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Mc lc
Li ni u
3
1.1 Mt s phng php sng tc v gii cc bi ton v phng trnh, h
phng trnh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.1.1
11
14
1.1.4
17
1.1.5
24
1.1.6
27
1.1.7
30
1.1.8
1.1.9
40
47
56
1.1.2
1.1.3
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Li ni u
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Chng 1
1.1
Nh chng ta bit phng trnh, h phng trnh c rt nhiu dng v phng php
gii khc nhau. Ngi gio vin ngoi nm c cc dng phng trnh v cch gii
chng hng dn hc sinh cn phi bit xy dng ln cc ton lm ti liu
cho vic ging dy. Bi vit ny a ra mt s phng php sng tc, quy trnh xy
dng nn cc phng trnh, h phng trnh. Qua cc phng php sng tc ny ta
cng rt ra c cc phng php gii cho cc dng phng trnh, h phng trnh
tng ng. Cc quy trnh xy dng ton c trnh by thng qua nhng v d,
cc bi ton c t ngay sau cc v d . a s cc bi ton c xy dng u
c li gii hoc hng dn. Quan trng hn na l mt s lu sau li gii s gip ta
gii thch c "v sao li ngh ra li gii ny".
1.1.1
Ta c bi ton sau
y = 2 3x2
y = 2 3x2 (2)
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CHNG 1.
Ly (1) tr (2) ta c
x y = 3(x2 y 2)
xy =0
3(x + y) = 1
"
y=x
1 3x
y=
.
3
Vi y = x, thay vo (1) ta c
2
3x + x 2 = 0 x
Vi y =
2
1,
3
1 3x
, thay vo (2) ta c
3
1 3x
1 21
2
2
= 2 3x 9x 3x 5 = 0 x =
.
3
6
2
1 21
1 + 21
,x=
.
x = 1, x = , x =
3
6
6
Lu . T li gii trn ta thy rng nu khai trin (2 3x2 ) th s a phng trnh
cho v phng trnh a thc bc bn, sau bin i thnh
2
(x + 1)(3x 2)(9x2 3x 5) = 0.
Vy nu khi xy dng bi ton, ta c lm cho phng trnh khng c nghim hu
t th phng php khai trin a v phng trnh bc cao, sau phn tch a v
phng trnh tch s gp nhiu kh khn.
V d 2. Xt mt phng trnh bc hai c c hai nghim l s v t
5x2 2x 1 = 0 2x = 5x2 1.
Do ta xt
Ta c bi ton sau
2
2
5x 1
2y = 5x2 1
2x = 5
1
2x = 5y 2 1
2
8x 5.4y 2 = 8
2x = 5y 2 1. (2)
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CHNG 1.
yx=0
2 = 5(x + y)
"
y=x
y=
5x + 2
.
5
Vi y = x, thay vo (1) ta c
1 6
5x 2x 1 = 0 x =
.
5
2
Vi y =
5x + 2
, thay vo (1) ta c
5
5 50
10x + 4
2
2
= 5x 1 25x + 10x 1 = 0 x =
.
5
25
1 6 1 2
Phng trnh cho c bn nghim
,
.
5
5
V d 3. Xt mt phng trnh bc ba
3
3
4x 3x =
8x3 6x = 3 6x = 8x3 3
2
Do ta xt
!3
8x3 3
3
6
3
1296x + 216 3 = 8 8x3 3
3
3
162x + 27 3 = 8x 3 .
6y = 8x3 3
6x = 8
6x = 8y 3 3
Ta c bi ton sau
3
Bi ton 3. Gii phng trnh 162x + 27 3 = 8x3 3 .
Gii. t 6y = 8x3 3. Ta c h
3
6y = 8x3
3
6y
=
8x
3 (1)
162x + 27 3 = 216y 3
6x = 8y 3 3 (2)
Ly (1) tr (2) theo v ta c
6(y x) = 8(x3 y 3) (x y) 8 x2 + xy + y 2 + 6 = 0.
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(3)
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CHNG 1.
3
5
3
3
6x = 8x 3 4x 3x =
4x3 3x = cos
(4)
2
6
3
ay + b = 8x
3 3
162x + 27 3 = a y + 3a2 by 2 + 3ab2y + b3.
Cn chn a v b sao cho
8
b+ 3
a
b=0
= 3 =
3
162
a
27
3
b
a = 6.
2
3a b = 3ab2 = 0
Vy ta c php t 6y = 8x3 3.
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ta c
8x3 60x2 + 150x 125 = x +
Ta c bi ton sau
CHNG 1.
3
x 2 + 5 2.
3
x 2 = 8x3 60x2 + 151x 128.
Gii.
Cch 1. Tp xc nh R. Phng trnh vit li
3
x 2 = (2x 5)3 + x 3.
t 2y 5 = 3 x 2. Kt hp vi (1) ta c h
(2y 5)3 = x 2
(2)
(2x 5)3 = x + 2y 2 (3)
(1)
2
2
(2x 5) + (2x 5) (2y 5) + (2y 5) + 1 = 0. (5)
Ta c (4) y = x. Thay vo (2) ta c
(2x 5)3 = x 2 8x3 60x2 + 149x 123 = 0
Cch 2. Tp xc nh R. t y = 3 x 2. Ta c h
3
8x 60x2 + 151x 128 = y
x = y3 + 2
Cng v theo v hai phng trnh ca h ta c
8x3 60x2 + 152x 128 = y 3 + y + 2
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CHNG 1.
(*)
x 2 (2x 5)3 = x 2
3
4 6x.
(2x)3 + 2x = 3 4 6x + 4 6x.
(1)
3
4 6x = 2x 8x3 + 6x = 4 4x3 + 3x = 2.
(2)
V hm s g(x) = 4x3 + 3x c g 0 (x) = 12x2 + 3 > 0, x R nn PT (2) c khng qu
mt nghim. Xt
1
1
3
2=
3 (3 )2 43 1 3 = 2 5.
2
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CHNG 1.
p
1
1
3
3
3 . Ta c
Do , nu t = 2 + 5 th 2 =
2
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
3 =3
+4
.
2
p
1
1
1 p
3
3
Vy x =
=
2 + 5 + 2 5 l nghim duy nht ca PT (2) v
2
2
cng l nghim duy nht ca phng trnh cho.
Cch 2. Phng trnh vit li
(2x)3 = 3 6x + 4 8x + 4.
t 2y = 3 4 6x. Ta c h
3
3
8y = 6x + 4
(a)
8y = 4 6x
3
3
8x + 8x 4 = 2y
8x = 2y + 4 8x. (b)
Ly PT (b) tr PT (a) theo v ta c
8(x3 y 3) = 2(y x) (x y)[4(x2 + xy + y 2 ) + 1] = 0 y = x.
Thay y = x vo (a) ta c
8x3 = 6x + 4 4x3 + 3x = 2.
n y lm ging cch 1.
Bi ton 6 (Chn i tuyn tp H Ch Minh d thi quc gia nm hc
2002-2003). Gii phng trnh
3
3x 5 = 8x3 36x2 + 53x 25.
Gii. Tp xc nh R. Phng trnh vit li
3
3x 5 = (2x 3)3 x + 2.
t 2y 3 = 3 3x 5. Kt hp vi (1) ta c h
(2y 3)3 = 3x 5
(2)
3
(2x 3) = x + 2y 5 (3)
(1)
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CHNG 1.
xy =0
(4)
(2x 3)2 + (2x 3) (2y 3) + (2y 3)2 + 1 = 0. (5)
x=2
(x 2)(8x2 20x + 11) = 0
5 3
x=
.
4
2
B
3B 2
2
2
+
0 nn (5) khng th xy ra.
Do A + AB + B = A +
2
4
5 3
Phng trnh c ba nghim x = 2, x =
.
