For more please visit www.pnc.co.

il/uni

= DC .
Open Circuit (OC) :

(:p - )Pulse

t0
0

p(t ) 1/ 0 t P(t )dt 1

0
t

Short Cirtcuit (SC) :

Vs (t ) 0 [Volt

m mily 103 ; micro 106

n nano 109 ; p pico 1012

) f (t ) (t t0 )dt f (t0

R ( "ohm") :

) (t )dt f (0

:
t

.
( - )DC .
( )0+
.

:
t

1
1
' I L (t ) VL dt ' I L 0 VL dt
L
L0
dI L
dt

f (t ) (t )dt f (0)

VL (t ) L

.
.
( )0+
.
.

) f (t ) ( )d f ( ) (t )d f (t

I C (t ) c

dvC
dt

1
1
' VC (t ) I C dt ' VC 0 I C dt
c
c0

) f (t ) (t ) f (0) (t

G ( " mho"), siemens :

: V I R I V G -

G
In Is n
G

d
) 1 (t ) (t
dt

I s (t ) 0 Amp
sec

Joul
]
C

( :

)f (t ) ( n ) (t )dt ( 1) n f ( n ) (0

V2
watt
R

( - )Mesh Currents

R I V
n n n 1 n 1

.1
.2
.3
.4

- n ().
.
.
- R = i

]Pdt V (t ) I (t ) dt [ w

ji

.6
,
.
.7
.0
: ,
.
( - )Node Voltages

G V I
n n n 1 n 1

WC

:

. ' = .0

()Kirchoff
:KCL
.
:KVL .

:
.1 KCL -
,
.
.2 = "-" -."+" -
.3 KVL -
.
.4
( ,
) ,
(
).
.5 ,
, .

" " /:
.1 ( ) R R"

1 2
]LI ( t ) [ w
2

.1
.2
.3
.4

- n ( ).
().
.
- G
. G = i
ii

ji

1 2
]cv( t ) [ w
2

WL

.6
" ,
" ,"+ "."-
.7
.0
.8 2 .
: ,
.

th

, ( ).
.2 :
. .
. .
. . V V
OC

th

y s y 0
st
y( t ) Ke
y (0 ) K
:. 0 - . 0 - 0
.
.3 :)Zero State Response( ZSR
. .
. .
. +.

y s y f ( t ) ZSR
) y ( t ) ( yP yH ) U ( t
y (0 ) 0

.3
.I I

(( r )Step):

t 1
0
3r (t 1) r (3t 3)
3t 3 t 1
t

3r (t 1) 3 u(t ' 1) d (t ' 1)

) 3(t 1) u(t 1) (3t 3) u(t 1

r(a t ) r(a t b) -

RT Rn
n

1
1

CT
n Cn

LT Ln
n

(( u - )Unit 0- :)1

0 t 0 3
u(t 3)
1 t 0 3
(: - )Impulse / Delta
0
) dU (t
(t )
(t )dt 1
dt
0

1
1

RT
n Rn

CT Cn
n

:" .KVL
, . - .

:
) sin( t ) cos( t0
0
:

) y p A cos( 0 t ) B sin( 0 t

yp b t c t d
2

-" +
"
, " . (.)0+
.4 :

:" .KCL
, . - .

y y ZSR y ZIR

( ):

1
) (t
a

:ZIR -

y H Ne st

- a t 2 :

1
1

LT
L
n
n

Rn

(a t )

ij

:
.1" KVL ,KCL ".
.2 :)Zero Input Response( ZIR
. ( , )
= ( ).
. .

SC

ij

.5 ij -
G G.

:
t

Rii

.
.5
i j - R R.

P V I I 2R

- P 0 .
- P 0 .
:
.

