Front cover

Smarter Cities Series: A Foundation for Understanding IBM Smarter Cities

Redguides
for Business Leaders

Michael Kehoe Michael Cosgrove Steven De Gennaro Colin Harrison Wim Harthoorn John Hogan John Meegan Pam Nesbitt Christina Peters Understand the challenges faced by cities and the value of Smarter Cities solutions Learn how IBM is enabling cities to be smarter Gain insight into Smarter Cities architecture and interactions with the city

Introduction to Smarter Cities

City governments around the world are looking for ways to improve their cities, while doing more with less. Many cities in trying to sustain themselves realize that technology can play a key role in improving the city for its citizens, businesses, and visitors. IBM firmly believes that technology has a vital role to play in dealing with many of the current issues cities grapple with. The IBM vision for a smarter city uses technology to bring cities forward so that they can accomplish these types of objectives: Quality of life for its citizens and visitors A well-managed city works to create an optimal urban environment for citizens, visitors, and industries by focusing on urban design, energy and water management, and an efficient and easy-to-use transportation system. These cities provide better performing and reliable city services that enable simplified and integrated access to services. A healthy and safe city addresses the health and safety of residents and visitors through innovations in local healthcare networks, disease management and prevention, social services, food safety, public safety, and individual information privacy. A sustainable city implements concrete measures toward sustainability through, for example, reduced consumption of energy and water and reduced emissions of CO2 . Possible measures that can make a city sustainable include urban planning principles for mixed land use, architecture and construction principles for buildings, and methods to use rainwater instead of treated water. A city with good governance strives to improve the quality and efficiency of city services. It mandates transparency and accountability at all levels of the government. It provides the means to listen, understand, and respond to the needs of its citizens and businesses. A city that incorporates culture and events attracts visitors and keeping citizens interested in the city through investments in arts, culture, and tourism. These investments are a great way to draw attention to the city and a way to establish the city as a world-class location to live in. A city focused on its citizens looks to address their needs by providing information and access to city services in a convenient and easy-to-use manner. When done right, both the citizens and city government can benefit. This mechanism gives the citizens access to the information and services when needed and gives the city a means to share important information and obtain input from their citizens in a timely manner.

Copyright IBM Corp. 2011. All rights reserved.

Business growth and development, building the city economy A city of digital innovation focuses on using strategic investments in connectivity and communications (for example wireless broadband either broadcast or through hotspots). It attracts cutting edge businesses in the industrial and high-tech fields and builds human and intellectual capital. A city of commerce establishes itself as local, regional, or national center of commerce and economic development. It builds local expertise in a specific industry and the infrastructure and services to support continued growth and to remain competitive. A city attracting and keeping skilled workers promotes itself as being a desirable place to locate to or to grow up and stay in. This ability to maintain skilled workers is accomplished by anticipating and accommodating shifts in business needs, skills, local population, and demographics to offer economic opportunities. A city with free flowing traffic identifies and manages congestion actively. This demand is accomplished by making various forms of transport (such as road, air, rail, and bus) cost effective and efficient. IBM defines a smarter city as one that makes optimal use of all the interconnected information available today to better understand and control its operations and optimize the use of limited resources.1 A smarter city balances its social, commercial, and environmental needs, optimizing the resources it has available. The IBM mission for smarter cities is to provide city solutions to facilitate a development and sustainability of a city for the benefit of its population, its economy, and the greater ecosystem in which the city resides. IBM measures a smarter city in terms of the improvements in quality of life and economic well-being that are achieved through applying information technologies (IT) to plan, design, build, and operate the city infrastructure. IBM, city governments, individuals, and businesses realize that the time for change is upon us. IBM and its business partners have the technology and solutions to help governments improve city environments and make cities smarter and more economically viable. IBM understands how becoming instrumented, interconnected, and intelligent helps drive to a smarter city. This IBM Redguide publication is the first paper in the Smarter Cities Series of Redguide publications. This particular guide provides insight into the IBM Smarter Cities vision and explains how information and technology can help make cities smarter. It focuses on the foundation that is used to build a smarter city. It also explains how data and information found at all levels of the city are critical to understanding and making good decisions for the city and its citizens. This guide delves into the issues around data including the sharing of information and ensuring that individual and business data is secured. It also provides a high-level architecture and ideas that will help in the transformation of cities. In addition, this guide identifies various city domains and addresses how to create an integrated city environment. Plus it describes the problems inherent to cities and outlines the technology solutions to help cities.

IBM Offers Smarter City Assessment Tool to Help Cities Prepare for Challenges and Opportunities of Unprecedented Urbanization at http://www-03.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/27791.wss

Smarter Cities Series: A Foundation for Understanding IBM Smarter Cities

This series of Redguide publications is intended for IT architects and city officials who are interested in identifying ways to make their city smarter. This series includes the following guides, which will be available soon: Smarter Cities Series: Introducing the IBM City Operations and Management Solution, REDP-4734 Smarter Cities Series: Understanding the IBM Approach to Efficient Buildings, REDP-4735 Smarter Cities Series: Understanding the IBM Approach to Water Management, REDP-4736 Smarter Cities Series: Understanding the IBM Approach to Traffic Management, REDP-4737 Smarter Cities Series: Understanding the IBM Approach to Public Safety, REDP-4738 Smarter Cities Series: Understanding the IBM Approach to Energy Innovation, REDP-4739

