HEPCHEKTHBA

--

2 0 0 9
..
..
,onymeno yue6no-+emo0uuecku+ o6e0unenue+ ey:oe
Poccucko 4e0epauuu no o6pa:oeanum e o6:acmu 0u:ana,
+ony+enma:tnoeo u 0ekopamuenoeo uckyccme e kauecmee
yue6noeo noco6un 0:n cmy0enmoe emcmux yue6nmx :aee0enu,
o6yuammuxcn no cneuua:tnocmu 070601 0u:an
HEEHO-METO,HHECKOE HOCOEHE

www.phoenixbooks.ru
V]K 72.017.9.741(075.8)
BBK 22.151.3.30.2a73
KTK 855
C794
Penensen+i.
ox+op +exnnnecxnx nayx, npoqeccop Kyancxoio iocy-
apc+nennoio aipapnoio ynnnepcn+e+a I.B. Cepea,
xaqepa nanep+a+eino ieoxe+pnn n nnenepno ipa-
qnxn Kyancxoio +exnooinnecxoio ynnnepcn+e+a.
Cvenanona A.H.
C794 Hepcnex+nna . yneno-xe+o. nocone a nyson /
A.H. C+enanona, M.C. Kop. Poc+on n/] . de-
nnxc, 2009. 129 c. n. (Bicmee opasonanne.)
ISBN 978-5-222-15222-5
Hpeaiaexoe nsanne coepn+ xpa+xne +eope+nnec-
xne cneenna, xe+onnecxne yxasanna, +anni napnan+on
n opasni ninonennix saann. Hac+i saann npena-
snanena a caxoc+oa+eino pao+i.
Apecye+ca c+yen+ax III xypcon nenno qopxi
oynenna cnennainoc+n 070601 nsan. Moe+ i+i
ncnoisonano c+yen+axn nsanepcxnx, apxn+ex+ypnix,
xyoec+nennix qaxyi+e+on pyinx nyson.
V]K72.017.9.741(075.8)
BBK 22.151.3.30.2a73
ISBN 978-5-222-15222-5
C+enanona A.H., Kop M.C., 2009
Oqopxenne, OOO dennxc, 2009
www.phoenixbooks.ru
3
Bnepenne
Hepcnex+nna nayxa o xe+oax nsopaenn, nsxnx
x spn+einoxy nocnpna+nm. Ha ee cosannex n c+anone-
nnex xax nayxn pao+an xnoine ynenie xa+exa+nxn,
apxn+ex+opi n xyonnxn na npo+aennn xnoinx nexon
n +icanee+n. Pesyi+a+ox nx +pyon c+an npanna,
npnexi n cnocoi noc+poenna nepcnex+nnnix nsopa-
enn. Hepcnex+nna nxee+ npnxenenne n mo oac+n
neonenecxo ea+einoc+n, cnasanno c ncnoisonannex
ipaqnnecxo nnqopxannn.
Hpeaiaexoe yneno-xe+onnecxoe nocone paspao-
+ano a c+yen+on-nsanepon, xo+opix n nponecce oy-
nenna npnxon+ca noc+oanno ncnoisona+i ipaqnnecxym
nnqopxannm.
Teope+nnecxaa nac+i nocona nosnon+ osnaxoxn+ica
c ocnonaxn nepcnex+nni, pasnoopasnixn npax+nnec-
xnxn cnocoaxn noc+poenna nsopaenn n npnexaxn,
no snoammnxn on+ica nanynme naianoc+n. Kpoxe
+oio, paccxa+pnnae+ca cnoco pexonc+pyxnnn cnoco
noc+poenna op+oionainix npoexnn no nepcnex+nnnoxy
nsopaennm.
Ha ase +eope+nnecxnx cneenn an+opaxn paspao+ani
npax+nnecxne saanna c yxasannex nopxi npexenn na nx
ninonenne. Hexo+opie ns nnx xoxnexcnie, +peym-
mne paspemenna neoio paa saan. Hac+i saann +nop-
necxne, nosnoammne naxon+i caxoc+oa+einoe pemenne.