Vn Vs

.
1

For more please visit www.pnc.co.il/uni

) p y q y h (t

ZSR - 3:
.1 .ZSR -
.2 ZIR . :

)dt

y
B

p y q y 0
)(t 0
? y (0 )

)3 S ::
1,2

y H e t ( A sin( d t ) B cos( d t ))
) Ke t cos( d t
)4 S : :
1,2

" :

h
y (0 )
p

.3 .ZSR -
:
ZSR .1 :
f (t ) - ) g (t :

. :
.

..
f (t t ) : ) . g ( t t
0

df (t ) :
dt

) . dg (t

dt
t

' f (t ')dt

' g (t ')dt

) G (af1 (t ) bf 2 (t )) aG( f1 ) bG( f 2

.2 :
. V (0 ) V (0 ) -
C
C

.5 :ZSR -
("
.)t -
.6 "
.

:

) d 2 y( t

) dy( t
2
) 02 y( t ) f ( t
dt 2
dt
y (0 ) y0
y (0 ) y0

1

sec

y H A sin(0 t ) B cos(0t )

) K cos(0 t
. . + ,
.
:ZSR .4
. .ZIR -
. .
. . " .
. . ( )0+ ZSR
..
. '
ZIR . "
" - ,.
.5 y y y :
ZSR

ZIR

- .

rad
0
sec

" .2Q 0
2

d
1

dt
S

V( t ) R I ( t ) RI 0eSt :
/ = 1
1
V( t ) I ( t ) :
sc
sc
V( t ) SLI ( t ) : / = SL
" " :S
.1 / ,
" ".
.2" .
.3 :
.4 .
.5 , ( t S
) ".
" " :S
.1 .
.2 ( (Z S
.) e S t ( e
.3 " :
:
" .S -
: S - .

( ). h (t ) :

y
A

Q 1/ 2 ; 0 ; S1 S2
yH Aet Btet

,
.
) z)

z Am cos( t ) Re A e j t
A Am e j
A x jy
Im( A ) y

tan 1
Re( A ) x

Am x y
2

x.y -
)Im(z
R
)Re(z

y
x

:

() ,
.
Z Y , .

1
j

, Yc jwc
j c c

j
L

1
j L

Zc

Z L j L , YL

():

.:

ZSR " :

V
Im( S ) Im( Zin ) Im(Yin ) 0
I1

x( ) h(t ) d

y(ZSR
t ) x (t ) * h (t )

Q 1/ 2 ; 0

)2 S : :
1,2

ZSR
ZIR
y(t )Total y(ZIR
t ) y( t ) y( t ) convolution

1,2

: / . y (t ) :

yH Ae S1t Be S2t

' (t ')dt

* ) x (t ) * u (t ) x (t

ZIR .

.7
t

V( t ) I ( t ) Z I 0est Z

" :
.1 . 0 -. Q , , -
0

:
)1 S : :

) '(t ) x '(t ) * (t ) x '(t

h(t )eq h1 (t ) * h2 (t ) .9

" .LTI
: /. x (t ) :

.6 :

. x (t ) *

x(t ) * h(t ) x(t ) * h(t ) .8

:
Q - , , .

S1,2 2 02

h) * x
. x (t ) * (t ) x (t ) . 3
. (h * x ) ' h '* x h * x ' .4
.5y (t ) x(t ) * h(t ) :
x (t ) * h(t t0 ) y (t t0 ) :
. (g

' x(t ') * (t ')dt ' x(t ')dt

: ( )ZSR
.

P ( s ) s 2 2 s 02 0

:
. x * h h * x .1
g * x h * x .2

- .

.2 ":
" KCL " v" KVL
" .i
:ZIR .3
. / :

" ZSR :
.1 h x
( .) t
.2 ,t
.t
.3 ,t ,
( -
" .)t
.4 .

: / "
y e st" .

: -

I L (0 ) LL (0 ) -

; [sec] LC

Q ; 0 ; S1,2 j0

.3 ZSR- u - .ZIR-
) (t

L
.4 ; RC
R

Q 1/ 2 ; 0

d 02 2 ; S1,2 j d

:
.1 .t
.2
.t

x(t ) h( ) d

:
.
.