City domains
By working with and observing many cities, IBM has determined key domains that play an important role in a city. Each of these domains can have a major impact on its citizens and businesses. We understand that different cities have different priorities and different budgets. We agree that it is not feasible for a city to become smarter in every domain all at once, but making incremental changes is important. For example, a city can begin by tackling water issues and then move into improving energy resources. Yet another city might start with traffic congestion concerns and then move to public safety. IBM technology and solutions allow for different starting points and various levels of technology adoption. This guide identifies and provides information about solutions in the following areas or domains that relate to cities (for the purposes of this guide, called city domains): Water management Public safety Traffic Buildings Energy A capability that might not be obvious to the city and is not a specific domain is the necessity to integrate and coordinate cross-domain information. This way, this information can be collected, analyzed, and acted upon by decision makers and city management. This capability establishes a holistic view of the city and provides the city with a rich source of information to gain better insight and provide actionable information for decision making.

Smarter City domains

This guide focuses on solutions in these key city domains and explains how to make each of them smarter. This section introduces the city domains that IBM is focusing on at this time: Smarter Water Smarter Public Safety Smarter Traffic Smarter Buildings Smarter Energy Important: The IBM Redguide publications identified in this section are not yet available but will be published in the coming weeks. Check the Redbooks website for the availability of these publications.

Smarter Water
The world faces a basic conflict between the facts that the global population is rising and that the available supply of fresh water is limited. This conflict leads to increasing concerns over water availability, water quality, failing water infrastructures, and overall water management complexity. Despite this issue, the water sector as a whole remains immature in its adoption and integration of advanced IT for better decision support and improved productivity. The IBM Smarter Water initiative takes advantage of and applies IT to deliver solutions to numerous water-related issues that are currently handled inadequately by inefficient and often manual processes. For example, smarter systems and intelligence can be used to provide continuous sensing for water quality and availability and to develop pricing models. They can also be used to improve water and energy efficiency, to enable better overall watershed management, and to implement other improvements. The Smarter Water initiative addresses several key obstacles. These obstacles include an overall lack of awareness of the potential for advanced IT to help and difficulties in building and demonstrating return on investment for water and IT-related projects. They also include overall integration difficulties due to a lack of adequate standards and reference architectures. For an in-depth explanation of Smarter Water, see the Redguide publication Smarter Cities Series: Understanding the IBM Approach to Water Management, REDP-4736.

Smarter Public Safety

Arguably, the first duty of a city is to protect its citizens. The question is how to achieve this level of protection in an urbanizing world that is becoming more interconnected, fast-paced, and unpredictable. In recent years, forward-thinking city managers, police chiefs, fire chiefs, and other officials have made great strides in applying innovative, community-based approaches and new technologies to help reduce urban crime and improve emergency response. However, the challenges to public safety continue to grow. 2 Public officials are turning to the same technology advances that businesses have been using to make public safety systems smarter and to drive a fundamental shift from responding to events to anticipating and preventing them when possible. These technology advances include autonomic sense-and-respond capabilities, analytics, visualization, and computational modeling. Data warehouses are being used to bring together information that is buried in filing cabinets, on index cards, and in handwritten notes. Such warehouses can stitch together millions of criminal complaints and national crime records along with billions of public records. Sophisticated analytics and search capabilities make connections across multiple databases. Information can be visualized quickly and acted upon by those people who need it.
2

Safer citizens of a smarter planet at http://www.ibm.com/smarterplanet/us/en/public_safety/visions/

Smarter Cities Series: A Foundation for Understanding IBM Smarter Cities

For an in-depth explanation of Smarter Public Safety, see the Redguide publication Smarter Cities Series: Understanding the IBM Approach to Public Safety, REDP-4738.

Smarter Traffic
Transportation is the vital arterial system that connects people with people, goods, and services in any society. The smooth operation of this essential system directly determines the level of economic activity and output in a given city or nation and, thus, affects both the quality of life and general living standard. A significant increase in urbanization over the last 50 or so years has placed undue burden on the transportation systems serving the needs of most cities across the world. Furthermore, clogged transportation systems deter economic activity, waste energy, and spew significant amounts of carbon into the atmosphere. A traditional approach to solving traffic problems has been to increase the size of the underlying infrastructure, such as building more roads, tunnels, and bridges. However, we are beginning to hit a wall with this type of solution, because it is economically and environmentally unsustainable. A new approach to solving traffic problems is needed that optimizes the use of existing infrastructure investments and provides for safer, cleaner, and efficient transportation a Smarter Traffic approach. Intermodal mobility that includes public transportation will play a key role in the future. Smarter traffic systems take advantage of technology and collect physical data about urban traffic and mobility patterns. This data can help traffic management centers analyze and make better decisions regarding road network management, toll-road practices, and public transit services. Also this data can arm travellers with relevant travel information. The central goal of this approach is to get smarter about using existing resources. This approach reduces the level of waste (in terms of time, fuel, and carbon emissions) and improves general levels of safety and citizen satisfaction with the transportation system. For an in-depth explanation of Smarter Traffic, see the Redguide publication Smarter Cities Series: Understanding the IBM Approach to Traffic Management, REDP-4737.