4
Bi ton 7 ( ngh OLYMPIC 30/04/2006). Gii phng trnh
3
6x + 1 = 8x3 4x 1.
3
6x + 1 = 8y
8y 3 = 6x + 1.
(2)
Ly (1) tr (2) theo v ta c
8(x3 y 3) = 2(y x) (x y)[4(x2 + xy + y 2 ) + 1] = 0 y = x.
Thay y = x vo (2) ta c
5
7
Vy x = cos , x = cos , x = cos
l tt c cc nghim ca phng trnh (3) v
9
9
9
cng l tt c cc nghim ca phng trnh cho.
Lu . Ta cn c th gii cch khc nh sau : Phng trnh vit li
6x + 1 + 3 6x + 1 = (2x)3 + 2x.
(3)
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CHNG 1.
1.1.2
1
6x + 1 = 2x 8x3 6x = 1 4x3 3x = .
2
V d 6. T cng thc
cos 6 = 32 cos6 48 cos 4 + 18 cos 2 1,
ly cos = x ta c
Chn =
ta c
3
1
32x6 48x4 + 18x2 1 = .
2
Ta c bi ton sau
Bi ton 8 ( ngh OLYMPIC 30/04/2009). Gii phng trnh
64x6 96x4 + 36x2 3 = 0.
Gii. Ta c
2
cos 6 = 2 cos2 3 1 = 2 4 cos3 3 cos 1
= 32 cos 6 48 cos4 + 18 cos2 1.
(1)
(2)
k2
x = cos
+
, k = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.
3.6
6
V d 7. T cng thc
cos 5 = 16 cos 5 20 cos3 + 5 cos ,
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CHNG 1.
x
t cos = ta c
2 3
16x5
20x3
5x
x5
5x3
5x
+ = +
288 3 24 3 2 3
18 3 6 3 2 3
5
3
x 15x + 45x
=
.
18 3
cos 5 =
Chn 5 =
ta c
6
3
x5 15x3 + 45x
=
x5 15x3 + 45x 27 = 0.
2
18 3
Ta c bi ton sau
Bi ton 9. Gii phng trnh x5 15x3 + 45x 27 = 0.
(1)
Mt khc ta c
(2)
k2
t = cos
+
, k = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4.
6.5
5
Phng trnh cho c 5 nghim l
k2
x = 2 3 cos
+
, k = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4.
30
5
12
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CHNG 1.
15a3
45a
a4
3a2
a5
=
=
=
= 9 a = 2 3.
16
20
5
16
4
Vy ta c php t x = 2 3t.
V d 8. T cng thc
sin 5 = 16 sin5 20 sin3 + 5 sin ,
ly sin = 2x ta c
sin 5 = 512x5 160x3 + 10x.
, ta c
3
3
= 512x5 160x3 + 10x 1024x5 320x3 + 20x 3 = 0.
2
Ta c bi ton sau
Chn 5 =
3 = 0.
t
Gii. t x = , thay vo phng trnh cho ta c
2
(1)
(2)
k2
t = sin
+
, k = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4.
3.5
5
Phng trnh cho c 5 nghim l
1
k2
x = sin
+
, k = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4.
2
15
5
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1.1.3
CHNG 1.
a 5 =
+
+
=
+ + .
2
a
128 2 16 2 2 2
8 2 8 2 8 2
1
1
9
a5 5 = , ta c bi ton sau
Ly
2
a
4 2
Bi ton 11. Gii phng trnh
x5 + 10x3 + 20x 18 = 0.
Gii. Ta thy rng
1
x x2 + 8
x = 2 a
2a xa 2 = 0 a =
.
a
2 2
1
Do ta c quyn t x = 2 a
. Khi
a
10
5
1
5
5
3
x = 4 2 a 5a + 10a
+ 3 5
a
a
a
1
3
10x3 = 20 2 a3 3a + 3
a a
1
20x = 20 2 a
.
a
Thay vo phng trnh cho ta c
1
5
4 2 a 5 18 = 0 4 2(a5)2 18a5 4 2 = 0
a
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CHNG 1.
9
+
113
5
a = 42
9 113
4 2
5
a =
=
.
4 2
9 + 113
113
4 2
5 9 +
5
x = 2
.
4 2
9 + 113
1
c tm ra nh sau : Do cng
Lu . Trong li gii trn, php t x = 2 a
a
thc
1
1
5
a 5 = 2 4m3 + 3m 1 + 2m2 m = 16m5 + 20m3 + 5m,
2
a
1
1
trong m =
a
. nn ta t x = pm, vi p s tm sau. Thay x = pm vo
2
a
phng trnh cho ta c
p5 m5 + 10p3 m3 + 20pm 18 = 0.
Ta tm p tho mn iu kin
10
20
2 =
p
16 p2 = 8 p = 22.
20
5
=
p4
16
1
Vy ta c php t x = 2 a
.
a
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CHNG 1.
(1)
Gii. Ta c
(1)
x=1
16x5 20x3 + 5x + 7 = 0
x=1
16x5 20x3 + 5x = 7 (2)
(3)
V |x| > 1 nn 0 = x2 1 > 0, suy ra (3) lun c hai nghim phn bit a1 v a2 (gi
s a1 < a2). t f(a) = a2 2xa + 1.
Nu x > 1 th f(1) = 2 2x = 2(1 x) < 0 v f(0) = 1 > 0. M a1 a2 = 1 nn suy ra
0 < a1 < 1 < a2 .
Nu x < 1 th f(1) = 2 + 2x = 2(1 + x) < 0 v f(0) = 1 > 0. M a1 a2 = 1 nn suy
ra a1 < 1 < a2 < 0.
Vy (3) c nghim a duy nht tho
|a| >1. Tm li khi |x| > 1 th c duy nht s
1
1
thc a tho mn |a| > 1 v x =
a+
. Ta c
2
a
5
1
1
1
10
5
1
5
5
3
16x = 16
a+
=
a + 5a + 10a +
+ 3+ 5
(3)
2
a
2
a
a
a
3
1
1
5
3
1
3
3
20x = 20
a+
=
a + 3a + + 3
(4)
2
a
2
a a
5
1
5x =
a+
.
(5)
2
a
Suy ra
1
1
5
16x 20x + 5x =
a + 5 .
2
a
5
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(6)
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CHNG 1.
T (6) v (2) ta c
2
1
1
5
a + 5 = 7 a5 + 14a5 + 1 = 0
2
a
"
p
5
5
a = 7 48
a = p7 48
5
a5 = 7 + 48
a = 7 + 48.
1 p
5
5
7 48 + 7 + 48 . Do phng trnh
2
1
x = 1, x =
2
1.1.4
q
5
7 48 +
q
5
7 +
48 .
Ly t =
x2
x1
ta c
+x+1
2
x1
x1
7.
+ 13. 2
2 = 0.
2
x +x+1
x +x+1
17
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t t =
x2
CHNG 1.
x1
. Khi
+x+1
2 7t2 = 13t 7t2 + 13t 2 = 0
"
t = 2
1
t= .
7
Khi t = 2 ta c
x1
= 2 2x2 + 3x + 1 = 0
2
x +x+1
Khi t =
"
x = 1
1
x= .
2
x=2
x = 4.
1
ta c
7
x1
1
= x2 6x + 8 = 0
2
x +x+1
7
1
Phng trnh cho c bn nghim x = 1, x = , x = 2, x = 4.
2
Lu . Phng trnh ny c nhiu hn mt nghim, v cc nghim ca phng trnh
ny u l s nguyn v s hu t, do ta c th gii nhanh chng bng cch khai
trin a v phng trnh bc bn, sau nhm nghim, a v phng trnh tch.
V d 12. Xt mt phng trnh bc hai c nghim
Ly t =
2t2 7t + 3 = 0.
x2 + x + 1
ta c
x1
r
x2 + x + 1
x2 + x + 1
2
7
+ 3 = 0.
x1
x1
Quy ng b mu ta c
p
2(x2 + x + 1) + 3(x 1) = 7 (x 1)(x2 + x + 1).