B +eope+nnecxo nac+n npnneen cnoco noc+poenna ox-
pynoc+n n nne innca, napaoi n innepoi. Ono
ns saann nocnameno i+o +exe. Paspao+ano saanne na
ninonenne pexonc+pyxnnn nepcnex+nni. B npnoennn
no xaoxy saannm npnneeni opasni c+yennecxnx
pao+.
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4
1. Ocnonnme reovevpnuecxne :nevenvm
n ovnomenna vepy nnvn
Ocnonnixn ieoxe+pnnecxnxn iexen+axn, ns xo+opix
opasym+ca pasnoopasnie oex+i, anam+ca.
+onxn A, B, C, , A
1
, B
1
, C
1
, , A
1
, B
1
, C
1
, , 1,
2, I, II, , A*, B*, , A, B, C,
npaxie a, e, c, , a
1
, e
1
, , a
1
, e
1
, , a*, e*, ,
a, e, c,
nocxoc+n , , , , , , ,
Mey ocnonnixn ieoxe+pnnecxnxn iexen+axn cy-
mec+nym+ o+nomenna nosnnnonnie. npnnaenoc+n,
xonipyin+noc+n (connaenna), nepecenenna, napaeinoc-
+n, nepnennxyapnoc+n, cxpemnnanna, n xe+pnnecxne,
noxasinammne nennnni iexen+on, pacc+oann nn
yion xey nnxn.
Hcnoisya cnxnonnecxym sannci, xono nce no-
snnnonnie (o+paammne nsanxnoe pacnooenne) n
xe+pnnecxne (o+paammne nennnni pacc+oann, yion
xey iexen+axn) o+nomenna xey ieoxe+pnnecxnxn
iexen+axn oennn+i n ony +anny (cx. +anny).
Ieoxe+pnnec-
xne
iexen+i
Hosnnnonnie
o+nomenna
Me+pnnecxne
o+nomenna
A, B A = B, A B |AB|
A, n A c n, A c n |An|
a, e a=e, a||e, ae (ae),
a.e
|a||b|,
|ae|,
|a-e| |a-e|
A, A c , A c |A|
n, n c , n||, n (n) |n|||, n
, = , ||, () ||||,
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5
Cu+eo:uueckan :anuct :nakoe.
= snax connaenna,
|| snax napaeinoc+n,
snax nepnennxyapnoc+n,
snax nepecenenna,
- snax cxpemnnanna,
snax yia,
|..| snax nennnni, pacc+oanna,
snax o+pnnanna,
= snax, osnanammn pesyi+a+ ec+nna,
c snax npnnaenoc+n.
Hpnxep ncnoisonanna snaxon (pnc. 1).
a 6 e
Pnc. 1
A c c +onxa A npnnaen+ npaxo c (pnc. 1, a),
c . A npaxaa c npoxon+ nepes +onxy A (pnc. 1, a),
B c +onxa B npnnaen+ nocxoc+n (pnc. 1, 6).
. B nocxoc+i npoxon+ nepes +onxy B (pnc.1, 6),
m c npaxaa m npnnaen+ nocxoc+n
(pnc. 1, e),
. m nocxoc+i npoxon+ nepes npaxym m
(pnc.1, e).
3naa nosnnnonnie n xe+pnnecxne o+nomenna xey
ocnonnixn ieoxe+pnnecxnxn iexen+axn n ononnn nx
xnoec+na ecxonenno yaennixn iexen+axn, xono
pema+i ipaqnnecxn caxie pasnoopasnie saann, cnasan-
nie c cosannex n pexonc+pyxnne pasnnnix oex+on.
Hpaxaa nxee+ ennc+nennym ecxonenno yaennym
+onxy. Ieoxe+pnnecxnx opasox ecxonenno yaenno
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6
(necoc+nenno) +onxn npaxo anae+ca +onxa nepecenenna
nyx napaeinix npaxix F