Smarter Buildings
Buildings and facilities are the biggest consumers of resources around the world. In the US, buildings consume 70% of all electricity, of which up to 50% is wasted. Commercial buildings lose as much as 50% of the water that flows into them. By 2025, buildings will be the single largest energy consumers and emitters of greenhouse gasses on our planet. Nonetheless, buildings are an urban necessity, and healthy buildings improve life by providing comfortable, secure places to live, work, and play.3 Most buildings do not exploit recent advances in technology that allow the creation of adaptive, interactive systems. Sensors in buildings can monitor security, occupancy, and resource usage, and IT systems can use that data to help make decisions that improve efficiency and achieve resource reduction goals. Smarter buildings can reduce energy consumption, CO2 emissions, and water usage. To achieve this type of reduction, buildings must integrate major building systems with other pertinent information and make intelligent adjustments that improve energy efficiency, operational effectiveness, and occupant satisfaction. For an in-depth explanation of Smarter Buildings, see the Redguide publication Smarter Cities Series: Understanding the IBM Approach to Building Management, REDP-4735.

Constructing a smarter planet, one building at a time at http://www.ibm.com/smarterplanet/global/files/us__en_us__buildings__green_buildings.pdf

Smarter Energy
Climate change, rising energy prices, and technology advances are all forces that can reshape the collective mind-set of consumers, turning many from passive rate payers to highly informed, environmentally conscious customers who want a role in using power. Now, with the emergence of the technologies that make smart grids possible, companies can provide customers with the information and control that they need to change behavior patterns and reduce usage and costs. These smart grids use sensors, meters, digital controls, and analytic tools to automate, monitor, and control the two-way flow of energy across operations, from power plant to plug. A power company can optimize grid performance, prevent outages, restore outages faster, and allow consumers to manage energy usage, right down to the individual networked appliance. Smart grids can also incorporate new sustainable energies, such as wind and solar generation. They can also interact locally with distributed power sources, such as those used to power electric vehicles. For an in-depth explanation of Smarter Energy, see the Redguide publication Smarter Cities Series: Understanding the IBM Approach to Energy Innovation, REDP-4739.

Value of cross-domain integration

For a city to become smarter, it must harness and optimize its economic capacity, physical assets, culture, political will, technology, and business environment. It is the will of the government, citizens, and business to apply technology, technological solutions, and other resources that will help make the city smarter. City infrastructures and services are traditionally created and managed by independent departments or organizations, as illustrated in Figure 1. A fundamental change in perspective is needed for a city to become a smarter city.
Views into city data
No Holistic View of City Data

City Level Management Level

Operational Systems

Project Level

Task Level

Water

Energy

Transport Data Infrastructure City

Public Safety

Buildings

Figure 1 Traditional domain culture of a city

Smarter Cities Series: A Foundation for Understanding IBM Smarter Cities

As shown in Figure 1 on page 6, city domains have focused on their own operations, and only on a limited basis have they shared information with other interested parties and the overall city. We assert that, in a smarter city, information in the form of metrics, events, and processes must be shared across organizations in a near real-time manner. In a smarter city, city-wide operational processes using data from any number of domains can continuously predict and react to events and trends that are affecting the city. Taking action leads to rebalancing and, therefore, optimization. Optimization must include two dimensions: both the goals of the individual domains and those of the city as a whole. By sharing information, which is the first source of value, the other domains and the city can gain insight and identify impending problems with the intent of responding before these problems occur or escalate. Currently, the reaction of a city can take a long time because of a lack of clear information. In a smarter city, responses to information and events can be almost instantaneous. The second source of value is the identification of trends that can help predict future or potential events or situations. To make sense of any occurrence in a city, information must be correlated in real time from throughout the city. In existing environments, there is no organized way to understand how occurrences in a city relate to one another other than through the collaboration of city workers. This method is often subjective and not systematic. The third source of value is the ability to coordinate the execution of the city services based on the data and trends found by analyzing data. This approach gives the city management a more holistic view of the city and the opportunity to better understand the affect of any decisions. With cross-domain integration (Figure 2 on page 8), accurate, systematic, and timely prediction becomes readily available within and throughout the city. Important information that, in the past, was locked inside domains can be made available to analytics program that can identify specific issues and trends from the data. Analytics programs also help to prevent serious events before they happen and intercept dangerous trends. Together, with these concepts, a city can implement, optimize, and enforce compliance to master plans in a way that maps to the actual operations of a city in near real time. Day-to-day rebalancing of resources can lead to efficiencies in operations and planning. The IBM approach is to design a model to optimize the individual domains in real time. This model uses technology to enable these domains to be interconnected, monitored, and controlled in separate and combined fashions. This model can be achieved by managing significant city events and then optimizing the event from a holistic standpoint. This event might be a planned event (such as a large sporting event) or an unplanned event (such as a flood). Event: An event is defined as something that will have significant consequences to normal city processes. The Smarter Cities approach focuses on managing the city from a fully integrated and interconnected holistic point of view (Figure 2). This focus increases the data gathered, shares that data to optimize the domains individually, and allows convergence of information into an cross-domain operations center (CDOC). The addition of a CDOC designates it as a natural integration point for information coming from the domains. The main task of the CDOC is the management of significant events and directives flowing through the different domains. However, Figure 2 also shows an operations center within each domain so that the domain can use the information and data at its disposal to make better decisions and to take action.

