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Form 5 Biology Chapter 1 Transport
Form 5 Biology Chapter 1 Transport
Erythrocytes (RBC)
1. Biconcave disc shaped provides large surface area/volume ratio for gaseous exchange. 2. Matured cells do not have nucleus. 3. Contains haemoglobin. 4. Haemoglobin is an oxygen carrying protein pigment which gives the RBC the colour red. 5. Hb contains haem groups which contains iron. It is the site of oxygen binding. 6. Each haemoglobin molecules can bind up to four oxygen molecules. 6. Lifespan of erythrocyte is 120 days. 7. Destroyed in the liver and spleen. 8. Manufactured in the bone marrow.
Leucocytes (WBC) 1. Colourless and have a nucleus. 2. Larger than RBC. 3. Made from stem cells in bone marrow.
Neutrophil
Basophil
Eosinophil
Monocyte
Lymphocyte
4. Leucocytes can fight infectious diseases in the interstitial fluid. 5. Neutrophils and monocytes are phagocytes. 6. Eosinophils and basophils release enzymes that combat inflammation in allergic reactions and kill parasitic worms. 7. Lymphocytes produce immune response against foreign substances. Platelets
1. Cell fragments from the bone marrow. 2. No nucleus. 3. Involved in blood clotting.
Capillaries 1. Thin walled vessels (one cell thick). 2. Allow rapid gaseous exchange between the blood and cells via diffusion. Veins 1. Brings back blood to the heart. 2. Smooth muscle layer in veins are thinner than that in arteries. 3. Large lumens and valves that maintain the one-way flow of blood.
10. As blood fills the atria, the atria contract and push the blood into the two ventricles. 11. When the ventricles begin to contract, the bicuspid and tricuspid valves are closed, and blood is pushed out through the semi-lunar valves into the pulmonary arteries and the aorta. 12. Deoxygenated blood is pumped to the lungs through the pulmonary arteries while oxygenated blood is pumped through the aorta to the rest of the body. 13. The first sound lub is caused by the closing of the bicuspid and tricuspid valves. 14. The second sound dub is caused by the closing of the semi-lunar valves.
4. The coordination of the heart is initiated and coordinated by a pacemaker (cluster of cells that sets the rate at which the heart contracts). 5. Pacemaker: a) located at the wall of the right atrium. b) generates electrical impulses. c) made of sinoatrial node (SA) node and atrioventricular (AV) node d) regulated by parasympathetic (slows down) and sympathetic (speeds up) nerves. e) controlled by adrenaline or epinephrine (increases heartbeat rate during moments of fear or threat).
6. SA node generates electrical impulses which spread rapidly over the walls of both atria, causing both atria to contract. 7. From the SA node, the impulses reach the AV node. 8. From the AV node, specialized muscle fibres (bundle of His, bundle branches and Purkinje) conduct the signals to the apex of the heart and throughout the walls of the ventricles. 9. This causes the ventricles to contract and push blood out to the lungs and body. Contraction of skeletal muscle around veins
1. When skeletal muscle contract, they squeeze the veins and push blood through the veins. 2. The veins have one-way valves that allow blood to flow only towards the heart.
1. One or more hearts pump the heamolymph through vessels and into the haemocoel. 2. Haemocoel contains soft internal organs and is filled with haemolymph. 3. Here, chemical exhange occurs between the haemolymph and body cells. 4. Haemolymph flows out from the hearts into the haemocoel when the hearts contract. 5. When the hearts relax, haemolymph is drawn back into the hearts through pores called ostia. Fish
1. A heart with two main chambers, one atrium and one ventricle. 2. Blood leaving the ventricle will travel to the gill capillaries where gaseous exchange occurs. 3. The gill capillaries converge into a vessel that carries the oxygenated blood to the body (systemic) capillaries. 4. In the systemic capillaries, oxygen diffuses into the tissues while carbon dioxide diffuses out of the tissues and into the capillaries. 5. The deoxygenated blood then returns to the atrium of the heart via veins. 6. Single circulatory system - blood flows in only one direction. Amphibians
1. Three chambered heart, consisting of two atria and one ventricle. 2. Deoxygenated blood from the body is delivered into the right atrium and oxygenated blood from the lungs is delivered into the left atrium. 3. Blood from both atria then enters a single ventricle. 4. Although there is some mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood inside the ventricle, most of the oxygenated blood remains in the left portion of the ventricle. 5. The ventricle then pumps blood through the a) pulmocutaneous circulation leads to the gas exchange tissues, which are the lungs and skin. - gaseous exchange occurs. - oxygenated blood returns to the left atrium of the heart. b) systemic circulation. - carries oxygenated blood to body tissues and then returns deoxygenated blood to the right atrium via the veins. 6. Double circulatory system blood flows through the heart twice. Humans 1. Four chambered heart, two atria and two completely separated ventricles. 2. Deoxygenated blood and oxygenated blood do not mix. 3. Pulmonary circulation: a) Deoxygenated blood is pumped into the pulmonary arteries. 9
b) Theses arteries carry the blood to the lungs, where it passes through the blood capillaries. c) This enables the release of carbon dioxide and the uptake of oxygen from the air. 4. Systemic circulation: a) Blood is carried from the heart to all parts of the body except the lungs. b) The oxygenated blood from the lungs return to the left atrium and flows into the left ventricle. c) Blood is then pumped to the body tissues through the aorta. 5. Double circulatory system blood flows through the heart twice.
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