(pnc. 2). ]oxasa+eic+no

cxo+pn n ieoxe+pnn oanencxoio.
Pnc. 2
A +ax xax n npoc+panc+ne cymec+nye+ ecnncennoe
xnoec+no npaxix, napaeinix npaxo a, +o nce onn
npoxoa+ nepes +onxy F

.
Hocxoc+i nxee+ ennc+nennym ecxonenno yaennym
npaxym, xo+opo npnnaea+ ecxonenno yaennie
+onxn ncex npaxix nocxoc+n.
Ieoxe+pnnecxn opas ecxonenno yaenno npaxo
nocxoc+n xono, no anaoinn c npaxo, paccxa+pnna+i
xax nnnm nepecenenna nyx napaeinix nocxoc+e
(pnc. 3, a).
Kaoe xnoec+no napaeinix xey coo noc-
xoc+e npoc+panc+na nxee+ ennc+nennym ecxonenno
yaennym npaxym (pnc. 3, 6).
Pnc. 3, a
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7
Pnc. 3,
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8
2. Henvpannnoe npoennponanne
2.1. H:opaenne vouxn
Hen+paino npoexnne oex+a nasinae+ca nsopae-
nne, noynennoe n pesyi+a+e nepecenenna yne, ncxoa-
mnx ns ono +onxn S (nen+pa npoexnnn) n npoxoamnx
nepes xaym +onxy npexe+a, c nocxoc+im npoexnn F
(pnc. 4).
Pnc. 4
]a ocymec+nenna nen+painoio npoennponanna neo-
xonxo nceia nxe+i, a) nocxoc+i npoexnn, ) nen+p npo-
ennponanna (nne nocxoc+n), n) npoennpyexi oex+.
Hpn saannix nocxoc+n npoexnn F, nen+pe npo-
ennponanna S, nen+paino npoexnne +onxn A anae+ca
+onxa nepecenenna yna SA c nocxoc+im F +onxa A.
SA F = A (pnc. 5).
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9
Pnc. 5
Tonxn npoc+panc+na yex oosnana+i A, B B ai-
nemex nocxoc+i F yex nasina+i nocxoc+im xap+nni,
a +onxy S +onxo spenna.
Ceye+ o+xe+n+i, n+o ne a ncex +onex npoc+panc+na
xono noc+pon+i nen+painie npoexnnn. Hanpnxep +onxa
D pacnooena +ax, n+o yn SD pacnoaiae+ca napaeino
nocxoc+n F, ceona+eino, ne+ +onxn nepecenenna eio
c nocxoc+im K n ne+ npoexnn +onxn D. Taxo ocoen-
noc+im oaam+ nce +onxn, npnnaeamne nocxoc+n,
npoxoame nepes +onxy S n napaeino nocxoc+n F.
Hasonex +axym nocxoc+i ne+paino n oosnannx
N (N . S, N||K).
Hs ieoxe+pnn nsnec+no, n+o nepes +onxy, pacnooen-
nym nne nocxoc+n, xono nponec+n +oixo onn nepnen-
nxyap x ne. Ceona+eino, cpen ecnncennoio xno-
ec+na yne, npoxoamnx nepes +onxy S n onpeeammnx
nooenne nen+painix npoexnn +onex npoc+panc+na,
xono nien+i ennc+nenni yn, nepnennxyapni
x nocxoc+n F. 3+o+ yn nasinam+ e:aenm+, a +onxy
nepecenenna eio c nocxoc+im F e:aeno mouko xap-
+nni n oosnanam+ P. Cnxnonnecxn xono sannca+i
+ax. SPF, SP F = P. SP ianni yn, P iannaa
+onxa xap+nni (pnc. 6). O+pesox |SP|= d, onpeeammn
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10
pacc+oanne o+ +onxn S o nocxoc+n F, nasinae+ca 0ucman-
uuonnm+ paccmonnue+.
Pnc. 6
2.2. H:opaenne npavo
Paccxo+pnx, xax c+pon+ca nsopaenne mo npaxo
l, ne napaeino K (pnc. 7).
Pnc. 7
Hyc+i l nepecexae+ca c nocxoc+im F n +onxe N (l F =
= N). Biepex na npaxo l +onxn A, B, C. Hoc+ponx nx
nen+painie npoexnnn. Ecn nepes +onxy S nponec+n yn
f || l, +o npn nepecenennn eio c nocxoc+im F noynnx
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11
+onxy F