Views into city data

City Level

Cross Domain Operations Center Issue: No holistic view

Management Level Domain specific operations center

Operational Systems

Project Level

Task Level

Water

Energy

Transport Data Infrastructure City

Public Safety

Buildings

Figure 2 Smarter Cities model with the cross-domain operations center

For an in-depth explanation of the cross-domain and domain-specific operations centers, see the Redguide publication Smarter Cities Series: Introducing the IBM City Operations and Management Solution, REDP-4734. Each system that supports a city provides vital information about use of the city services such as energy usage, water consumption, traffic flows, and points of traffic congestion. With the advancement of technology in data analysis, the city can now run complex analytics against the city and domain data in real time. These analytics can reveal valuable insights. For example, IBM Research did work in the analysis and understanding of toll-road systems that resulted in the creation of the IBM Traffic Prediction Tool, which can produce accurate traffic predictions. For more details about the IBM Traffic Prediction Tool, see the following web address: http://www.ibm.com/smarterplanet/us/en/traffic_congestion/nextsteps/solution/N5009 45X17585D04.html Sources of information about human behavior in an urban environment can aid in making predictions. Much of this data (for example, toll road information) is available at zero cost. These streams of information can be analyzed in real time to provide operational, planning, and management insights. With these insights, the city and domain managers can make better, more informed decisions. Many sensing systems are already installed in cities for transactional purposes. This information can be used to make smarter decisions as illustrated in Figure 3 on page 9.

Smarter Cities Series: A Foundation for Understanding IBM Smarter Cities

this real-time, real-world data contains valuable information about patterns of behavior
Operational/Transactional Insights System-wide Control

Business Development

Toll collection only; disconnected operational data Transaction data from the management of payments Little automated use made of real-time traffic data

More granular charging by location Analysis of traffic patterns to manage city congestion Modeling traffic to predict and manage the entire system

Dynamic and congestion-based pricing Route planning and advice, shippers, concrete haulers, limo companies, theaters, taxis, and so on City-wide, dynamic traffic optimization

Figure 3 Driving decisions from patterns of behavior

The three essential characteristics of a Smarter Planet

The IBM approach to smarter cities is well-aligned with the instrumented, interconnected, and intelligent concepts of Smarter Planet as illustrated in Figure 4.

New and Optimized Processes Decision making is becoming more Analytics and Visualization Process Innovation

INTELLIGENT

Our world is becoming

INTERCONNECTED

Event Processing and Integration

New Insights

Our world is becoming

Data Sources
(Sensor/event data, unstructured data, )

INSTRUMENTED

New Data

Figure 4 Becoming smarter

The Smarter Cities approach builds on the following concepts and enhances them to fit city needs: Instrumented Sensor-based systems extend visibility into the real world of transportation, utilities, water, and buildings, providing new real-time sources of data that were either previously unavailable or prohibitively expensive to collect. Interconnected Event-processing software derives business-relevant events from the raw stream of sensor inputs, and integration middleware brings these events into the required context, enabling insight into the actual behavior of real-world operational systems. Intelligent Using available data, aligned with further enrichment from the integration of systems, mathematical algorithms and statistical tools can be harnessed to provide deeper insight into city events. Outcome prediction, scenario modeling, and simulations can be performed to aid risk management and provide for more informed decision making. If you apply these concepts to creating smarter city solutions, various applications, software products, and middleware platforms play an important role. Figure 5 on page 11 shows the various components at the layers that are applicable to building smarter cities solutions. This high-level component diagram was developed to show services that can help in the operation of a city and its domains. The instrumented layer (lowest layer in Figure 5) has various data sources including sensors, meters, cameras, and unstructured data. These data sources measure and feed data back to systems, such as Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition (SCADA), which monitors and controls particular functions. The devices and products at this layer are provided by various companies that specialize in this area. The activities found at this level can measure water quality, collect electrical meter readings for a grid, or provide building measurements to determine its energy usage. Aspects of this data can be sensed and used to generate events and alerts, which in turn, can be published by using an enterprise service bus (ESB). The interconnected layer (middle layer in Figure 5) adds event services that map various inputs (as identified in the instrumented layer) into events of interest. This data can be combined with other event-related information occurring throughout the city or domains to create a rich source of data that can be used to enhance decision making. The intelligent layer (upper layer in Figure 5) processes relevant city data in a broader context to identify city-relevant events that need to be analyzed or acted upon. A service-oriented architecture (SOA)-based model, along with existing applications and management systems, is used to transform data and perform analysis. Analytics along with additional related data (such as weather) can be applied to provide further insight. This layer includes user or role-oriented capabilities, where data and information are displayed by using various types of user interfaces, such as dashboards. Accessing this data and information with intelligence applied to it can ensure that the users can take action and make informed decisions.

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Smarter Cities Series: A Foundation for Understanding IBM Smarter Cities

Related Data Sources

Service Applications
Administration Asset Management

Analytics
Operational Analytics Engine Geospatial Analysis Statistical Analysis Risk Assessment Modeling

User Interface
Inputs/outputs Collaboration Message boards Reports Dashboards Business Intelligence

Device Control/ Monitoring

Analytics Rule Base Rules Engine Alerts Access Management Remote configuration and management Complex Event Processing

Simulation, Optimization, and Visualization

Data Transformation Model Component Management Simulation Management

Demographics

Policies

GIS

iPLM Data

Weather Data Warehouse

Environment

Policy Management

Enterprise Service Bus (ESB)

Data Historian High-Performance Archiving of Time-series Data Process/Workflow Choreography High-Performance Analytics Computation Engine Process Control Network Device Monitoring and Control

ESB

Time Dependent Event Handling Middleware

Operational Logic Event Detection Local Analytics Operational Monitor Unstructured Data Event Processing

Local Connection (Ethernet, SCADA, Internal Buses)

Ad hoc data Mobile Devices Remote/Local Sensors Smart Meters Cameras, Webcams Intelligent Sensors Actuators (pumps, switches)

Figure 5 Smarter city component diagram

The following sections explore the layers of the component diagram.