Ta c bi ton sau
2x2 + 5x 1 = 7 x3 1.
p s. x = 4 6.
Gii. iu kin x 1.
p
(1) 3(x 1) + 2(x2 + x + 1) = 7 (x 1)(x2 + x + 1).
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(1)
(2)
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CHNG 1.
t0
t 3 + 2 3.
4
2
x = t 6t 3 0
1
2
Phng trnh (3) tr thnh 2t 7t + 3 = 0 t 3,
. Kt hp vi iu kin ca
2
t ta c t = 3. Vy
r
x2 + x + 1
= 3 9x 9 = x2 + x + 1 x2 8x + 10 = 0 x = 4 6.
x1
ng nht h s ta c
p=2
p=2
p+q =5
q = 3.
p q = 1
V d 13. Xt x = 2. Khi
(x2 + 2x + 2) = 10, x + 1 = 3,
3(x2 + 2x + 2) 8(x + 1) = 6,
(x + 1)(x2 + 2x + 2) = 30,
(x + 1)(x2 + 2x + 2) = x3 + 3x2 + 4x + 2.
Vy vi x = 2 th
3(x2 + 2x + 2) 8(x + 1) =
6
6 3
30. =
x + 3x2 + 4x + 2
30
30
Ta c bi ton sau
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CHNG 1.
6
6
3t2 8 = t 3t2 t 8 = 0 3 30t2 6t 8 30 = 0.
30
30
r
10
. Vy
Nhn xt rng t l nghim dng ca phng trnh (3), hay
3
"
r
r
x=2
x2 + 2x + 2
10
2
2
=
3x + 6x + 6 = 10x + 10
x= .
x+1
3
3
(1)
(2)
(3)
x 3x + 1 =
3 4
x + x2 + 1.
3
(1)
Gii. Tp xc nh R. V
x4 + x2 + 1 = (x2 + 1)2 x2 = (x2 + x + 1)(x2 x + 1)
nn
3p 2
(1) 2(x x + 1) (x + x + 1) =
(x + x + 1)(x2 x + 1)
3
2
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CHNG 1.
r
3 x2 x + 1
x2 x + 1
1=
.
2 2
x +x+1
3
x2 + x + 1
t t =
Vy
x2 x + 1
> 0. Khi
x2 + x + 1
t=
3
2t2 1 +
t = 0 2 3t2 + t 3 = 0
3
3
t = (loi)
2 3
r
x2 x + 1
1
=
2x2 4x + 2 = 0 x = 1.
2
x +x+1
3
x+2
1
x
=
3
13
= x2 6x 4 = 0
2
x = 3 + 13.
x 2x + 4
2
x2 + x 6 + 3 x 1 3x2 6x + 19 = 0.
x2 + x 6 0
Gii. iu kin
x1 0
x 2. Phng trnh tng ng
2
3x 6x + 19 0
x2 + x 6 + 3 x 1 = 3x2 6x + 19
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CHNG 1.
p
x2 + x 6 + 6 (x2 + x 6)(x 1) + 9x 9 = 3x2 6x + 19
p
3 (x 2)(x + 3)(x 1) = x2 8x + 17
p
3 (x2 + 2x 3)(x 2) = (x2 + 2x 3) 10(x 2)
(1)
r
x2 + 2x 3
x2 + 2x 3
3
=
10.
(2)
x2
x2
r
x2 + 2x 3
(Do x = 2 khng l nghim ca (2)). t t =
0. Thay vo (2) ta c
x2
t = 2 (loi)
2
2
3t = t 10 t 3t 10 = 0
t = 5.
Vy
r
x2 + 2x 3
23 341
2
= 5 x 23x + 47 = 0 x =
.
x2
2
23
341
1 x2
.
x
(1)
u u
u
2
2
+
u + v = (u + v) uv
+1=
.
(3)
v
v v
v
u
t t = , thay vo (3) ta c
v
t4 + 1 = t3 + t (t 1)(t3 1) = 0 t = 1.
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CHNG 1.
u
Vy = 1 u = v. Do
v
x = 1 + 2
x(1 + x) = 1 x x + 2x 1 = 0
x = 1 2 (loi)
5x2 + 14x + 9 x2 x 20 = 5 x + 1.
(1)
Gii. iu kin
5x2 + 14x + 9 0
(x + 1)(5x + 9) 0
x2 x 20 0
(x + 4)(x 5) 0 x 5.
x+10
x+10
Ta c
5x2 + 14x + 9 = x2 x 20 + 5 x + 1
p
2x2 5x + 2 = 5 (x + 4)(x 5)(x + 1)
p
2(x2 4x 5) + 3(x + 4) = 5 (x2 4x 5)(x + 4).
(1)
(2)
(3)
Khi t = 1, ta c
x2 4x 5
5 6
2
= 1 x 5x 9 = 0 x =
.
x+4
2
r
3
3
x2 4x 5
Khi t = , ta c
= , ngha l
2
x+4
2
"
x=8
7
4(x2 5x 5) = 9x + 36 4x2 35x 56 = 0
x= .
4
r
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CHNG 1.
5 + 61
.
x = 8, x =
2
1.1.5
(a + b + c) = a3 + b3 + c3 (a + b)(b + c)(c + a) = 0.
3
3
3
7x + 1, b = x2 x 8, c = x2 8x 1
th a3 + b3 + c3 = 8. Ta c bi ton sau
Bi ton 21 ( ngh OLYMPIC 30/04/1999). Gii phng trnh
3
3
3
7x + 1 x2 x 8 + x2 8x 1 = 2.
Gii. Tp xc nh R. t
3
3
a = 3 7x + 1, b = x2 x 8, c = x2 8x 1.
Khi
a3 + b3 + c3 = 8 (1)
a+b+c = 2
(2)
(3)
a = b
(a + b)(b + c)(c + a) = 0 b = c
c = a.
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CHNG 1.
Vy
3
3
2x8
7x
+
1
=
x
7x + 1 = x2 x 8
3
3
x2 x 8 = x2 8x 1 x2 x 8 = x2 8x 1
3
x2 8x 1 = 7x 1
x2 8x 1 = 3 7x + 1
2
x = 1
x 8x 9 = 0
x=9
7x = 7
x=1
x2 x = 0
x = 0.
3
3
a = 3x2 x + 2001, b = 3x2 7x + 2002, c = 3 6x 2003
3
3
3
3x2 x + 2001 3x2 7x + 2002 3 6x 2003 = 2002.
Hng dn. t
3
3
a = 3x2 x + 2001, b = 3x2 7x + 2002, c = 3 6x 2003.
Khi
(a + b + c)3 = a3 + b3 + c3 (a + b)(b + c)(c + a) = 0.
Vic gii phng trnh cho c quy v gii
3
2 x + 2001 = 3 3x2 7x + 2002
3x
3
6x 2003 = 3 3x2 x + 2001.
V d 16. Cho
a=
3
1945x + 1975, b = 3 60x + 15, c = 3 15 x
3
1945x + 1975 + 3 60x + 15 + 3 15 x 3 2004x + 2005 = 0.
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CHNG 1.
Gii. Tp xc nh R. t
3
3
a + b + c a 3 + b 3 + c3 = 0 a + b + c = a 3 + b 3 + c3
(a + b + c)3 = a3 + b3 + c3
(1)
(2)
a = b
(a + b)(b + c)(c + a) = 0 b = c
c = a.
Vy
1990
2005
1945x + 1975 = 60x 15
30
60x + 15 = x 15
x=
59
15 x = (1945x + 1975)
1990
x=
.
1944
1990
30
1990
Vy PT c ba nghim x =
,x= ,x=
.
