--

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,


E. H. Kaenckau
www.phoenixbooks.ru
316.6(075.8)
88.573
0144
18
Penensen+i.
xanna+ ncnxooinnecxnx nayx .. y,
ox+op neaioinnecxnx nayx ..
y. .
18 Connainaa ncnxooina . xoncnex+ exnn . ynenoe
nocone / E. H. Kaxencxaa. Hs. 5-e, on. n nepe-
pa. Poc+on n/] . dennxc, 2009. 186, [1] c. (3ane+
n ixsaxen).
ISBN 978-5-222-15823-4
Vnenoe nocone npec+anae+ coo cnc+exa+nnecxn
xypc connaino ncnxooinn. Hsaiam+ca qynaxen+ai-
nie npoexi connaino ncnxooinn, xapax+epnsym+ca ee
npexe+, nc+opnnecxne nexn pasnn+na, xe+oooina n xe+oi
ncceonanna.
Vnenoe nocone noio+oneno n coo+ne+c+nnn c +peona-
nnaxn Iocc+anap+a Pd.
Hsanne npenasnaneno a c+yen+on n npenoana+ee
nicmnx ynenix saneenn.
V]K 316.6(075.8)
BBK 88.5a73
ISBN 978-5-222-15823-4
Kaxencxaa E. H., 2009
Oqopxenne, OOO dennxc, 2009
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3
WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW 1
,

Connainaa ncn xooina sannxae+ ocooe xe c+o n cnc+exe
naynnoio snanna, +ax xax ona nosnnxa na c+ixe nyx nayx ncn-
xooinn n connooinn. Kaaa ns i+nx ncnnnnn nxmnae+ ee n
cea n xanec+ne coc+anno nac+n. C ono c+oponi, moe ome-
c+nennoe ane nne nxee+ cno ncnxooinnecxn acnex+, +ax xax
omec+nennie saxonoxepnoc+n npoanam+ca ne nnane xax nepes
ea+einoc+i me, a mn ec+nym+, yynn naeennixn
cosnannex n noe. C pyio c+oponi, n cn+yannax conxec+no
ea+einoc+n me nosnnxam+ co nepmenno ocoie +nni cnase
xey nnxn, cnase omenna n nsanxo ec+nna, n anans nx
nenosxoen nne cnc+exi ncnxooinnecxoio snanna.
]pyio npnnnno noc+nennoio nooenna connaino
ncnxoo inn anae+ca caxa nc+opna c+anonenna i+o ncnnnnni,
xo+opaa nis penaa n nepax ononpexenno n ncnxooinnecxoio,
n connooinnecxoio snanna n n nonox cxice cona ponaci
na nepexpec+xe i+nx nyx nayx. Bce i+o cosae+ nexaie +py-
noc+n xax n onpeeennn npexe+a connaino ncnxooinn, +ax
n n nianennn xpyia ee npoex.
B nponecce y+onnenna npexe+a connaino ncnxooinn xax
nayxn xono nien+i necxoixo nepnoon.
1. Haxonenne connaino-ncnxooinnecxnx snann n cqepe
qn ocoqnn n ome ncnxooinn (VI n. o n. i. cepenna
XIX n.).
2. Bieenne onnca+eino connaino ncnxooinn ns qnoco-
qnn, connooinn n ome ncnxooinn n caxoc+oa+einym
oac+i snanna (5060-e ii. XIX n. 20-e ii. XX n.).
3. Oqopxenne connaino ncnxooinn xax nayxn co ncexn
npncymnxn e a+pny+axn (20-e ii. XX n.).
Cnoeopasno a+o poenna connaino ncnxooinn
cnn+ae+ ca 1908 i., xoia ononpexenno noannnci na cne+ pao+i
ncnxooia B. Maxyiaa Bneenne n connainym ncnxooinm
n conno oia 3. Pocca Connainaa ncnxooina.
Ho nonpocy o npexe+e connaino ncnxooinn connci
+pn noxoa.
Repom noxo
. B paxxax i+oio noxoa pas nie
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4
ncceona+en niean pasnie anenna, noxoamne no i+o on-
peeenne, nnoia oimn axnen+ eaca na nsynenne ncnxoo-
inn xaccon, pyinx oimnx connainix omnoc+e n n i+o
cnasn na +axnx o+einix iexen+ax omec+nenno ncnxooinn
ipynn, xax +pan nnn, npani, oinan n np. B pyinx cynaax oi-
mee nnnxanne yea oci qopxnponannm omec+nennoio xnenna,
+axnx cnennqnnecxnx xacconix anennax, xax xoa n np. Haxo-
nen, nny+pn i+oio e noxo a non+n nce ennoymno ionopnn o
neoxonxoc+n nsynenna xo ex+nnon. Boimnnc+no connooion
onpeeenno +pax+onan npexe+ connaino ncnxooinn xax
ncceonanne omec+nenno ncnxooinn (coo+ne+c+nenno in
pasneeni +epxnni. omec+nennaa ncnxoo ina yponeni o-
mec+nennoio cosnanna, xapax+epni a o+einix connainix
ipynn, npee nceio xaccon, n connainaa ncnxooina nayxa
o i+o omec+nenno ncnxooinn).
Bmopo noxo -
. O++enxn seci npoananci nmi
n +ox, n xaxox xon+exc+e npenoaiaoci ncceonanne nnnoc+n.
