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s.d. c, f.o. h
u
Peko+en0oeano `ue6no-+emo0uuecku+ o6e0unenue+
no o6pa:oeanum e o6:acmu :uneeucmuku Munucmepcmea
o6pa:oeanun u nayku Poccucko 4e0epauuu e kauecmee
yue6noeo noco6un 0:n cmy0enmoe, o6yuammuxcn
no cneuua:tnocmn+ 100101 Cepeuc
u 230202 Hnop+auuonnme mexno:oeuu e o6pa:oeanuu
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811.111(075.8)
81.2-923
8032
72
An+opi.
onen+ xaqepi nepenoa n nepenooneenna Hensencxo iocyapc+nenno
+exnooinnecxo axaexnn, xanna+ qnooinnecxnx nayx C.B. Bo6m:eea,
san. xaqepo nepenoa n nepenooneenna Hensencxo iocyapc+nenno
+exnooinnecxo axaexnn, ox+op qnooinnecxnx nayx, npoqeccop, axaexnx
Meynapono axaexnn nayx neaioinnecxoio opasonanna, none+ni
pao+nnx nicmeio npoqeccnonainoio opasonanna Pd, nen Comsa nnca+ee
Poccnn, nen Comsa ypnanc+on Poccnn ,.H. Xamkun.
Penensen+i.
san. xaqepo anincxo qnooinn qaxyi+e+a nnoc+pannix asixon
Moponcxoio iocyapc+nennoio ynnnepcn+e+a nx. H.H. Oiapena, ox+op
qnooinnecxnx nayx, npoqeccop K.M. Tpoqnxona,
exan qaxyi+e+a enponecxnx asixon Mocxoncxoio iocyapc+nennoio
iyxann+apnoio ynnnepcn+e+a nx. M.A. Booxona, npoqeccop A.C. Kaaxnn,
onen+ xaqepi excnxooinn anincxoio asixa Mocxoncxoio iocyapc+nennoio
nninnc+nnecxoio ynnnepcn+e+a, xanna+ qnooinnecxnx nayx E.B. Pixnna,
n.o. san. xaqepo anincxoio asixa n xexyi+ypno xoxxynnxannn
qaxyi+e+a qnooinn n ypnanc+nxn Capa+oncxoio iocyapc+nennoio
ynnnepcn+e+a nx. H.I. Hepnimencxoio, xanna+ neaioinnecxnx nayx, onen+
H.H.Hioxnna.
..
72 Anincxn asix a cqepi nnqopxannonnix
+exnooin n cepnnca . ynenoe nocone / C.B. Boiena,
].H. 2a+xnn. Poc+on n/] . dennxc, 2009. 332,
[2] c. . n. (Bic mee opasonanne).
ISBN 978-5-222-15805-0
Vnenoe nocone naneeno na noio+onxy c+yen+on x
caxoc+oa+eino pao+e co cnennaino n+epa+ypo, oynenne
yc+nix qopxax omenna no naynno +exa+nxe na xa+epnae
npeoennix +exc+on, cnc+exnoe pasnn+ne xoxxynnxa+nnnix
cnoconoc+e c+yen+on, pacmnpenne nx ax+nnnoio n naccnnnoio
excnnecxoio sanaca. Hocone coc+on+ ns 18 paseon, xai ns
xo+opix nxmnae+ n cea opnen+nponanni na nosnana+einie
no+penoc+n oynaexix opninnaini +exc+ n cnc+exy
ynpanenn.
Vnenoe nocone npenasnaneno a c+yen+on nicmnx
ynenix saneenn, oynammnxca no cnennainoc+ax 100101
Cepnnc nnqopxannonni n 230202 Hnqopxannonnie
+exnooinn n opasonannn.
V]K 811.111(075.8)
BBK 81.2Ani-923
ISBN 978-5-222-15805-0
Boiena C.B., 2a+xnn, ].H. 2009
Oqopxenne. OOO dennxc, 2009
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pt bdtprpd
Vnenoe nocone naneeno na noio+onxy c+yen+on x ca-
xoc+oa+eino pao+e co cnennaino n+epa+ypo, oynenne
yc+nix qopxax omenna no naynno +exa+nxe na xa+epnae
npeoennix +exc+on, cnc+exnoe pasnn+ne xoxxynnxa+nnnix
cnoconoc+e c+yen+on, pacmnpenne nx xpyiosopa, ax+nnnoio n
naccnnnoio excnnecxoio sanaca.
Hocone coc+on+ ns 18 paseon, npnnex xai pase
coepn+ opnen+nponanni na nosnana+einie no+penoc+n
oynaexix opninnaini +exc+, cnc+exy ynpanenn x nexy,
a +axe ononn+einie +exc+i a nepenoa n noceymmeio
ocyenna.
Texc+i no npoexax nnqopxannonnix +exnooin n cepnn-
ca nsa+i ns conpexennix naynnix n naynno-nonyapnix nsann
(innnxonen, xonoipaqn, ypnaon n iase+) n npnnoa+ca
es aan+annn. Hcxonixn nocixaxn npn o+ope +exc+on,
npenasnanennix a n+enna, nepenoa n peqepnponanna, in
ax+yainoc+i +exi, paccxa+pnnaexo anincxnx an+opox, no-
snana+einoc+i n ynexa+einoc+i nsoenna xa+epnaa.
Cnc+exa ynpanenn xaoio ypoxa cnasana c coepannex
ocnonnoio +exc+a n cnennaino excnxo, nnonxo n ocnon-
nox +exc+e annoio pasea, a +axe c +exc+axn npeiymnx
paseon. B noyponnox conapnox xa+epnae npec+aneni
ononpexenno +pn excnnecxnx nac+a omen+epa+ypni,
omenaynni n cnennaini, nocxoixy a cnoonoio n+enna
n nonnxanna opninnaino n+epa+ypi no cnennainoc+n na
nnoc+pannox asixe onnaxono nani nce +pn yxasannix excn-
necxnx nac+a. Opama+ica x conapm, annoxy n xonne nocona
neoxonxo nepe nsynennex onpeeennoio pasea nn nino-
nennex ynpanenna coo+ne+c+nenno yxasannoxy noxepy.
C+pyx+ypa paseon n noceona+einoc+i pasnep+inanna
yneno nnqopxannn ono+nnni, n+o oeinae+ ycnoenne
xa+epnaa n nonnxanne saan, noc+anennix n ynpanennax.
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Pasei pexoxenye+ca nsyna+i n +ox nopaxe, n xaxox onn npe-
c+aneni n xnnie, npnnex ea+einix anae+ca coxpanenne
noceona+einoc+n ninonenna ynpanenn n paseax, +ax
xax xa+epna an n nospac+amme c+enenn conoc+n. Mnoine
ynpanenna xoiy+ i+i ninoneni n nncixennox nne, n+o
+axe npec+anae+ca snannxix, nocxoixy nncixo anae+ca
neoxonxix yconnex qopxnponanna nanixon ipaxo+no,
npannino penn na nnoc+pannox asixe.
Hoce sanepmenna pao+i na ocnonnix +exc+ox n cey-
mmnxn sa nnx ynpanennaxn oynaexie xoiy+ opa+n+ica x
ononn+einix +exc+ax, +exa+nnecxn pasnnnammnx ocnonno
+exc+ n npnneennix n xonne xaoio pasea. Hx xono nc-
noisona+i a n+enna n nepenoa oxa n n ayn+opnn, a +axe
a noceymmeio ocyenna nponn+annoio n ayn+opnn.
Vnenoe nocone npenasnaneno a c+yen+on nicmnx
ynenix saneenn, oynammnxca no cnennainoc+ax 100101
Cepnnc nnqopxannonni n 230202 Hnqopxannonnie
+exnooinn n opasonannn.
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UNI T 1
Information Technology
Information Technology (IT) is the study, design, development,
implementation, support or management of computer-based information
systems, particularly software applications and computer hardware.
IT deals with the use of electronic computers and computer software
to convert, store, protect, process, transmit and retrieve information,
securely.
Recently it has become popular to broaden the term to explicitly
include the Iield oI electronic communication so that people tend to use
the abbreviation ICT (InIormation and Communications Technology).
It is common Ior this to be reIerred to as IT & T in the Australasia
region, standing Ior InIormation Technology and Telecommunica-
tions.
In the United Kingdom education system, inIormation technology
was Iormally integrated into the school curriculum when the National
Curriculum was devised. It was quickly realized that the work covered
was useIul in all subjects. In the US myspace music videos are very
popular. With the arrival oI the Internet and the broadband connec-
tions to all schools, the application oI IT knowledge, skills and un-
derstanding in all subjects became a reality. This change in emphasis
has resulted in a change oI name Irom InIormation Technology to
InIormation and Communication Technology. ICT in education can
be understood as the application oI digital equipment to all aspects
oI teaching and learning. It is present in almost all schools and is oI
growing inIluence.
The growth oI use oI InIormation and Communications Technol-
ogy and its tools in the Iield oI Education has seen tremendous growth
in the recent past. Technology has entered the classroom in a big way
to become part oI a teaching and learning process.
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Today, the term inIormation technology has ballooned to en-