2005
59
1944
V d 17. Cho a = 3 3x + 1, b = 3 5 x, c = 3 2x 9 th a3 + b3 + c3 = 4x 3. Ta
c bi ton sau
x=
3
3x + 1 + 3 5 x + 3 2x 9 3 4x 3 = 0.
V d 18. T hng ng thc
ly a = 3 x + 1, b = 3 x + 2. Khi
a3 + b3 ab(a + b)
3
=x + 1 x 2 + x2 + 3x + 2 3 x + 1 3 x + 2
3
= 1 + x2 + 3x + 2 3 x + 1 3 x + 2 .
26
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CHNG 1.
3
x2 + 3x + 2 3 x + 1 3 x + 2 = 1.
3
3
3
2
(x + 1) + (x 2) + x + 3x + 2
x + 1 x + 2 = 0.
t a = 3 x + 1, b = 3 x + 2. Thay vo (*) ta c
a=b
3
3
2
a + b ab(a + b) = 0 (a + b)(a b) = 0
a = b.
(*)
Vy
3
3
3
x
+
1
=
x
+
2
x + 1 = x 2
x= .
3
3
0x
=
1
(v)
x+1= x+2
2
3
3
Thay x = vo PT cho thy tho mn. Vy x = l nghim duy nht ca
2
2
PT.
1.1.6
Xt h phng trnh
T (2) suy ra
(x + )2 = ay + b (1)
(y + )2 = ax + b (2)
ax + b
y + =
ax + b
y =
y + = ax + b
ax + b
y=
.
Thay vo (1) ta c
a ax + b a
+ b ()
(x + ) =
a ax + b a
2
(x + ) =
+ b.
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CHNG 1.
(3x + 2)2 = 3x + 8 + 6.
Ta c bi ton sau
Bi ton 26 (HSG tp H Ch Minh nm hc 2004-2005). Gii phng trnh
9x2 + 12x 2 = 3x + 8.
8
Gii. iu kin x . Phng trnh vit li
3
(3x + 2)2 6 = 3x + 8.
(1)
8
8
v y . Ly (2) tr (3) ta c
3
3
3x + 3y + 5 = 0
3y = (3x + 5).
Vi y = x, thay vo (2) ta c
1
(nhn)
x=
3
(3x + 2)2 = 3x + 8 9x2 + 9x 4 = 0
4
x=
(loi).
3
5 + 21
(loi)
x=
6
(3x + 2)2 = 3x + 3 9x2 + 15x + 1 = 0
5 21
x=
(nhn).
6
1
5 21
Cc nghim ca phng trnh cho l x = v x =
.
3
6
Lu . C mt phng php tm ra cch t 3y + 2 = 3x + 8 nh sau : Ta s
9x2 + 12x 2 = my + n.
9x2 + 12x 2 = 3x + 8
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CHNG 1.
9
12
m
n
m=3
n = 2.
1
3
V d 20. Cho = 1, = 1, a = , b = thay vo () ta c
2
2
r
x 3
r
+
1 3
x 3
2 2
2
2
(x + 1) =
+ 2 (x + 1) =
+ + 2.
2
2 2
2 2
Ta c bi ton sau
Bi ton 27. Gii phng trnh
2x + 4x =
x+3
.
2
(x + )3 = ay + b
(y + )3 = ax + b.
T phng trnh di ta c
y + =
ax + b y =
ax + b
.
a 3 ax + b a
(x + ) =
+ b.
V d 22. Chn = 1, = 1, a = 3, b = 5, ta c
(x + 1)3 = 3 3 3x + 5 + 2.
Ta c bi ton sau
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CHNG 1.
x3 + 3x2 3 3 3x + 5 = 1 3x.
Gii. Tp xc nh R. Phng trnh cho tng ng
(x + 1)3 = 3 3 3x + 5 + 2.
t y + 1 = 3 3x + 5. Ta c h
(x + 1)3 = 3y + 5 (1)
(y + 1)3 = 3x + 5 (2)
(1)
Thay vo (1) ta c
(x + 1) = 3x + 5 x + 3x 4 = 0
x=1
x = 2.
8x3 + 2001
2002
3
= 4004x 2001.
Ta c bi ton sau
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CHNG 1.
3
x3 4x2 5x + 6 = 7x2 + 9x 4.
Gii. Tp xc nh R. t y = 3 7x2 + 9x 4. Ta c h
3
x 4x2 5x + 6 = y (1)
7x2 + 9x 4 = y 3
(2)
Cng (1) v (2) theo v ta c
x3 + 3x2 + 4x + 2 = y 3 + y (x + 1)3 + (x + 1) = y 3 + y.
(3)
Bi vy
x3 4x2 6x + 5 = 0 (x 5)(x2 + x 1)
x=5
1 5
.
x=
2
ta c
3
x3 + 9x2 19x + 11 + 2 x3 + 9x2 19x + 11 = (x 1)3 + 2(x 1).
Khai trin v rt gn ta c bi ton sau
Bi ton 32 ( ngh OLYMPIC 30/04/2009). Gii phng trnh
3
x3 6x2 + 12x 7 = x3 + 9x2 19x + 11.
y = x3 6x2 + 12x 7
2y = 2x3 12x2 + 24x 14
Cng hai phng trnh vi nhau ta c
y 3 + 2y = x3 3x2 + 5x 3 y 3 + 2y = (x 1)3 + 2(x 1).
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31
(*)
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CHNG 1.
Xt hm s f(t) = t3 + 2t. Vi mi t1 6= t2 , ta c
2
f(t1 ) f(t2 )
t2
3t2
2
2
= t1 + t1 t2 + t2 + 2 = t1 +
+ 2 + 2 > 0.
t1 t2
2
2
Vy hm s f(t) ng bin trn R. Do
() f(y) = f(x 1) y = x 1
3
x3 + 9x2 19x + 11 = x 1
f(x + 1) = f
3x 1
ta c
Ta c bi ton sau
1
Gii. iu kin x . t y = 3x 1, y 0. Ta c h
3
3
2x + 7x2 + 5x + 4 = 2y 3
3x 1 = y 2.
Cng theo v hai phng trnh trn ta c
2x3 + 7x2 + 8x + 3 = 2y 3 + y 2 2(x + 1)3 + (x + 1)2 = 2y 3 + y 2 .
(*)
() f(x + 1) = f(y) x + 1 = y x + 1 = 3x 1
x
1
x+10
x=0
x=0
2
3x + 1 = x + 2x + 1
x = 1.
x=1
Kt hp vi iu kin ta c x = 1 l nghim duy nht ca PT cho.
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CHNG 1.
8x3 + 2x = 6x + 1 + 3 6x + 1 3 6x + 1 = 8x3 4x 1.
Ta c bi ton sau
3
6x + 1 = 8x3 4x 1.
V d 28. Xt hm s f(t) = t 1 + t2 + 2 . Ta c
Bi ton 34. Gii phng trnh
t2
t2 + 2 +
> 0, t R.
t2 + 2
Vy hm s f(t) = t 1 + t2 + 2 ng bin trn R. Cho f(2x + 3) = f(3x) ta c
Ta c bi ton
2
2
(2x + 3) 4x + 12x + 11 + 3x 1 + 9x + 2 = 5x 3.
1
Cho f
ta c
x+2 =f 2+
x
2
1
1
1
log2 x + 2 2 x + 2 + x + 2 = log2 2 +
2 2+
+ 2+
x
x
x
2
1
2x + 1
1
log2(x + 2) + x + 3 = log2
+ 1+
+ 2 x + 2.
2
x
x
Ta c bi ton sau
Bi ton 36 (HSG i hc Vinh nm hc 2009-2010). Gii phng trnh
2
1
2x + 1
1
log2 (x + 2) + x + 3 = log2
+ 1+
+ 2 x + 2.