C o no c+oponi, oimn axnen+ eaca na ncnxooinnecxne
nep+i, ocoennoc+n nnnoc+n, +nnooinm nnnoc+e. C pyio
c+oponi, ni eanci +axne npoexi, xax nooenne nnnoc+n
n ipynne, xennnoc+nie o+nomenna, nca cnc+exa omenna.
Tpemu noxo i+o noni+xa cnn+esnpona+i na npeiy-
mnx noxoa.
, ,
. Bin npenpnna+i noni+xn a+i nonym
cxexy nsynaexix npoex n paxxax i+oio noxoa. Hano ee
mnpoxn nepeneni coepaa cxexa, npeoennaa B. ]. Hapi-
innix, no xnennm xo+opoio connainaa ncnxooina nsynae+.
1) conn ainym ncnxooinm nnnoc+n,
2) connainym ncnxooinm omnoc+e n omenna,
3) connainie o+nomenna,
4) qopxi yxonno ea+einoc+n.
Coiacno B. H. Macnmeny, connainaa ncnxooina ncce-
ye+.
1) nsxenenna ncnxnnecxo ea+einoc+n m e n ipynne no
nnannex nsanxoec+nna,
2) ocoennoc+n ipynn,
3) ncnxnnecxym c+opony nponeccon omec+na.
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5
Bano, n+o npn ncex nac+nix pacxoennax npeoennix
cxex ocnonnaa nea ia ome. npexe+ connaino ncnxooinn
oc+a +onno mnpox n xono c nyx c+opon nnia+ica x eio onpe-
eennm xax co c+oponi nnnoc+n, +ax n co c+oponi xacconix
ncnxnnecxnx anenn. Taxoe nonnxanne oee nceio o+nenae+
npax+nnecxnx sanpocax omec+na, n noi+oxy ono n oxasaoci
nanoee npnexexix.
B ncnxooinn no ennnne anansa nopasyxenae+ca ynnnep-
cainoe nona+ne, omaa coc+anammaa pasnnnix ncnxnnecxnx
npo neccon. B ome ncnxooinn sa ennnny anansa epy+ca
omymenne, opas n +. . B connaino ncnxooinn x ennnne ana-
nsa o+noca+ pasnnnie anenna. onn ynenie cnn+am+, n+o i+o
conxec+naa ea +einoc+i, pyine omenne, +pe+in nnnoc+i
n +. n. Onaxo ynnnepcainix nona+nex cnn +ae+ca nsanxoec-
+nne, n pesyi+a+e xo+opoio n opasym+ca co nnaino-ncnxooin-
necxne anenna. Ho cymec+ny, onn ec+i iqqex +i nsanxoec+nna.
H nxenno onn nic+ynam+ n xanec+ne ynnnep cainoio nona+na
connaino ncnxooinn, ennnni ee anansa.
Couuaaono-ncuxoaoeuueckue uoaenuu ,
(
) , -
, ,
, -
,
, .
K nncy ocnonnix connaino-ncnxooinnecxnx anenn o+no-
ca+ca. omenne, xnenne n nac+poenne, omnoc+i, c+pa+nqnxanna,
c+epeo+nn, xonqnx+, opas nsnn n np. Connaino-ncnxooinne-
cxne anenna naxoa+ cnoe o+paenne n coo+ne+c+nymmex nona+n-
nox annapa+e. Onn xaccnqnnnpym+ca no pasnnnix ocnonannax.
coepannm, yc+onnnoc+n n +..
Ho onn ea+ca na nopaaonme n eqopupo-
oannme.
Kpn+epnaxn nopxainix connaino-ncnxooinnecxnx ane-
nn nic+ynam+ nx nosn+nnnie, c+annsnpymmne nnanna na
coc+oanne non+nxn, ixonoxnxn n omec+na, na nsneomymenna
n eanna nnnoc+e.
Kpn+epnaxn eqopxnponannix connaino-ncnxooinnecxnx
anenn nic+ynam+ nx neia+nnnie, ec+annsnpymmne, esop-
iannsymmne nnanna na coc+oanne non+nxn, ixonoxnxn n ome-
c+na, na nsneomymenna n eanna nnnoc+e. 3+o oc+oa+eic+no
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6
cosae+ npenocixn a cosanna ixc+pexaino connaino
ncnxooinn.
pasnnam+ca
ceymmne connaino-ncnxo oinnecxne anenna. eauunoc-
mnme, epynnoome, eepynnoome, accoounme. Bieam+ca
ocosnanaexie n neocosnanaexie conn aino-ncnxooinnecxne
anenna.
Ho connaino-ncnxooinnecxne ane-
nna nopaseam+ca na unauunme (nanpnxep, pasnnnie nni
o menna), unauko-cmamuunme (nanpnxep, xnenna n nac+poe-
nna) n cmamuunme (nanpnxep, +pannnn, oinan).
Connainaa ncnxooina ocnemae+ saxonoxep noc+n nosnnx-
nonenna, pasnn+na n npoanenna connaino-ncnxo oinnecxnx
anenn. Connaino-ncnxooinnecxne anenna nosnnxam+ n
npoanam+ca na pasnix yponnax (xaxpo-, xeso- n xnxpo-),
n pasnix cqepax (iocyapc+na, ixonoxnxn, omec+na, o+e-
ino nn noc+n) n yconnax (nopxainix, oconennix n
ixc+pexainix).
