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.eG SG jj he V
(SY) FdG VS iNG GQN g Fb HJh
jY d dG SG e HdG HG Y
G LdG j bh IG d HdG G a
QGSG e bGe H Y Y d edG G
dG dhd edG jdG Y d dG
.IG G
SSG J f M hG K AH e fl e
Fb ``H``Jh .J G ```f AG```S ```Vh```G G IOd
GAdG Ff HG Y Re HG FdG VS
G e dG GAdG G aVG Y L dG
bGG d YHdG dG dG d jeG
FdG jh .eOdG cd HY YO Y Gh
bh Ob HY AZ Y d dG
dG ```V GAG`` `LG `````FG```SG ``e```G ```a ````J ``b
j H VG S QGb gRHG e dG
dG dG Y Hf dG FGdG GFY
G iOG ``dG ``eG jT QhO e 100 GH IQGh
.M Xe ``JGhQ aO Y dG dG Y
jdG jdG dG Y Sj HG UGh bh
fG GL VGh c dG bG Rjhd dG
K AH GN e dM jG j e H jdG j
RjhQ -G GQ
dhdG OG EG dG eCG aQ a hDe b
VhG SG ``LG ``e ```J G RG`` MG ``e J
15 ``e ``cG e aG ITG FGSG dG
d dG YLG S HdG HG Gh GT
.OdG d YO Y
dG SFdG SH ````G ```jOQ ``HG f ``bh
adG dG FdG Uh H JdG Y Rjhd
HG YLG cQd I``g```dG G ``d ``aG``G
Ofi) R``e ``HG ````F``dG ```HG d ``MG ``` dG ```H```dG
G IO``` dG G ```H `` J ``` Y``H``dG `````dG ````e (``S``` Y
H ```FG```SG G`` YGh SG ``bh J ```Vh```G
YdG GQG`` b ``ah 1967 ``Y Oh``M SSG Y ```dh``dG
iNG GN G Y jG G jOQ HG VGh .dhdG
15
VGSG
(hCG G)
Hc .O HhQ
Y IdG GYSG dG
EG Ud SG jdG
jdG MGdG
Y dG -LJ
Y H UdG M QX
jaCG T MGSh
T PEG ,dG Nh dG H Y G
J dG N T h cH J dG H
KCdG jSh dH e bG ch ,eQH
Yh .QdG MGS Y gOGe kGf H
JdG ``c j ```M```dG CG ``e ``Z``dG
e ``fCG EG ,jG d ah (``eQ``Hh cH)
.MGh Qe Vh G Y j
SdG dG EG ee JdG jh
T ) edG e Gh eSG dG
G e HGb kGf ,fhfG Mh (jaG
J dG e bGG g G Y a ,dG
c ,SDG ``g AH ``ghh JSDe H
Qhj ``e ```J ```H ``H````dG I``j``G ``` LCG CG
GQH KCdG jS j e ``gh ,dM e
.jdG dG
CG ``j```d``a ``dQ````J ``MG``dG QD` ` G ``cP ``bh
KKh S Y j fi dG G
VG CGh ,dG S K dH gh dhO
.Y dG T C H TCG
H jdG EG j fCG dG dDe jh
.dG dG dP dG ihL
be ````d ``` ` dG ````G CG ````j G``` gh
Y e J ``b``e ``g ``H ,a JGSG
,eSG hdG Sh G SG IQU
.faCGh GdG VdG Be H UN
EG dG Ua j JGSG bG Ggh
J e ,jL e e eSG dG
IQG G``J J dG UdG EG dG H
.bdG
e c Y
dG be
Y GH AL ``dGh dG dG h
e HG MdG CG JdG cj ,e c
Mb VQCG e HH j HdG IjG T
SGh Mb ``MG```S G ``a```V``H ,I````e ``Z
CG e e dN ,eCG BG ae Y
LGJ CG dG AU Y j h jH cM
jdG CG ``Z ,`` b`` WG ``j````H ``e`` ``` jQ``J
dG ``j``dG cM b h``J dG ``g SG
TCG S c kHZh k T AfCG L e J
gh ,HcCGh jHCG T N e jHh
ae dH QHEd dG aj dG eCG
EG IO``` dG ```U``a IQ`````d ``dP k````e ,``` j``W
.jS WGe
ddG H j ``eCG EG JdG ```jh
Ra `` dCG G``` SG Q````dG Y ````j ```dG
Uh L g G :dH Uh dGh
J dG HdG EG M ,S dG j e
kehO IQdG Y ch SG jdG g QHEG
.d eGSG
GYSG ``e ``g O````dGh ``` fG``jGh ```dG
QHEG gYd SG jdG Y IdG
,jdG T T H ``LQO 60 EG 55 H
dG `````Y `````J ``` dG ``g ``` j``` dG `` `gh
S a ,G fY eG jG
MGdG EG UdG SG jdG YJ G
LGe e M ,e N QHEH jdG
.QdG jG GMCG J H ce
,d JGSGh eY IH dG CGjh
,IOe We ``Y d ``dP H j ``K
b `` dG `````F``dG ``b``G ``` Y S ````Jh