2
x
x
Gii. iu kin
x (2;
+)
1
1
x 2;
(0; +) .
(0; +)
x ;
2
2
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CHNG 1.
1
1
1
log2 x + 2 2 x + 2 + x + 2 = log2 2 +
2 2+
+ 2+
.
x
x
x
(1)
1
1
(1) f
x+2= 2+ .
(2)
x+2 = f 2+
x
x
1
Vi iu kin x 2;
(0; +), bnh phng hai v phng trnh (2) ta c
2
x = 1
4
1
3
2
x + 2 = 4 + + 2 x 2x 4x 1 = 0
3 13
x x
.
x=
2
3 + 13
Kt hp vi k, ta thy PT cho c hai nghim x = 1 v x =
.
2
x
5
V d 30. Xt hm s ng bin trn khong R l f(t) = t + t. Cho f
= f(y)
y
ta c
5
x
x
+ = y 5 + y x5 + xy 4 = y 10 + y 6.
y
y
Mt khc do f(t) ng bin trn R nn
x
x
f
= f(y) = y x = y 2 .
y
y
Ly x = 1, khi
4x + 5 +
x + 8 = 6.
Vy ta c bi ton sau
Bi ton 37 (HSG Bnh nh nm hc 2009-2010). Gii h phng trnh
5
x + xy 4 = p
y 10 + y 6
(1)
2
4x + 5 + y + 8 = 6. (2)
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CHNG 1.
5
Gii. iu kin 4x + 5 0 x .
4
Xt y = 0. T (1) suy ra x = 0 v phng trnh (2) khng c tho mn.
Xt y 6= 0. Chia c hai v ca (1) cho y 5 ta c
5
x
x
+ = y 5 + y.
y
y
(3)
Xt hm s f(t) = t5 + t, t R. Ta c
f 0 (t) = 5t4 + 1 > 0, t R.
Vy hm f(t) ng bin trn R. Do
x
x
(3) f
= f(y) = y x = y 2 .
y
y
Thay vo (2) ta c
x + 8 = 6.
(4)
5
Xt hm s g(x) = 4x + 5 + x + 8, x . V
4
1
5
2
+
> 0, x
g 0 (x) =
4
4x + 5 2 x + 8
5
nn hm s g(x) ng bin trn ; + . Hn na g(1) = 6. Vy x = 1 l nghim
4
duy nht ca (4). Suy ra y 2 = 1 y = 1. Vy h c hai nghim l
4x + 5 +
4x3 3x = 1 x2.
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CHNG 1.
2x x2.
t
V d 32. T phng trnh cos 3t = cos , vi t [0; ], ta thy phng trnh ny
2
tng ng vi
p
8 cos3 t 6 cos t = 2(1 + cos t).
t x = 2 cos t ta c bi ton sau
x3 3x = x + 2.
Gii. iu kin x 2. Nu x > 2 th
x3 3x = x + x(x2 4) > x >
(1)
2x = x + x > x + 2.
t
k4
t=
3t = + k2
t
2
5
cos 3t = cos
t
k4 (k Z) .
2
3t = + k2
t=
2
7
Do t [0; ] nn ch ly cc nghim t = 0, t =
nghim
x = 2, x = 2 cos
4
4
,t=
. Phng trnh cho c ba
5
7
4
4
, x = 2 cos .
5
7
V d 33. T phng trnh sin 3t = cos t,vi t [0; ], ta thy phng trnh ny tng
ng vi
3 sin t 4 sin3 t = cos x sin t 3 4 sin2 t = cos t
1 cos2 t 4 cos2 t 1 = cos t
cos t
1 cos2 t =
.
4 cos2 t 1
Ly x = cos t ta c bi ton sau
Bi ton 41. Gii phng trnh
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1 x2 =
36
x
.
1
4x2
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CHNG 1.
1
1
v x 6= , ta t
2
2
2
.
x = cos t, t [0; ] , x 6= , x 6=
3
3
cos t
2 t 4 cos2 t 1 = cos t
1 cos2 t =
cos
4 cos2 t 1
2
sin t 4 4 sin t 1 = cos t sin t 3 4 sin2 t = cos t
3 sin t 4 sin3 t = cos x sin 3t = cos t sin 3t = sin
t
2
k
3t = t + k2
t= +
2
2 (k Z).
8
t + k2
3t =
t = + k
2
4
Trn on [0; ], ta nhn c cc nghim t1 =
phng trnh cho l
, t2 =
, t3 = . Nghim ca
8
8
4
cos t
1 cos2 t =
.
4
16 cos t 12 cos2 t + 1
1 x2 =
16x4
x
.
12x2 + 1
37
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CHNG 1.
cos t
1 cos2 t =
2
16 cos4 t 12 cos
t+1
4
2
sin t 16 cos t 12 cos t + 1 = cos t
h
i
2
2
2
sin t 16 1 sin t 12 1 sin t + 1 = cos t
sin t 16 sin4 t 20 sin2 t + 5 = cos t
k
t = 12 + 3
t
sin 5t = sin
k (k Z).
2
t= +
8
2
V d 35. T phng trnh sin 5t = cos 3t,vi t [0; ], ta thy phng trnh ny
tng ng vi
16 sin5 t 20 sin3 t + 5 sin t = cos 3t
sin t 16 sin4 t 20 sin2 t + 5 = 4 cos3 t 3 cos t
h
i
2
2
2
sin t 16 1 sin t 12 1 sin t + 1 = 4 cos3 t 3 cos t
sin t 16 cos4 t 12 cos2 t + 1 = 4 cos3 t 3 cos t
1 cos2 t = 16 cos4 t 12 cos2 t + 1 = 4 cos3 t 3 cos t.
1 cos2 t 16 cos4 t 12 cos2 t + 1 = 4 cos3 t 3 cos t
sin t 16 cos 4 t 12 cos 2 t + 1 = 4 cos3 t 3 cos t
h
i
2
sin t 16 1 sin2 t 12 1 sin2 t + 1 = cos 3t
sin t 16 sin4 t 20 sin2 t + 5 = cos 3t
16 sin5 t 20 sin3 t + 5 sin t = cos 3t sin 5t = cos 3t
k
t=
+
16
4 (k Z).
sin 5t = sin
3t
2
t = + k
4
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CHNG 1.
= sin t +
, vi t [0; ], ta thy phng
V d 36. T phng trnh sin 3t
4
4
trnh ny tng ng vi
2 cos t + 1 cos2 t 4 cos2 t 1 = 4 cos3 t + 1 cos2 t.
2x + (4x2 1) 1 x2 = 4x3 + 1 x2 .
Hng dn. T iu kin |x| 1, ta t x = cos t, t [0; ]. Thay vo phng trnh
cho ta c
2 cos t + 4 cos2 t 1 1 cos2 t = 4 cos3 t + 1 cos2 t
2 cos t + 4 cos2 t 1 sin t = 4 cos3 t + sin t
sin t 4 cos2 t 2 = 4 cos3 t 2 cos t
sin t 2 cos2 t 1 = cos t 2 cos2 t 1
cos 2t = 0
2
2 cos t 1 (sin t cos t) = 0
sin t = cos t
"
k
t= +
k
2t = + k
2 t= +
2
4
4
2
tan t = 1
t = + k
4
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1.1.9
CHNG 1.
+ 2k
+ 2k
n
zk = r cos
+ i sin
, k = 0, 1, 2, . . . , n 1.
n
n
Cc cn bc hai ca s phc z = r (cos + i sin ) , r > 0 l
z0 = r cos + i sin
, z1 = r cos + i sin
.
2
2
2
2
z0 = 3 r cos + i sin
,
3
3
+ 2
+ 2
3
z1 = r cos
+ i sin
,
3
3
+ 4
+ 4
3
+ i sin
.
z2 = r cos
3
3
x 3xy + (3x y y )i = 1 + i
x3 3xy 2 = 1
3x2 y y 3 = 1.
