Modul Kimia Tingkatan 5

Chapter 12
Concept Map

Oxidation and Reduction

Oxidation and Reduction

Oxidising agent -electron gain

Reducing agent - electron loss

Oxidation process - gain of oxygen - increase in oxidation number - loss of hydrogen - loss of electron

Reduction process - loss of oxygen - decrease in oxidation number - gain of hydrogen - gain of electron

Redox

Reactions

Combustion of metal oxygen chlorine in or

Displacement

of

Displacement halogens halides

of

Heating metal oxides with carbon or

metals from their salts

from

hydrogen

Position of C
Electrochemical Reactivity series series Oxidising Power halogen decreases down Group 17 of

and series metals

in of

reactivity

Electrolytic
Prevention corrosion of

cells

Extraction of metals

12.1 1.

Redox Reactions Oxidation is defined as

(a) the addition of oxygen to a substance (b) the elimination of hydrogen from a substance (c) an increase in the oxidation number of an atom 2. Reduction is defined as (a) the elimination of oxygen from a substance (b) the addition of hydrogen from a substance (c) a decrease in the oxidation of an atom Gimmick The first chemist who explained the oxidation and reduction reactions was Antoine Lavoisier. 3. 4. 5. An oxidising agent is a substance which oxidises another substance and itself is being reduced. A reducing agent is a substance which reduces another substance and itself is being oxidised. In terms of electron transfer,

(a) oxidation is the process of electron loss (b) reduction is the process of electron gain 6. During a redox reaction, an oxidising agent gains electron from the reducing agent, while a reducing agent donates electron to the oxidising agent. Gimmick An example of redox reaction that occurs in our everyday life is photosynthesis. combines with water to form sugar and oxygen. 6CO2 7. 8. 12.2 1. 2. 3. + 6H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2 On the other Carbon dioxide is reduced while water is oxidized. In general, metals are reducing agents as they tend to lose their valence electrons during chemical reactions. In a redox, oxidation and reduction processes occur simultaneously. Oxidation Number Oxidation number is the charge carried by an ion or an atom of an element in a compound. The oxidation number has the same value as the valency of an element or ion but with positive(+) or negative(-) sign affixed Oxidation number of an element is zero. Element Na H2 Cl2 S8 P4 4. Oxidation Number 0 0 0 0 0 hand, non-metals are generally oxidising agents as they tend to gain electrons during chemical reactions. During photosynthesis, carbon dioxide

to it.

The oxidation number of hydrogen is always +1 except in hydrides of metals where it is 1. Compound H 2O CH4 H 2S NaH MgH2 Oxidation Number of H atom +1 +1 +1 -1 -1
2

5.

The oxidation number of oxygen is always 2 except in peroxides where it is 1. Compound H 2O SO2 HNO3 H 2O 2 BaO2 Oxidation Number of O atm -2 -2 -2 -1 -1 Oxidation Number of element Ag Zn Cr Br O
+

6.

For monoatomic ions, the oxidation number of the atom is equal to the ionic charge. Ion

+1 +2 +3 -1 -2 One good example is 1,1,1-trichloroethane,

2+ 3+

Gimmick Some times the oxidation number of an element in a compound can be zero. C2H3Cl3.. 7. In this molecule, the oxidation numbers of H, Cl, and C are +1, -1, and 0 respectively. Ion MnO 4

For polyatomic ions, the sum of the oxidation numbers of each atom is equal to the net charge of the ion. Oxidation number of underlined atom x + 4(-2) x = +7 S 2 O 3 2 2x + 3(-2) x = +2 NH 4 + SO 4
2

= -1

= -2

x + 4(+1) = +1 X = -3 X + 4(-2) X = +6 = -2

8.

Naming compounds using IUPAC system: Formula CuCl CuBr2 FeCl2 FeCl3 MnO2 KMnO 4 PbCl2 Fe2O3 Oxidation number of metal +1 +2 +2 +3 +4 +7 +2 +3 Copper(I) chloride Copper(II) bromide Iron(II) chloride Iron(III) chloride Manganese(IV) oxide Potassium manganate(VII) Lead(II) chloride Iron(III) oxide Name of compound

Gimmick Oil paintings are darkened over the years due to the reaction between lead compounds and hydrogen sulphide gas in the air. Pb 2+ + H2S PbS + 2H +
3

Careful treatment of old paintings with hydrogen peroxide solution can restore its original colour. sulphide is oxidized to lead(II) sulphate. PbS 12.3 1. + 4H2O2 PbSO4 + 4H2O Analysis of Redox Reactions Addition of oxygen 2CuO + C 2Cu + CO2

This is because lead(II)

CuO loses an oxygen atom and hence it is reduced. C gains an oxygen atom and hence it is oxidised. 2. Addition of hydrogen H2 S + Cl2 2HCl + S

H2S loses hydrogen atom and hence it is oxidised. Cl2 gains hydrogen atoms and hence it is reduced. 3. Change in oxidation number 2FeCl2 +2 0 4. Transfer of electrons 2Na + Cl2 2NaCl + Cl2 2FeCl3 +3 -1

Oxidation number of iron increases from +2 to +3, hence FeCl 2 is oxidised.