YG fEa eG OQhCG ahh ,H JdG
HdG idG OQe jCG gh jQdH kGRe fe
H G GYSG jdG (dJdG CG) hCG
dP Gce ,MdG AGdGh dG bY
.e SdG GQG J c
Ge H G fCG EG dG dDe jh
````bCG ```dG ``b````dG dG ``jQ````G ```Y
.fjS bdG adG fH cH
dGh ```G e dTG g CG c
`` ` eCG ,``` jO``` ` H ``` j``dG ``` ` dGh `` b`` G
fjdG jdG dG Y dG cj dG
dH Y dG j dGh ,ShdG
bdG ```Y `` ` KCGh O``` ` ` bG `````e```j``dG
.YLG
dGh dG ``H G````dG j ``eQ``H ``eCG
YGdGh JGSG jdG ``bG``G ``M
jdG ``` U``N ``` H``` dG i``` dG ``````d ``` d``M
TCG ````dG ````j ``````fh``fG h .I``` ` G
GGh ```WG`````dG ``H````dG ``H ``b```dG
dG bdG Y dG ``dP ``Nh ,eSEG
.cHh jOH
SdG G ``d ``` ` VGh G`` H `` fEG ``J``` dG ``` jh
GQKBG N dG G T dG dG
QR J M ,(OdG G) HZ Ic
e c dDG j dP N eh ,jaCG
,jG dG e hCG dG QKBG g Uh
SdGh jdGh jObG UdG NGh
.VdG g EG OCG dG dGh
dG SG ``j``dG CG ````dG ``dD` e ``cD` jh
.bDe UY e cCG ,Y j
RJ Ie e UY -dd ah -fEG
d GQe T QdG dG
oY ObG
QdG dG GeSG YGdG
G Heh IdG ceCG
e OSG fdG dG S
e f QHd SG jdG
bT dGh HZ
jdG dG Y J dG
ObG ejO Y
YLG bdG Y KCG
dG G SG jdG
bDe UY fc e cCG
dG G SG jdG
edG H bdG RY
QY ie Y G
d g IG jdG
dG G b CWe Y
dG dG e je f YS
H G GYSG dJdG
N e MdG AGdGh dG
Y S
dG SdG dG
jQfi GQhO j eSEG
G T IQH
SG jdG
H SG jdG IhGV e ZdG Yh
YS d fCGh bhCG cG a ,MCG
M ,G JMd dG IQdG
jdG I`` bh ``c``M ````dG CG IQ``` ` dG j
.JGP H jZ H dG Je j
,gQeh Jb e jdG J SGG fl h
SGQhCG OhM
SG fY dGh ee JdG cPh
O`` `` HhQhCG jN CG ,SGQhCG OhM
WGT EG Ga M e GAH ,jdG dG
I``e``G i```d``H A``` ` fGh ``d``H i``` a ``g``ehCG
Y e IG HhQhCG hM Y dPh .aSc
IdG J ``HhQhCG fch .1989 ``Y M 1914
idG SS CG c ,G`` `MCGh ``jQ```dG Q``fi
OGh IG jdG H YGdGh dG
HhQhCH Kh H JQG (HdG) adG
.dG NBG e CG e cCG
G ``` ` dG ``` ` G CG CG ``J``` dG `````jh
dG e He jdG IQ```dG T T e
M fGjG da dG T eh ,jaG
SdG MG J c E`a ,fhfCG Q``G
OG dG IjL jN C Te
hdG HhQhCG d dG QhdG e ,jdGh
.VG INCG
aCG IM eCG Y JdG jh
Je S dGh jG dG fEd
CG) H `` dGh ,k` ` ` jG ``j``L ``jQ``J YH
FdG GdG eGY Of CG f (jQdG
OS dGh HdGh eSEG JQG H
,fG ```NG ``e h``dG ``H Y G```U EG
eG Q`````S ``` G `````S ```Y `` dP ``F``` fh
Y a dGh dG kG```Hh kG``H jdG
.d ObG QdG
egGh hM
hG OCG ,``jQ```dG ``e I``NCG G```dG h
idG ``` ` gCG ``` LG``Jh ,`` eQ`` Y ``` V``a EG
ffG IG gCG FJh ,MGSh Qd
dG jdH gG OGORGh ,dTG
QOe fh G GJh dG dG IOjc
gSh ``KCG SCG ``g ``ch ,HdG G
.jdGh MGdG d IjG jG SQ
MGS CG ```c``HQ.``S ``MG``dG QD` `G ``cP ``bh
j OdG G Z MGSh dG G
dG h .SG jdG d Y j CG
c O``j``d ``MG``dG YdG c Y SOdG
-:Fb SG jdG kUGh
dEG f c dG VQCG g
GJ CG b dG S
,dG EG eLOSa G Uh Hh
EG dP jODe ,SBG dG OU CG``H CG M
IdG g fGh ,dJdG IS AfG
Gh fah Gdg e iNCG HhQhCG Ib EG
IdG g SGh .IG jdGh IG
jf MG J ```gh ,``Y FN I``
dNOh dGh dG OU H UN kjQJ
OGeG Y jdG ```dG Y aG ``
jQdG dG Gg Mh ,jSBG MGdG
dG UN e bh N IdG
YdGh IQdG
16