B xanec+ne ocnonnoio xexannsxa nosnnxnonenna connaino-
ncnxooinnecxnx anenn nic+ynae+ omenne. B pesyi+a+e eio
qopxnpye+ca nnnoc+i, opasym+ca xaie ipynni n ncnxoo-
ina oee mnpoxnx omnoc+e, a +axe nponcxoa+ nsxenenna
pasnnno c+enenn conoc+n.
connaino-ncnxooinnecxne
anenna nopaseam+ca na ymmaenno coaaoaeme (cyxn
n np.), a +axe cmuxuno ooanukammue n pacnpocmpanummuecu
(xoa n np.).
Jnuoepcaaonme exanuam couuaaono-ncuxoaoeuueckux
uoaenu:
1) ceonanne xaxoxy-no npnxepy, opasy,
2) nponecc nosec+nna, cnasanni co cnnennex
cosna +einoc+n n xpn+nnnoc+n npn nocnpna+nn n peansa-
nnn nepeanae xoio coepanna,
3) nponecc nepeann ixonnonainoio coc+oanna
o+ onoio nnnnna x pyioxy,
4) xe+o nosec+nna na cosnanne nnnoc+n,
5) nponecc oennenna nn, +onnee,
o+oec+ nenna.
Hxenno i+n xexannsxi ea+ n ocnone connainoio naynenna
n noneenna.
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7
-
.
B sanncnxoc+n o+ ninonaexix qynxnn xypc n ynenn xn
Connainaa ncnxooina ea+ na Connaino-ncnxooinnecxym
+eopnm n Hpnxanym connainym ncnxooinm.
Couuaaono-ncuxoaoeuueckym meopum coc+anam+ +axne +eo-
pe+nxo-npnxanie ncnnnnni, xax non+nnecxaa ncnxooina,
i+noncnxooina, ncnxooina ynpanenna, ixonoxnnecxaa ncnxo-
oina, ixooinnecxaa ncnxooina n p.
Rpukaanym couuaaonym ncuxoaoeum opasym+ connaino-
ncnxooinnecxaa nainoc+nxa, xoncyi+nponanne, nosec+nne
n ncnxo+exnooinn n connaino npax+nxe. B i+ox cynae conn-
aino-ncnxooinnecxaa +eopna ana e+ca xax i c+noox epena
connaino ncnxooinn, a ee ne+naxn, coo+ne+c+nenno, nepe-
nncennie o+pacn.
Iaaonau aaaua couuaaono-ncuxoaoeuuecko meopuu
-
, ,
, -
- .
A.H. Cyxon n A.A. ]epxan nieam+ ceymmne aaauu co-
uuaaono-ncuxoaoeuuecko meopuu n conpexennox omec+ne.
1. Teope+nnecxoe ocxicenne xec+a n pon neonexa n nsxe-
nammexca xnpe, nianenne connaino-ncnxooinnecxnx
xapax+e pnc+nx nnnoc+n, nanoee pacnpoc+panennix ee +nnon
n conpe xennix yconnax n neax paspao+xn npnexexo ee
xoen.
2. Hcceonanne nceio xnoioopasna o+nomenn n omenna,
n +ox nnce nx eqopxannn n cnasn c y+nepennex n namex
connyxe nono cnc+exi nennoc+e n nsxenennaxn n qopxax
coc+nennoc+n.
3. Bipao+xa connaino-ncnxooinnecxoio nsiaa na npnpoy
iocyapc+na, non+nxn, ixonoxnxn n omec+na na ocnone
oex +nnnoio anansa connainix nnc+n+y+on n omnoc+e,
nx peai noio snanenna a nnnoc+n.
4. Paspao+xa +eopn connainix xonqnx+on (non+nnecxnx,
xeiocyapc+nennix, i+nnnecxnx, xpnxnnainix n np.).
5. Bipao+xa +eope+nnecxnx ocnon connaino-non+nnecxnx
n ainoc+nxn, xoncyi+nponanna n oxasanna noxomn (ncn-
xoininena, connainaa peann+anna, ncnxonpoqnax+nxa,
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ipynnonaa ncnxo +epanna, +pennnin, oynenne, ncnxooinnec-
xoe npocnemenne, po enie nipi).
Oomaa cxasannoe, xono cea+i nino, n+o npeem
(+eope+nnecxo) couuaaono ncuxoaoeuu -
,
- -, - -
, , , -
.
Rpeem npukaano couuaaono ncuxoaoeuu
,
-
.
www.phoenixbooks.ru
9
WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW 2
:

Hona+ne xe+o osnanae+ cnoco noc+poenna n oocnonanna

naynnoio snanna, a +axe conoxynnoc+i npnexon n onepann npax-
+nnecxoio n +eope+nnecxoio ocnoenna ec+nn+einoc+n.
Hanoee mnpoxoe npnxenenne n connaino-ncnxooinnec-
xnx ncceonannax noynnn emom onpoca, cy+i xo+opix
coc+on+ n noynennn nnqopxannn o oex+nnnix nn cy-
ex+nnnix qax+ax co con onpamnnaexix (pecnonen+on). Bi-
eam+ ne pasnonnnoc+n onpocnoio xe+oa. anxe+ni onpoc
n nn+epnim.
