM Converters)...................................................................................288
6.7 -
(Resonant DC Link Converters)...............................................295
.............................................................................................. 300


-

, , , .


.
,
,


.
.


:

();

( );

();

( ).

(220 V,
50Hz) .
.1 .
()
,
.

.1
6

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()
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()
,


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()


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7

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()
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()
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()


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.1 ,
().
.

.2 ,
().

.

.

- .

:
, ,
, ,
.

,
,
, , ,
,
, ,
.


u1,U1; u2,U2 -
, ;
i1,I1, i2, I2 -
;
U1m, U2m - ()
, ;
uak, ia -
;
Ia - ;
URm -
;
UFm - ;
ud,(uut), Ud(Uut) -
Rd(R);
Uin - ;
id, (iut), Id,(Iut) -
;
Pd = Ud Id - ;
Ud(1)m -
;
S1, S2, - ,
;
ST - ;
Z - ;
ma - ;
mf - ;
f ;
T - ;
w- ;
a - ;
j - ;
y - ;
;
;
n =U2/U1 - ;
9

 =Uo(1)m/Uo - ;
Uomax,Uomin -
D =I2/Io - ;
g=P1/S1 -
P1 - ;
S1 - ;
RR, RF (R, r) - ;
tON, tOFF , .

10

1.1

.

,
.

.

,
,
.
.
,

.

.
,
:
- ,
, ;
- ( ) -
, ,
;
- ,
.
GTO, MCT,
MOSFET, , SIT
, IGBT.

:
11

- (..
);
- ;
- .
.1.1 ,
.
,

.

.1.1 -

1.2

P-N .
-.
,
- .
12

1.2.1
. -
:
- IF - ,
;
- IR - ,
;
- Ia,d -
;
- UF -
, , .
;
- UR,max -
, .
1.2.2

.

.

.1.2

13

 .1.2

.
,
. , F,m,

. ,

.
,

4.
F.
tp
tb .
F,m:
(2.1)

IF

t = - ln1 -

I F + I F ,m

IF

t,
t @ 0.2 I
F ,m

p e .
tp tb
.

.
1.2.3

.
: ,
.
: F 300mA, UR 1200V, R
300m .
: 0,3A F 10A, UR
800V, 300m .
: 10A F 3kA, UR 5kV
(, ).
14

 (- ).
,
, UR,max F
. . P-N ,
,
.
,
- P-N .
(
).
, ,
.
.
.
.1.3,
:
,
(0,1; 50V),
.
- ;
,
( 1 3, UR 600V);
,
( 15V
1).

.1.3
15

1.3
1.3.1
.

, P N .
.1.4 ,
,
.

.1.4 ,
, .

- ()
.1.5.
() ,
() (K) .

, . -
, -
.
- ,
.
, Uak
U.,
(.1.5).
16

.1.5 - ()

dU/dt,
U..
, .

K, ()
I.
.
- [2,13] :
1. :
- , Ia -
. Ia
;
- , U. -
,

. Ua<U.;
- , I ,
;
- , DUa -
;
- U;
17

- , Iy ,
;
-
,
Uy

, Iy.
2.


.
:
- , ton
,
10%
. ton

.
- , toff ,
,
,
. toff
, ,
,
.
-
, dU/dt. -
,
.
.

.

U. dU/dt
, RC .
-
, di/dt. -
,
. ,
, .
di/dt .
. di/dt
,
.
18

.
- .
, 5000
6000 V.
-
, 100 kW, 1-2 kHz.
, ,
.
1.3.2 (, )
()

.
() . .1.6
-
. -
.
. :
- ;
- (du/dt).

.1.6 -

19


- -
.

400Hz.

1.4
1.4.1 (GTO)

1-2 kHz (GTO, Gate
Turn off Tyristors).
, GTO, ,
. GTO
,
. ,
, :
.

-.
-
. GTO
,
.
GTO :
(2.2)

GOFF =

Ia
I G ,OFF

I a , ;
I G ,OFF .
GOFF 4-5, ..
2000
500.
GTO :
- 1-2 kHz ;
- ;
- ;
- UPS ;
20

 - 5000V, 3000.
GTO 2 kHz
.
1.4.2 MOS (MCT)
,
MOS .
GTO. MCT (MOS Controlled Tyristors) :
- ;
- ;
- .
MCT IGBT,
- .
MCT 2000V
200.
MCT ,
(). ,
500V/50 100 000 .
.1.7,.

.1.7 MCT (MOS Controlled

Tyristor),
21

 .1.7,
. MCT
P-N-P-N .
MCT P ( .1.7). 2
: 1 2 ,
3 4.
, .1.7,.
-. MOSFET
3 , - .
3 1.
1 .
1 2
. MCT
.
-. , N- MOS 4 .
4 2,
. 2 ,

1 2
. MCT
N- MOS 4
, .

,
. MCT

.
MCT -
IGBT , -
. MCT -
IGBT.
MCT ,
, ,
MOS .
MOS , ,
.
MCT
.
.
22

1.5
, ,
,
, . ()
.
PNP NPN , NPN
, -
. -
, -.
.


,
, . -
1200V, 800A, 20 kHz.
,
.

. .1.8
.

.1.8 ) NPN PNP ,

)
.
23

1.5.1.

. .1.9,
. S

sat. P .

.1.9,.
() ()
.
t1 . t1 Ib, . :

.1.9 )
)
.
24

- t, - ,
.
t1 10%
Ic,sat.
,
, ..
.
- t1 - .
10%
Ic,sat 90% Ic,sat.

:
(2.3)

t = t , + t 1

.
, t4, (.1.9) . :
- t, ,
.
.


(2.4)

N = I b / I b,sat

: I b , I b, sat ,
, I b I b , sat =

I C , sat
h21

h21E
.
- t2 - .
90%
Ic,sat 10% Ic,sat.
t, t2

.

uBE i2.
25

.1.10

.
,
.1.10 [4]. ,
. ,
,
.
1.5.2 Ksat
,
Ksat, :
(2.5)

K sat =

(2.6)

IC =

I 1 h21E

IC
EC - U CE , sat
RC

Ksat .
Ksat 24.
h21E. h21E
( ).
: ,
UC,m IC,m.
, h21E,
UCm, - -
, h21E .
26

.1.11

1.5.3. O a

, .1.11. .1.11
( ),
,

. , -

-.
,
.
-, -
d:
(2.7)

d=

t ON
t ON + t OFF

:
tON e ;
tON + tON = e .

.
,
:
27

1.
h21E.
2. h21E
.
3.
, h21E.
4.
, ,
, .


. -
.

1.6 (MOS FET)

1.6.1 MOS

MOS
. :
,
, . MOS - (),
(R=1012 1015W),
.
- MOS :
. MOS
(
). MOS
(
).
MOS . N ,

P ,
. MOS
N-P-N P-N-P
.
28

.1.12 MOS

MOS
.1.12. RD
, , .
MOS .
: -
GS, - CDS - CDG (.1.12).
, .
,
. .
.
,

. MOS

R,
GS CDG,
. MOS
VD, - .
. VD

, MOS.
MOS :
- ,
,
ID;
29

ID
, U DS = const ;
S=
U GS

U DS
, U GS = const .
ID
MOS .
UGS 10V, UGSmax=20V.
(10-9),
.
,
.

50W,
.
- , R DS =

1.6.2 MOS
,
MOS .1.13.
,
. t..
,
CGS CDG R. t..
R, R
CGS, UGS

, .
MOS- t. .
.
t
, CDG ( Miller),
t., UGS.
- RD R,
S
. RD, RG
S
,
.
, MOS
,
.
30

.1.13 MOS

ty,.
. UDS
.
.
.
(U=0),
. t, (
) (GS+CDG). t
( ) . ID
. ty,
, UDS.
MOS ,
UDS ED, t.
1.6.3 MOS

MOS

.
31

 (MOS )
, 510
-.
MOS :
. -
, -
- .
MOS ,
, - .
-,

.
MOS -
( ) . ,
-.
RDS (-) .
MOS

UDS,

RDS
(SIEMENS,
INTERNATIONAL RECTIFIER).
1.6.4 (SIT)
SIT ,

. SIT (Static Induction Transistors)
1987 , Tokin, .
SIT () .
SIT. .1.14
.
N .
RDS,0.
, P+-N
.
.

,
.
- .
32

.1.14 (SIT)

SIT ,
, :
- ( kV);
;

;
-
(
).
SIT

.
SIT
( kHz) ,
.

1.7
(IGBT)
IGBT
.

.
IGT (Insulated Gate Transistor)
IGR (Insulated Gate Rectifier).
1983.
33

.1.15 IGBT,

1.7.1 IGBT
IGBT MOS
. .1.15
,
.
: G-, -, -.
IGBT MOS
. , N+
+ IGBT. MOS
,
IGBT ,

.

, , P
N . - PNP

N- .
P+-N-
.
N- ,
MOS
. PNP
.
34

-e NPN .
PNP NPN,
. .
10-12V.
-.

- -10 -18V.
1.7.2
.1.16
IGBT
, .

.1.16 IGBT

,
MOS ( IGBT -).
: t, - ;
t1 - . IGBT
:
35

- t, ,

,
.
- t2 .
-
. -
.
90%
- 10% .
- t3
10%
.
N- , .

IGBT.
,
(- IGBT) (t2+t3) 300 ns.
IGBT, MOS ,
-.

- - (.. - ).

du/dt .
1.7.3 IGBT
IGBT ,
,
, .
IGBT .
IGBT .
IR2110 International Rectifier
2 ,
.
.
.
,
, HCPL316J,
36

 .
IGBT

(.. ).
IGBT :
- ;
- ,
(-, CGE);
-
;
- ;
- .
. IGBT
IGBT
, (dead
time) .
:
1.
, . ,
,

2.
( ,
).
3.

(,
) ,

.
. IGBT

IGBT -.

-. ,
37


.
IC
.
.
dU/dt .
- ,
.
,

.
( di/dt)
(). .


.
. IGBT

-
,
UGE
IGBT. ,
IGBT dU/dt
,
-.
,
.
IGBT
,
.
.
,
UGE ,
.

38

.

, IC,
UGE, IGBT ""
UCE .

. UCE,
IC ( UCE),
, , .
IGBT
, :
- .
- .
.
- , .
- .
- .
1.7.4 IGBT
O IGBT :
- ,
MOS ;
- 30% MOS
;
- IGBT
, MOS ;
- MOS
.
, IGBT
.
IGBT
, , UPS ,
, .
IGBT 200-500ns.
500W,
,
.
IGBT .
39

1.8 (IPM)

, , , ,
.
:
- - , - , - - ;
- .
IPM .
.
, .
IPM .. Trench Gate Technology (
), .1.17 [35]. . .
6 .
IPM :
-
;
- 15 V ;
- ;
- ;
- IGBT;
- .
IPM 500A/1200V.
, 6 IGBT.

.1.17 IGBT Trench Gate

Technology ( ) IGBT.
6:1
40

1.9

1.9.1


.
. ,
:
- ;
-
;
- , ..
;
- , ..
.
IGBT

.
IGBT, IGBT,
- . .1.18 [31]
IGBT
- , . 18kHz,
45, .

.1.18 IGBT , 18
kHz, 45, .
41

.1.19. [W/cm3]

.1.19.
[W/cm3]
.
IPM 90- 0,8 W/cm3 .
2000 DIP-IPM (Dual-in-line
Intelligent Power Module)
2-3 W/cm3 . RB-IGBT
(Reverse Blocking IGBT) 5-6 W/cm3 .
,
.
1.9.2
,
.
. IGBT RB-IGBT (Reverse
Blocking IGBT)
RB-IGBT ,
. IGBT
,
42

 . RB-IGBT
. :
, ,
.
. IGBT RC-IGBT (Reverse Conducting IGBT)
IGBT
, .. .
.1.20.
, 1200V/100.
,
.

.1.20 RC-IGBT (Reverse Conducting IGBT),

IGBT .

.

.
,
, ..
. ,
SiC ( ). SiC
- ,
.

Merged-PIN-Schottky (MPS) PIN
.
43


[7,17],
,
.
,
.

.

44



,
.

- .

2.1
2.1.1

:
/ (.2.1,,,)
/ (.2.1,,,)

.2.1
45



.

, .
2.1, ,
R
(Ud), (Ud) :
(2.1)

''

Ud =

'

Ud
U
R '' = d R '' = I R R ''
'
''
R
R +R

0 100% .. Ud=Ud
Ud=0. R = R
Ud = Ud,
R = 0 Ud = 0.
, (Id =0)
:
(2.2)

I d << I R

Ud
R
Id. :
R -
2
2
( I R R >> I d Rd ) ,
.
.
R , :
(2.3)

''

'

U d = U d - I d R'

- , R= 0
Ud = Ud, .
46

 (R)
R .
-
(.2.1,),
.

().

,
.
,

.

.2.1,,
() ( ).


()
,
[1].
.2.1,

.
.

:
1/ - ;
2/ - ;
3/
.

:
1/ (
);
2/ .

47

2.1.2 .
.

.

(.2.2), -
, .

, .

.
, ,
, .

: ,
, ,
, , .
1.
) ( 1 W);
) ( 1 kW 100 a);
) ( 100 W).