compass many aspects oI computing and technology, and the term
is more recognizable than ever beIore. The inIormation technology
umbrella can be quite large, covering many Iields.
Computer proIessionals are oIten called IT specialists or Busi-
ness Process Consultants, and the division oI a company or university
that deals with soItware technology is oIten called the IT department.
Other names Ior the latter are inIormation services (IS) or manage-
ment inIormation services (MIS), managed service providers (MSP).
IT proIessionals perIorm a variety oI duties that range Irom installing
applications to designing complex computer networks and inIorma-
tion databases. A Iew oI the duties that IT proIessionals perIorm
may include data management, networking, engineering computer
hardware, database and soItware design, as well as the management
and administration oI entire systems.
Exercises
A. Comprehension
1. Answer /hese ques/ions:
1. What does IT deal with?
2. How has the term been recently broadened?
3. Why was the use oI InIormation and Communications Technol-
ogy and its tools in the Iield oI Education grown in the recent
past? What way?
4. What are the duties that IT proIessionals perIorm?
2. Define /he /erm informa/ion /echnology.
B. Vocabulary
3. Give Russian equivalen/s of /he following expressions:
soItware, hardware, store, application, digital, encompass, explic-
itly, convert, implementation, process, division, securely, transmit,
networking, tremendous, retrieve, devise, entire, database.
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4. Transla/e /hese words and word combina/ions in/o English:

paspao+xa, nno n ixcnya+annm, npeopasonina+i, anna-
pa+ypa, oopyonanne, xpann+i, coxpana+i noxmnenne x ce+n,
o+e, o+eenne, oipoxni, ipoxani, no+pacammn, asa
annix, paspaa+ina+i e+aino, nopono oxna+ina+i, o+ic-
xnna+i, nsnexa+i xoxnim+epnie npoipaxxi, npoipaxxnoe
oecnenenne, opaa+ina+i nnqpono, nncono, nepeana+i,
npnxenenne, ncnoisonanne, esonacno, naeno, nei, nsa-
+i n neox, yc+anannna+i.
5. Find synonyms of /he following expressions among /he words and
word combina/ions of /he previous exercises:
1) keep, deposit, save,
2) spread, pass on, send out, conduct, transIer,
3) use, Iunction, adaptation, treatment,
4) Iirmly, steadily, saIely,
5) extract (Irom), elicit (Irom), evoke (Irom), take/draw
out,
6) handle, work (up), elaborate, adapt, sort out,
7) transIorm, change, turn, converse,
8) particularly, in Iull, elaborately, comprehensively,
9) embrace, cover, include, take in,
10) carrying out, execution, realization, operation,
11) department, oIIice, section,
12) whole, Iull, complete,
13) work out, invent, develop, create, set up,
14) great, enormous, vast, immense, colossal, huge.
6. Use each of Exercise 3 words/expressions in /he sen/ences from
/he /ex/.
. Reading and Discussion
7. Read /he /ex/. Men/ion /he poin/s of difference be/ween /he /ex/s
in /he way of defining informa/ion /echnology. Answer /he ques-
/ions: 1) Wha/ does Informa/ion Technology include' 2) Wha/ are /he
www.phoenixbooks.ru

14

UNI T 2
History of Information Technology
The term inIormation technology evolved in the 1970s.
The history oI inIormation technology, however, predates the
invention oI the modern digital computer by many centuries. Ma-
chines Ior calculating Iixed numerical tasks, such as the abacus, have
existed since antiquity. Wilhelm Schickard built the Iirst mechanical
calculator in 1623. Charles Babbage designed a diIIerence engine in
Victorian times, and around 1900 the IBM corporation sold punch-card
machines. However all oI these machines were constrained to perIorm
a single task, or at best, some subset oI all possible tasks.
During the 1940s, as newer and more powerIul computing machines
were developed, the term computer came to reIer to the machines rather
than their human predecessors. As it became clear that computers could
be used Ior more than just mathematical calculations, the Iield oI computer
science broadened to study computation in general.
The basic concept oI inIormation technology, however, can be
traced to the World War II alliance oI the military and industry in
the development oI electronics, computers, and inIormation theory.
AIter the 1940s, the military remained the major source oI research
and development Iunding Ior the expansion oI automation to replace
manpower with machine power.
Since the 1950s, Iour generations oI computers have evolved.
Each generation reIlected a change to hardware oI decreased size but
increased capabilities to control computer operations. The Iirst gen-
eration used vacuum tubes, the second used transistors, the third used
integrated circuits, and the Iourth used integrated circuits on a single
computer chip. Advances in artiIicial intelligence that will minimize
the need Ior complex programming characterize the IiIth generation
oI computers, still in the experimental stage.
www.phoenixbooks.ru