Ankemnm onpoc i+o xe+o copa nepnnnno connaino-
ncnxooinnecxo nnqopxannn, nosnoammn qnxcnpona+i ne
+oixo ax+i noneenna onpamnnaexix, no n nx naxepenna n
nani na yymee, nsyna+i nx nsnenni oni+. Caxo nasnanne
i+oio xe+oa npenoaiae+ eio c+pyx+ypy. na xpannx nom-
ca ncceona+ei n pecnonen+, a +axe sneno, onocpeymmee
nx o+nomenna, anxe+a.
Couuaaono-ncuxoaoeuueckoe unmepoom i+o xe+o copa
connaino-ncnxooinnecxo nnqopxannn, npenoaiammn npo-
neenne ecei (no onpeeennoxy nany), ocnonanno na neno-
cpec+nennox, nnnox xon+ax+e ncceona+ea n pecnonen+a.
Hn+epnimnponanne no cpannennm c anxe+nponann ex nxee+
cnom cnennqnxy. Iannoe o+nnne coc+on+ n cnocoe omenna
ncceona+ea n pecnonen+a. Hpn npone ennn anxe+nponanna
ono nonoc+im onocpeonano an xe+o. anxe+ep naccnnen, a npn
nponeennn nn+epnim xon+ax+ xey nn+epnimepox n onpamnna-
exix ocymec+nae+ca nenocpec+nenno, nn+ep nimep opiannsye+
nn+epnim, saae+ nonpoci, nee+ ece y, nanpanae+ ee, qnxcnpye+
noynennie o+ne+i.
B connaino ncnxo oinn npnxenae+ca xe+o connoxe+pnn.
Couuoempuu - -
,

.
Ocnona+eex i+oio xe+oa anae+ca ]. Mopeno, xo+opi
cnn+a, n+o pesyi+a+i +axoio ncceonanna coc+anam+ ocnony
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10
a +epanen+nnecxoio nsxenenna cymec+nymmnx connainix
o+nome nn.
Connoxe+pnnecxaa nponeypa npenoaiae+ onpoc xaoio
nena xao ipyn ni c neim yc+anonenna nosxonoc+n eio ynac-
+na (nn neynac+na) n onpee ennox nne conxec+no ea+einoc-
+n nn cn+yannn. Pesyi+a+i ncnoisonanna connoxe+pnn xoiy+
i+i npec+aneni n nne connoxa+pnn (+ann), connoipaxx,
ipaqnnecxn o+opaammnx c+pyx+ypy o+nomenn n ipynne, n
connoxe+pnnecxnx nnexcon, xonnec+nenno npec+anammnx
ncnxooinnecxne o+nomenna n ipynne.
Haamenue i+o xe+o copa nepnnnno connaino-ncnxo-
oinnecxo nnqopxannn, ocnonanni na nnsyainox n cyxonox
nocnpna+nn cneenn, xacammnxca nsynaexoio oex+a.
: noc+anonxa
nen, paspao+xa nana, niop o ex+a n cn+yannn namenna,
noepanne ec+ec+nennix yconn nsnn, nenxema+eic+no n
ea+einoc+i ncni+yexoio, oex+nnnoc+i n cnc+exa+nnnoc+i
namenn, paspao+annoc+i cnocoon qnxcannn pesyi+a+on.
-
: npesninanaa +pyoexxoc+i, oimne npexennie sa+pa+i,
naccnn naa, nina+einaa nosnnna ncceona+ea, neoxon-
xoc+i ncnxo oinnecxo opasonannoc+n nama+ea, nicoxaa
nepoa+noc+i npo nycxa ncnxooinnecxnx qax+on, ecn onn nonie
nn cn+i co xnoec+nox nony+nix anenn, onacnoc+i cy-
ex+nnnoc+n npn co pe n opao+xe annix, npn nn+epnpe+annn
pesyi+a+on, nenosxo noc+i nponepxn, oipannnennoe ncnoiso-
nanne xa+exa+nnecxnx xe+o on opao+xn annix.
]oc+onnc+naxn namenna xax xe+oa copa nnqopxannn an-
ae+ca o+cy+c+nne onocpeymmnx snenien xey ncceona+eex
n ncni+yexixn, +.e. esyconnoe nannne npaxoio xon+ax+a.
npenoaiae+ nenocpec+nennoe nsa-
nxoec+nne ncceo na+ea c nsynaexo ipynno.
peinc+pnpye+ connaino-ncnxoo-
innecxne anenna co c+oponi, es nsanxoec+nna c nsynaexix
neonexox nn ipynno.
Bieam+ +axe.
1. oxna+inae+ ononpexenno xnoine c+o-
poni noneenna neonexa n +enenne n+einoio npexenn n,
xax npanno, nponon+ca n o+nomennn onoio nn necxoixnx
neonex. He ncxmnena npn i+ox onpeeennaa nsnpa+ei-
noc+i.
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11
2. oxna+inae+ xaxym-no c+opony no-
neenna neonexa nn noneenne n onpeeennix cn+yannax,
n onpeeennie npoxey+xn npexenn.
Ho yconnax opiannsannn namenne en+ca na.