Na loses one valence electron to form Na +, hence sodium is oxidised. Cl2 gains two electrons to form Cl , hence chlorine is reduced. 12.4 1. 2. 3. 4. Displacement Reactions Moving down Group 17, strength of halogen as an oxidising agent decreases. F2 > Cl2 > Br2 > I2 The tendency of halogens to be reduced decreases when moving down the group. A halogen occupying higher position in the group can oxidise a halide which occupies a lower position in the group. Thus chlorine oxidises bromine and iodide to iodine.
Cl2 Br2 + + 2KBr 2KCl 2KCl 2KBr + Br2 + I2

But bromine cannot oxidise chloride to chlorine.

5.

Metals are arranged in Electrochemical Series as follows: K Na Ca Tendency to donate electrons, reducing power increases Mg Al Zn Fe Sn H Cu Ag Pb H Ca Na
2+ 2+ +

K+ + + 2e + +
2+ 2+

e e Tendency to form 2e metals, oxidising power increases

Mg Al Zn

3+

3e 2e 2e 2e + 2e +

+ +
2+

Fe Sn
+

2+

Pb Cu 2+ Ag
+

+ + +

e 2e e A reddish-brown solid

6.

When zinc is added to an aqueous solution of copper(II) sulphate, the blue solution is decolourized. Zinc is more electropositive than copper. + Cu
2+ 2+

is formed. Zn 7.

Zinc displaces copper from its aqueous solution.

Zn

2+

Cu
4

Zinc reduces Cu

to copper metal while itself is oxidised by Cu 2+ to Zn 2+ .

12.5 1. 2. 3.

Conversion of iron(II) to iron(III) and Vice Versa Aqueous solution of Fe 2+ can be oxidized to Fe 3+ by treating it with the following oxidizing agents: (b) bromine (c) acidified potassium manganate(VII) (d) acidified potassium dichromate(VI) Aqueous solution of iron(II) is light green while iron(III) is yellow. Equations: Cl2 Br2 + + +
2

(a) chlorine

2 Fe 2+ 2 Fe 2+ 5Fe 2+ + 6Fe +
2+

8H+ + 14H
+

2 Fe 3+ 2 Fe 3+ Mn 2+

+ + 2Cr
3+

2Cl 2Br + + 5Fe 3+ 6Fe

3+

MnO 4 Cr 2 O 7 4.

4H2O + 7H2O

Aqueous solution of Fe 3+ can be oxidized to Fe 2+ by treating it with the following reducing agents:

(a) aqueous iodide from KI (b) zinc metal

(c) sulphur dioxide 5. Equations:

2I Zn SO2 6. 1. Quick Test Determine the oxidation numbers of the underlined elements. (b)
-

+ + +

2 Fe 3+ 2 Fe
3+

2 Fe
3+

2 Fe 2+ 2 Fe
2+

+ + Zn

I2 2+ +2H+ + H2SO4

2H2O

2 Fe 2+

In the reaction between aqueous KI and iron(III), a brown precipitate of iodine is produced.

(a) K2S2O3 2.

Al2(SO4)3 (g) ClO2

-

(c)

NaClO3

(d)

KMnO4

(e) H2SO3 (f) NO3 Reaction H2O2 I2 Cu + Br2 Zn H2 CuO 3. + + + 2Ag + 2 Fe 2+ + 2HCl + 2I
-

Identify the oxidizing and reducing agents in the following table. Reducing agent + 2H
+

Oxidising agent

2H2O 2AgNO3 + + Cu(NO3)2 2 Fe 3+ 2Br + ZnCl2

H2SO4

CuSO4 H2O + Cu 10I + 2Mn 2+ + 5I2 + 8H2O

Based on the following equation 2MnO4 + Cu 2+ 16H +

explain the above redox reaction in terms of electron transfer and change in oxidation numbers. 4. (a) 5. Mg + Mg 2+ What would you observe when a piece of magnesium is added to copper(II) sulphate solution? Write the formula of the following compounds. (b) magnesium chlorate(V) (d) potassium dichromate(VI)

(b) Write half-equations to represent the changes. (a) iron(III) sulphate (c) copper(I) oxide (g) cobalt(II) oxide 12.6 Transfer of Electrons at a Distance
5

(e) sodium chromate(VI) (f) potassium hexacyanoferrate(III)

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

A redox reaction occurs when solutions of an oxidizing agent and a reducing agent are separated by an electrolyte in a U-tube When the circuit is completed, electrons are transferred from the negative electrode(anode) to the positive electrode(cathode) The electrode that is immersed in the reducing agent is the negative terminal where oxidation occurs. The electrode that is immersed in the oxidizing agent is the positive terminal where reduction occurs. The electrolyte, usually dilute sulphuric acid, serves as a salt bridge, which functions as follows:

and connected by electrical wires. through the external wire.