1 + i = 2 cos + i sin
.
4
4
Vy cc cn bc ba ca 1 + i l
q
3
6
z0 =
2 cos
+ i sin
= 2 cos
+ i sin
,
12
12
12
12
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+ 2
3
3
6
z1 =
2 cos
= 2 cos
+ i sin
,
3
4
4
q
+ 4
17
17
3
6
4
4
2 cos
z2 =
= 2 cos
+ i sin
.
3
12
12
3
x 3xy 2 = 1
T y, ngc li ta tm c nghim ca h
l
3x2 y y 3 = 1
x = 6 2 cos
x = 6 2 cos 3
x = 6 2 cos 17
12 ;
4
12
3 ;
17
6
6
y = 6 2 sin
y = 2 sin
y = 2 sin
.
12
4
12
!
1
3
=5
+
i . Gi s x + yi l s
V d 37. Xt s phc z = 5 cos + i sin
3
3
2
2
q
3
CHNG 1.
+ 2
+ i sin
3
+ 4
+ i sin
3
1
3
3
5
5
(x + yi)3 = 5
+
i x3 + 3x2yi + 3xy 2i2 + y 3 i3 = +
i
2
2
2
2
3
2x 6xy 2 = 5
3
2
2
3
2x 6xy + (6x y 2y )i = 5 + 5 3i
6x2y 2y 3 = 5 3.
Ta c bi ton sau
Bi ton 45. Gii h phng trnh
Gii.
Nhn hai v ca (2) vi i ri cng vi (1) ta c
5 5 3
3
2
2
3
x 3xy + (3x y y )i = +
i
2
2
5 5 3
x3 + 3x2 yi + 3xy 2 i2 + y 3i3 = +
i
2
2
!
1
3
3
(x + yi) = 5
+
i .
2
2
Vy x + yi l mt cn bc ba ca s phc
!
1
3
z=5
+
i = 5 cos + i sin
.
2
2
3
3
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M z c cc cn bc ba l
3
z0 = 5 cos + i sin
,
9
9
+ 2
3
z1 = 5 cos 3
+ i sin
3
+ 4
3
+ i sin
z2 = 5 cos 3
3
CHNG 1.
+ 2
7
7
3
= 5 cos
+ i sin
,
3
9
9
+ 4
13
13
3
= 5 cos
+ i sin
.
3
9
9
3
3
x = 5 cos
x = 5 cos
x = 3 5 cos 13
9 ;
9
9
7 ;
13
y = 3 5 sin
y = 3 5 sin
y = 3 5 sin
.
9
9
9
2. Sng tc cc h phng trnh t hai s phc cho trc.
V d 38. Xt hai s phc z1 v z2 nh sau
z1 + z2 =7
z1 =
7 5i
z1z2 = 7 5i + 5
z2 = 5i
Vy z1 v z2 l nghim ca phng trnh
5 + 7 5i
=0
z 7z + 5 + 7 5i = 0 z 7 +
z
5 7 5i
5z 7 5iz
=7z+
+
=7
z+ +
z
z
zz
zz
2
5x + 7 5y 7 5x 5y
x + yi +
+
i=7
x2 + y 2
x2 + y 2
!
5x + 7 5y
7 5x 5y
x +
7+ y+
i=0
x2 + y 2
x2 + y 2
5x + 7 5y
x+
7=0
2 + y2
x
7 5x 5y
y+
= 0.
x2 + y 2
Ta c bi ton sau
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42
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CHNG 1.
5x
+
7
5y
x+
=7
2
2
x +y
7 5x 5y
y+
= 0.
x2 + y 2
Hng dn. T cch xy dng h phng trnh ta thy ngay h c hai nghim l
x=7
x=
0
v
y= 5
y = 5.
3x y
x+ 2
=3
2
x
+
y
Bi ton 47. Gii h phng trnh
x + 3y
y
= 0.
x2 + y 2
Gii. iu kin x2 + y 2 6= 0. Xt s phc z = x + iy. Khi
iz = ix y, x2 + y 2 = |z|2 = z.z
3x y
x+ 2
=3
(1)
x + y2
x + 3y
yi
i = 0. (2)
x2 + y 2
3x y
x + 3y
3(x + yi)
y xi
+ 2
i = 3 x yi + 2
2
= 3.
2
2
2
2
x +y
x +y
x +y
x + y2
Hay
z
1
iz
i
2
+
= 3 z + 3 + = 3 (z) 3z + 3 + i = 0.
z.z z.z
z z
Ta c = 9 4(3 + i) = 3 4i. Xt s phc a + bi tho mn iu kin
( 2
2
a b2 = 3
2
a
b
=
3
2
2
3 4i = (a + bi)
2ab = 4
b= .
a
z+3
Khi
4
= 3 a4 + 3a2 4 = 0 a2 = 1 a = 1.
2
a
Vy (a; b) = (1; 2) ; (a; b) = (1; 2) . Do = 3 4i c hai cn bc hai l
(1 2i). Suy ra
3 + (1 2i)
= 2i
z=
2
3 (1 2i)
z=
= 1 + i.
2
a2
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CHNG 1.
Ngha l
x yi = 2 i
(x; y) = (2; 1)
x yi = 1 + i
(x; y) = (1; 1).
x=2
x=1
Vy h PT cho c hai nghim l
v
y=1
y = 1.
z1 = 2 i
z1 + z2 = 3 2 + i
z1z2 = 6.
z2 = 2 2 + 2i
Khi z1 v z2 l hai nghim ca phng trnh
6
6z
2
= 3 2 + i.
z 3 2+i z+6 =0 z+ =3 2+iz+
z
z.z
6(u vi)
u + vi + 2
= 3 2+i
2
u +v
6u
6v
+
v
=
3
2+i
u + 2
u + v2
u2 + v 2
6u
=
3
2
u+
u 1+ 2
=
3
2
u + v2
u2 + v 2
6v
6
=1
= 1.
v 1 2
2
2
u +v
u + v2
Ly u = x, v = y, ta c
6
x
1+
= 2
3
x + y
6
= 1.
y 1
x+y
Ta c bi ton sau
x
6
1+
= 2
3
x + y
Bi ton 48. Gii h phng trnh
6
= 1.
y 1
x+y
Bi ton 49 (HSG quc gia-1996). Gii h phng trnh
=2
3x 1 +
x + y
= 4 2.
7y 1
x+y
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CHNG 1.
=
u 1+ 2
u + v2
3
4
2
1
v 1 2
=
2
u +v
7
u
2
u
2
(1)
=
=
u+ 2
u+ 2
2
2
u +v
u +v
3
3
4 2
4 2i
v
iv
=
=
(2)
v 2
iv 2
2
2
u +v
u +v
7
7
Cng (1) v (2) theo v ta c
u iv
2
4 2i
u + iv + 2
= + .
u + v2
3
7
u iv
z
z
1
= 2 =
= nn (3) vit li
2
2
u +v
z.z
z
|z|
1
2
4 2i
z + = + z2 2
z
3
7
Ta c
0 =
(3)
!
1
2 2i
+
z + 1 = 0.
3
7
(4)
!2
1
2 2i
1 8 4 2i
38 4 2i
+
1= + 1= + .
3 7
21
3
7
21
21
Khi
38
a 2 b2 =
38 4 2i
21
+
= (a + bi)2
4 2
21
21
2ab =
21
8
38
19 + 23
4
=
21a4 + 38a2 8 = 0 a2 =
= .
a2
2
21a
21
21
21
2
2
Vy (a; b) = ; 2 ; (a; b) = ; 2 . Do
21
21
!
1
2
2 2
z = u + iv =
+ 2 i.
3
21
7
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CHNG 1.
1
2
u= +
21
3
V u > 0 v v > 0 nn
Do
2
2
v = + 2.