Understanding the instrumented layer

The instrumented layer is made up of sensors, actuators, programmable logic controllers (PLCs), and distributed intelligent sensors. This technology is based around control engineering and has a large amount of physical infrastructure. Currently, communication between the controller and the sensor and actuators is achieved by using field buses and other interfaces. The technology has evolved to allow for wireless connection to the sensors and actuators from the controller. Wireless communication means that sensors and actuators can be placed in an environment without the need of physical wiring. Data that is captured from these sensors is numeric and is used in a logical manner. Sensor data is becoming more sophisticated with video and digital signal processing. Instrumented layers can be designed for a specific purpose such as controlling the environment of a building or performing their predefined task through a logical sequence. The ability to source reliable and accurate data is key to building effective business intelligence (BI)- and business analytics (BA)-based systems. Because of the complexity of this layer, consult further resources in the field of industrial control systems for more information.

Instrumented

Interconnected

Intelligent

11

This layer includes the following key capabilities: Data capture and control Integrate a wide range of sensors and devices Provide the ability to collect and move data Execute local commands to take action Run distributed operational logic

Manage distributed device infrastructure Provides the ability to manage devices and sensors Offers remote configuration and management of devices Provides the ability to monitor and provide security of these devices and their data

Understanding the interconnected layer

Domain control systems are designed with a specific task in mind. In a city, many hundreds or even thousands of control systems can exist simultaneously performing their dedicated tasks. For example, most traffic light intersections are stand-alone control systems based on a programmable logic controller (PLC) system. To monitor the domain effectively, a clustering of all these individual systems is required, which is performed at the interconnected layer. The data from individual domain control systems and other data sources are linked together and transformed into event-related information. This information is then sent to the intelligence layer for further processing by using an information bus, commonly called an enterprise service bus. With the ESB, the data for various sources can be propagated to the higher-order BI and BA systems. This layer includes the following key capabilities: Event processing and services Event and stream processing Data identification, aggregation, and association Data modeling and integration Domain-specific information models Interoperable information framework Integration with existing data Federated data management

Process integration Extend existing systems and enable new business processes Monitor business processes Provide information to systems and people

Understanding the intelligent layer

The intelligent layer has undergone the most change as applications and software are developed to take better advantage of the information provided by the interconnected layer. Significant technology developments have occurred in BI, BA, optimization, event management, and rules engine applications to greatly improve the ability to analyze data and visualize information at this level. The key to designing this layer is to understand the city requirements and city policies, because this layer provides the tools and user interfaces (access to the applications and data) for the city officials.

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Smarter Cities Series: A Foundation for Understanding IBM Smarter Cities

This layer includes the following key capabilities: Analytics Domain-specific analytic applications Application of mathematical models Performance dashboards and key performance indicators (KPIs) Business optimization Model business processes for optimization Application of optimization techniques Optimizing asset usage and streamlining business processes Improve operational logic and business rules Event-driven SOA processes Sense and respond dynamics Enterprise application integration Alignment with city policies

Business process services

Table 1 provides scenarios that contrast current city operations with example solutions.
Table 1 City scenarios Current day situations City leaders manage incidents and view KPIs or reports through disparate systems. City leaders struggle because there is no centralized environment for planning, organizing, monitoring, and sharing information. City services and key assets are managed through disparate systems. Example solutions The solution provides a city service request management system with management, city operations, and agency (city domain) dashboards. A centralized view of the city provides the basis for planning, organizing, monitoring, optimizing, and sharing information. The solution provides for integrated collaboration across systems creating appropriate role-based views of information and data. It gives a city-wide view enabling coordination, communication, and collaboration in the planning and execution of projects and tasks. Summary information (view) with the ability to drill down and access detail data ensures that decision makers have access to the information they need. Collecting and analyzing data from various sources allows the city manager and city agency management to monitor incidents and events in progress. Publishing plans and collecting feedback from various sources allows the transportation agency the ability to minimize impact on all involved and coordinate activities with other agencies working in the area.

Information is provided only at the detail level, forcing persons in higher level roles to manipulate data to draw conclusions and make decisions. The city manager lacks end-to-end visibility to important incidents and events in progress. The transportation agency must perform road maintenance but only has a manual means of informing other agencies that will be effected. It has no automated mechanism to get input from businesses or citizens.

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Important building blocks of a smarter city

The intelligence layer (shown in Figure 5 on page 11) exemplifies applications and solutions that enable a smarter city to operate effectively. This section highlights some of the key building blocks that are involved in creating solutions vital to this new operating environment. Information sharing and event processing: Information sharing and event processing are two building blocks that are vital to creating a smarter city. Coverage of them occurs frequently in this paper. Therefore, further explanation is not provided in this section.

Asset management
A city must manage its infrastructure, buildings, vehicles, and utility assets consistently and accurately. Asset management provides the data schemas and workflows to facilitate efficient management of assets and integration throughout domains. To effectively manage a city, asset management must federate assets throughout the city. Advanced analytics can be used to determine the possible consequence of an asset failure or the impact of an event on an asset. It can be used to determine when preventive maintenance should occur. Work orders can be managed centrally to allow various departments to coordinate activities, preventing unnecessary work and facilitating city-wide reporting.