nsopaenne ecxonenno yaenno +onxn

npaxo l ee npe0e:tnym mouky.
Hpeeino +onxo npaxo nasinae+ca +onxa nepece-
nenna yna, npoxoameio nepes +onxy S, napaeinoio
anno npaxo, c nocxoc+im xap+nni.
Oosnanae+ca npeeinaa +onxa npaxo na xap+nne
yxno F.
Tonxa nepecenenna npaxo c nocxoc+im xap+nni na-
sinae+ca xap+nnnix ceox npaxo.
Oosnanae+ca xap+nnni ce yxno N. O+pesox NF

npec+anae+ coo nsopaenne +o nac+n npaxo l,
xo+opaa naxon+ca sa xap+nnno nocxoc+im, nannnaa o+
+onxn N o ecxonenno yaenno +onxn F

.
Hapaeinie npaxie nxem+ omym ecxonenno ya-
ennym +onxy. Ha xap+nne onn nsopaam+ca nepecexam-
mnxnca n ome npeeino +onxe F

npaxixn (pnc. 8).

Pnc. 8
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12
2.3. H:opaenne nnocxocvn
Ecn saana nocxaa qniypa, pacnooennaa napa-
eino nocxoc+n F, +o ee nen+paino npoexnne ye+
anaoinnnaa qniypa, no xenimaa no pasxepy (pnc. 9). 3+o
ceye+ ns cnoc+n npeopasonanna noona.
Pnc.9
Paccxo+pnx cyna, xoia nocxoc+i ne napaeina
nocxoc+n F ( || F).
Hyc+i saana nyxa nepecexammnxnca npaxixn m n
n (m n) (pnc. 10). Hpaxaa n nepecexae+ca c nocxoc+im
F n +onxe N
1
, a npaxaa m n +onxe N
2
(n F = N
1
, m F =
= N
2
). Hpaxaa N
1
N
2
ec+i nnna nepecenenna nocxoc+n
c nocxoc+im K. Hasonex ee xap+nnnix ceox n oos-
nannx
K
(N
1
c
K
, N
2
c
K
).
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13
Pnc. 10
Kap+nnnix ceox nocxoc+n nasinae+ca nnna ne-
pecenenna ee c nocxoc+im F.
Hepes +onxy S nponeex na yna f
1
n f
2
, coo+ne+c+nenno
napaeinie npaxix m n n (f
1
||m, f
2
||n, f
1
, f
2
c S). Onn
onpeeam+ nocxoc+i , napaeinym nocxoc+n . Tonxn
nepecenenna yne f
1
n f
2
c nocxoc+im F anam+ca npeeini-
xn +onxaxn npaxix m n n (f
1
F = F
1
, f
2
F = F
2
). Hpaxaa,
npoxoamaa nepes +onxn F
1
n F
2
,

nasinae+ca npeeino
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14
npaxo nocxoc+n . Oosnannx ee
f
. Ona anae+ca
nnne nepecenenna nocxoc+n c xap+nnno.
Hpeeino npaxo nocxoc+n anae+ca nnna nepe-
cenenna nocxoc+n , npoxoame nepes +onxy S n napa-
eino anno nocxoc+n , c nocxoc+im xap+nni F.
Tax xax nocxoc+i napaeina nocxoc+n (||),
a
f
n
F
anam+ca nnnaxn nepecenenna nx c nocxoc+im
F ( F =
f
, F =
F
), +o
I
napaeina
F
.
Hpeeinaa npaxaa nocxoc+n nceia napaeina ee
xap+nnnoxy cey.
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15
3. Hocvpoenne nepcnexvnnnmx
n:opaenn na xapvnne
Bosixex npoennpymmn annapa+ op+oionainix npo-
exnn H
1
H
2
n pacnoonx n nex nocxoc+i F n +onxy S
(pnc. 11). Hyc+i nocxoc+i F ye+ nepnennxyapna x H
1