. 1kW

.
2. :
) (.2.2,,,.) -
;
) (.2.2,,,) -
.
3.
:
) -

(.2.2,,);
) -
(.2.2,,,).

48

.2.2

4. :
) - ;
) -
(, ) .
5. :
) -
(.2.2,,,,,);
) -
(.2.2,).
49

6. :
) - 400 Hz;
) - 400 Hz.

:
) (R) ;
) - (R,L) ;
) - (R,C) ;
) ...
,

:
) -Ud, Id ;
) (h).

: h=Pd /P1 ;
) ().

.
-

: =Ud(1)m /Ud.;
) - Ud=f(Id);

:
) .
:
Ud=f(a).


.
:
1. (Ia) (Iam)
.
2. (UR.m).

:
50

1.
(I2n,U2n).
2.
(I1,U1).
3. (S1,S2Sn)
(ST).

2.2.
2.2.1. E

.

,
,
a .

,
(U< 0).
.2.3,. .2.3,

,
( -Ls=0,
-rTr=0, Lm=) (R=, r=0).
,
,
.
.
a
.
(Ud) (Id).

51

. 2.3 :
-; -

,
.
a -
a 90o. a
,
. J = p
( ) .

, ,
a.

52

(2.4)

U da

U
1
1
=
u 2 dJ =
U 2 m sin J dJ = 2 m (1 + cosa )
2p a
2p a
2p

(2.4) a = 0 :

U da =

U 2m
= Ud .
p

.
(2.4) a =p Ud =0.


. :
U da 1 + cos a
=
(2.5)
Ud
2
Uda - ;
Ud - .

.2.4.

.2.4
53


,

(Uda) (Ida).
(Uda)
- (2.4)
a.
a
a,
-. ,
(URm) a = 0.
,
(URm= U2m).
a > p/2. a= 0
a >p/2
U2m.
(2.6)

U Fm = U 2 m sin

p
= U 2 m = 1,57U d
2

. .
p

(2.7)

(2.8)

I da =

I
1
I 2 m sin J dJ = 2 m (1 + cos a )
2p a
2p

I a = I da =

I 2m
(1 + cos a )
2p

a
a,
. - (2.8) , a = 0,
:
(2.9)

Ia =

I 2m
= Id
p

:
54

1.

.
2.
a=0
3. a=0
, [19].
2.2.2. E

.

- .

.

.

,
.

[19]
,
.
-

.
.2.5
.
.
(w2=w3)
. o
180.

55

.2.5 :
) ; )

(J=0 p)
S1 (ua1) , e
(.2.5,).
S1,
56

 J=0 p.
(J=p 2p) u2a u2b
, u2b
S2 ,
J= p
.


,
.

:
p

(2.10)

U da

U
1
1
=
u 2 dJ =
U 2 m sin J dJ = 2 m (1 + cos a )
pa
pa
p

=0

U da =

(2.11)

2U 2 m
=Ud
p

U da (1 + cos a )
=
Ud
2

(2.12)

, (2.12)
.2.3.
:
p

(2.13)

I da

I
1
=
I 2 m sin J .dJ = 2 m (1 + cos a )
pa
p

57


.
.2.5, ,
.
,
[19]
:

U Rm = 2.U 2 m = pU d .

(2.14)

a <

()

p
.
2

U Fm = U 2 m sin a .

(2.15)

a >

p
2

p
Ud
2
(2.14), (2.15) (2.16) ,
- ,
.
:
U Fm = U 2 m =

(2.16)

I da U da
U 1 + cos a
=
= d
2
2.Rd 2.Rd
2
,
- ,
=0.
I
(2.18)
Ia = d
2

- (2.18)
Iam > Ia.

:
(2.17)

I aa =

58

ST =

(2.19)

S1 + S 2
,
2

S1= U1.I1 ; S2= 2U2.I2

, Ui.Ii
.
To (
),
:
p

(2.20)

1 2
1
I2 =
i2 .dJ =
I 22m . sin 2 J .dJ = D.I da ,
2p a
2p a

D
:

(2.21)

D=

1 p a 1
( - + sin 2a )
p 2 2 4
1 + cos a

I2
p
=
I da
2

,
,
.

.
T
, e
.
:

i1 = n.i2 ;

(2.22)

(2.23)

I1 =

1
[2 i22 .n 2 dJ ] = n 2 I 2 ,
2p a

n ; n = U 2 /U1 .

:

59

(2.24)

ST =

U 1 I1 + 2.U 2 I 2
.
2

, - =0.
[19] :
(2.25)

S1=1,23Pd; S2=1,75Pd; ST=1,49Pd .

2.2.3.

.
.
.
.

: ,
. ,
.

, ,
, ,
,
, .


,
.


.
.

60

.2.6 : ) ; )
= 0; ) 0< <p/6; )
p/6< <5p/6.
61


,
(uak > 0)
.
(uak > 0) ,
-.
.2.6,

. J1 J2 -
,
S1 . .2.6,
=0,

.

=0 p/6 (30)
. J = J2 (u2)
(u2) .
(u2) - u2 ( )
S2,
.
S1 ( uak1 = u2 u2 <0) .
J = J3 S2
- (u2 )
S3
S2 , S3.
,
-
, 120.
:
, ,
, .
(10
100)mS .
62

 (rTr =0, Ls =0, r =0)

.

. (ia1 ,ia2, ia3)
120 (p/3).
a 0,


. .2.6,
0< <p/6.
:
1)
;
2)
.

.
.2.6,
p/6< <5p/6.
, .
.

. ,
-, (
) . :
uak1 = u2 - u2 J = J2 J3 ;
uak1 = u2 - u2 J = J3 J4.
- - u2 (-),

.
,
:

63

U Rm = 3U 2 m .

(2.26)

() Ud, Id ,
.
, (ud, id)
,
ud
(.2.7), .

.2.7 : ) 0< <p/6; ) p/6< <5p/6

-
.
, 0< <p/6 :

(2.27)

U da =

3
2p

p
+a
3

p
- +a
3

3
p
U 2m cosJ.dJ = U 2m .sin .cosa = U d .cosa ,
p
3

3
p
U 2 m sin
e
p
3
( =0).
, p/6<
<5p/6 :
U d =

64

(2.28)

3
Uda =
2p

p
2

3
p
U2m cosJ dJ = U2m[1- sin(a - )] =Ud
2p
3
p

- +a
3

p
1- sin(a - )
3
p
2sin
3

(2.28) , ,
Uda=0 e a=150o .


.
(UFm) a:
(2.29)

U Fm = U 2m sin a
U Fm = U 2 m sin(a +

<p/6,

p
)
6

>p/6.

: U Rm = 3U 2 m U Fm = U 2 m .

:
I
U
U
I a = da = da ; I am = 2 m .
(2.30)
3
3 Rd
Rd


.
[19].
2.2.4.
( )
,
.
( ) (
).

, .
.
(.2.8 )
, .
65

.2.8

,
( S2 ,S4 ,S6), ,
( S1 ,S3 ,S5) .
.

.
,
, , ,
-.
, .
.2.8 .2.9,

(r=0 Ls =0),
(RF=0, RR=).
. 2.9
a= 0. J1 J3
S1, a= 0.

66

.2.9

S1 e o S4
J1 J2, J2 J3 e o S6.

67

 J = J 3 S3 , S1 ,
S3 . S3 S6,
-
S2. J = J4 S6
S2 ..
,
, 2p/3
,
- f = 50 x 6 = 300
Hz.
. 2.9,
a 0. ,
,
, ,
.
a<p/3.
-,
a= 0.
a=p/3.

-
a= 0.
a>p/3.

-
a= 0.
,
,
60. 60 , 60
.



.

68

 Ud
U2m (a<p/3) :

Uda =Ud =

(2.31)

Uda =

(2.32)

3
a

3
p

p
6

3 U2m cosJ dJ =

p
6
p
+a
6

p
6
3U2m sin
p
6

3 U 2mcosJ dJ =U d cosa

a=0,

a<p/3 ,

p
- +a
6

Ud
a=0.
(a>p/3) (2.31)
:
(2.33)

U da

3
=
p

p
2

p
- +a
6

3 U 2 m cosJ dJ = U d 1 - sin(a - ) .
6

a=p/3 , a=2p/3
.
(2.27), (2.28)
(2.32), (2.33)
(.2.10):

.2.10
69

 a
- . ,

-.
(URm) a=0.

:
U 2 m =

(2.34)

Ud

p
6
sin
p
6

= 1,05U d

:
U 2 =

(2.35)

U2 =

U 2 m

= 0.742U d

2
U2
3

= 0.428U d

.
,

.
,
() ,
:
U R max = 3 U 2 m = 3 2 U 2 = 1,05U d
(2.36)
:
(2.37)

Id =

6
2p

p
6

2m

cosJ dJ =

p
6

6
p
I 2 m sin = 0,952 I 2 m
p
6

a :
I
(2.38)
I 2 m = d = 1,05 I d .
0,952
70

 2p/3 ,
:
I
(2.39)
Ia = d .
3

:
1/
:
U Rm = 1.05U d .
2/ :

Ia = Id / 3 .
:



.

,
:
U1 =

(2.40)

U 2 0,428U d
=
n
n

(i2a) ,
, . ,
,
:

(2.41)

I2 =

2
p

p
6

2
2m

cos 2 J dJ = 0,781 I 2 m = 0,817 I d

p
6

,

:
(2.42)

I1 = n I 2 = n 0.817 I d
71

S 2 = 3U 2 I 2 = 3 0.428U d 0.817 I d = 1.05 Pd

S1 = 3U 1 I1 =

3. 0,428U d
n 0,817 I d = 1,05 Pd
n

, :

ST = S1 = S 2 = 1.05 Pd

(2.43)

:
1. K :
(2.44)

h=

Pd
1
=
= 0,95 = 95%
ST 1,05

50 Hz -
, ,
(.71) 32,4%.
2. K .
(2.45)

k =

U d (1)
Ud

2
2
= 2
= 0,057
m -1 6 -1
2

,
5,7% - (157%
).
3. K :
(2.46)

h=

Pd
Pd
=
= 0.95
P1 1.05 Pd

.
:

72

1. U Rm
= 1,045 .
Ud
2. = 0,057.
3. f =300 Hz.
4. e B=

U2
= 0,428 .
Ud

-
.
5. ,
.
6
.

:
1. .
2.
. ,
.
.

(.2.11) (
-S1,S2,S3),
( -D1,D2,D3).
,
,
.

73

.2.11

a=0
,
-
-.
,
a=0
.

74

 a 0 a< 60 ,

,
.
a=p/6.
,
, ,
.
-,
a= 0.
a=p/3.

2p/3. S1
D3, S2 D1 ..
.
a>p/3
- a=2p/3.
-
a= 0.
,

.
,

.
a=p/6 ,

.
:
u da = u d' a + u d'' a .

.
:

75

U d' a =
(2.47)

3
2p

p
6

2 m

cosJ dJ =

p
- +a
6

3
p
1

U 2 m + sin( - a ) =
2p
6
2

1 + cos a
2
Ud e a=0 U 2 m = 3 U 2 m
.


.
:
=Ud

U d''a =
(2.48)

3
2p

p
+a
6

2 m

cosJ dJ =

p
6

3
p
1

U 2 m + sin( + a ) =
2p
6
2

1 + cos a
2
(2.47) (2.48) ,
(2.49),
Ud .
U da (1 + cos a )
=
.
(2.49)
Ud
2

:
1.
.
2. 150 Hz.
3.
.
4. - ,
.
5.
.
=Ud

76

2.3.
-
- .
( ,
.) .

.
2.3.1. E
R-L
.2.12
-
.
:
1. (
L s = 0, L m = );
2. ( R F = 0, R R = );
3. Ld e ( w L d >> R d );
4. a
.
T 1 J=a,
Uak1 > 0.
Ld

1
. J=p p+a
u a k1 = -u2a + eLd - Rd ida > 0 . J= p+a
2 1 , u ak1 = -(u 2 a + u 2b ) < 0 .
,
uda ,

.

77

.2.12 E

:
p +a
2U 2 m
1
(2.50)
U da =
U 2 m sin J dJ =
cos a = U d cos a .
p a
p

:
U da
(2.51)
= cos a .
Ud
(2.51) , a=0
U da = U d .
a=p/2, U da = 0 .
.2.13 ( 2).
78

.2.13 -: 1- ; 2- - .

(Uda)
(Ida) a,
- . ,

(URm)
a=0. ,
:
(2.52)

U Rm = 2U 2 m = pU d
Ia =

Ud
I
= d
2 Rd
2

U F = 2U 2m sin a

79

 a = p/2.


U Fm = U Rm = 2 U 2 m = pU d .
, Ld e
( w L d >> R d ) ,
a .
:
I da =

(2.53)

U da U d
=
cos a .
Rd
Rd

()

.
.