7
2
1
2
11
4
=
+
x = 3 + 21
21 3 7
!2
2 2
8
22
+ .
y= + 2 =
7
7
7
H phng trnh cho c nghim duy nht l
11
4
+
x=
21 3 7
22
8
y=
+ .
7
7
12
1
x=2
y + 3x
12
y = 6.
1+
y + 3x
12
u
12u
=2
1 2
u
=
2
3 (1)
2
u +v 3
u2 + v 2
12v
12
v+
= 6.
(2)
v=6
1+ 2
2
2
u + v2
u +v
Nhn PT (2) vi i, sau cng vi PT (1) ta c
u + vi
12(u vi)
=
2
3 + 6i.
u2 + v 2
(3)
12z
12
z
= 2 3 + 6i z
= 2( 3 + 3i)
z.z
z
2
z 2( 3 + 3i)z 12 = 0.
(4)
Ta c
0 = ( 3 + 3i)2 + 12 = 6 + 6 3i + 12 = 6 + 6 3i
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= 12
CHNG 1.
!
1
3
+
i = 12 cos + i sin
.
2
2
3
3
Vy 0 c hai cn bc hai l
12 cos + i sin
= 12
6
6
T (4) ta c
!
3 1
+ i = 3 + 3i .
2
2
z = 3 + 3i + 3 + 3i = 3 + 3 + 3 + 3 i
z = 3 + 3i 3 3i = 3 3 + 3 3 i.
Do u 0 v v 0 nn
2
3+3
u = 3 + 3
x = 4 + 2 3
x
=
3 2
v = 3+3
y = 3 4+2 3 .
y=
3+3
x = 4 + 2 3
H cho c nghim duy nht
y =3 4+2 3 .
1.1.10
(1)
47
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1
= 0.
4
CHNG 1.
9
4
(3)
cos(x y)
1
x+y =
+ l2
cos(x
+
y)
=
2
2
3
cos(x y) = 1
x y = + k2
2
(5)
cos(x y)
1
x + y = + l2.
cos(x + y) =
=
2
2
3
Ta c
(4)
(
(5)
x = + k + l
3
y = + l k
x
=
+ k + l
y = + l k.
3
x = + k + l
12
5
y=
+ l k
12
x=
+ k + l
12
y=
+ l k.
12
x y = k2
2
x+y =
+ l2
3
x y = k2
2
x+y =
+ l2
3
x y = + k2
2
x + y = + l2
3
x y = + k2
2
x + y = + l2
3
2
sin(x y) = 0
(
1
cos(x + y) + cos(x y) = 0
2
cos(x y) = 1
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CHNG 1.
cos(x y) = 1
1
cos(x + y) =
( cos(x y) = 1
1
cos(x + y) = .
2
(
Theo trn ta suy ra mt hng sng tc mt lot cc phng trnh lng gic hai
n kh th v l : T mt bt ng thc c bn trong tam gic, trong bt ng thc
cha cc gc A, B, C ca mt tam gic, ta ln lt ly
A = f(x, y), B = g(x, y), C = [f(x, y) + g(x, y)],
v thay du bt ng thc bi du ng thc, ta s c mt phng trnh lng gic
hai n x v y tng ng. Cn vic gii phng trnh th thng c tin hnh tng
t nh hai cch gii trnh by trn. Ch rng cch lm nh trn khng phi lc
no cng thnh cng, c th ta xy dng c nhng phng trnh lng gic hai n
nhng ta li khng gii c nhng phng trnh m ta va xy dng nn. Tuy nhin
y l mt phng php sng tc bi ton rt ng quan tm, n cho ta nhiu phng
trnh th v c bi ln li gii.
V d 40. Xt bt ng thc
3
cos A + cos B + cos C , ABC,
2
y
1
2 cos2
2 cos
cos
+ =0
2
2
2
2
x
+
y
x
+
y
x
y
1
cos2
cos
cos
+ =0
2
2
2
4
2
x+y 1
xy
1
xy
cos
cos
+ sin2
=0
2
2
2
4
2
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CHNG 1.
cos x + y = 1 cos x y
cos x + y = 1 cos x y
2
2
2
2
2
2
sin x y = 0
cos x y = 1
2
2
x
y
cos
=1
2
x+y
1
cos 2 = 2
cos x y = 1
cos x + y = 1 .
2
2
3
cos A + cos B + cos C , ABC,
2
2y
1
cos2
cos
cos
+ =0
2
2
2
4
2
x+y 1
x 2y
1
x 2y
cos
cos
+ sin2
=0
2
2
2
4
2
cos x + y = 1 cos x 2y
cos x + y = 1 cos x 2y
2
2
2
2
2
2
x 2y
x 2y
sin
cos
=0
= 1
2
2
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cos x 2y = 1
2
x+y
1
cos
=
2
2
V d 42. Xt bt ng thc
CHNG 1.
cos x 2y = 1
2
hoc
x+y
1
cos
= .
2
2
B
C
3
A
+ sin + sin , ABC,
2
2
2
2
y
1
2 sin2
2 sin
cos
+ =0
2
2
2
2
x
+
y
x
+
y
x
y
1
sin2
sin
cos
+ =0
2
2
2
4
2
xy
1
xy
x+y 1
sin
cos
+ sin2
=0
2
2
2
4
2
sin x + y = 1 cos x y
sin x + y = 1 cos x y
2
2
2
2
2
2
sin x y = 0
cos x y = 1
2
2
y
x
y
cos
cos
=1
= 1
2
2
hoc
sin x + y = 1
sin x + y = 1 .
2
2
2
2
2 sin
V d 43. Xt bt ng thc
A
B
C
9
+ cos2 + cos2 , ABC,
2
2
2
4
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CHNG 1.
9
cos 2x + cos 2y
+ sin2 (x + y) =
2
4
9
4
1
cos2 (x + y) cos(x y) cos(x + y) + = 0
4
2
1
1
cos(x + y) cos(x y) + sin2 (x y) = 0
2
4
(
1
cos(x + y) cos(x y) = 0
2
sin(x y) = 0
(
cos(x y) = 1
(
1
1
cos(x
+
y)
=
cos(x + y) = cos(x y) = 0
2
2
( cos(x y) = 1
cos(x y) = 1
1
cos(x + y) = .
2
V d 44. Quan st cc bin i trn ta thy c th xy dng nn mt s phng trnh
c li gii tng t. Chng hn bi ton sau
Bi ton 56. Gii phng trnh
cos2 x + cos2 y + cos2(x y) =
3
4
cos 2x + cos 2y
3
+ cos2 (x y) =
2
4
3
4
1
cos2(x + y) + cos(x y) cos(x + y) + = 0
4
2
1
1
cos(x + y) + cos(x y) + sin2 (x y) = 0
2
4
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(
(
1
cos(x y) = 0
2
sin(x y) = 0
CHNG 1.
cos(x + y) +
cos(x y) = 1
1
cos(x + y) =
cos(x + y) = cos(x y)
2
2
( cos(x y) = 1
cos(x y) = 1
1
cos(x + y) = .
2
V d 45. Xt bt ng thc
B
C
1
A
sin sin , ABC,
2
2
2
8
sin(x y) = 0
cos(x y) = 1
(
(
cos(x y) = 1
cos(x y) = 1
1 hoc
1
cos(x + y) =
cos(x + y) = .
2
2
V d 46. Cng xt bt ng thc
A
B
C
1
sin sin , ABC,
2
2
2
8
53
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Bi ton 58.
sin
CHNG 1.
y 2x
3y
1
sin
cos(x + y) = .
2
2
8
sin(2y x) = 0
cos(2y x) = 1
(
(
cos(2y x) = 1
cos(2y x) = 1
1 hoc
1
cos(x + y) =
cos(x + y) = .