(FH
1
). Hoc+ponx npoexnnm +onxn S na H
1
+onxy S
1
n
nasonex ee +onxo c+oanna. Hocxoc+i F nepecexae+ca c
nocxoc+im H
1
no nnnn F
H1
, c nocxoc+im H
2
no nnnn
F
H2
. Hs +onxn S nponeex nepnennxyap x nocxoc+n F.
B pesyi+a+e nepecenenna eio c nocxoc+im F noynnx
+onxy P (SPF). Tonxa P iannaa +onxa xap+nni. n-
nnm F
H1
oosnannx k n nasonex ocnoeanue+ kapmunm.
Hepes +onxy P nponeex nnnm h||k n nasonex ee :unue
eopu:onma. Tonxn, npnnaeamne ocnonannm xap+nni,
yex oosnana+i c nnexcox
0
(nanpnxep P
0
).
O+pesox SP = d onpeeae+ pacc+oanne +onxn S o+
xap+nni, a o+pesox SS
1
nico+y +onxn spenna n nnnn
iopnson+a na xap+nne. Hanpanenne k oosnannx nepes x,
a PP
0
nepes z n n ainemex yex nx ncnoisona+i a
noc+poenna nsopaenn oex+on.
Ha op+oionainox nep+ee nce, n+o noxasano na
pnc. 11, ye+ niiae+i +axnx opasox (pnc. 12).
B ainemex a noc+poenna nsopaenn na xap+nne
yex ncnoisona+i nocxoc+n F n H
1
. Hocenmm nasonex
npe0+emno n:ockocmtm.
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16
Pnc. 11
Pnc. 12
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31
4. Ieovevpnuecxne nocvpoenna
n nepcnexvnne
4.1. ,enenne ovpe:xa na pannme uacvn
Hs ieoxe+pnn nsnec+no, n+o npn eennn saannoio o+-
pesxa na pannie nn nponopnnonainie nac+n oc+a+onno
nepes onn xonen i+oio o+pesxa nponec+n npaxym moio
nanpanenna, o+on+i na ne pannie nn nponopnno-
nainie o+pesxn. Kpanmm +onxy coennn+i c pyinx
xonnox o+pesxa, a nepes nce +onxn eenna nponec+n nnnn,
napaeinie noc+poenno npaxo (pnc. 27, a).
a 6
Pnc. 27
B nepcnex+nne saan o+pesox AB (pnc. 27, 6). Heoxo-
nxo pasen+i eio na 3 pannie nac+n. Bnanae enx
npoexnnm i+o npaxo. Hepes +onxy A
1
npononx npaxym,
napaeinym k. Ha ne o+xainaex 3 pannix o+pesxa.
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32
Kpanmm +onxy coennaex c +onxo B
1
n npooaex o
nepecenenna c h. 3+o npeeinaa +onxa F, nepes xo+opym
npononx napaeinie npaxie. Hoynnn +onxn eenna
na A
1
B
1
, nepenocnx nx na AB.
4.2. Hocvpoenne napannennnmx npavmx
Ha pnc. 28, a noxasano, xax coiacno saxonax ieoxe+pnn
c+poa+ca nep+nxainie napaeinie npaxie onnaxono
nico+i na onnaxonox pacc+oannn. B nepcnex+nne (pnc. 28,
6) saana nep+nxainaa npaxaa AF, neoxonxo noc+pon+i
npaxie LB || MC || ND || AK +axne, n+o AB = BC = CD.
Hpononx KF || AF. O+xainaex o+pesox AB. Hpononx
BL || AK. C+ponx +onxy T = AL FB. Hpononx npaxym
TF. Hepes +onxy A n +onxy nepecenenna TF c LB npaxym
o nepecenenna c KF n +onxe M n +..
a 6
Pnc. 28
Anaoinnnie noc+poenna noxasani na pnc. 29 a