:
1
I2 =
2p

(2.54)

p +a

2
da

dJ =

I da
2

Ud
2 Rd

cos a .

i1 ,
. n
:
I 1 = n I da = n

(2.55)

Ud
cos a .
Rd

(2.50)
:
(2.56)

U 2m =

pU d
pUd
1 pU d
cos a ; U 2 =
cos a U1 =
cos a .
2
n2 2
2 2

(2.53), (2.54) (2.55) ,

- a=0,

.
:
80

S 2 = 2U 2 I 2 = 2
(2.57)

S1 = U 1 I1 =

pU d I d
= 1,57 Pd
2 2 2

1 pU d
n I d = 1,11Pd .
n2 2

:
(2.58)

ST =

S1 + S 2
= 1,34 Pd
2

Pd = U d I d .
.2.12 ,
i1 e a (j=a)
u1.
(cosj) .
,
:
1. a
.
2. i1
u1 (j=a) .

( )
.
2.3.2. E

(cosj)
(d)
- ..
. .2.14,
.
, a p
S1. J = p (2.14,) S1
, Ld
- ,
, Ld, Rd, D. To
S1 (J=p)
S2 (J=p+a).

81

.2.14 .

S2
.
, S1
a p. :
p

(2.59)

U da

U
1
1 + cos a
=
U 2 m sin J dJ = 2 m (1 + cos a ) = U d
pa
p
2

(2.59) ,
-
(2.5) :
82

U da 1 + cos a
=
Ud
2

(2.60)

.2.13,
1.

:
p

(2.61)

Ia =

I p -a
1
I da dJ = da
2p a
2 p

:
a

(2.62)

I Do =

1
a
I da dJ = I da .
p 0
p

,
U Rm = 2.U 2 m = pU d

p
U Fm = U 2 m = U d .
2
:
(2.63)

U DoRm = U 2 m =

p
Ud .
2

,


, (j = a/2)
(u1) (i1).
,
- :
1/ .
2/ (0 p).
3/ (j = a/2)
(u1) (i1).

83

2.3.3 E
-
E
-
-
.
:
.
.
2.3.3.1

.2.15,
. (.2.15,)
,
-
(.2.3.1)

. 2.15 :
-; -
84




( S1, S3 S2, S4). -

, ,
.

u2 a p S1 S3
.
. p p+a
u2 ,
, i1 id
.
S1, S3
Ld.
.
:
(2.64)

u ak + u ak 3 = -u 2 - (-u da ) > 0 .

XLd = wLd = - (2.64)

,
(u2 >0).
.
.2.15,
(.2.12,)
, . ,
:
(2.65)

U da
= cos a .
Ud

,
, i1(1)
85

 (u1)
j = a.
i1 (u1)
(cosj) .
,
: -
( U Rm = U Fm = U 2 m = 1,57 U d ) -
.
,
R-L :
1. a
.
2. i1
u1 (j=a) .

,
.

(, ),
().
.
2.3.3.2.

(, ) ,

.
.2.16,
.
D1 D2 .2.16, ,
S1 S2 ,
.

86

. 2.16 :
-; -
87

 S1
, : +u2, S1, Ld, Rd, D2,-u2
, .
S1 , Ld
: (+)Ld, Rd, D2, D1, (-)Ld.
(S2).
J = p p + a ,
.
S2.
.
- /2,
.
(2.66),
(2.67):
p

(2.66)

(2.67)

I as

I aD

I p -a
1
I da dJ = da
=
2p a
2 p

1
=
2p

p +a

da

dJ =

I da p + a
.
2 p

.
.2.17,
( ).
.2.17
(
, S1, D2 S2, D1).

88

. 2.17 : ; -
89

 S1 J = a p + a ,
J = a p D1
, J = p p + a
, D2.
, :
I as

(2.68)

1
=
2p

p +a

da

dJ =

I da
,
2

(2.69)

I aD

I
1
=
I da dJ = da .
2p 0
2

.2.17 ,
, -
.

:
p

(2.70)

U da =

1
U
1 + cos a
U 2 m sin J dJ = 2 m (1 + cos a ) = U d
p a
p
2

RL :
1. a ( a = 0 p )
.
2. i1
u1 (j=a/2) .
3. - .
4. .
2.3.4. ,
-
,
, -
RL . .2.18,
.
90

. 2.18 :
-; - a=0; - a>p/6 ;
- a>p/6
91


RL ,
: (Do).
.
- .
.2.18,, Do.
.2.18,
a= 0 ( RL ).
Ld
,
.
wL d
,

Rd
wL d
=
Rd
,
.
wLd
wLd
:
=

Rd
Rd
.
.2.18,
a= 60. Ld
,
R
.

wL d

.
Rd
RL .
, a>30 ,

, :
,

(2.71)

U da =

3
2p

p
+a
3

p
- +a
3

2m

cosJ dJ =

3
p
U 2 m sin cos a = U d cos a
3
p

92


wLd
wLd
> 3 5 .
= 10 ,
Rd
Rd
,
(2.51) RL
:
(2.72)

U da
= cos a .
Ud

(2.72) , a =

p
2

Uda=0.
.2.19
RL
wL d

.
Rd

. 2.19
RL

93

 .2.18,
RL (Do),
a=60. Ld
,
RL (Do).
RL ,

a>60.
,
.
-
, .
, p/6< <5p/6
:

(2.73)

3
Uda =
2p

p
2

3
p

U2m cosJ dJ = U2m 1- sin(a - ) =Ud

2p
3

- +a
3

p
1- sin(a - )
3
p
2sin
3

(2.73 ) , e a=150o,
Uda=0 .

.
a<30
.
2.3.5. ,
-

-
( ) (
, ).
. ,
-
.2.20,
.
.
94

. 2.20 :
-; - ; -
95

 (Ls=0,
Lm=, rs=0), (RF =0, RR= ) -
(Ld=)
, .
a<60

,
.
.2.20,
,
a>60 .

(S1 ,S3 S5),
(iak) (S2 ,S4
S6), (ia). ,
120, .

,
Ld.
e:
(2.74)

Uda =

3
p

p
+a
6

3U2m cosJ dJ =

p
- +a
6

6
p
3U2m sin cosa.
p
6

, ,
(2.72) RL
:
U da
(2.75)
= cos a .
Ud
(2.75 ) , e a=90o,
Uda=0 .

.
(cosj).
,
.2.20, (
).
96

 .2.20, ,
, a>60o.
, ,
,

(Do).
,
.
,
(cosj).

,
. ,
(a= 0 120).
. ,
-

.

,
(.2.21,).


. ,
,
.



.2.21,.

- ,
R , Ld
.
a=0

, .

97

. 2.21 :
-; - ; -

98

 a>0,

.

a<a (a=60o).
a>a
. .2.21,
p
a > .
3
(ia), a
(ig).
J=J1 Uak1>0
. S1
D3.
J=J2, D1
- D3.
D1 S1
J=J2J3 .
Ld
D1, S1,
. J=J2J3
(uda) .
J=J3 Uak3>0
. S2 S1.
S2 D1
D2 - D1 (J=J4).
J=J4J5 S2 D2
..

:
U da = U daI + U daII =
(2.76)
=

3
2p

p
+a
3

2m

cosJ dJ +

p
- +a
3

3
p
3
p
U 2 m sin cos a +
U 2 m sin
2p
3
2p
3

99

3
2p

p
3

p
3

2m

cosJ dJ =

, a:
(2.77)

U da 1 + cos a
=
.
Ud
2

,


.
(2.77) , ,
a= 180 .

:
,
.
;
,
;

.
,
(.2.21, ).
.2.21,
RL
. ,
p
a>
,
3
. (uda)
, .2.21,. ,
, ,
- .
,
p
a>

3
.
- .

100

2.3.6. -
.

,
-
.

(UF).
(RF), -
- .


.
. -
( ).
-
( ) .2.22,.
-

(
)

,
. LR
.
:
1.
.
180.
2.
( ),
,
.
3. LR
,
.
,
.

101

. 2.22 - :
-; -

:
,
.
.
, -.
102

p
.
6
, 6 -
.

,

.
.2.22,
a= 0,
.
, ,
. a=
0 , .

,

.
J = J1 -
S1 .
- S4 ,
, S1 (u2a1) S4 (u22).

,
.
J = J1 :
( ) J =

uk
2
u
= u 2b 2 - u d + k
2

u ak1 = u 2 a1 - u d - u k1 = u 2 a1 - u d (2.78)
u ak 4 = u 2b 2 - u d + u k 2

(2.78) ,
- (u2a1)
-
(u2b2).
(ua1 = ua4).
103

 J = J 2 u22 - u2b2,
S4 S6,
u2a1.
J = J 3 u22 - u21,
S1
S6, S1
u22. ,
, , u22 -
u21.

.
,
:
(2.79)

u d = u dI -

uk
u
u +u
= u dII + k = dI dII ,
2
2
2

udI udII
(S1 ,S3 S5)
(S2 ,S4 S6).
(Id) :
(2.80)

Id = IdI +IdII

, 120.
60,

-
(f=300Hz,
).

,
.
-
:
(2.81)

U Rm = 3U 2 m ;

104

Ia =

(2.82)

Id
.
6

.

.2.22, :
(2.83)

iA =
iB =
iC =

ia1 - ia 2
n
ia 3 - ia 4
n
i a 5 - ia 6
n

i2 a1 - i2 a 2
;
n

i2b1 + i2b 2
;
n

i2 c1 - i2c 2
,
n

: iai ;
i2a, i2b, i2c ;
n .
-
( )
( ) :
1. - ,

,
-.
2.
(URm) e -.
-
- ,
, - ... (
).
.

,
.

105


.
: (250), (650),
(12 50) ..
f=1250=600 Hz
,

.
.2.23 ,
.

.2.23

:
1.
.
. ,
106

 .
30.
2.
( ), .
:

120 .

,
30.

600 Hz.
:
(2.84)

k (1) =

2
= 0,0135 .
m -1
2

.
:
(2.85)

Ia =

Id
.
3

:
(2.86)

U Rm = 3U 2 m = 0,525U d .

-
.


.
.
-
18, 24 ..

107

2.4

. ,
..
.
.

. , ,

.
,
.

.

. ,
().
,
.

,
.

.

, .
,
(Ld = )
(rtr=0; RF=0).
.2.24
(.2.18,).

,
. .
(ida=Ida= const.).
, u2a u2b
.
:
108

(2.87)

u 2a = U 2 m cos ( J -

p
+ a) ;
3

u 2 b = U 2 m cos (J +

p
+ a)
3

.2.24

109


p
p
, (2.87)
c
,
m
3
m ,
.
m :
1- ;
2- ;
3- ();
6- ();
12- ..
m- (2.87) :

p
+a) ;
m
p
= U 2 m cos (J + + a ) .
m

u 2 a = U 2 m cos (J u 2b

, Ida= const. ,

:
(2.88)

I dg = I da = i2c + i2 a = const .

(2.88) ,
i2a
i2ab.
(2.89)

i2
i
= - 2b .
dJ
dJ

(0<J<)
.
:
(2.90)

u dg = u 2c - wLs

di2c
di
= u 2 a - wLs 2 a .
dJ
dJ

T , :

110

u dg =

(2.91)

u 2 a + u 2c
.
2

. ,
ud=0,
180.
(2.87) (2.91)
:
u dg = U 2 m cos

(2.92)

p
cos(J + a ) .
m

(2.90) (2.89):
(2.93)

wLs

di2 a u 2 a - u 2 c
p
=
= U 2 m sin sin(J + a ) .
2
m
dJ

.

, (2.93):
(2.94)

i2 a = -

U 2m
p
sin cos(J + a ) + A .
wLs
m

,
J=0 i2a=0. :
=

(2.95)

U 2m
p
sin cos a
wLs
m

:
U 2m
p
sin [cos a - cos(J + a )] .
wLs
m
S1
, S2 .
J = g i 2 a = I da , i 2c = 0 (2.96)
:

(2.96)

i2 a =

111

I da =

(2.97)

U 2m
p
sin [cos a - cos(g + a )] ,
wLs
m

:
cos(g + a ) = cos a -

(2.98)

wLs I da
.
p
U 2 m sin
m

(2.98) ,
a, g
Ls Ida.


, .
.2.24,

(ud)
(uda).
:
2p
m

U dag

(2.99)

m
=
[ u dag dJ + u 2 a dJ ] .
2p 0
g

,
ud (2.92) :
(2.100)

U dag =

m
p cos a + cos(g + a )
U 2 m cos
.
p
2
m

cos( g + a ) (2.98) (2.100) :

mwLs
m
p
U 2 m sin cos a I da = U da - DU da
p
m
2p
Uda
( ), DUda
Ls.
(2.101)
,

(2.101)

U dag =

112

 Ls .

(rtr), (rpr),
- :
(2.102)

U dag =

mwLs
p
m
I da - rtr I da - rpr I da .
U 2 m sin cos a p
2p
m

-
.
,
Pspice.

2.5. ...
2.5.1.

- (RC).
, ,
()
.
.2.25
.

113

.2.25 .

.2.25, ,
J = J1 , u 2a > u c .
uak>0, e
. .2.25,
J = J 2 , S1 . S1
J 2 J 3 J=J3, J3
-
. J4
. J= J5
S2 .
.

RC ,

.


.
a , 0<a< p
.

114

2.5.2.
(...)
... :
, , .

... [19]
...

. .2.26,
,
, .

.2.26
115

 u2a u2b
u2 D1,D3 (u2a) D2, D4 ( u2b).
RC a - 180

,
- .
,
, ,
.
-
, .

2.6.
,
a
:
1. ;
2.

.

.
,
.