1) (ocymec+naexoe n ncxycc+nenno cosannix
n xon+ponpyexix ncceona+eex yconnax),
2) (nponon+ca n ec+ec+nenno oc+anonxe, n peaino
nsnenno cn+yannn).
3xcnepnxen+ nic+ynae+ n xanec+ne onoio ns ocnonnix xe-
+oon ncceonanna n connaino ncnxooinn.
Okcnepuenm ,


.
-
saxmnae+ca n +ox, n+oi cea+i oc+ynnixn a oex+nnnoio
nnemneio namenna cymec+nennie ocoennoc+n nny+penneio
ncnxnnecxoio nponecca.
} anae+ca +o, n+o on
nosnoae+ naenee pyinx ncnxooinnecxnx xe+oon ea+i ni-
noi o npnnnnno-cec+nennix cnasax ncceyexoio qenoxena c
pyin xn qenoxenaxn, naynno oacnn+i nponcxoenne anenna
n eio pasnn+ne.
Han ixcnepnxen+a paspaa+inae+ca n sanncnxoc+n o+ cnennqn-
xn saan n inno+es ncceonann, c ono c+oponi, n xa+epnainix,
connainix n npexennix nos xonoc+e nponeenna ixcnepnxen-
+a c pyio. Bipao+xa saan n inno+es ncceonanna nannnae+ca
c noc+anonxn nen ixcnepnxen+a n qopxynponanna ocnonno inno-
+esi, n+o oyconeno ax+yainoc+im onpeeennix connaino-ncn-
xooinnecxnx npoex n c+enenim nx naynno paspao+annoc+n.
Hxe m+ca ne ocnonnie pasnonnnoc+n ixcnepnxen+a, xo+opie
o+nnam+ca pyi o+ pyia yconnaxn nponeenna ixcnepnxen+a.
1) npo+exae+ n cnennainix yco-
nnax, ncnoisye+ca cnennainaa annapa +ypa, ec+nna ncni-
+yexoio onpeeam+ca nnc+pyxnne, ncni+yexi snae+, n+o
nponon+ca ixcnepnxen+, xo+a o xonna nc+nnnoio cxica
ixcnepnxen+a xoe+ ne sna+i.
2) y npo+exae+ n oinnix yconnax
+pya, ynei, omenna, n neonex ne snae+, n+o na nnx
ixcnepnxen+npym+.
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12
Onnx ns nepnix xe+o ec+ec+nennoio ixcnepnxen+a c+a nc-
noisona+i pyccxn yneni A. d. asypcxn. ]annie, noynaexie
n ec+ec+nennox ixcnepnxen+e, ynme nceio coo+ne+c+nym+ +nnnnno-
xy nsnennoxy noneennm me. Onaxo ceye+ nxe+i n nny,
n+o pesyi+a+i ec+ec+nennoio ixcnepnxen+a ne nce ia +onni ns-sa
o+cy+c+nna y ixcnepnxen+a+opa nosxonoc+n c+poioio xon+poa sa
nnannex pasnoopasnix qax+opon na nsynaexoe cnoc+no. C i+o
+onxn spenna aopa+opni ixcnepnxen+ ninipinae+ n +onnoc+n, no
npn i+ox yc+ynae+ n c+enenn coo+ne+c+nna nsnenno cn+yannn.
Tecm i+o ocooio poa ncni+anne, n xoe xo+opoio nc-
ni+yexi ninonae+ nn cnennaino paspao+annoe saanne,
nn o+nenae+ na nonpoci, o+nnammneca o+ nonpocon anxe+
nn nn+epnim. Bonpoci n +ec+ax noca+ xocnenni xapax+ep.
Hpnxenenne +ec+on nocn+ oxaini xapax+ep no+oxy, n+o onn
npenxyme c+nenno xacam+ca nmi onoio pasea connaino
ncnxooinn npoexi nnnoc+n. Tec+on e, nxemmnx snane-
nne a nainoc+nxn ipynni, ne +ax xnoio. B xanec+ne npnxepa
xono nasna+i +ec+ T. npn n connoxe+pnnecxn +ec+.
Memo anaauaa okyenmoo anae+ca pasnonnnoc+im ome-
ncnxooinnecxoio xe+oa anansa npoyx+on neonenecxo
ea+einoc+n. Me+oi anansa oxyxen+on pasnnam+ca na
(nn neqopxansonannie) n (qop-
xansonannie). Konnec+nennie xe+oi anansa oxyxen+on
noynnn mnpoxoe pacnpoc+panenne n 3040-x ii. XX n. n cnasn
c paspao+xo cnennaino nponeypi xon+en+-anansa.
Konmenm-anaaua i+o ocoi, oc+a+onno qopxan-
sonanni xe+o anansa oxyxen+a, xoia n +exc+e nieam+ca
cne nnainie ennnni, a sa+ex nocnn+inae+ca nac+o+a nx
yno+pee nna. Me+o xon+en+-anansa ec+i cxic npnxena+i
+oixo n +ex cyna ax, xoia ncceona+ei nxee+ eo c oi-
mnx xaccnnox nnqopxannn, +ax n+o npnxon+ca anansnpona+i
xnoionncennie +exc+i. Hpax+n necxn i+o+ xe+o npnxenae+ca n
connaino ncnxooinn npn ncceo nannax n oac+n xacconix
xoxxynnxann. Hpn ncnoisonannn xe+onxn xon+en+-anansa
nosnnxae+ pa +pynoc+e. Hanpnxep, cax nponecc nieenna
ennnn +exc+a no xnoiox sann cn+ o+ +eope+nnecxo nosnnnn
ncceona+ea, o+ eio nnno xoxne+en+noc+n, yponna eio +nop-
necxnx nosxonoc+e.