nponeenna napaeinix n pannix iopnson+ainix
npaxix.
Hpnxep ncnoisonanna +axnx noc+poenn npnneen
na pnc. 30.
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33
Pnc. 29
Pnc. 30
4.3. Hponepenne napannennnmx npavmx
npn nepocvynnmx vouxax cxopa
Heoxonxoc+i n +axnx noc+poennax nosnnxae+, xoia
npeeinaa +onxa napaeinix npaxix naxon+ca na
neoimox pacc+oannn sa paxxo xap+nni.
Hyc+i saan o+pesox A
1
B
1
npoexnna npaxo AB n
+onxa A (pnc. 31). Heoxonxo noc+pon+i +onxy B, +.e.
nponec+n AB || A
1
B
1
. Hepes +onxy B
1
npononx npaxym,
napaeinym AA
1
. Tonxy N nepecenenna i+o npaxo
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c h coennaex c +onxo A
1
. Tonxy M nepecenenna AA1
c h coennaex c B
1
. Hepes +onxy O
1
nepecenenna A
1
N c
B
1
M npononx nep+nxainym npaxym o nepecenenna c
AN n +onxe O. Ha nepecenennn npaxo MO c B
1
N noynaex
ncxoxym +onxy B.
Pnc. 31
Ha pnc. 32 noxasano noc+poenne npaxo AB || A
1
B
1
npn
saannix npaxo A
1
B
1
n +onxe B
1
c noxomim noonix
+peyioinnxon. Hepes +onxn A
1
, B
1
n F
1
, nponsnoino ni-
pannym na h, npononx npaxie. B pesyi+a+e noynaex
+peyioinnx A
1
AF
1
. Hepes +onxy B
1
npononx ne npa-
xie ony nep+nxainym, pyiym B
1
F
2
|| A
1
F
1
. Hepes
+onxy F
2
npaxym F
2
B || F
1
A.
Pnc. 32
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35
5. Hepcnexvnnnme vacmvam
Kax nsnec+no, n nepcnex+nne xono c+pon+i nsopae-
nna no ec+nn+einix pasxepax oex+on n, naoopo+,
no nepcnex+nnnoxy nsopaennm (nanpnxep, qo+oipaqnn)
xono onpeen+i nx na+ypainie pasxepi. ]a pemenna
+axnx xe+pnnecxnx saan npnxenam+ nepcnex+nnnie xacm-
+ai. Cymec+nym+ +pn ocnonnix nanpanenna npexe+noio
npoc+panc+na. nanpanenne mnpnni, napaeinoe xap+n-
ne, nanpanenne nico+i, nepnennxyapnoe x npexe+no
nocxoc+n, n nanpanenne iynni, nepnennxyapnoe
x xap+nnno nocxoc+n. Kaoxy ns nnx coo+ne+c+nym+
nepcnex+nnnie xacm+ai mnpo+, nico+ n iynn.
5.1. Macmva mnpov
Hsnec+no, n+o ecn saani ne napaeinie npaxie n
na ono ns nnx o+oeni o+pesxn, xo+opie neoxonxo
nepenec+n na pyiym, +o oc+a+onno nponec+n nepes xonni
i+nx o+pesxon napaeinie npaxie moio nanpanenna
(pnc. 33).
Pnc. 33
B nepcnex+nne mnpo+nie npaxie pacnoaiam+ca napa-
eino ocnonannm xap+nni, xo+opoe ncnoisym+ n xanec-
+ne mxai xacm+aa. nnnaxn nepenoca cya+ mie
napaeinie xey coo n napaeinie npexe+no
nocxoc+n npaxie. Ecn na xap+nne saana mnpo+naa
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36
npaxaa n na ne neoxonxo o+on+i o+pesox saanno
nennnni, oc+a+onno o+on+i i+o+ o+pesox na ocnonannn