.
2.6.1.
.2.27
. .2.27,
,
-
(u2a, u2a u2b, u2b)
180 (u2a, u2b u2a, u2b).

(D1,D2)

(S1,S2).

- (u2a,
u2b), -
(u2a, u2b).
,
.
116


-
.
.

u2,
,
( ):
p

U d min =

(2.103)

1
2
U 2' m sin J dJ = U 2' m
p 0
p

a=0, ,
u2.
p

U d max

(2.104)

1
2
=
U 2'' m sin J dJ = U 2'' m
p 0
p

.2.27, a 0.
D1 S1
D1, S1
. J=0 a
,
u2. J=a S1.
,
u2, D1 ,
- .

:
a

Ud =
(2.105)
=

1
1
U '2 m sin J dJ + U '2' m sin J dJ =

p0
pa

2 '
[ U 2 m (1 - cos a ) + U '2' m (1 + cos a )]
p

117

.2.27
118

 (2.105), a=p a=0

(2.103) (2.104).

ap/2 :
(2.106)

''
U Fm = U 2m
.

a<p/2 :
(2.107)

U Rm = 2U 2'' m .

- U Rm = U 2' m + U 2'' m .
o

(.2.27) . a > 0
D1, D3 D2, D4. S1 S2
D1 D2,
u2.
-

.
.2.28,
.
,

(.2.27,). :
-
- -;
- ;

119

.2.28

.

:
(2.108)

U d min

3
=
p

p
3

'
2m

p
3

3
p
cosJ dJ = U 2' m sin .
p
3

(a=0) :
(2.109)

U d max =

3
p

p
3

p
3

''
2m

3
p
cosJ dJ = U 2'' m sin .
p
3

- .

120

 .2.28,,
- - ,
.
. (D4)
.
( ),
.
D4 .
:
(2.110)

U d min

3
=
p

p
3

p
3

2m

p
3
cosJ dJ = U 2 m sin = 1,17U 2 m .
p
3

a=0 ( D4 )
.
:
(2.111) U d max =

6
p

p
6

3 U 2 m cos J dJ =

6
p
3 U 2 m sin = 2,34 U 2 m .
6
p

D4 ,
. a 0 p
Udmax Udmin.
2.6.2.
,

,
.
, .

.

.
:
- ;

121

-
(PFC).
.2.29,
, .

.2.29,.
,
. Q1
D2 Q2 D1.
,
,
, ,
. ,
a

b.

:

b=p-a

(2.112)

i1
u1.
:
b

U da =

1
1
U 2 m sin J dJ = U 2 m (cos a - cos b )
pa
p

122

.2.29

:
(2.113)

U da cos a - cos b
=
2
Ud

(2.112)
u1 i1 (2.114)
:
U da
(2.114)
= cos a
Ud

123


- ,
:
- (a=0p/2);
-
i1 u1.

,
. ,
.
, ,
.

2.7.

.
.
,

.
:
().

, ,
, -
( , ),
.

.
,
.
-
, :
- .
;
- ,

.

124

2.7.1

.
() -
.
- ,
.

, ,
.

, .
.2.30, -
.

.
...
.2.5.2. u2 > E . .2.30,
J1 J2 .
J3. .2.30,
,
- .

..
:
1.
, , -
E > u2 .
2. - u2 E
.
, u2 i , E id
.

125

.2.30

,
,
.
E
. .2.30,
. .2.30,
, ,
126


- E>u2 .
J1 J2 .2.30,.
J3 . J3
( J3 J4)
.
, J3 J4
.
t t -
. ,
,

.
:
(2.115)

U RF = U 2 m + E 2U 2 m .

-
(UF),
(URF).

, ,
.
-

.
2.7.2

,
. , .
.2.31,
.

RL 90. .2.31,

a= 150.

127

.2.31

( ).
(J1 J2),

. , ,
, -
( > 2). J=J4
- ,

Ld .

,
. J=J6,

. J=J6

bmin (bmin =tcb ).
128

2.8.


.
, .
,
, .

:
;
;


.

:
) ( ) ;
) ( ).
- -
, -
.


, .
.2.32,
-
.

S1,
. S2
.
a Ud.
Ud (
),
S1 S2
.

129

.2.32 :
- ; - ; - .

. - -
(.2.32,).
S1S4
( ).
S5S8
d .
S1S4
130

 S5S8.
( ).
-
(.2.32,). S1S6
,
S7S12 .

. :
.


,
.
,
.
,
.
. ,
.

.

.
, )
.
.. (L11,L12,L21,L22 .2.32,).

.

-
, .

131

,
.
.

,
.
-

- ,
...,
, .
,

, .

:
1.
,
.
2.
.
:
1. ;
2. ;
3. ;
4. .

,
:
;
.
132

3.1

( )
- ( ).
3.1.1


, ,

a
(.3.1).
S
u1 (Rd).
S , u1
S (uS). a
u2.

.3.1.
133

 :
p
U
1
(3.1)
U 2d =
U1m sin J dJ = 1m (1 + cos a ) .
pa
p

(3.1) , a = p
, a = 0
.
, .

:
p

(3.2)

U
1
a sin 2a
U2 =
U 12m sin 2 J dJ = 1m 1 - +
.
p
2p
p
2

(3.2)
.

(.3.2)
U
( U1 = 1m ).
2

.3.2
134

 .3.2 , a
0 180
.
S
.
.
.3.3 -
,
.
.3.3, -
.
, .

. ,
.
(.3.3,,),
. .3.3,
, ,

, .
D1, D3
S, D2, D4
S.
,
a 0
(
)
.. .

.3.3

135

 ,
- .

(.3.4)
.3.4, -
.
, 1 2 .

. .3.4, ,
.
1 a
b
. a=b
,

. .3.4, ,
-
.

.3.4

136

3.1.2
-
.3.5, - , .

.3.5 RL

,
. .3.5

-
.
a ,
d
. (uak)
, .
u2 = id Rd . id
137

 ,
(.3.5,),
[19].
w Ld

(3.3)

di d
+ Rd i d = U 1m sin J .
dJ

(id ) (id) .

u1 :
i 'd = I dm .sin(J - j) ,

(3.4)
:

I dm =

U 2m
R d + ( wL d ) 2

(id) ; j = arctg
u1.

:
i 'd'

(3.5)

= Ae

wL d
- id
Rd

Rd
J
wL d

id :
(3.6)

'

id = i d +

i 'd'

= I dm .sin(J - j) + A e

Rd
J
wL d

( J=a
id=0).
0= Idmsin(a-j)+ = Idmsin(a-j).
(3.6) id
(3.7),
,
138

 ,
[19].
(3.7)

- d ( J- a )
w

i d = I dm .sin(J - j) - sin(a - j) e L d

( d)
(3.7)
J=p+d. J=p+d .
:
sin(d - j ) + sin(a - j ) e

(3.8)

Rd
(p +d -a )
wL d

d - j .
a - d
(a >d). a 0d
. 180.
cosj
( ).

j a
:
(3.9)

1
U2 =
p

p+ d

u1

dJ =

U1
p

p - (a - d) +

sin 2a sin 2d
.
2
2

(3.9) , a=d
. .3.6
- .

139

.3.6 RL

, ad
. ad
U2< U1 a= 180 U2=0.
-
. a= 0.

.

-

cosj
a.

, .

,
.

140

3.2

.

.3.7

.3.7,
,
- . ,

.
141

 , ,

.
.
, ,
.

.
.3.7,
,
- .
,
.
,
( ).
.3.7,
,
. -
.

.
.3.7,
, .

.
- - .

.3.8
142

 - -
.

du
(
) (R,C )
dt
di
( ) (Ldr). dt

(Ldr) (.3.8,).
RC ,
,
. t = RC 4t .
.3.8,
,
.
. .


.

143

4.1
4.1.1
()
,
()
. , , - , ...
(- 50%).
.
.4.1
. Uout
.

.4.1

S, .4.1,

. (
).
() , .
, RF @ 0,
,
RR . ...

.
144

, S ( )
tON, , (
) tOFF.
tON T ,
:
(4.1)

t ON +t OFF = T ,

t ON
t
= ON = d
t ON +t OFF
T

, S .4.1 ,
,
.
( )

.

,:
. - ()

f ( ),
tON, .4.1,
( ): f = const, t ON = var .
tON,
- .
. - ()
f
( ),
tON, :
f = var, t ON = const .
f.
4.1.2
,
.
.
:
-
;
145

-
,
, .
-
( ), .
. :
-
- ;
-
- .
. :
- ;
- .
.
:
- ;
- .
4.1.3
[22], :
1) :
, uout (t )
.
: u out (t ) - : U out , DC
:
(4.2) uout (t ) = U out, DC + uout (t ) , uout <<U out,DC uout (t ) U out,DC
2) (- ):
(4.3)

t
tOFF
T

1
1 ON
=0
U L = u L (t ) dt =
u
(
t
)
dt
+
u
(
t
)
dt
L
L

T0
T 0
0

3) ,
(- ):
146

(4.4)

t
tOFF
T

1
1 ON
=0
I C = iC (t ) dt =
i
(
t
)
dt
+
i
(
t
)
dt
C
C

T0
T 0
0

4)
(.4.5,).
5) , .
6) .

4.2

4.2.1 (Buck DC-DC converter)

. ,

( ). .
4.2.1.1
.4.2
MOS .
( .4.2),
D, L C.

.4.2 (Buck DC-DC converter)

.4.3, .4.3,

. .4.4 , .
, ,
.

147

. 4.3 ,
) ; ) .

. 4.4

(.4.2)
f .
148

 L .
. (
, .4.4) Uin-Uout,
, L
.
, L
D. ,
(
).
,
, .
.
.
, D .
, I L,max I L,min ,
.4.4.
:
(.4.5,).
,
.
,
:
1. ,
iL - IL: iL < IL,
.4.5,.
2. ,
iL - IL : iL > IL,
.4.5,.
3. , iL
IL : iL = IL, .4.5,.
,
.

149

.4.5
) , iL < IL; ) , iL > IL;
) , iL = IL

4.2.1.2
.

:
1. , , t=tON.
u L iC
(t=tON), :
(4.5)
(4.6)

u L = U in - U out
U
iC = i L - out
R

U in U out
.

:
(4.7)

i L = I L,min +

U in - U out
t ON ,
L

I L,min .
,
( ).
2. , , t= tOFF.
150


(t=tOFF), :
(4.8)

u L = U out

(4.9)

iC = i L -

U out
R

:
i L = I L,max -

(4.10)

U out
tOFF ,
L

I L,max .
I L :
I L = (I L,max + I L,min )/ 2

(4.11)

.

U out
U in
(=ton/T).
,
:
(4.12)

t
tOFF
T

1
1 ON
=0
U L = u L (t ) dt =
u
t
dt
+
u
t
dt
(
)
(
)
L
L

T0
T 0
0

tON tOFF :
(4.13)
(4.14)

1
(U in - U out ) t on + (-U out ) t off = 0

(U in - U out ) t on + ( -U out ) t off = 0

UL =

t ON = dT t OFF = T (1 - ) (4.14),
:
(4.15)

U out = d U in

151

.4.6

.4.6.
,
Uout , =0 .
- ,
.
4.2.1.3
. IL
.4.4,
IL
iL.
IL, ,
:
t
tOFF
T

1
1 ON
i
t
dt
=
i
t
dt
+
iC (t ) dt = 0
(
)
(
)
C
C

T0
T 0
0

(4.6) (4.9)
i L = I L , :

(4.16)

IC =

(4.17)

IC =

1
T

U out
U

t ON + I L - out t OFF = 0
I L R
R

U out
= 0 .
R
IL :
I L -

152

IL =

(4.18)

U out
,
R

Uout .
. iL
u L :
di L
dt
dt=tON= d T
u L = U in - U out .

( di L = 2 Di L ). , ,
DiL :
uL = L

(4.19)

(4.20)

diL =

(U - U out ) d T
U - U out
u L dt
2 Di L = in
Di L = in
dT
L
L
2L

(4.20)
L DiL

.
. DuC
()
R,
C. , , C
,
- R. ,

.
, iC
.
: ,
!
.4.7, Q ,

iC.
153

.4.7

iC DiL , ,
/2, :
1
T
(4.21)
Q = Di L
2
2
.4.7, /2,
:
(4.22) Q = C U C , U C = 2 DuC

Q = C (2DuC )

(4.21)
(4.22) uC :

Di L T
8C

C,
uC.
, .
(4.23) ,
(L-C).
(4.23)

Du C =

4.2.1.4


.
.
:
154

U T ,max = U in

(4.24)

:
(4.25) iT ,max = I L + Di L = I out + Di L , iT ,max = I L - Di L = I out - Di L
I T ,avr :
(4.26)

I T ,avr =

1
T

tON

iT (t ) dt =

1 iT ,min + iT ,max

2
T

t ON = I L d = I out d

.
:
U ak ,max = U in

(4.27)

I D ,avr :
(4.28)

I D,avr

1
=
T

tOFF

i D (t ) dt =

1 i D,min + i D ,max

T
2

t OFF = I out (1 - d )

:
(4.29)

i D ,max = I out + Di L

4.2.2 (Boost DC-DC

converter)

.
(
).
4.2.2.1
.4.8
MOS .