(a) to separate the oxidizing agent from the reducing agent (b) to complete the circuit so that ions can flow through it. 6. 7. Other electrolytes which can be used as a salt bridge include (b) potassium chloride solution. Redox reaction between bromine and iron(II) sulphate: The colour of solution changes from light green to yellow. +
2+

(a) potassium nitrate solution Reaction at the negative terminal: Fe 2+ ions are oxidized to Fe 3+. Fe
2+

Fe

3+

The electrons released by Fe Reaction at the cathode:

travels through the external wire to the cathode. The reddish-brown colour of bromine solution disappears.

Bromine molecules gain electrons and being reduced to bromide. Bromine acts as the oxidizing agent. Br2 12.7 1. 2. 3. (b) + 2e Br2 + 2 Br 2 Fe 2+ Overall equation:

2 Fe 3+

2Br

Rusting As a Redox Reaction It is an electrochemical process. Corrosion is the reaction between a metal and oxygen to form layer of metallic oxide. Corrosion requires oxygen and water. Oxidation occurs at the anode region of the metal surface. Fe O2 + Fe
2+

The corrosion or rusting of metals involves redox reactions.

(a) An electrochemical cell is formed when iron comes into contact with water. Here iron atoms lose electrons to form ions Fe
2+

+ + 4e

2e 4 OH

(c) The electrons then flow through the metal to the cathode region where hydroxide ions are formed by reduction. 2H2O

The hydroxide ions dissolves in the water.

(d) The Fe 2+ ions then combine with the hydroxide ions to form a green precipitate of iron(II) hydroxide. Fe 2+ + 2 OH Fe(OH)2 Finally the iron(III)

(e) The iron(II) hydroxide is oxidized further by oxygen to form a brown solid of iron(III) hydroxide. hydroxide decomposes to form a brown solid called rust, Fe2O3.xH2O. 5. 6. 12.8 1. 2. The presence of dilute acids or salt solutions increases the rate of corrosion of metals. Iron rusts faster in industrials areas because of acidic gases such as sulphur dioxide. Reactivity of Metals towards Oxygen Metals are oxidized by oxygen when they are heated in the presence of air. Metals show different reactivity towards oxygen in their reactions.

The final product is the oxide of the metal.

More reactive metals react vigorously with oxygen while

the less reactive ones reacts slowly. Gimmick Gold is a very inert metal and is years.
6

placed below silver in the activity series towards oxygen.

The golden mask of King

Tutankhamun was discovered, the gold is still pure and uncorroded despite the fact that is has been buried for more than 3000

3.

Oxygen gas can be prepared in the laboratory by heating solid potassium manganate(VII), potassium nitrate, and potassium 2KMnO4 2KNO3 2KClO3 K2MnO4 KNO2 2KCl + + + O2 3O2 MnO2 + O2

chlorate in the presence of manganese(IV) oxide.

4.

Reactivity series of metals: Most reactive K Na Ca Mg Reactivity decreases Al Zn Fe Sn Pb H Cu Least reactive Ag Forms ions more easily

5.

A metal can displace a less reactive metal from its oxide when the two are heated together. Mg + ZnO MgO + Zn

Quick Test 1. (a) (c) 2. Explain what happens when the following mixtures are heated. C C + + ZnO Al2O3 Electrolytic cell Structure of cell Chemical cell (b) Mg + CO2

Complete the following table.

Energy change
Transfer of electrons Type of reaction at anode Type of reaction at cathode 6. 7. The above displacement reaction is indeed a redox reaction. Hydrogen occupies the position between lead and copper. H2 + CuO H 2O + Cu Mg reduces ZnO to Zn while itself is oxidized to MgO. Hence hydrogen can reduce CuO to copper metal when the gas is

passed over hot copper(II) oxide. Assessment 12 Objective Questions 1. A. C. Which of the following statements is correct? A reducing agent is a substance that receives electrons. Reduction occurs at the cathode of an electrolytic cell. D.
7

B.

Chlorine is a strong reducing agent.

An oxidizing agent is a substance that releases electrons.