xap+nni, sa+ex na nnnn iopnson+a nipa+i nponsnoi-
no +onxy F n coennn+i xonni o+pesxa c i+o +onxo. Ha
mnpo+no npaxo npn i+ox o+cexae+ca o+pesox saanno
nennnni. Ecn yaa+i i+y mnpo+nym npaxym n iynny,
+.e. nponon+i napaeinie npaxie nime saanno, +o
na nnx +axe noynnx pannie o+pesxn (pnc. 34).
Pnc. 34
Ecn e na saanno npaxo o+xenena +onxa, o+ xo+o-
po nyno nnpano nn neno o+on+i o+pesox saanno
nennnni, +oia +onxy F neisa ninpa+i nponsnoino.
Ona onpeeae+ca noc+poennex. Hyno coennn+i xonen
o+pesxa na ocnonannn xap+nni c saanno na npaxo +on-
xo n npoon+i i+y npaxym o nepecenenna c nnne
iopnson+a, ie n noynae+ca +onxa F (pnc. 35).
Pnc. 35
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5.2. Macmva nmcov
Ecn saana nico+naa npaxaa, nepnennxyapnaa x
npexe+no nocxoc+n, +o a onpeeenna nennnni
o+pesxa, saannoio na ne, oc+a+onno nponec+n nepes
nee mym nep+nxainym nocxoc+i. Kap+nnni ce
+axo nocxoc+n ye+ ana+ica xacm+ano mxao, na
xo+opo n onpeen+ca na+ypainaa nennnna saannoio
o+pesxa (pnc. 36).
Pnc. 36
Pnc. 37
B o+nnne o+ xacm+aa mnpo+ xacm+a nico+ ne nxee+
xonxpe+no mxai, +ax xax nepes nico+nym npaxym xono
nponec+n cxoixo yiono nep+nxainix nocxoc+e.
Bico+naa npaxaa, xax n mnpo+naa, napaeina xap-
+nne. Hcxoa ns i+oio, o+xaina+i pasxepi na nico+no
npaxo xono noisyaci xacm+aox mnpo+ (pnc. 37).
]a i+oio oc+a+onno nepes +onxy nepecenenna nico+no
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38
npaxo c npexe+no nocxoc+im nponec+n mnpo+nym
npaxym, na xo+opo o+on+i saanni o+pesox, sa+ex
nepenec+n eio na nico+nym npaxym. Vono +axne noc+-
poenna ninec+n sa npeei paxxn xap+nni (pnc. 38).
Pnc. 38
5.3. Macmva rnynn
Hyc+i nxeex ne nsanxno nepnennxyapnie npaxie,
na ono ns xo+opix saan o+pesox, xo+opi neoxonxo
nepenec+n na pyiym. C i+o neim nponoa+ca npaxie,
napaeinie xey coo n pacnooennie no yiox
45 x xao ns saannix npaxix (pnc. 39).
Pnc. 39
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Macm+a iynn c+pon+ca na npaxo, nepnennxy-
apno x xap+nne, +.e. nepnennxyapno x ocnonannm
xap+nni, xo+opym n npnnnxam+ sa mxay xacm+aa.
nnnaxn nepenoca anam+ca npaxie, pacnooennie x
xap+nne no yiox 45. Kax nsnec+no, npeeino +onxo
+axnx npaxix anae+ca nc+annnonnaa +onxa D. ]a +oio
n+oi o+on+i o+pesox na iynnno npaxo, oc+a+on-
no o+on+i eio na ocnonannn xap+nni n nepes xonni
nponec+n napaeinie npaxie, +onxo cxoa xo+opix
anae+ca +onxa D (pnc. 40).
Pnc. 40
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134