15

The Iirst commercial computer was the UNIVAC I, developed

by John Eckert and John W. Mauchly in 1951. It was used by the
Census Bureau to predict the outcome oI the 1952 presidential elec-
tion. For the next twenty-Iive years, mainIrame computers were used
in large corporations to do calculations and manipulate large amounts
oI inIormation stored in databases. Supercomputers were used in sci-
ence and engineering Ior designing aircraIt and nuclear reactors and
Ior predicting worldwide weather patterns. Minicomputers came on
to the scene in the early 1980s in small businesses, manuIacturing
plants, and Iactories.
In 1975 the Massachusetts Institute oI Technology developed
microcomputers. In 1976 Tandy Corporations Iirst Radio Shack
microcomputer Iollowed, the Apple microcomputer was introduced
in 1977. The market Ior microcomputers increased dramatically when
IBM introduced the Iirst personal computer in the Iall oI 1981. Because
oI dramatic improvements in computer components and manuIactur-
ing, personal computers today do more than the largest computers oI
the last century at about a thousandth oI the cost.
Exercises
A. Comprehension
1. Answer /hese ques/ions:
1. When did the term inIormation technology evolve?
2. Did the history oI inIormation technology begin with the
invention oI a computer?
3. What made the Iield oI computer science broaden to study
computation in general?
4. How did the World War II inIluence inIormation technology
development?
5. How many generations oI computers are known to have
evolved since the 1950s? How did they diIIer?
6. What are John Eckert and John W. Mauchly Iamous Ior?
7. What were mainIrame computers and supercomputers used
Ior?
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24

UNI T 3
Computer
It was probably the worst prediction in history. Back in the 1940s,
Thomas Watson, boss oI the giant IBM Corporation, reputedly Iorecast
that the world would need no more than about Iive computers. Six
decades later and the global population oI computers have now risen
to something like one billion machines!
To be Iair to Watson, computers have changed enormously in that
time. In the 1940s, they were giant scientiIic and military behemoths
commissioned by the government at a cost oI millions oI dollars
apiece, today, most computers are not even recognizable as such.
they are embedded in everything Irom microwave ovens to cellphones
and digital radios. What makes computers Ilexible enough to work in
all these diIIerent appliances? How come they are so phenomenally
useIul? And how exactly do they work?
A computer is an electronic machine that processes inIorma-
tion in other words, an inIormation processor. it takes in raw
inIormation (or data) at one end, stores it until its ready to work on
it, chews and crunches it Ior a bit, then spits out the results at the
other end. All these processes have a name. Taking in inIormation is
called input, storing inIormation is better known as memory, chew-
ing inIormation is also known as processing, and spitting out results
is called output.
Imagine iI a computer were a person. Suppose you have a Iriend
whos really good at math. She is so good that everyone she knows
posts their math problems to her. Each morning she goes to her let-
terbox and Iinds a pile oI new math problems waiting Ior her atten-
tion. She piles them up on her desk until she gets around to looking at
them. Each aIternoon she takes a letter oII the top oI the pile, studies
the problem, works out the solution, and scribbles the answer on the
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back. She puts this in an envelope addressed to the person who sent
her the original problem and sticks it in her out tray, ready to post.
Then she moves to the next letter in the pile. You can see that your
Iriend is working just like a computer. Her letterbox is her input,
the pile on her desk is her memory, her brain is the processor that
works out the solutions to the problems, and the out tray on her desk
is her output.
Once you understand that computers are about input, storage,
processing, and output, all you have on your desk makes a lot
more sense. Your keyboard and mouse, Ior example, are just input
units ways oI getting inIormation into your computer that it can
process. II you use a microphone and voice recognition soItware,
thats another Iorm oI input. Your computer probably stores all your
documents and Iiles on a hard-drive. a huge magnetic memory. But
smaller, computer-based devices like digital cameras and cellphones
use other kinds oI storage such as Ilash memory cards. As Ior output,
your computer almost certainly has a screen and probably also stereo
loudspeakers. You may have an inkjet printer on your desk too to
make a more permanent Iorm oI output. Your computers processor
(sometimes known as the central processing unit) is a microchip buried
deep inside. It works amazingly hard and gets incredibly hot in the
process. Thats why your computer has a little Ian blowing away to
stop its brain Irom overheating!
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26