2. A. C. 3.

When potassium bromide solution is added to aqueous chlorine, the solution changes from yellow to purple. bromide ion is oxidized to bromine by chlorine. I K3Fe(CN)6 II K2Fe(CN)6 III D. B. bromine is displaced by chloride ions. electrons are transferred from chlorine to bromide ions.

In which compound(s) would you find iron occurring with an oxidation number of +3? Fe2(SO4)3

IV Fe(NO3)2
D. I, II, and III only

A.
4.

III only

B. I and III only

C. II and IV only

In a redox cell, a salt bridge between the two reagents serves to I II IV separate the oxidizing agent from the reducing agent allow electrons to flow from the negative terminal B. II and IV only III cause a deflection in the galnometer D. I, II, and IV only allow ions to flow between the two solutions in the U-tube C. I, II and III only

A. 5.

I and III only

Which of the following conversions would involve a gain in electrons? I III IV Hydrogen atoms are converted into hydrogen ions. Iron(III) ions are converted into iron(II) ions. B. II and III only C. I, II, and III only D. II, III, and IV only. Metal Z cannot reduce II Iodine atoms are converted into iodide ions. Manganate(VII) ions are converted into manganese(II) ions

A. 6.

I and IV only

Aluminium can reduce the oxide of metal X but cannot reduce the oxides of metal Y and metal Z.

the oxide of metal Y. reactivity? A. 7. Y, Al, X, Z

Of the following, which one represents the arrangement of the four metals in descending order of their B. Y, Z, Al, X C. X, Al, Z, Y D. Al, X, Z, Y Which

A mixture of aluminium oxide, copper(II) oxide and excess zinc is heated strongly until there is no further change. I Aluminium B. II zinc oxide III Zinc D. IV Copper

of the following substances would be present in the final mixture? A. 8. A. C. 1. I and IV only II and IV only C. I, II, and IV only B. D. I, II, III, and IV

Aluminium cannot be extracted from bauxite by heating it with coke because aluminium is more reactive than oxygen aluminium is more reactive than carbon the reaction between bauxite and coke is too vigorous aluminium is less reactive than carbon

Structured Questions The figure below shows an experiment carried out to determine the position of hydrogen in the reactivity series using two metallic oxides.

The oxide of P is heated strongly. obtained. Substance Oxide of P

Then the experiment is repeated by using the oxide of Q. Observation Glows in red Changes colour from reddish-brown to grey Grey product is attracted by a magnet

The following results were

Oxide of Q

White solid does not glow Turns yellow when hot; changes back to white when cold
8

(a) (b)

State two safety measures which you would take while doing the experiment. How would you prepare dry hydrogen in the laboratory? Draw a diagram to show it.

[2 marks] [2 marks] [1 mark]

(c) From the results given in the above table, arrange hydrogen and (d) (e) (f) (g) 2.

metals P and Q in descending order of their reactivity. Explain your answer. [2 marks] [1 mark] [2 marks] [2 marks] Explain your answer.

Identify the metals P and Q based on the results in the above table. Name the liquid R that is formed as shown in the above figure.

Write the chemical equation for the reaction between the oxide of P and hydrogen. State a confirmatory test Predict what would happen if copper(II) oxide is heated in the presence of hydrogen.

The experiment in the figure below is carried out to study redox reaction through the transfer of electrons at a distance.

(a) (i) Name the oxidising and reducing agents in the experiment. (ii) Show the flow of electrons and the two terminals on the above figure. (b) What is the function of dilute sulphuric acid? (c) (i) What happens at electrode A after an hour? (ii) Write the half-equation to show the reaction at A. here? (d) After the experiment, a small amount of the solution is taken out from A and tested with sodium hydroxide solution. (e) What would you observe? What redox reaction occurs [1 mark]

[2 marks] [2 marks] [2 marks] [1 mark]

[1 mark] [1 mark] [1 mark] [1 mark] [1 mark]

Name another reagent that can be used to replace the iron(III) chloride.

(f) (i) What would you observe at B after an hour? (ii) Name the product formed at B and give the half-equation to show the reaction. (iii) Give a test to confirm the formation of the product stated in (f)(ii) above. Essay Question 1. (a) A reduction is always accompanied by an oxidation reaction.

Explain the statement above in the following reactions. Write balanced equations for reactions.
(i) The reaction between iron(II) chloride and chlorine. Explain in terms of change in oxidation number. (ii) The reaction between magnesium and copper(II) oxide. Explain in terms of electron transfer. (iii) The reaction between hydrogen sulphide and chlorine. Explain in terms of addition and loss of hydrogen. [12 marks] (b) Explain the rusting of iron in terms of redox reactions. [8 marks]