155

.4.8

:
. . 4.9,
, 4.9,
.
. (
) Uin,
, L
.
.
( ),
D.
,
,
U L = U out - U in .
,
.4.10.
, ,
.
, o
:
, .
4.2.2.2

.

,
.
156

.4.9 ,
) ; )

. 4.10
157

.
o
:
1) , , t=tON.

(t=tON) :
(4.30)
u L = U in
U
(4.31)
iC = - out
R
2) , , t=tOFF.

(t= tOFF) :

u L = U in - U out
U
iC = i L - out
R

(4.32)
(4.33)

.
,
:
(4.34)

t
tOFF
T

1
1 ON
U L = u L (t ) dt =
u L (t ) dt + u L (t ) dt = 0

T0
T 0
0

1
U in t on + (U in - U out ) t off = 0

(4.35)

UL =

(4.36)

U in ton + (U in - U out ) toff = 0

ton=T t off = T (1 - )
(4.36), o
:
U out
1
(4.37)
=
U in 1 - d

.4.11.
158

.4.11

,
- .
4.2.2.3
. IL
IL, ,
:
T

(4.38)

IC =

U
1 U
1

iC (t ) dt = 0 I C = - out tON + I L - out tOFF = 0

T R
R
T

: : i L = I L .
tON=T tOFF = T (1 - ) :
(4.39)

U
U

I C = - out d + I L - out (1 - d ) = 0
R
R

I L :
(4.40)

IL =

U out
R (1 - d )

. iL
u L :
(4.41)

uL = L

di L
dt
159

 dt=tON= d T
u L = U in .

( di L = 2 Di L ). ,
DiL :
(4.42)

di L =

u L dt
L

2 Di L =

U in
dT
L

Di L =

U in
dT
2L

.
T :
iC = C

(4.43)

duC
dt

dt=tON= d T ,
duC = 2 DuC ,
uC :
(4.44)

duC =

iC dt
,
C

2 uC =

U out
dT
RC

uC =

U out
dT
2 RC

(4.44)

uC R,
T .
4.2.3
-
(Buck-Boost DC-DC converter)

, .
.
- .
4.2.3.1
.4.12 .

160

.4.12 -

. ,

. D,
, .
.
. 4.13.
, 4.13. .
,
- .4.14.
4.2.3.2
,
,
.
.
o :
1) , , t=tON.

(t=tON) :
(4.45)
(4.46)

u L = U in
U
iC = - out
R

, .

161

.4.13 - ,
) ; )

. 4.14 -

162

2) , , t=tOFF.

(t= tOFF) :

u L = U out
U
iC = i L - out
R

(4.47)
(4.48)

.
,
:
(4.49)

UL =

t
tOFF
T

1
1 ON
(
)
(
)
u
t
dt
=
u
t
dt
+
u L (t ) dt = 0
L
L

T0
T 0
0

tOFF= (1 - d ) , :
(4.50)

tON= d

U L = U in d + U out (1 - d ) = 0

:
(4.51)

U out
d
=U in
1- d

-
.4.15.

.4.15
-
163

 ,

, =0 .
0<<0,5 .
0,5<<1 .

.

:
U out , -
U out + U in .
.4.14.
4.2.4

(Cuk DC-DC converter)

,
- .
,
.
4.2.4.1
.4.16 .

.4.17. .4.18,

, 4.18, .

.
C1. T (.4.18,),
L1.
C2,
.
T D (.4.18,), C1 ,
L1.
T , C1
L2.

164

.4.16

.4.17

165

.4.18 ,
) , )

L1 L2 . ,
C1 :
(4.52)

U C1 = U in + U out

C1 ,
u C1
U C1 .
4.2.4.2

.
1) , , t=tON.

T. D .
C1
C2. U C1 > U out , C1
L2.
i L 2 .
L2 :
166

u L 2 = U C1 - U in = U out

(4.53)

(4.52).
i L1 , L1
U in :

u L1 = U in

(4.54)

2) , , t=tOFF.

D, .
L1 ( i L1 ) ,
C1,
(4.52) :

u L1 = U in - U C1 = -U out

(4.55)

L2 ( i L 2 )
. :

u L 2 = -U out

(4.56)

L2
C2.
4.2.4.3

,
.
,
C1 .
,
L1 , u L1 :
(4.57) U L1 =

tON
tOFF
T

1
1
u L1 (t ) dt = u L1 (t ) dt + u L1 (t ) dt = 0

T
T
0
0
0

:
(4.58)

U in d T + (U in - U C1 )(1 - d )T = 0
167

 :
(4.59)

U C1 =

1
U in
1- d

(4.57) ,
L2 , u L 2 , :
(4.60)

(U C1 - U out ) d T + (- U out )(1 - d)T = 0

:
(4.61)

1
U C1 = U out
d

(4.58) (4.61) U C1 , :
(4.62)

U out
d
=
U in 1 - d

.4.19.
, Pin = Pout ,
:
I
U
d
(4.63) Pin = Pout U in I in = U out I out in = out =
I out U in 1 - d

.4.19

168

 I L1 = I in I L 2 = I out , (4.63)
:
(4.64)

I
I L1
d
= in =
I L 2 I out 1 - d

-
.
C1,
.
4.2.5
()
.
,

.
:
-
( ).
-
.
- - .
- , (
)
.
-
,
.
- - (master-slave),
- ... .


.
,
, ,
.

169

Lr2

D4

Lr1

D3

+
Uin

Cf
S1

D1 Cr1 S2

D2 Cr2

+
Uout

_
.4.20

, .4.20
[40]. .
.

(.4.20) ,
180.
. .4.21
PSPICE.

.4.21. ,
Uin=100V,Uout=400V, Pout=6kW.
) ;
) ,
.
170

 6
kW,
. Uin=100V, Uout=400V.
T
180, -
, .4.21 PSPICE.



.

4.3

,
- ( -)
.

.
- .


.
.
4.3.1
(Forward converter)

.4.22. -
,
.
4.3.1.1
,
.4.23.
.
171

.4.22

. 4.23
172


n1, n2 n3 . D3
,
R-L .
, .
1) , .

.
.
D2 , D1 D3 .

. i
Uin /L, L
.
2) .
1 (.4.23)
. i e
. , i
D1 ( ) .
i2
: i1 n1= i2 n2,
i1=i2(n1/n2). (-n1/n2)Ui,
(-n1/n2)(Ui /L).
n1/n2 - n1=n2.

( )
. D2
,
,
.
L2 D3.
3) , ,
2. D1 .
D2. D3 .

173

4.3.1.2

, ( )
L . ,
Uout
D3:
(4.65)

U out + U L 2 = U ak , D 3 , U L 2 = 0 U out = U ak ,D 3

D3,
.4.23, :
(4.66)

U ak , D 3 = U in

n3
d
n1

(4.65) (4.66)
:
(4.67)

U out n3
=
d
U in
n1

4.3.1.3
.
- n1=n2, 00,5.
, 1 ,
,
.
1 , i

1 (
).
(-n1/n2). ,
,
:

n
(4.68) U DS max = U in 1 + 1 ,
n2

n1 = n2 U DS max = 2U in

:
174

(4.69)

d1 =

n2
d d + d1 + d 2 = 1 ,
n1

:
n
d 2 = 1 - d 1 + 2
n1
d 2 :
(4.70)

(4.71)

n
d2 = 1- d1+ 2 0 ,
n1

:
1
(4.72)
d
n
1+ 2
n1
- n1=n2 (
),
:
1
d
(4.73)
2
4.3.2
(Flyback DC-DC converter)

.4.24. ,
, .
4.3.2.1
,
.
-
. ,
.

, . 4.25.
:
,
.
175

.4.24

.4.25

176

.4.26
, ) , ;
) , (1-).

:
1) , , .
tON=.

, .4.26,.
. L,


. iL L
. ,

. L
.

,
:
(4.74)

u Lm = U in

(4.75)

iC = -

(4.76)

iin = i Lm

U out
R

2) , .
177

 tOFF=(1-)
. D.
.4.26,.

.
:
(4.77)

u Lm = -

(4.78)

iC =

(4.79)

iin = 0

i Lm
n

U out
n
-

U out
R

n .
4.3.2.2

,
L :
(4.80)

U Lm

tON
tOFF
T

1
1
=
u Lm (t ) dt =
u Lm (t ) dt + u Lm (t ) dt = 0

T
T
0
0
0

, u Lm
(4.74) (4.77)
, :
(4.81)

U
U in d + - out (1 - d ) = 0
n

(4.81)
:
(4.82)

U out
d
=
n
U in 1 - d

50W 100W,
.
.
178


, .
,
,
.

Uout/n. ,
,
.
E
.
-
, ,
-.
4.3.3 (Two transistor forward converter)

.4.27,
.4.28.

.4.27

179

.4.28

,
, :

180

1) , 1 2.
1 2
.

iL Uin /L. D3
, D1 D2 . D4 .

L.
(n1 / n2)Uin.
2)
1 ,
1 2.
, D1
D2. ,
.
Uin,
-Uin/L. D3 , D4
L.
3) , iL . D1
D2 , D3 , D4 .
:
(4.83)

U out n 2
=
d,
n1
U in

00,5,

0,5 ( ).

,
Uin. 1000W.

. .

,
,
.
,
.
181

4.3.4
(Push-pull DC-DC converter)

.
,
.
.
.4.29,

. ,
.4.30.

.4.29

, :
1)
S1. S2
. S1,
w'1. D3
.
L C.
2)
(1-) ,
S1. S2 .
D3 D4,
D3 D4
L.
182

. 4.30

, , S2, S1 .
,
:
U out
(4.84)
= nd ,
01.
U in
n = w2 / w1 , w1 w2
.

.
S1 S2
. iL
,
.
183



. (1-)

D3 D4. ,
.
, ,
(- ).
4.3.5

( ), .
,
.


.
4.3.5.1
.4.31
, .

. 4.31

184

. 4.32

.4.31 S1 S2, D1 D2,

0,1 0,2,
(
, 1:n:n).
,
.4.32.
:
1) ,
Uin/2 .
t0 S1.
0,1,
Uin, .
185

 .
nUin/2. D3 ,

. D4 .
2) ,
.
t1 S1 . ,
(1-).
.
D3 D4,
L.
3) ,
-Uin/2.
t2 S2.
-Uin/2,
-Uin/2L
. D4
L, D3 .
t2 , S2.
- .
D1 D2
, ,
.
e:
n
d U in
2
,
. ,

(n).
.
, .
. ,
, -
.
(4.85)

U out =

186

4.3.5.2
.4.33,
.
,
.
.

.4.33

, .4.34.
:
1) ,
Uin .
t0 S1 S4.
Uin
L
iL Uin/L. (
).
nUin. D5 ,

. D6 .

187

.4.34

2) ,
.
t1 S1 S4
(1-).
.
.
-
. S2 S4
S1 S3,
.
D5
D6, :
(4.86)

i L = i D5 + iD 6
188

3) ,

-Uin .
t2 S2 S3.
-Uin,
-Uin/L
. D6
, D5 .
t2 , S2 S3.
- .
D1 - D4
, ,
.
:
(4.87)

U out = n d U in

:
1. ,
Uin, 0,5Uin.
2. -
.
DC-DC
, - 500W.

, .

.
,
- .

4.4

.
,
.
-
.
189


. ()

.
.

.
4.4.1


,
.

() ( ).

,
:
- ,
;
- () ,
().

() ,
:
-
,
;
- ,

.

. ,
,
.

.
4.4.2

.4.35,
, - .4.36.

190

.4.35

.4.36

,
Ck Lk.
. R-L ,
D.
191

: (.4.36)
, Iout , .. .
,
:
1) t0-t1
t0,
, Iout
, Lk Ck. t0
.4.36
. , Lk Ck
. Ck . D .
t1 Ck .
2) t1-t2
t1 ( )
, Ck .
t2
, Ck Uin, ..
t2
. t2
Iout.
3) t2-t3
t2, Ck ,
.
t2 Ck
. , ,
t3 , .. .
Ck t3 UCk,3. , a
UCk,3.

Uin + UCk,3. t3 .
4) t3-t4
T, Ck
, Iout.
, Iout .
,
Ck. t4 Ck
. t3-t4 ,
.
192

5) t4-t5
Ck ,
Iout. t5 Ck
+Uin. t5,
(UCk=Uin),
: , Ck, .
-, ,
. D,
.
.
6) t5-t6
t6.
t5-t6
.
, :
(4.88)

tT ,on = t3 - t 0

,

UCk,3 :
(4.89)

t .. =

C k U Ck ,3
I out

, t3-t4
D D, Lk,
Ck, +Uin.
T
. , Ck
, .
.4.37 .4.35,
.

193

.4.37

.4.37 D1
D, Lk, Ck, +Uin, D2
Ck..

.
,

( t5-t6, .4.36).
4.4.3

-
.

(), - (),
.
4.4.3.1

.4.38
[11,20].

, .
, .4.38,.
T1, T2, D0,
D1, Ck Lk.
.4.39 ,
.
194

.4.38

:
(.4.39) , Iout
, .. .