B conpexennix connaino-ncnxooinnecxnx ncceonannax
mnpoxo npnxenae+ca omenaynni emo oeaupooanuu, xo-
+opi nipa ae+ca n snaxono nxn+annn ncnxnnecxnx anenn
nn n opia nnsannn pasnnnix nnon neonenecxo ea+einoc+n
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13
n ncxyc c+nenno cxonc+pynponanno cpee. Me+o xoenponanna
npnxenae+ca, xoia ncnoisonanne pyinx xe+oon sa+pyneno.
Moen xoiy+ i+i +exnnnecxnxn, oinnecxnxn, xa+exa+n-
necxnxn, xnepne +nnecxnxn n +. .
B ncnoisym+ xa+exa+nnec-
xoe nipaenne nn qopxyy, n xo+opo o+paena nsanxocnasi
nepexennix n o+nome nna xey nnxn, nocnponsnoamne ie-
xen+i n o+nomenna n nsynaexix anenn ax.
npenoaiae+ cosanne npnopa
nn yc+poc+na, no cnoexy ec+nnm nanoxnnammeio +o, n+o
noen+ nsynennm.
ocnonano na ncnoisonannn
a pemenna ncnxooinnecxnx saan nona+n ns oac+n nnqop-
xa+nxn n xnepne+nxn.
ocnonano na neax n cnxnonxe,
npnxenaexo n xa+exa+nnecxo oinxe.
Pasnn+ne xoxnim+epon n npoipaxxnoio oecnenenna ao
+onox x xoenponannm connaino-ncnxnnecxnx anenn na
ocnone saxonon pao+i 3BM.
Kpocc-kyaomypnm emo ncceonanna npenoaiae+
cpanne nne n nianenne ocoennoc+e ncnxnnecxoio pasnn+na
nopac+amme io noxoenna n pasnnammnxca xyi+ypax. n yconn-
ax xyi+ypi en ponecxoio +nna n noc+onno xyi+ypi, xyi+ypi
conpexennoio +exnooinnecxoio omec+na n +ax nasinaexoio
+pannnonnoio ome c+na n +.. Heonexy, npnnaeamexy x
+oxy nn nnoxy omec+ny, cnoc+nenno nocnpnnnxa+i nexo+opie
xoen pasnn+na xax nexym ec+ec+nennym esyconnym nopxy.
Kpocc-xyi+ypnoe cpannenne ae+ nosxonoc+i no-nonoxy no-
cxo+pe+i na oneni npnninnie nemn.
Buoepaquuecku emo ncceonanna coc+on+ n nianennn
xmne nix qax+opon qopxnponanna nnnnna, eio nsnennoio
ny+n, xpnsncnix nepnoon pasnn+na, ocoennoc+e connansa-
nnn. Ana nsnpym+ca +axe +exymne coi+na n nsnn nnnnna,
npo inosnpym+ca nosxonie coi+na n yymex, coc+anam+ca
ipa qnxn nsnn, nponsnon+ca xaysoxe+pna.
Kayaoempuu (o+ a+. us npn nnna n ipen. mtr ns-
xepenne) npnnnnni anans xecoi+nnix o+nomenn,
anans ncnxooinnecxoio npexenn nn noc+n, oosnanam+ca cqepi
npnoenna coi+n, oxansy e+ca nnni npexenno nen+p,
nianam+ca c+ap+onie coi +na o+einix nepnoon pasnn+na
nnnoc+n nn ee eipaannn.
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Hoxnxo yxasannix xe+oon cymec+nym+ n pyine xe+oi
nsynenna connaino-ncnxn necxnx anenn. Ceye+ nxe+i n nny,
n+o nanoee iqqex+nnnoe nsynenne connaino-ncnxnnecxnx an-
enn ocymec+nae+ ca npn xoxnexcnox npnxenennn pasnnnix
xe+oon.
]a ncceonanna nnanna connaino ipynni na nosnnnn
nnnoc+n npnxenae+ca xe+o noc+anno ipynni.
]a nainoc+nxn connaino snannxix xanec+n nnnoc+n nc-
noisye+ca xe+o ixcnep+nix onenox n xe+o ipynnono onenxn
nnnoc+n (IO).
Memo epynnooo ouenku auunocmu (IO) i+o cnoco no-
ynenna xapax+epnc+nxn neonexa nepes nsanxnie onenxn nenon
ipynni. Me+o IO ocnonan na qenoxene ipynnonix npec+ane-
nn o xaox nene ipynni xax pesyi+a+e nsanxnoio nosnanna
me n nponeccax nx conxec+no ea+einoc+n n omenna.
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15
WWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWWW 3

Rpeemo npukaano couuaaono ncuxoaoeuu
,
--
, (nopxainix, oco-
nennix, ixc+pexainix), (xaxpo-,
cpenex, xnxpo- n nnnoc+nox).