2
2
V d 47. Xt bt ng thc
1
cos A cos B cos C , ABC,
8
sin(x y) = 0
cos(x y) = 1
(
(
cos(x y) = 1
cos(x y) = 1
1
1
hoc
cos(x + y) =
cos(x + y) = .
2
2
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CHNG 1.
V d 48. Xt bt ng thc
3
cos A + cos B + cos C , ABC,
2
3
cos x + cos y cos(x + y) = .
2
(1)
Ly
A = 2x y, B = 2y x, C = [(2x y) + (2y x)] = (x + y)
ta c phng trnh
3
cos(2x y) + cos(2y x) cos(x + y) = .
2
(2)
(1)
V 1 cos2 (x y) cos2
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CHNG 1.
x+y
xy
2 cos
cos(x y) cos
=0
2
2
1 + cos(x y)
1 cos2 (x y)
=0
2
(
x+y
xy
2 cos
cos(x y) cos
=0
2
2
cos2 (x y) + cos3(x y) = 2
(
cos(x y) = 1
xy
x+y
2 cos
= cos
2
2
(2)
xy
xy
1 = 1 cos2
= 1 nn
2
2
(
(
(
cos(x y) = 1
cos(x y) = 1
cos(x y) = 1
x+y
1
x+y
1
x+y
(2)
2 cos
= 1
=
cos2
=
cos
2
2
2
2
4
(
(
cos(x y) = 1
cos(x y) = 1
1
1
1 + cos(x + y) =
cos(x + y) = .
2
2
V cos(x y) = 1 2 cos2
1.1.11
(x)
f 1 (x) = x
x Df Df 1
(2)
56
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CHNG 1.
2
V d 49. Xt
r hm s y = f(x) = 2x + 4x 1 trn (1; +). Hm s ngc ca
x+3
f(x) l y =
1 xc nh trn (3; +). Khi
2
r
r
x
+
3
x+3
2x2 + 4x 1 =
1 2x2 + 4x =
.
2
2
Ta c bi ton sau
Bi ton 61 ( ngh OLYMPIC 30/04/2007). Gii phng trnh
r
x+3
, vi x 1.
2x2 + 4x =
2
Gii. iu kin x 1 (gi thit).
Cch 1. Xt hm s
r
x+3
y=
1, x [1; +) .
2
Khi
y+1=
x+3
y 1
x+3
y + 2y + 1 =
2
2
y 1
x = 2y 2 + 4y 1.
r
x+3
1 trn
2
[1; +). Mt khc hm s y = 2x2 + 4x 1 ng bin trn [1; +) nn
3 + 17
r
x+3
x=
4
2x2 + 4x 1 =
1 2x2 + 4x 1 = x
3 17
2
x=
.
4
3 + 17
Kt hp vi iu kin suy ra x =
l nghim duy nht ca PT cho.
4
r
x+3
Cch 2. t y + 1 =
, iu kin y 1. Ta c h
2
(
2
x+3
2y + 4y = x + 1 (1)
(y + 1)2 =
2
2x2 + 4x = y + 1. (2)
2x2 + 4x = y + 1
57
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yx = 0
2(y + x) + 3 = 0
"
CHNG 1.
y=x
3 2x
y=
.
2
3 + 17
x=
4
2x2 + 4x = x + 1 2x2 + 3x 1 = 0
3 17
x=
(loi).
4
3 + 2x
Khi y =
, thay vo (2) ta c
2
5 21
(loi)
x=
4
4x2 + 10x + 1 = 0
5 + 21
x=
.
4
5 + 21
ta c
Vi x =
4
3 + 2x
1 + 21
=
< 1 (khng tho mn y 1)
y=
2
4
3 + 17
Kt hp vi iu kin suy ra x =
l nghim duy nht ca PT cho.
4
r
r
x+3
x+3
c tm nh sau : Ta t ay + b =
(vi a
Lu . Cch t y + 1 =
2
2
v b s tm sau). Khi c h
(
x+3
2ay 2 + 4aby = x + 3 2b2
ay 2 + 2aby + b2 =
2
2x2 + 4x = ay + b
2x2 + 4x = ay + b
b = 1.
2
4
a
b
r
x+3
Do ta t y + 1 =
.
2
3
2
V d 50. Xt hm s y = f(x) = x 3x trn
; + . Hm s ngc ca f(x) l
2
3 + 9 + 4x
9
y=
xc nh trn ; + . Khi
2
4
3 + 9 + 4x
= x2 3x 9 + 4x = 2x2 6x 3.
2
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CHNG 1.
Ta c bi ton sau
Bi ton 62. Gii phng trnh
9 + 4x = 2x2 6x 3.
9
3
Gii. iu kin x . t 2y 3 = 9 + 4x, iu kin y . Ta thu c h
4
2
(2y 3)2 = 9 + 4x
4y 2 12y = 4x
2y 2 6y = 2x (1)
2
2
2y 3 = 2x 6x 3
2x 6x = 2y
2x2 6x = 2y (2)
Ly (1) tr (2) theo v ta c
2(y 2 x2 ) 6y + 6x = 2x 2y 2(y 2 x2 ) + 4(x y) = 0
y=x
(y x)(y + x 2)
y = 2 x.
Khi y = x, thay vo (1) ta c
2
2x 6x = 2x x 4x = 0
x 3x = 2 x x 2x 2 = 0
x=0
x = 4.
x = 1 3
x = 1 + 3.
(
( 2
3 + 9 + 4x = x
4x 16x = 0
9 + 4x = 2x 3
2
3
x = 4.
x
x
x 3
2
2
2
59
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CHNG 1.
3
x + 3 = x3 3
Gii.
Tp xc nh R. t y = 3 x + 3. Khi ta c h
3
y = x + 3 (1)
x3 = y + 3 (2)
Ly (2) tr (1) theo v ta c
x3 y 3 = y x x3 + x = y 3 + y.
(3)
(4)
p3 t3 pt = 3 t3
Ta cn chn p sao cho
1
3
t = 3.
2
p
p
(5)
1
3
4
2
= p2 = p = .
2
p
4
3
3
3
3.3 3
9 3
3
4t 3t =
.
t t=
4
8
2
9 3
cho gn, k hiu m =
> 1. t
2
q
1
1
3
3
3
2
m=
+ 3 hay = m m 1 = m m2 1.
2
(6)
Ch cn chn
=
1
rng =
q
3
m + m2 1 =
s
s
r
3
239
3 9
3 + 239
3 9
+
=
.
2
4
2
3 239
3 9
v
2
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
+ 3 =4
+
3
+
.
2
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Vy
t0 =
1
2
13
2
9 3 + 239
+
2
s
3
CHNG 1.
9 3 239
2
1 p
3
3
m + m2 1 + m m2 1 l nghim duy nht ca phng trnh
Vy t =
2
(6). Vy phng trnh cho c nghim duy nht l
s
s
1
3 9
3 + 235
3 9
3 235
x=
+
.
2
2
3
2011
a2011 + x =
a x2011.
a
+x=a
2011
2011
a
+x=
a x2011
x = a a2011.
aR
Vy phng trnh cho c nghim duy nht x = a a2011.
x
1
V d 52. Hm s y = log 1 x l hm s ngc ca hm s y =
trn (0; +).
4
4
Do ta c bi ton sau
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61
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y
1
x=
4 x
1
y=
4
CHNG 1.
(1)
Gii. Ta c
x
x
1
1
y=
y=
x 4
(3)
(1)
4
1
y = log 1 x.
= log 1 x.
4
4
4
x
1
Hm s g(x) = log 1 x l hm ngc ca hm f(x) =
, do th ca hai hm
4
4
ny i xng nhau qua ng phn gic ca gc phn t th nht y = x. Bi vy
(x, y) l nghim ca (3) khi v ch khi x = y, ngha l
y=x
x
1
1
(3)
x=y= .
x=
2
4
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