:
1) t0-t1
t0 Ck
Uin .4.39.
t0 T1.
.
() Ck +Ck , T1, Lk, D1, -Ck.
t1
-Uin.
2) t1-t2
t1
Ck
-Uin.
T1.
T2.
195

.4.39
, .4.38,

t1-t2 , ..
.
3) t2-t3
t2
T2. Ck
T1 T2. Ck
T1. - T1,
. +Uin , Ck , T2,
196

Z, -Uin. t2
(Uin+ UCk,1)=2 Uin.
t2-t3 ,
T1 .
4) t3-t4
t3 Ck . t4
Ck +Uin
. -
. D0,
T1.
T1, t5,
.
,
, .
D2 L2 (.4.38, ).
4.4.3.2
.4.40 .

.4.38,.
, Ck
Lk, Ck
() T1.
,
Lk
.

.4.40
197


.
4.4.3.3

- .

, .
, (.4.41,),
(.4.41,).
.
- .
.4.41, Uk,
.

4.41

.
[3,9,13].
(IGBT, MCT, MOSFET),
.

198

5.1
,

.
,
, .
:
,
(; ;
; );

;
;
;
() , (UPS)
(, ,
);

( ; ;
; );
, , ;
.

.
(MOS FET, IGBT, MCT).
(, GTO)
.

:
1. ,
:
) , .5.1;
) , .5.2;
) , .5.3.
199

.5.1 .

.5.2 .

.5.3
.

2. :
) ,

;
) ,
( ).
3. :
) ;
) ;
) ;
200

) ;
) () .

Ud u , .5.1. Ud, . i .

Id Z i
.
.

.
.5.1, .5.2 .5.3
.
.

5.2

.
5.2.1

,
C0,1=C0,2 , S1 S2. .5.4
, IGBT .

.5.4

201

.5.5 RL

C0,1 C0,2,
. ,
:
1) t0 t1
S1 (ON)
S2 (OFF), t0, .
C0,1, C0,2, .
Uin/2. - (RL),
t0 t1, .5.7. t0
t1 D1
. o, ,
.
C0,1, C0,2 t0 t1
( ) C0,1
( ) C0,2.
2) t1-t2
t1 .
, S1 .
t1-t2
.
C0,1
202

 Im. t2 S2
S1.
3) t2-t3
t2-t3 D2
C0,2 , C0,1 .
,
t3 .
4) t2-t3
, S2
t3. t4
S1 S2.
4.1 .
4.1

t0-t1
t1-t2
t2-t3
t3-t4

D1
S1
D2
S2

5.2.2
.5.6 ,
IGBT . .5.7
R-L .
.
:
1) t0 t1
t0 e S1 S3
(ON), S2 S4 (OFF).
- S1 S3 S2 S4
,
.5.7.
t0 t2.
S1 S3 S2 S4.
t2 - t4 .

203

.5.6 IGBT

.5.7
R-L

, ,
. -
(R-L).
, .
t0 t1,
.5.7. t0 t1 ,
204

 .
D1, D3 . ,
,
.
2) t1 t2
t1 . S1 S3
. t1-t2
.

Im. t2
S2 S4 S1 S3.
3) t2-t3
S1 S3, t2,
,
t2-t3, .5.7. t0 t1,
.
D2 D4
Ud.
4) t3-t4
t3 . S2 S4
. t4 ,
e S1 S3 , S2
S4 .
, S2 S4 t4
D1 D3,
t4-t5 t0-t1.
, t0-t1 t2-t3 L ,
.
L ,
,
t1t2 t3-t4
. , R-L ,
- p.
S1 S3 t1-t2, S2
S4 t3-t4, .5.7.
4.2 .
205

 4.2

t0-t1
t1-t2
t2-t3

D1, D3
S1, S3
D2,D4

S2, S4

t3-t4

:
1.
.
(IGBT, MOS,
MCT, ).
.
2. Ud
.
C0 .

.
Im
:
(5.1)

di L
+ R iL = U d
dt

i( 0) = - I m i(T / 2) = I m .

:

(5.2)

Im

RT

Ud / R 1- e L 2

=
RT

1+ e

L 2

.
:
(5.3)

U CE = U d + U F

UF .

206

5.2.3
, .5.8,
. (
w1 w2) . ,
.5.9,
R-L .

.5.8

.5.9
.
207

 t0 S1
S2. -,
. ,
t0 - t1 D1 :
w1, +Ud, -Ud, D1, w1. t0 - t1
.
t1 . t1
. t1 t2
S1. ,
.
t2 S2
S1. . t2 t3 D2
.
t3 t4 S2
.

.

.
w1
w2.
, ..
:
(5.4)

Y 1 =Y 2 = F 1 N 1 = F 2 N 2 ,

N1 N2
;
F1 F 2 ,
.
,
S1 S2 ,
.
,
. ,
.
, ,
,
.
:
208

1.
S1 S2.
.
Id
.
(UPS),
.
2. () S1 S2
, ..

.

5.3

- .
-

.
:
- - ;
- .
5.3.1

-
.5.10
.
.5.11. .5.11,
, ,
.11,.

.

. .5.10
T1, D1 T2, D2.
k1, k2 Lk Ck.
,
.
209

.5.10 -
.

.5.11
- , )
; ) .
210

 Ck ,
k1.
Ck 2Ud
, Lk, Ck Z.
1 .
, t0,
k1, .5.11. k
1.
. ,

. t1
1 . t1
D1.
t1 Ik,max.
,
, .
t2 D1 .
t2 .
t1t2. t3 Ck
. t4
Ck . t3-t4
Ck.
t..
:
(5.5)

t .. = t 2 - t1 = 2 Lk C k arccos(I k / I k ,max )

I k ;
I k ,max .

I k ,max / I k = 1,5 , [2]
:
(5.6)

C k = 0,9

U d t ..
I k t ..
, Lk = 0,4
Ik
Ud

- :
211

1. - .
2. Lk Ck

,
.
3. Lk Ck -

.
5.3.2


,
//
.
- . .5.12 .
.5.13
- .

.5.12
.

212

.5.13
- .

w1 w2.
Lk.
D1 D2
. t0 1.
Ud,
,
ktr = w1 / w3 = w2 / w3 = 1 .
2Ud
. t0
213

 2 . 2 k 1 2,
1 2Ud.
2, k +Ud, w1,
k, 2, Lk, -Ud. t1 k . t0-t1 , 1
.
t2 k 2Ud,
-Ud. D2
t2 . Lk
+Ud, w2, D1, -Ud
. ,
,
- . -
, - I -
toff. :
(5.7)

Ck =

t off I
1,7 U d

, Lk =

t off U d
1,7 I

5.4

:
- (UPS);
-
;
- , - .

,
120.
, :
- ;
-
.

- , .5.14 , .
214

.5.14
.

-.
(A, B, C)
Ud .
.
, .
.5.15 ,
,

.

.


.
5.7.

215

.5.15 .

5.5
5.5.1
.

.
,
.

-
.
216


, :
- , ;
- ,
;
- - ;
- - .
5.5.2.

- .
,
. .5.16,
, .5.16,
.
Ld ,
, .
.5.16, ,
.5.16,. 1
2 180 . t0
1. +Ud, Ld,w1, 1, -Ud.
1
+Ud, Ld, w2, 1, -Ud (
). t1 2.

1 2. , 1.
, - 1
, 1 . 1
+C, w2, w1, -C. t2-t3

.5.16,. t3, 1,
.

217

.5.16
)
) ;
) 1 3
) .5.16,

(.5.16,)
.
1 3 ( t0)
(.5.16,). ,
.
2 4 ( t1),
1 2 2 4. 1 3
.
218

 , .
1 3 ( t3) 2 4.

, ..
Ld ;
, .

,
1 3 .5.16,.
:

I d = i R + iC
u
iR = R
R
du
iC = C C
dt

(5.8)
(5.9)
(5.10)

u R = uC
:
(5.11)

Id =

uC
du
du C
I
1
+C C
+
uC - d = 0
R
dt
dt
RC
C

(5.11) :

uC (t ) = I d R 1 + A e -t / RC

(5.12)

,
,
.
, :
T
T
u C (t = - ) = -u C (t = )
4
4

(5.13)

:
(5.14)

I d R 1 + A eT / 4 RC = - I d R 1 + A e -T / 4 RC

219

 (5.14) :
(5.15)

A=-

eT / 4 RC + e -T / 4 RC
=2

1
T
cosh

4 RC

T f=1/T :
A=-

(5.16)

1
1

cosh
4 f RC

,
(5.16) (5.12):

(5.16)

-t / RC

e
u C (t ) = u R (t ) = I d R 1
cosh 1
4 f RC

u R = F (U d ) .
,

:
UL =

(5.17)

2
T

(U d - uC ) dt = 0
0

(5.16) (5.17) :
(5.18)

Id =

Ud

1

R 1 - 4 f R C tanh

4 f RC

(5.18) (5.16)
:

220

(5.19)

Ud
e -t / RC
u R (t ) =
1

1
1
1 - 4 f R C tanh

4 f R C cosh 4 f R C

,
:
k=

(5.20)

1
f RC

, (5.19) k :

(5.21)

t
-k

Ud
e T

u R (t ) =
14
k
k
1 - tanh cosh
k
4
4

( ) U R
U d .
, :
(5.22)

PR =

U R2
= Pd = U d I d U R = U d I d R
R

(5.18) (5.22) :
(5.23)

UR
=
Ud

1
1-

4
k
tanh
k
4

()
.5.17
[11].

221

.5.17 ()
.5.16,,

t... t. (5.16), ,
t = -T / 4 + t .. , ,
, . :
(5.24)

t .. 1 1
k
= - ln cosh
T
4 k
4

(5.23) (5.24) .5.17

t. k. k
, k
t.. ,

k.
k=4 8.

222

5.6

, . ,

.
[24].

, ..
.

.
,
[15], [38],
.
5.6.1
1.
( ), :
- , .5.18,;
- , .5.18,;
- , .5.19.


.
,
.

.
2.
:
- ;
- ;
- .

.

.
223

.5.18 ) ;
)

3.
[15]:
- ,
;
- ,
;
- ,

;
224

.5.19

- ,

;
- ,
;
- .
5.6.2 A R-L-C

R-L-C ,
.5.20.
t = 0 , S
:
(5.25)

i L (t = 0) = I L 0 , U C (t = 0) = -U C 0

ik (t ) :
(5.26)

ik (t ) = i (t ) + i (t ) ,
225

.5.20 R-L-C

i (t) , - ,
:
d ik 1
+
i k d t + R ik = U d ,
dt C
i (t ) ,
(5.27),
.
( ) i (t )

(5.27)

U L +UC +U R = Ud L

.
:

ik (t ) = i (t )

(5.28)

i (t ) .

.


, j k:
(5.29)

R + jw L +

1
= 0,
jw C

jw k , R + k L +

1
=0,
kC

(5.29) :
(5.30)

k2 +

R
1
k+
=0
L
LC

(5.30) :

226

(5.31)

k1, 2 = -

R
R2
1

2
2L
4 L LC

( )
(5.31).
2
a = R - 1
2

LC

4L

R-L-C :
) a > 0
;
) a = 0
;
) a < 0
() .

.

() .
:
(5.32)

a<0

R2
2

4L

1
<0
LC

(5.32)
R-L-C :
R<2

(5.33)

L
C

:
1
R2
- 2
LC 4 L

:
(5.34)

(5.35)

t=

2L
, w0 =
R

1
k1, 2 = - j w0
t

227

1
R2
- 2
LC 4 L
.

w0 =

:
(5.36)

ik (t ) = i (t ) = A e -t / t sin (w0 t + j) ,

j .

. t = t 0 i L (t 0 ) = I L 0 :
(5.37) ik (t ) = A e -t / t sin(w0 t + j) t = 0 ik (0) = I L0 = A sin j
,
:

I L 0 = A sin j

(5.38)

:
(5.39)

U C (t ) =

1
1
ik (t ) dt =
A e -t / t sin (w0 t + j) dt
C
C

t = t 0 U C (0) = -U C 0
(5.39), t = 0
- U C 0
.

(5.36), ik (t ) :
(5.40) ik (t ) =

1
U d + U C 0 -t / t
e
sin w0 t - I L 0 e -t / t
sin w0 t - cos w0 t
w0 L

t w0

uC (t ) :

1
I
sin w0t + cosw0t - L0 e-t / t sin w0t
t w0
w0 C

(5.41) uC (t ) = U d - (U d + UC0 ) e -t / t

228

.5.21 f 0 > f > f 0 .

2

.
, w = 2 p f .

w 0 = 2 p f 0 . , .5.21
f 0 > f >

f0

.
5.6.3

:
- f -
f0: f<f0.
- f -
f0: f>f0.
- f
f0: f=f0.
5.6.3.1 f<f0
f - f0, f<f0,
.
,
, <0.
229


f<f0:
f
. f < 0 ;
2
f
. f 0 > f > 0 .
2
f
A. f < 0
2
.5.22
,
f<f0/2 .5.23.

.5.22

.5.23 ik (t )

, .5.21, f<f0/2.
230

 Cf1
Cf2 , -
: Cf1=Cf2>>C. Cf1, Cf2
.
:
1) t0 t1

U C (t 0 ) = -U C 0 . t0
T1.
+Cf1, T1, L, C, R, -Cf1 .

L-C.
UCmax, -
Ud, L . , Ik,max,
(Ud+UC0). t1
.
2) t1 t2
t1 , ,
-
U C (t1 ) > U d . .5.23
.
D1.
-Cf1, R, C, L, D1, +Cf1,
Cf1 .