Advanced analytics
An increase in the volume of data from instrumented and interconnected systems can overwhelm the ability of a city to understand the environment. Actually the more data that is collected, the clearer the understanding can become. This understanding depends on the ability to turn data into information to yield insight, known as business intelligence. BI supplies relevant information to a user to permit informed decision making. As the user becomes more comfortable with the decision making made possible through BI processes, the process steps that are required to arrive at the decision can be mapped, which is business analytics. BA moves from reactive to proactive decisions by using predictive analytics capabilities. In a city environment, the data that is generated and collected from the many events can evolve from a BI-driven system to a BA-driven system. A city can become smarter as it maps, learns, and evolves its decision-making processes by using advanced analytics.

Business process management

Another technology area that can facilitate the implementation of a smarter city is the IT discipline of business process management (BPM). BPM incorporates software and best practices which, in tandem, improve the performance, visibility, and agility that are needed to facilitate business process innovation and optimization. BPM can improve the linkage between existing siloed applications, human tasks, and documents or forms. With BPM, you can choreograph these entities to create a process. This new process features intelligent interoperability among its components by incorporating rules management, event processing, and connectivity.

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Smarter Cities Series: A Foundation for Understanding IBM Smarter Cities

Collaboration
The ability to communicate, share information, and collaborate in real time with city officials and citizens is an essential element to making cities smarter. City officials working across the city and in different domains can communicate with each other by using an integrated collaborative environment that includes email and calendar sharing. Real-time collaboration can be achieved through sharing data, videoconferencing, online meetings, telephony, and instant messaging. Through situational awareness, city personnel can see who is online and their current location, enabling better utilization of resources and reaction to events. Important documents can be shared across teams and viewed online, through the use of wikis, blogs, team spaces, and communities. Citizens can be notified of events and issues happening within the city and enable immediate situational feedback, creating a closed loop process. By using these capabilities the city can provide for more optimized and interactive services.

Standards and good governance are driving factors

Standards and good governance play a key role in enabling the transformation of large scale and complex industry systems and will have a significant impact on the transformation of the systems deployed in cities. Standards help establish an open environment that facilitates interoperability, which creates new opportunities for innovation and allows resources to be focused on adding value. An open environment also lowers the barriers of entry for new participants and promotes competition, further accelerating innovation. Good governance ensures that the required transparency, accountability, efficiency, and effectiveness are around the process by which decisions are made and acted upon. The benefits to cities of adopting an open, standards-based environment can be profound. Standards provide the flexibility of mixing and matching competitive offerings from different vendors, lowering the cost of integrating differing systems and their information. Good governance improves the ability to respond appropriately by injecting transparency and accountability into the decision making process. Given the historic value of standards to numerous industries, it is logical to expect cities that are pursuing a standards-based approach to reap similar benefits. From the perspective of a city, standards are critical at two levels: Specific city domains such as energy, traffic, and water Within a specific domain, standards must be addressed at all layers from data collection and integration to data analysis and modeling. Now, the maturity of standards varies significantly from domain to domain. However, smart grid and intelligent utility network (IUN) standards have recently become a national focus, and standards for water and transportation are beginning to emerge. Cross-domain integration and collaboration Today, cross-domain integration is enabled primarily by key infrastructure standards that exist at both the interconnected and intelligent layers (shown in Figure 5 on page 11). At the interconnected layer, key SOA standards enable both integration and interoperability. Standards at this level include web services and ESB standards, workflow and choreography standards, and eventing standards. At the intelligent layer, critical standards have been defined in several areas, including user interface standards, collaboration standards, business rules standards, and geospatial standards. Several standards organizations play a critical role in developing standards at both the interconnected and intelligent layers. These organizations include the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), the Organization for the Advancement of Structured Information Standards (OASIS), and the International Organization for Standardization (ISO).

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Management of citizen information

The large and growing data from various sources must be transformed into actionable intelligence where patterns are identified, predictions are made, and actions are recommended. This transformation takes place through the application of analytics. Analytics can take massive amounts of data from many domains and provide real-time guidance, to identify unexpected correlations among distinct domains to turn data into understanding. The ability to capture and analyze large amounts of information can include information about individuals and businesses. Some of this information might be explicitly personal (for example the age or health status of a person), and other data might not be explicitly personal, but when combined, reveals personal data. IBM, with its long-standing commitment to privacy, believes that careful planning and design can alleviate the privacy concerns that arise when analytics are applied to personal information or are applied in such a way that can reveal personal information. In the context of Smarter Cities, most uses of analytics involve data that is not about individuals, for example data gathered by sensors about traffic on a bridge. At the same time, analytics applied to information about people and their interactions with the city can yield valuable results. For example, data about citizens performing transactions with city domains can show where services are succeeding or failing and how these services can be improved. Whenever analytics are used on data sets that include personal data or data linked to people, organizations must take steps to protect individual privacy. The IBM approach to designing systems for privacy begins with the data itself. As a preferred practice, the systems with the data must be designed with privacy in mind. That is, they must be designed from the outset to be secure, appropriately limit access, and comply with legal requirements. Next, the IBM approach takes into account the nature of any restrictions that apply to the relevant data when designing analytics programs. For example, it is desirable to consider whether the intended goal can be achieved with less personal data or can be achieved without specific data altogether. Privacy-enabling technologies can also help. Organizations can protect individual identities by using tools and techniques that disguise personally identifiable data through masking such as anonymization or pseudonymization of data. IBM has developed a broad and deep portfolio of technologies that can mask and disguise data so that individual privacy can be maintained, even while the data itself is analyzed as part of a broader project. With proper attention at every level, cities can realize the powerful benefits provided by analytics while protecting personal data involved in the application of these capabilities.