Rpeem couuaaono-ncuxoaoeuuecko uaenocmuku
, . . -
- (nnnoc+n, ipynn,
opiannsann) . Hpn
i+ox ceye+ nxe+i n nny, n+o connaino-ncnxooinnecxaa
nainoc+nxa nxee+ c+an aini xapax+ep, +. e. necxoixo qas,
a connaino-ncnxooinne cxne anenna oni paccxa+pnna+ica
na eccosna+einox, nocos na+einox n cnepxcosna+einox
yponnax.
Rpeem couuaaono-ncuxoaoeuueckoeo koncyaomupooanuu
-
.
Rpeemo ncuxomexnuku ooaecmouu -
,
, -
(+pennnion n pyinx
ipynnonix xe+onx).
Hpnxanaa connainaa ncnxooina ninonae+ pasnoopas-
nie qynkuuu, xo+opie nieam+ c yne+ox cqepi npnoenna
npnxano connaino ncnxooinn.
1) n paxxax connaino npax+nxn,
2) n cqepe opasonanna, npocnemenna,
3) n oac+n +eopnn.
-
. Onn
nce ia xonxpe+nsnponani, nepconnqnnnponani n peiaxen+n-
pym+ca nopxa+nnnixn ax+axn, iannix opasox nooennex
o ncnxoo innecxo cye, nen+pe, aopa+opnn, qynxnnonai-
nixn oasannoc+axn npax+nnecxnx ncnxooion. 3+n oxyxen+i
noca+ neoxc+nenni xapax+ep, ec+nym+ n npeeax +oio nn
nnoio xnnnc+epc+na. Hoonie nooenna paspao+ani n paxxax
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16
xnnnc+epc+n spanooxpanenna, connaino samn+i, opa sonanna,
nny+pennnx e, ooponi n +. n. B nexo+opix cynaax paspaa+i-
nam+ca oxyxen+i oee omeio xapax+epa npoqec cnonainie
xoexci.

, -
.
Hpax+nnecxn connaini ncnxooi nxee+ eo c connai-
no-ncnxooinnecxnxn anennaxn na pasnix yponnax n n pasnix
yco nnax.
1) na xaxpoyponne (xacconie nnenna, nap+nn, c+pa+i,
conn ainie nnc+n+y+i n o+nomenna),
2) na cpenex (connainie opiannsannn),
3) na xnxpoyponne (xaie ipynni),
4) na nnnoc+nox (connaino-ncnxooinnecxne xapax+epnc-
+nxn cyex+a),
5) n o+einix cqepax (iocyapc+no, ixonoxnxa, omec+no),
6) n nopxainix, oconennix, ixc+pexainix yconnax.
Hpax+nnecxne connainie ncnxooin pao+am+ no xnoinx
o+ pacax. n non+nxe, opasonannn, spanooxpanennn, MB],
xoxxepne cxnx, qnnanconix c+pyx+ypax n +. ., n nen+pax no
nsynennm omec+nen noio xnenna, npnxano xonqnx+oo-
inn, cyax cexin, nen+ pax sana+oc+n naceenna, ynenix
saneennax, opianax spano oxpanenna, anam+ca ynac+nnxaxn
opiannsannonnoio xoncyi+n ponanna, nic+ynam+ n pon nxn-
xexepon, neymnx +pennnion eonoio omenna (ncnxooion-
+penepon) n +..
Onnx ns iannix yconn npoqeccnonainoio ninonenna
qynxnnonainix oasannoc+e npax+nnecxnxn connainixn
ncn xooiaxn anae+ca comenne i+nnecxoio xoexca, cymnoc+i
xo+o poio cnon+ca x. 1) samn+e nn+epecon xnen+a, 2) ynae-
nnm xonqn ennnainoc+n no nsanxoo+nomennax c xnen+axn,
3) io+onno c+n o+en+i nnnie nync+na o+ npoqeccnonainix
o+nomenn, 4) c+pexennm x connainix nsxenennax, 5) io-
+onnoc+n x nepeane snann n yxenn pyinx, 6) ynaennm x
nnnnnyainix n ipynno nix pasnnnax n +..
Ceye+ o+xe+n+i, n+o n Poccnn npesninano cao pas nn+a
. Conn-
aino-ncnxooinnecxne ixcnep+i n pon xoncyi+an+on oni
ynac+nona+i n paspao+xe naynnix ocnon connaino non+nxn.
Connaino-ncnxooinnecxaa ixcnep+nsa nopxa+nnnix ax+on, co-
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nnainix npoipaxx, npoex+on ona oecnennna+i connai nym
ncnxoinineny, +.e. oocnonina+i connainym asy ncnxnne cxoio
soponia naceenna xax ianno coc+anamme nannonai no
esonacnoc+n.
-

. Ceio na non+n na ncex ncnxooinnecxnx
qaxyi+e+ax npeycxo+pena coo+ne+c+nymmaa cnennansanna.
Hpax+nnecxne connainie ncnxooin sannxam+ca npocnemenn ex.
H+enne exnn, nic+ynenne na cexnnapax +nnnnnie cnoco i
pacnpoc+panenna connaino-ncnxooinnecxnx snann.
- -

, .
Connaino-ncnxooinnecxaa +eopna ona npeoc+ann+i
npax +nnecxnx connainix ncnxooiax. 1) ne+xn aiopn+x
ec+nn, 2) nainoc+nnecxne n pyine c+anap+nsnponannie
ynnqnnnponannie xe+onxn, n +ox nnce ixcnpecc-xe+onxn.