.3

" .

RLC .

t 0 : h(t ) 0

:
.1 .
= I .2 .

t 0 - .h(t)=02

For more please visit www.pnc.co.il/uni

Q -:
, .
:

" "+ "-" - :

.1 2 L, M
.
.2 L, M
.
.3 (
) L - .
.4
( ) L -
.

.2 " ,
.

:K -

IL

IC

IS

IS

RLC :
- Y ( - Z ).
.1
in

.3

in

1
LC

RLC :Band Pass

.1 ( DC -
).
.2 ( ).
.3 .
:3dB Pass Band .4

H 1/ 2

K = 1 .
K = 0 .

0 K 1

P( t ) v( t ) i( t )

1
1
) V I cos( V I ) V I cos(2 t V I
2
2

Ideal

v1 n1

v 2 n2

2
1
2
2

L1 n

L2 n

Secondary

n1 I1 n2 I 2

Primary

2 -:
.1" L,
.K=1
.2" .

:
*
Z L ZTH
or Z

RL RS

:
.

, 2 ':

Re v / I 0

Im
2

I eff

2
) Pav I eff Veff cos( V I
:

1
S V I
2
:Power Factor

P
P
P.F cos

1
S
V I
2


.
M .

dI1
dI
M 2
dt
dt
dI 2
dI
v2 L2
M 1
dt
dt
v1 L1

" - :
, ,
.

.
m x

y p x e [(c0 x ... ck x ) cos(bx )

0

]) ( c0 x 0 ... ck x k ) sin(bx
f .
- k
)(x
- m ( )
.
:

a n a0 q n

a n a0 n d
n 1
2

q n 1 1
)
q 1

S n ( a0 a n )

( S n a0

ZL

R ( n1 / n2 ) 2

tan( ) tan

L ( n1 / n2 ) 2

1 tan 2 1/ cos 2

C ( n2 / n1 ) 2

1 cot 2 1/ sin 2

v2

) v2 (n1 / n2

I2

) I 2 (n2 / n1

sin( ) sin

sin(2 ) 2 sin cos

cos(2 ) cos 2 sin 2
cos(2 ) 2 cos 2 1
cos(2 ) 1 2 sin

I
2

."+" -
) ( n / n
1
2
. ( n / n ) -
2
1

) tan(2 ) 2 tan /(1 tan

2

sin cos 1/ 2 sin( a ) sin( )

sin sin 1/ 2 cos( a ) cos( )

/ ( )
.

cos cos 1/ 2 cos( a ) cos( )

arcsin arccos / 2

:
+
-

4 :
.1 :

I2
I1

Current Ratio :

.2 :

I
Transfer Conoductance : gm 2
V1
.3 :

v2
v1

:
, :

Voltage Ratio :

.4 :

v1 j L1 I1 j MI2
v j L I j MI

1
) ( tan ( x ) tan
2
x
1
dW
2 f 2
, P
T
dt
1

Z L ( n1 / n2 ) 2

:
' -

cos( ) cos

" RLC:

1
1
1
V ''
V '
' V Is
RC
LC
C
1
1
1
I '' L
I 'L
IL
Is
RC
LC
LC

Vm

R ' 1
1
Vc
Vc
VS
L
LC
LC
R
1
1
I '' I '
'I Vs
L
LC
L

Vc''

1
1
Pav V I cos( V I ) Re V I*
2
2
1 2
1 2
I Re Z V Re Y
2
2
, Veff

" RLC:

.

.

: .

( - Z ).
in

v1 (t ) I1 (t ) v2 (t ) I 2 (t ) 0

H ( j )

: .
.

in

.4 :

L1 L2

:
.1 .
.2 : -
.
. L , L .3

.
.

:
, Z ,

2 2

v2
I1

Transfer Re sis tan ce : rm

: / .

: - v1 .
3