User interface
Visualization of the city status and the critical information is essential to making predictions and reacting to events and changes in the city. The design of the user interface must allow flexible layout of information, while providing a standard look and feel. Effective UI layouts are governed by the following factors: Presenting easily consumable critical information to decision makers such as the mayor and domain managers Bringing different data sources together to provide comprehensive information about operations, domain business, and infrastructure Displaying summarized data that can be expanded giving access to detailed information Providing alerts driven from real-time information, allowing immediate analysis and action

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Smarter Cities Series: A Foundation for Understanding IBM Smarter Cities

Showing relevant information across dynamically linked views For example, by selecting a point on a geospatial map, the associated views update to show related detail information. Providing a consistent look and feel to minimize the learning curve and confusion such that the user interface is uncomplicated and self explanatory Each type of user requires the right and appropriate level of detail as in the following examples:

Executive users want high-level information (scorecards and charts) to see the big picture
of the city.

Detail users need more in depth information and sometimes raw data to do their job. Analytic users might need access to the data so that they can run further analysis on it.

Delivering Smarter City solutions

In the course of building solutions, IBM identifies repeatable patterns and integrates these assets together into new product offerings. IBM is using technology and innovation across the company to provide the most robust solutions for clients. This approach ensures IBM customer solutions are integrated, hardened, and optimized.

Developing a city strategy

As previously stated, IBM defines a smarter city as one that makes optimal use of all the interconnected information available today to better understand and control its operations and optimize the use of limited resources.4 To determine how a city can evolve into a smarter city, it needs to both access its current operating environment and develop a vision of how it wants to operate in the future. To achieve these objectives, a strategy must be developed that will aid the city in making decisions. Examples of such decisions include where to invest in new technology and solutions and what must happen to attain the necessary returns on investment both from a people and financial perspective. To aid in this city analysis, IBM has a developed tools, such as the following examples, that help a city better define its strategic requirements and create a plan that it can use to become smarter: Smarter City Assessment Cities use the Smarter City Assessment Tool to collect specific data about their core operational systems (people, business, transport, communication, water, and energy). This information is analyzed by IBM and used to benchmark the overall capabilities of a city against peer locations, to highlight relative strengths and weaknesses, and to provide initial recommendations for improvement. For more details, see the paper Smarter Cities Assessment at the following web address: ftp://public.dhe.ibm.com/common/ssi/ecm/en/gbd03106usen/GBD03106USEN.PDF

IBM Offers Smarter City Assessment Tool to Help Cities Prepare for Challenges and Opportunities of Unprecedented Urbanization at http://www.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/27791.wss

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Smarter City Maturity Model A maturity model is used to build a readiness assessment for the city. It looks at entry points to the chosen domain or domains and builds a road map that brings the city to a fully optimized multipoint solution. For an example maturity model, see the paper Delivering Intelligent Transport Systems: Driving integration and innovation at the following web address: http://www.ibm.com/services/us/igs/pdf/transport-systems-white-paper.pdf Smarter City Actionable Business Architecture Actionable Business Architecture defines and manages the relationships and interactions among domains (such as strategy, operating, and IT models) to eliminate the gaps, avoid lost opportunities and accelerate time-to-value for desired business outcomes.5 The four methods used to create an Actionable Business Architecture are models, methods, metrics, and tools. For more details about Actionable Business Architecture, see the following web address: http://www.ibm.com/services/us/gbs/bus/html/ actionable_business_architecture.html An associated approach is Component Business Modeling (CBM). This technique analyzes a city by first partitioning it into relatively independent, non-overlapping components to identify opportunities for innovation and improvement. For a city case study using CBM, see A Clear View Using Component Business Modeling: Case Study - Queenstown Lakes District Council at the following web address: http://www.ibm.com/events/nz/ibmforum/presentations/downloads/ IBM_Forum_QLDC_-_CBM_Case_Study.pdf Municipal Reference Model The Municipal Reference Model is a set of concepts and tools that can help cities define and describe their business in terms of the programs and services that they provide. It uses terms that are most meaningful to the city officials, residents, taxpayers, and various stakeholders. For more details about the Municipal Reference Model, see the paper The Municipal Reference Model: Smarter Government by Design at the following web address: http://www.iccs-isac.org/en/pubs/manicipal_reference_model.pdf These assessments are key tools in assisting cities to understand their current situation and create a plan to move forward.

Actionable Business Architecture: IBMs Approach at http://public.dhe.ibm.com/common/ssi/ecm/en/gbw03125usen/GBW03125USEN.PDF

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How IBM supports the interconnected and intelligence layers

The three essential characteristics of a Smarter Planet (instrumented, interconnected, and intelligence) form the basis for a smarter city. IBM software and hardware provide solutions and enablers at the interconnected and intelligence layer, providing the base for IBM and IBM Business Partners to deliver the complete solution. Figure 6 shows the components that can be used to build smarter city solutions. As you can see, the concept of the essential characteristics of a Smarter Planet carries through, from collecting the data to providing new insights to make improvements in the city domains and the city itself. Analyzing the data from day-to-day processes, along with specified events and identifying patterns, can aid the city or city domains to better anticipate when and what actions need be taken at any point in time. By striving to attain near real-time information and applying knowledge to that information, the city can help foresee and prevent negative or disastrous situations and make a positive impact in other situations.