Taxe ona i+i pemena npoexa ce pnnoio ninycxa anna-
pa+ypno xe+onxn a nainoc+nxn connaino-ncnxooinnecxnx
xapax+epnc+nx nnno c+n, ipynn n xacconix anenn.
Ceye+ o+xe+n+i, n+o neisa ny+a+i qynxnnn nac+no n o-
me connaino-ncnxooinnecxo +eopnn. Ha ocnone ixnnpnnecxnx
an nix omaa connaino-ncnxooinnecxaa +eopna sannxae+ca
ocxice nnex (yc+anonennex saxonoxepnoc+e) n npoinosn-
ponannex pasnn +na nnnoc+n, ipynn, omnoc+e, connainix
nnc+n+y+on. Ono ns iannix qynxnn nac+no connaino-
ncnxooinnecxo +eopnn anam+ca paspao+xa n nnepenne ne+pa-
nnnonnix xe+onx no.
1) nnsyaino ncnxonainoc+nxe na ocnone cnxn+oxa+nxn,
npnsnaxon connaino-ncnxooinnecxnx anenn,
2) connainoxy ncnxoanansy,
3) ncnxocexan+nxe,
4) ixooinnecxo ncnxooinn,
5) nsynennm xen+ainix xapax+epnc+nx, n +ox nnce ns-
nennoio ny+n nnnoc+n,
6) ncnoisonannm oni+a noc+onno ncnxooinn,
7) nponeennm ipynnono ncnxo+epannn, +pennnion n +..
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185

1. Oex+, npexe+ n saann connaino ncnxooinn ... 3

2. Me+oi connaino ncnxooinn. omaa
xapax+epnc+nxa .................................................. 9
3. Hpnxanie ncceonanna connaino
ncnxooinn ......................................................15
4. Hpoexa nnnoc+n n connaino ncnxooinn.
Connaino-ncnxooinnecxaa c+pyx+ypa nnnoc+n.
Maxpo- n xnxpocpea nnnoc+n ............................18
5. Connaino-ncnxooinnecxne +eopnn nnnoc+n ........23
6. Connaino-ncnxooinnecxne +nnooinn nnnoc+n ...35
7. Opas nsnn xax nn+eipainoe nipaenne
nsneea+einoc+n nnnoc+n, ipynni, omec+na ....... 38
8. Hona+ne connainaa yc+anonxa, ee c+pyx+ypa
n qynxnnn. ]nnaxnxa connainix yc+anonox.
Connainie c+epeo+nni .....................................44
9. Connaino-ncnxooinnecxne acnex+i
connansannn ...................................................52
10. Connaino-ncnxooinnecxaa xapax+epnc+nxa
ipynni. Kaccnqnxannn ipynn ............................61
11. nnnoc+i n ipynne. connainaa nen+nnnoc+i ........67
12. C+nxnnie ipynni. Connaino-ncnxooinnecxaa
cymnoc+i +oni n xapax+epnc+nxa pasnnnix
nnon +oni ....................................................70
13. Macconie connaino-ncnxooinnecxne anenna ......79
14. Hona+ne xao ipynni. Tnnooinn xaix ipynn ....84
15. Vconna opasonanna xao ipynni.
dopxainaa n neqopxainaa c+pyx+ypa ipynni ......87
16. Vponnn pasnn+na xaix ipynn ............................90
17. Ipynnonie iqqex+i ..........................................95
18 . ]nnaxnxa ipynni .............................................99
19. Ipynnonie nopxi. Ipynnonaa conxec+nxoc+i
n cnonennoc+i ............................................... 107
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20. Meipynnonie o+nomenna ............................... 110
21. Hona+ne nepc+na. Teopnn nepc+na ................ 120
22. nepc+no n ipynne. Kaccnqnxannn nepon ...... 124
23. Connainaa ncnxooina opiannsannn. Tnni
c+pyx+yp opiannsannn. dynxnnn n noxasa+en
iqqex+nnnoc+n opiannsannn ............................. 129
24. Hona+ne, yponnn n qax+opi qopxnponanna
connaino-ncnxooinnecxoio xnxa+a ................. 133
25. Hona+ne n nni connainix o+nomenn.
Hcnxooina xennnoc+nix o+nomenn ............. 139
26. Omenne. nni, c+pyx+ypa, qynxnnn .................. 145
27. Bocnpna+ne n nonnxanne n nponecce omenna.
Mexannsxi xennnoc+noio nocnpna+na ............ 148
28. Omenne xax xoxxynnxanna ............................. 157
29. Omenne xax nsanxoec+nne ............................ 161
30. Connaino-ncnxooinnecxoe coepanne nona+na
xonqnx+. Hpnnnni nosnnxnonenna xonqnx+on.
Kaccnqnxannn xonqnx+on ............................. 166
31. C+pyx+ypa n ocnonnie c+ann npo+exanna
xonqnx+on. Me+oi paspemenna xonqnx+on ..... 170
32. Connainaa ncnxooina esonacnoc+n.
Hnqopxannonnaa esonacnoc+i. nona+ne
n connaino-ncnxooinnecxne xapax+epnc+nxn ...... 175
n+epa+ypa ................................................................... 183
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