(UCmax-Ud). t2
D1.
3) t2 t3
t2-t3
. t3
2 .
, Cf1, Cf2 .

f<f0/2 .
.
231

. f 0 > f > f 0
2

,
.5.24. .5.25.

.5.24

.5.25
f0 > f > f0 / 2

232

,
:
1) t0 t1
1,
3 t0
+Ud, T1, R, C, L, T3, -Ud, .5.25.
ION.
-UC0 UC,max
L-C.
. f<f0/2 ,
t0
i (t 0 ) = I ON . , ,
f<f0/2.
2) t1 t2
t1
.
UC,max.
, D1, D3.

.
.
,
.
3) t2 t3
t2 2, 4.

t1 t2,
. +Ud, T2,
L, C, R, T4, -Ud, t2t3.
4) t3 t4
t3 t4
t1t2. D2, D4
.
f<f0
,
.

233

5.6.3.2
f>f0

.

, MCT, .
,

.
, .5.24.
:
1) t0 t1
t0 (.5.26)
1 3. .
1, 3
t1,
IOFF.
2) t1 t2
1, 3 t1,
,
. D2
D4. Ud, D4, R, C, L, D2, +Ud.
.
3) t2 t3
, t2
2, 4.

,
t2t3 t3t4.
2, 4 t3, t2t3.
4) t3 t4
2, 4 t3
t3 t4. D1
D3. .
1
(.5.26) , ( t0 t4)
(
, ).

.
234

.5.26
f>f0

,
. ,
(IOFF)
.
235

 :
1. ()
.
2.
.
5.6.4

.

, -
:
1)
:
(5.42)

w LC =

1
LC

: w LC w0 =

1
R2
- 2 .
L C 4L

w LC
w0 - .
, w LC @ w0
.
2) :
(5.43)

Z0 =

L
1
= w0 L =
C
w0 C

3) :
(5.44)

QL =

w0 L
Z
1
=
= 0
R
w0 C R R

4) w = 2 p f
, :
236

(5.45)

Z = R + jwL -

w w0
1

= R 1 + j QL

j wC
w
w
0

= Z e jj = R + j X
2

w w0

(5.46)
Z=R
w0 w
5) ,
:

1 + QL2

(5.47)

w w0

j = arctan Q L

w
w
0

:
(5.48)

R = Z cos j , X = Z sin j

:
(5.49)

cos j =

w w0

1 + QL2
w0 w

.
-

(.5.24). - .
URLC, R-LC . :
4

4
4
sin 5 w t + K
sin 3 w t +
(5.50) u RLC (t ) = U d sin w t +
3p
5p
p

( ) uRLC :
(5.51)

u RLC ,1 (t ) =

4U d
sin w t
p

: U RLC ,max =

237

4U d
= 1,273U d .
p

: f = w / 2p
f 0 = w0 / 2p ,
[28].
.
, ,
.
.
.
(,
) :

ik (t ) = I m sin (w t - j)

(5.52)

Im :
(5.53)

Im =

U m 4U d 4U d cos j
=
=
=
Z
pZ
pR

cos j =

4U d
w w0

p R 1 + QL2
w0 w

L/C
w w0
, QL =
R
w0 w

1 + QL2

f = f 0 ( w = w0 )
:
(5.54)

Im =

4U d
pR

, (5.52),
S1-S4 .5.24 :
(5.55)

I sin(w t - j)
i S1 = i S 3 = m
0

0 < w t < p

p < w t < 2p

(5.56)

0
iS 2 = iS 4 =
- I m sin(w t - j)

0 < w t < p

p < w t < 2p

I m .
238

iin = iS1 + iS 2 = iS 3 + iS 4

(5.57)

o I in ,d

:
p

I in ,d =
(5.58)

I
1
iin d (w t ) = m sin(w t - j) d (w t ) =
p
p

2I
2 U RLC ,max
= m cos j =
cos j
p
p
Z
1

cos j =

, Z =R

w w0

1 + QL2
w
w0

U RLC,max =

w w0
- ,
w0 w

1 + QL2

4U d
,
p

:
(5.59)

I in ,d =

8U d
2

w0
2
2 w

p R 1 + QL

w0 w

wLC L
1
L/C
=
=
.
R
wLC C R
R
,
f = f 0 ( w = w0 ), :
QL =

(5.60)

I in ,d =

8U d
p2 R

Pd ,
, :

239

(5.61)

Pd = U d I in,d =

8U d2
2

w w0

p 2 R 1 + QL2

w0 w

f = f 0 ( w = w0 ) Pd :
(5.62)

Pd = U d I in,d =

8U d2
p2 R

:
(5.63)

U C ,max =

4U d

Im
=
wC

w w0

w0 w

1 + QL2

p R wC

:
(5.64)

U C ,max =

4U d
w
p
w0

Z0

w w0
+
w

w0

Z 0 = L / C .

:
(5.65)

U L,max = w L I m =

4U d
w
p 0
w

R w w0

Z 0 w0 w

f = f 0 ( w = w0 ), -

U L,max = U C ,max :
(5.66)

U L,max = U C ,max = U RLC ,max QL =

240

4U d Q L
p

4U d

L/C
pR

:
R ..
, R >> R DS + rL + rC + rd , R DS
(IGBT ); rL
, rC , rd
.
5.6.5

,
. .5.27
, .5.28
[2].


- ,
.5.28. .
C0
. C0
.
C0 -
Ck.
Lk1
Lk2. ,
,
,
.
, ..
Ld>>Lk1; Ld>>Lk2.

241

.5.27

.5.28 -
, .5.26; f1 > f 0 > f
f ; f0
; f1 .
242

 ,
Id : iRout
ik:
(5.66)

I d = (-iRout ) + ik

, ik
I d :
(5.67)

i Rout = ik - I d

.
:
1) t0 t1
t0 T1 T3. +Cf, Lk1, T1, Ck, Lk2, T3,
R, -Cf. ,
Lk1, Lk2 Ck
(C0>>Ck). Ck
,
- T1 T3,
.
2) t1 t2

.
,
T1 T3,
.
3) t2 t3
t3 T2 T4.

+Cf, Lk1, T2, Ck, Lk2, T4, R, -Cf.
,
T1 T3.
. t4
, f f1 (f=2 f1).

.
- . -

243

 Ld,
.
,

, -
.
.

5.7


:
1. ()
, .

. .
2.

( )
.
.
,
,
.
.
.
3.

.
.
.

, .

244

5.7.1 (),

-
.
- ,

( - )
, .
:
- ;
- .

fout, ucon,
-
, utri (.5.29) ftri
, .
-
. ftri
() fout.
,
fout.. ftri / fout
.
ftri / fout 15.

:
1. ma, :
U con
,
U tri
U con , .5.29;
U tri , .5.29.
(5.68)

ma =

2. mf,
(5.69)

mf =

f tri
,
f out

: f tri
(
) , .5.28,;
f out , .5.29,
ucon.
245

.5.29

(.5.30):
1. , ma 1
U out ,1 ma.
2. , 1 < ma 3,24
ma.
3. , ma > 3,24 U out ,1 ma. .

.5.30 U out ,1 ma
Ud /2

[33].

.5.30

ma .
246

5.7.2

, .5.31
.

.5.31

S1 S2 .5.31
u con
- , utri :
- S1 , S2 u con > utri
u out = U d / 2 (.5.32);
- S2 , S1 u con < utri
u out = -U d / 2 (.5.32).
, uout
: U d / 2 - U d / 2 . U d / 2
- U d / 2 ( -Ud +Ud )
.
.5.32 ,
.
m f = 15
ma = 0,8 .
: 5.7
, .. .
.5.31
.5.33 [33].

247

.5.32 , , ma=0,8; mf=15

.5.33
(.5.29)

.5.33
n- U out ,n
248

U out ,n
Ud /2

 U d , ,
fout, ..
mf .
:
1.
U out ,1 ma Ud/2 :
Ud
, ma 1,0 ( )
2
, ,

U out ,1 ma :
(5.70)

U out ,1= ma

(5.71)

U out ,1= ma U d , ma 1,0 ( )

,

ma ma 1 .
( ).
, -
,
ma
(overmodulation).
2.
ftri ( mf=1)
2ftri ( mf=2) 3ftri (
mf=3) (.5.33).
3. mf
,
. , mf
.
4. ftri

- -
() -
ftri.

, .
- 6 kHz 249

 20 kHz. 20 kHz
. mf =21
,
[33].
5.7.3
, .5.34. .5.34
, N ,
.


utri ()
ucon -ucon, ( 180),
.5.35.
:
- , S1, S3:
u con > utri S1 , S3 .
u con < utri S1 , S3 .
- , S2, S4:
u con > utri S2 , S4 .
u con < utri S2 , S4 .

.5.34

, .. Ud , -Ud
.

. .5.36
[33].

250

.5.35 , ma = 0,8 , m f = 12

.5.36 .5.31

251

 ,
ftri (
ftri).
, mf , -

2ftri ( 2mf .5.36). ,
, ftri .

:
1.
,
, ftri ( ftri
). ,
.
2.
ma
( ).
3. mf
( mf >15, [2])
.
4.
.
5.7.4 (ma1)

ma 1,0 .
ma -
. .
ma
(overmodulation), .5.30.
:
1. U out ,1
ma (.5.30).
2.
ma 1,0 .
252

.5.37 ma = 2,5 ; m f = 15 [33].

.5.37
ma = 2,5 ; m f = 15 .

.
5.7.5

(square wave),
, .5.38,.
U out ,1
ma.
(
),
Ud.

:
(5.72)

U out ,1 =

4 Ud
@ 0.637 U d
p 2

:
(5.73)

4
U out ,1 = U d @ 1.273 U d
p

253

.5.38 ) uout uout,1

;
) uout

.5.38,

. .5.38,
[33].
5.7.6 -
- ()
,
(.5.39).
.
. .
(.5.39,). .5.39, , .
:
1) t0-t1
t0 S1
S3. .
- ,
t0 (
.5.39, ).

254

.5.39 ) ; )
;
) ;

D1 D3: -Ud,
D1, Z, D3, +Ud.
.
2) t1-t2
t1 . t1-t2
S1 S3.
3) t2-t3
t2 S3
. - ,
S1, Z, D2.
4) t3-t4
255

 t3 S1
S2 S4.
t0-t1. -

t3 ( , .5.39,).
D2 D4: -Ud, D2, Z, D4,
+Ud. .
5) t4-t5
t1-t2 ,
S2 S4.
6) t5-t6
t2-t3 ,
S2, Z, D1.

:
(5.74)

U Z ,
Ud

l
,
T /2

U Z , ;

l
;
/2 , =1/f.
:
/2, .
l
0 T / 2 . .5.39,
U1m
Ud,
l . 3, 5- 7- . ,
l 180-120.
l
.

256

5.7.7

(.5.40)
.

.5.40

().

,
. ,
,
120.
. .5.41,
,

. .5.41,
[33].
ma 1,0
U A,1
ma:
(5.75)

U A,1 = m a

Ud
2

UAB,1, , :
U
(5.76) U AB,1 = U CA,1 = U BC ,1 = 3 U A,1 = 3 ma d @ 0,87 ma U d
2
257

.5.41 )
, ma = 0,8 ; m f = 15 ;
)
.
258


:
- ;
- .
(overmodulation)
,
mf .
ma.

.
.
:
(5.77)

U AB,1 = U CA,1 = U BC ,1 = 3 U out ,1 = 3

4 Ud
@ 1.1 U d
p 2

( ).
,
.

:
1. mf ,
2. mf 3.

.
:
utri ucon
.
mf<21, .
(mf>21)
utri ucon .
.

259

6.1

:
- (hard switching);
- (soft switching).
6.1.1


() . -
. :
, uS
iS ,
Psw = iS (t ) u S (t ) ,
, , .6.1,.

.6.1 uS , iS Psw
, ) ; )
260

 Psw
.
- .

,
:
1. ...
.
2. ,
,


.
3.
.


,
. ,
,
.
6.1.2
,
/
, .6.1,.
.6.2
.
() ,
.6.2, ( 1)

. ,
,
.
, .6.2 -

( )
( 1 , .6.2).

( 2 ).
261

.6.2 ,
) ; )

:
1.
,
.
2. ,

: ,
,
.
3.
, .
4. ,
.
5. .

:
1. ()
-.
2.
( )
.

262

6.2


:
- ;
- .

6.2.1 (Zero Voltage Switching,

ZVS)

,
, .6.3.

.6.3 S,

()
.
,
.
,
,
.
.
C
4-5 (tOFF).
263


.
( )
.

(
).
( )
.
: ,
,
,
.
-
.
6.2.2 (Zero Current Switching, ZCS)

.
, ,
. .6.4
.

.6.4

.
,

. ,

.

264

6.2.3


.
. -
( ).
, ..
.

, [23, 29, 30] ,
:
- ;
- - ;
- - ;
- .
,

.
.
: ,
.6.5, , .6.5,.
( ) :
[28] 36 .
LCC
, .6.5,.

.6.5 : ) ) 2- ;
) LCC
265

6.3

,
, .