Bnepenne ............................................................. 3
1. Ocnonnme reovevpnuecxne :nevenvm
n ovnomenna vepy nnvn ...................................... 4
2. Henvpannnoe npoennponanne ............................... 8
2.1. Hsopaenne +onxn ..................................... 8
2.2. Hsopaenne npaxo ..................................10
2.3. Hsopaenne nocxoc+n ..............................12
3. Hocvpoenne nepcnexvnnnmx n:opaenn
na xapvnne ..........................................................15
3.1. Hsopaenne na xap+nne nocxoc+n
n npaxo, napaeinix nocxoc+n H1 ................17
3.2. Hoc+poenne nsopaenna +onxn ....................19
3.3. Hsopaenne npaxo (no saannix
op+oionainix npoexnnax) ...............................22
3.4. Hoc+poenne xnapa+a ..................................26
3.4.1. Hocmpoenue napkema ................................28
3.4.2. Hocmpoenue :ecmnuum ..............................28
4. Ieovevpnuecxne nocvpoenna n nepcnexvnne ...........31
4.1. ]eenne o+pesxa na pannie nac+n ..................31
4.2. Hoc+poenne napaeinix npaxix ...............32
4.3. Hponeenne napaeinix npaxix
npn neoc+ynnix +onxax cxoa ...........................33
5. Hepcnexvnnnme vacmvam .................................35
5.1. Macm+a mnpo+ ........................................35
5.2. Macm+a nico+ .........................................37
5.3. Macm+a iynn ........................................38
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135
6. H:opaenne oxpynocvn ..................................40
6.1. Hoc+poenne nsopaenna oxpynoc+n
n nepcnex+nne .................................................44
6.2. Hoc+poenne napaeinix oxpynoc+e .........53
6.3. ]eenne oxpynoc+n na nac+n ......................54
6.4. Hoc+poenne nnn+ono ec+nnni ....................54
6.5. Hoc+poenne apox ........................................55
7. Hocvpoenne vnororpannnxon no :apannmv
opvoronannnmv npoexnnav....................................57
8. Ocnonnme vpeonanna x nmopy pncvannnonnoro
paccvoanna .........................................................58
9. Hocvpoenne gponvannno nepcnexvnnm
nnvepnepa ...........................................................61
9.1. Me+o ceon yne spenna .........................61
9.2. Hoc+poenne qpon+aino nepcnex+nni
nn+epiepa c ncnoisonannex nepcnex+nnnix
xacm+aon .....................................................66
10. Hocvpoenne yrnono nepcnexvnnm nnvepnepa .......68
10.1. Cnoco conxemenna npexe+no nocxoc+n
c xap+nnno ....................................................68
10.2. Me+o +peyioinnxa nopxainoio nnenna....69
11. Mevop apxnvexvopon ........................................74
12. Hocvpoenne gponvannno nepcnexvnnm :panna ....76
13. Hocvpoenne nepcnexvnnm o+exva
no pa:nepnyvo npoexnnn ......................................78
14. Hocvpoenne :xcvepnepa vevopov cevox ................81
15. Mevop vano xapvnnm .....................................83
16. Hocvpoenne vene ...........................................85
16.1. Hoc+poenne +enn o+ +onennoio nc+onnnxa ......85
16.1.1. Hocmpoenue menu e unmeptepe ..................87
16.1.2. Hocmpoenue menu npu co:neuno+
oceemenuu ......................................................87
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17. Hocvpoenne ovpaenn ....................................91
18. Pexoncvpyxnna nepcnexvnnm .............................95
19. Hpaxvnuecxne :apanna .....................................98
Konvponnnme nonpocm ....................................... 104
Hnvepavypa ...................................................... 106
Hpnnoenne 1 ................................................... 107
Hpnnoenne 2 ................................................... 122
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Cepna Bicmee opasonanne
Cvenanona Anna Hevponna
Kop Mapnana Cepreenna
HEPCHEKTHBA
Vnenoe nsanne
O+ne+c+nenni peax+op C. A. Ocmamoe
Texnnnecxn peax+op H. A. Baepnnueea
Xyonnx A. Bpamanoe
Koppex+opi T. Ha:apeea, H. Heanoea
Honncano n ne na+i 14.01.09.
dopxa+ 84108/32. Byx. +nn N 2.
Iapnn+ypa CG Times. Hena+i nicoxaa. Vc. n. . 7,56.
Tnpa 3000 ixs. 3ax. N
OOO dennxc
344082, i. Poc+on-na-]ony, nep. Xa+ypnncxn, 80
Hsio+oneno c io+onix nanosn+nnon n OAO HHH Kypcx
305007, i. Kypcx, y. 3nieica, 109
E-mail.kursk-2005gyandex.ru
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