Storage
Hard drive
Flash memory
Keyboard
Mouse
Input Output Processing
Printer
Monitor
Processor chip
Artwork caption. A computer works by combining input, storage,
processing, and output. All the main parts oI a computer system are
involved in one oI these Iour processes.
The Iirst computers were gigantic calculating machines and all
they ever really did was crunch numbers. solve lengthy, diIIicult,
or tedious mathematical problems. Today, computers work on a
much wider variety oI problems but they are all still, essentially,
calculations. Everything a computer does, Irom helping you to edit
a photograph youve taken with a digital camera to displaying a web
page, involves manipulating numbers in one way or another.
Suppose youre looking at a digital photo you just taken in a
paint or photo-editing program and you decide you want a mirror
image oI it (in other words, Ilip it Irom leIt to right). You probably
know that the photo is made up oI millions oI individual pixels (col-
oured squares) arranged in a grid pattern. The computer stores each
pixel as a number, so taking a digital photo is really like an instant,
orderly exercise in painting by numbers! To Ilip a digital photo, the
computer simply reverses the sequence oI numbers so they run Irom
right to leIt instead oI leIt to right. Or suppose you want to make the
photograph brighter. All you have to do is slide the little brightness
icon. The computer then works through all the pixels, increasing the
brightness value Ior each one by, say, 10 percent to make the entire
www.phoenixbooks.ru

27

image brighter. So, once again, the problem boils down to numbers
and calculations.
What makes a computer diIIerent Irom a calculator is that it can
work all by itselI. You just give it your instructions (called a program)
and oII it goes, perIorming a long and complex series oI operations all
by itselI. Back in the 1970s and 1980s, iI you wanted a home computer
to do almost anything at all, you had to write your own little program
to do it. For example, beIore you could write a letter on a computer,
you had to write a program that would read the letters you typed on the
keyboard, store them in the memory, and display them on the screen.
Writing the program usually took more time than doing whatever it
was that you had originally wanted to do (writing the letter). Pretty
soon, people started selling programs like word processors to save
you the need to write programs yourselI.

Today, most computer users buy, download, or share programs
like MicrosoIt Word and Excel. Hardly anyone writes programs any
more. Most people see their computers as tools that help them do
jobs, rather than complex electronic machines they have to pre-pro-
gram and thats just as well, because most oI us have better things
to do than computer programming. The beauty oI a computer is that
it can run a word-processing one minute and then a photo-editing
program Iive seconds later. In other words, although we dont really
think oI it this way, the computer can be reprogrammed as many times
as you like. This is why programs are also called soItware. Theyre
soIt in the sense that they are not Iixed. they can be changed eas-
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s
O+ an+opon ...................................................................3
UNIT 1. InIormation Technology ........................................5
UNIT 2. History oI InIormation Technology ........................ 14
UNIT 3. Computer ....................................................... 24
UNIT 4. Types oI Computers .......................................... 36
UNIT 5. Programming Languages .................................... 46
UNIT 6. Computer Architecture ....................................... 55
UNIT 7. Computer Hardware .......................................... 75
UNIT 8. Computer SoItware ........................................... 95
UNIT 9. Operating System ............................................117
UNIT 10. Data Conversion ............................................145
UNIT 11. Data Storage .................................................155
UNIT 12. Data Processing .............................................174
UNIT 13. InIormation Retrieval ......................................191
UNIT 14. Data Transmission .........................................204
UNIT 15. Telecommunication ........................................219
UNIT 16. Computer Networking .....................................235
UNIT 17. Internet .......................................................251
UNIT 18. Web Design .................................................270
GLOSSARY ...............................................................286
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Cepna Bicmee opasonanne
,

AHIHHCKHH 23BK
]2 CdEPB HHdOPMAHHOHHBX TEXHOOIHH
H CEPBHCA
VHEBHOE HOCOBHE

O+ne+c+nenni peax+op C. Ocmamoe
Texnnnecxn peax+op H. Baepnnueea
Xyonnx A. Bapmanoe
Koppex+opi T. Fpacno:yukan, E. Foeenukoea
Honncano n ne na+i 10.07.09.
dopxa+ 84108/32. Byx. oqce+naa.
Iapnn+ypa School. Hena+i oqce+naa. Vc. n. . 17,64.
Tnpa 2000 ixs. 3ax. N
OOO dennxc
344082, i. Poc+on-na-]ony, nep. Xa+ypnncxn, 80
O+nena+ano c io+onix nanosn+nnon n 3AO Knnia
344019, i. Poc+on-na-]ony, y. Cone+cxaa, 57
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