:
1) .
2) .
.
.
6.3.1
(Resonant DC-DC converters)
.6.6
. :
- ;
- (, );
- ;
- .
,
,

.

.6.6

266

 .6.7
DC-DC ()
: , .6.7,

, .6.7,.
, .
,
f f<f0,
,
.
f>f0, ,
.
,
.

.6.7 )
; )

267


: .
-
.


,
.
-. ,

,
.
6.3.2


,
(Half Bridge Zero-Voltage Zero Current Resonant DC-DC
Converter [39]), .6.8.
,

.

-.

.6.8
.

268



,
Cd1,Cd2

Ck1,Ck2 Cd1,Cd2.
.6.9 ,
PSPICE
: Uin=400V; Ck=Ck1=Ck2=16nF; Cd=Cd1=Cd2=5mF; LS1=LS2=1,25mH
(LS1 LS2
); Lm=500mH (Lm ); n=1 (n - ),
Co=Co1=Co2=500mF; R=25W; tON=16ms; tOFF=4ms.

( ). .6.9.
S1 S2,
iL1 ,
.
.
,
LS (LS=LS1+LS2)
Cd1 Cd2 (Cd1 Cd2 ).
(3-5% ) ,
, , T / 2 = LS (Cd1 + Cd 2 ) .
S1
Ck1 Ck2
. Ck1 Ck2
(Ck1=Ck2<<Cd1=Cd2),
. Ck2

Ck1 Uin.
S2 e , Ck2
, .. .
, S2
S1.

269

.6.9 ,
(PSPICE); Uin=400 V; Ck=Ck1=Ck2=16nF;
Cd=Cd1=Cd2=5mF; LS1=LS2=1,25mH; Lm=500mH, Co=Co1=Co2=500mF; R=25W;
tON=16ms; tOFF=4ms; n=1.
270

 :
1) t0-t1
t0 S1,
t1
iL1 - .6.9.
2) t1-t2
,
, LS, Cd1 Cd2 (Cd1 Cd2 ), Co1 Co2 R.
t1-t2 .6.10
- .
LS1
Cd1+Cd2

LS2
R
Lm

Co1

Co2

.6.10. .6.8 t1-t2

3) t2-t3
,
. t3 S1
.
Co1,Co2, -
, Lm.
T - (
), S1
( t3)
, .
.6.11 - .
4) t3-t4
t3 S3 . Lm e
, Ck1
Ck2 . Ck1 Ck2
, Ck1 ,
Uin, a Ck2 .
271

.6.11 .6.8 Pout=6

kW; Uin=100V; Uout=400V; Lm= 500mH; LS=2,5mH; tON = 16ms, tOFF=4ms.
iL1 ;
iL2 ;
iLm .

t4,
Ck2 D2.
S2,

( , ..
).
5) t4-t5 t5-t6
t4-t6 t4,
Ck1 t6
S2. S2 e t5,
t6,
.
,
.6.9, :
1.
.
2.
.
3. Cd1 Cd2
(UCd1=UCd2=Uin/2)
(UCd1= UCd2).

272


:
:
- ;
- :
( , 5%) .

;

1:1;


,
.
,
.
.

1. ,
,
.
(phase shift)
[41].
.
2.
.
.
,
, ...
.
3.
-
.
-
.

273

6.4 -

6.4.1 - (Quasi-Resonant Converters)

-
,

.
- .
,
. -
,

.
, ..
( )
.

-
:
- (
), .. (Zero-Current Switching QuasiResonant Converters, ZCS-QRC) [8, 21, 28,30].
- () , .. . [22,30,32],
-
(Zero-Voltage Switching Quasi-Resonant Converters, ZVS-QRC).

() (
, , , )
- .
. .6.12 ,
(ZCS), [22].
.6.13
(ZVS) - [22].
274

.6.12 ) -
(ZCS)
) ,

.6.13 ) -
(ZVS)
) ,

.6.12 .6.13 ,
Lr .
r :
-
, ZS;
-
, ZVS.

275

6.4.2 -
(ZVS-QRC)
,
, .6.14,. .6.14,
.

.6.14 a)
) -

, .
,
.6.15,-, .6.15,.
1) , t0-t1
t0-t1
.6.15,. t0 S
Ld
Cr. Cr
, Uout
t1. , Iin
,
t0-t1, T0,1 :
(6.2)

U Cr ,0 = 0 t0,

(6.3)

I in = iCr = C r

dU Cr
,
dt

U Cr ,1 = U out t1
T0,1 = C r

276

U Cr ,1 - U Cr ,0
I in

= Cr

U out
I in

.6.15 ), ), ), ) .6.14,
)

2) , t1-t2

.6.15,. t1 D2
, Cr Lr. Iin
D2,
Cr. Lr
t1-t2 .
Cr
. t2
U Cr , 2 = 0 D1 .
. :
(6.4)

T1, 2 =

U out
L r C r arcsin
I
in L r / C r

3) Lr , t2-t3
277

 t2 t3,
Lr . Lr :

Lr

(6.5)

diLr
= -U out
dt

.6.15,.
:

(6.6) T 2 ,3 = I in

U out
1 - cos arcsin

I
in L r / C r

Lr
U out

S t2`,
D1 . S
, Iin
Lr .
t3 Iin.
4) t3-t4
t3 Iin
S, .6.15,. t3-t4
.
,
Uout .
:
(6.7)

T = T0,1 + T1, 2 + T2,3 + T3, 4 ,

f, (T=1/f) .
, ..
, , Cf
- :
( ), ,
Cf -
.

-
:
-
;
- ;
278

- (t3-t4)
... , ..
t3-t4 .
.6.16
-
.
6.4.3 -
.6.16
[40].


.
(boost)
,

.
Cr. ,
.6.17,
.
.6.18 Lr Cr .
:
1) t0 -t1
t0 S1
. Lr IL0.
S1, Cr.
t0-t1 Cr,
S1, . t0
(.6.18,) r
UCr=Uin,
iL=ILp:
(6.8)

I Lp = I l20 + U in2 /

Lr
Cr

279

.6.16. .

.6.17.

t0 t0 (.6.18,) :
(6.9)

T1a = Lr C r arccos

I L0
I Lp

280

.6.18 ) Lr Cr
.6.15; )

t1
UCr=Uout . t1 iL=IL1.
IL1 :
(6.10)

I l1 = I lp2 - (U out - U in )2 /

Lr
Cr

t0 t1 :
(6.11)

T1b = Lr C r arccos

I L1
I Lp

T1 = t0 t1 :
(6.12)

I
I
T1 = T1a + T1b = Lr C r arccos L 0 + arccos L1

I Lp
I Lp

2) t1 t2
t1 D2. t1-t2
Lr Cf
, Lr
. t2,
Lr D2 .
281

 T2=t1t2 r
UCr=Uout. Lr ,
U out - U in .
T2 :
(6.13)

T2 =

Lr I L1
U out - U in

3) t2 t3
t2 Lr iL=0 D2 .
Lr ,
Lr Cr. t2 Lr
iL=ILp,n,
r
UCr=Uin. ILp,n
:
(6.14)

I Lp ,n =

(U out - U in ) 2
Lr / C r

T3a= t2 t2 e
LC :
(6.15)

T3a = TLC / 2 =

p
Lr C r
2

t3 r UCr=0.
Lr t3 (iL=IL3) :
(6.16)

I L3 =

2
U out
- 2 U inU out
Lr / C r

T3b :
(6.17)

I
T3b = Lr C r arccos L3

I Lp ,n

T3 :
(6.18)

p
I L 3 Lr / C r
T3 = T3a + T3b = Lr C r + arccos
2
U out - U in

282

4) t3t4
t3t4 iL ,

ULr=Uin . D1. t4 Lr
. 4=t3t4 :
(6.19) T4 = I L3

2
2
U out
- 2U inU out Lr
U out
- 2U inU out
Lr
=
=
U in
Lr / C r
U in
U in2

L r Cr

5) t4t5
t4 S1
Lr. iL ,
Lr
ULr=Uin. t5 Lr IL5=IL0.
t4t5 , ..
.
. :
L
I L5 = I L 0 T5 = I L 0 r
(6.20)
U in
:
(6.21)

T = T1 + T2 + T3 + T4 + T5

(6.21) 5

.
Uout
( ).
a S1, ,
a e 5, ..
Lr ,
, .
, .. , ,
-,
-
. .
- (
) , , .
283

1. S1
t3 Cr
. S1.
(t3) S1 D1.
t3
Cr
S1.
S1. t3
,
Lr ( D1).
,
Lr , .
2. S1

Cr. S1
Cr e . , Cr e
Uout,
. , Cr
Cr.
S1
.

:
1. ...;
2.
;
3.
0 100%.

.

.

( )
, ( -) ().

, .4.20.

284

 -
1. , L-C


.
2. .
3. -
,
.
4. -
-
.

6.5
-
-
. - .
(
) -
:
1) , ;
2) ,
.
-
,
,
. :
- ;
- ;
- ( ).
( )
,
,
, .. .

285

.6.19 a) -
; )

.6.19 - (Zero-Voltage-Switching MultiResonant Converter, ZVS-MRC). .6.19, CS

, CD e .
.6.19,
S (
).
.6.20 [21,30]. : CS
; CD e ; Lr e
; C, L, Cf Lf ,

( ).
286

.6.20 -
) - ;
) - ;
) - ;
) - - ;
) - ;
) - .

287

 - :
- , MHz;
- ;
- ..., 96-97%
;
- -
( ).
.
- :
- ;
- ;
-
;
- .

6.6
[22,25,27,37]
.
:
- (ZVSPWM Converters);
- (ZCS-PWM
Converters).
6.6.1
(ZVS-PWM Converters)

.

. .6.20

, ,
. () S1.

288

.6.21 a)
; )

:
1) t0-t1
t0 S. O S
t1.
2) t1-t2
S, Cr

(Uin-Uout).
289

3) t2-t3
t2 S1
, Cr Lr. Cr

t3 .
S
.
4) t3-t4
t3 D
S. t4 S.
5) t4-t5
S
, t4

Lr ( t5). Lr
. D
Lr t5,
S.
5) t5-t6
t6 Lr
Lf.
,

,
.


()
Zero-Voltage Transition PWM Converters (ZVT-PWM
Converters) [27]. , :
.
.6.22 .

290

.6.22
(ZVT-PWM Converter)

.6.22
-
:
- Cr;
- Lr;
- S1;
- D1.

(ZVT-PWM Converter) :
1.

.
2.
1MHz .
3.
.

291

6.6.2 (ZCSPWM Converters)

IGBT ,

,
.

, IGBT
( ).


. .6.23,

(Zero-Current Transition, ZCT-PWM Converter) [25].
.6.23,
. S,
D1 Cr Lr.
:
1) t0-t1
t0 S . Cr . t0
S1.
Cr Lr. S
,
,
L, .
Tr = 2 p Lr C r Cr ,
Lr .
S
t 0' = t 0 + Tr / 4 ,
. ,
, Lr
.
2) t1-t2
S t1.
D D1. Cr Lr
Lr t2. t2 Cr
Lr Tr / 2 .
292

.6.23 )
(ZCT-PWM Converter); )
293

3) t2-t3

. D
, L .
4) t3-t4
t3 S
L .
Cr Lr.
Tr / 2 = p Lr C r .
S S1. , Cr
.
t4

() .
Cf - Cr D1
. Cr
S.
5) t4-t0
t4-t0
() .

.

.
,
(..
).

IGBT MCT (MOS
Controlled Tyristor).
:

(ZCT-PWM
Converter), .6.23,
(ZVT-PWM Converter), .6.22

[25, 27, 28. 29].

294

6.7 -
(Resonant DC Link Converters)


. - (DC-DC)
,
. .6.24 [26]
,
- .
-
S1, S2, D1, D2, Lr
Cr, D4.

.6.24
-

.6.25,
, .6.25, ,
.
. Cekv
Cekv =3Cs. Io
.
:
- -
Lr;
- -
Cekv;
- .
295

.6.25 ) ;
) , .6.25
296


:
1) t0-t1
S1 , S2 S3 .
:
U in1 (t 0 ) = U in
i Lr (t 0 ) = 0
U cr (t 0 ) = 0
t0 S2 .
, Lr Cr.
2) t1-t2
S1 .
t2 Uin1
.
3) t2-t3
t2
.
S3.
4) t3-t4
t3
. Uin1 .
5) t4-t5
t4 Cr . t4
Uin1 S1
.

:
1. .
2.
, Lr
Cr .
3. Lr Cr

.

297


1. ., .,
, -, , 2005.
2. ., ., .,
, - , 1997.
3. . ., . ., . ., . .,
. . , - , 1998.
4. ., , ., ., .,
, , , 1992.
5. ., ., ., ,
-, 2003.
6. ., . , . , . ,
. . -, 2004.
7.
.,

, , , 1994.
8. .., IGBT
, - , . 3, 2000.
9.

., , , ,1994

10. . ., . ., ,
- , 1998.
11. .., .., . ., -
, , , 1983.
12. ., T , , 1999.
13. . ., , , , 1989.
14. . ., , -,
2002.
15. ., , ., .,
, , 1996.
16. . ., , - , 2005.
17. . .,
, ,
, 1988.
18. .,
I, -, 2004.
298

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20. ., , , 1983.
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300