Mobile Devices

Geospatial Information Database Feeds OPC and Meters Control Systems Remote/ Intelligent Sensors Webcams, Video, and Cameras

Web services or other supported protocols Enterprise Service Bus

Solution Logic Predictive Analytics Real Time Analytics Business Intelligence Process Optimization Service Registry

Key performance indicators, Visualization Collaboration, Maps

Extractions

Operational Data Store

Adapters and Event Integration Bus

Specific protocol required by receiver

Data warehouse

Data Sources Instrumented

Data Acquisition

Data Management and Storage Interconnected

Analytics and Solution Logic Intelligent

Role-based Operational Control

Figure 6 Supporting the interconnected and intelligence layer

These capabilities are the basis for the IBM service offerings from IBM Global Business Services, Software Industry Solutions, and Global Technology Services and integrates with business partner and client solutions.

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Domain-specific solutions
Located in the intelligence layer are the specific domain solutions that provide the user access to various applications, capabilities, and information. Particular applications and user interfaces are created to aid domain workers in performing their jobs. These applications include reports, dashboards, and KPIs. Figure 7 shows an example of what the domain workers might see in the intelligence layer. The lower left side of Figure 7 shows the executive dashboard with the overall city status, which also enables navigation to each underlying domain, such as water or traffic. The right side of Figure 7 shows examples of the domain solution interfaces. Figure 7 also shows a citizen view (upper left side), which in this case is the energy or water usage of an individual, with comparative performance metrics.
Water

Traffic Citizen

Public Safety

Energy Executive

Figure 7 Solution layer visual interface

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Smarter Cities Series: A Foundation for Understanding IBM Smarter Cities

How industry knowledge applies

Moving Smarter Cities from vision through architecture to solutions requires a cross-IBM effort, tying implementation road maps to specific business outcomes. The IBM industry solutions (Figure 8) offerings use existing industry frameworks that are built by using domain expertise on assets that have been refined and validated through multiple customer engagements.

Strategic Business Drivers

Industry specific challenges, market drivers, shifts, and trends

IBM Software
Process models and flows Specific Business Problem Information models Design templates Reusable code assets Industry standards Industry Common services

Industry Solutions
Industry and subject matter expertise Applications and tools

Solution Software Products

Industry Frameworks

IBM Lotus software IBM WebSphere software IBM Tivoli software IBM Rational software IBM Information Management software

Servers, storage, communication networks and associated services

Figure 8 Industry Solutions Software offerings

Built on IBM Middleware

Within Smarter Cities, the industry solutions offering delivers a suite of solutions that automate and manage individual city domains while creating a collaborative environment that enables these systems to become more interconnected and intelligent. These solutions use key industry frameworks including the IBM Government Industry Framework and the IBM Solution Architecture for Energy and Utilities (SAFE) Framework. For more details about these frameworks, see the following web addresses: IBM Government Industry Framework http://www.ibm.com/software/industry/government/ IBM Solution Architecture for Energy and Utilities (SAFE) Framework http://www.ibm.com/isv/tech/validation/framework/safe.html The Smarter City solutions are driven by industry expertise, which plays a critical part in each of the solutions. Through countless projects with clients in various areas, IBM has developed knowledge and experience to help solve the problems that cities encounter. This knowledge and experience combined with IBM software and hardware have enabled IBM to create both a meaningful architecture and solutions for various city domains.

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Smarter Computing for Smarter Cities

Often times, the IT Infrastructure (servers, storage, networks, and the IT team) supporting the city domains are not operating in an integrated and coordinated manner. Having these silos of IT infrastructure often leads to increased cost of operation, underused and overused hardware, and redundant software. These IT infrastructure issues might be less obvious, but they are an important aspect of moving the city forward, cutting costs, providing more openness, and streamlining operations. A common view across city domains enables city officials to obtain the information they need to make decisions. As part of aligning the various applications, data sources, and systems, the city should look at the IT infrastructure identifying relationships across the city and its domains. This activity will make visible the systems (hardware and software) and their contribution to the city.

New IT infrastructure dynamics

Cities understand that real-time access to information and analysis is vital to supporting a city and that an integrated system environment is necessary to supporting this need. This need for real-time information is often strongest when city officials are managing a crisis. They need to know what is going on now so that they can take the proper actions. Striving to attain real-time knowledge puts greater demands on the underlying systems. IBM provides the hardware and software necessary to make these underlying systems effective at supporting the needs of a city.

Massive volumes of data

It should be no surprise that, as a city moves into the digital realm and adds more instrumentation, there will be a lot of data. This massive volume of data is what IBM refers to as big data. You might find the following common challenges, among others, when handling data: A need for data from various sources to get an accurate view of an event or potential situation. City data must be collected, stored, transformed, and analyzed to provide actionable information. Data security, including proper governance, such as audit trails and controlled access. Management of the data life cycle such that data is collected, stored, transformed, and archived properly.

Providing a federated data environment

Smarter Computing helps you manage data sources with data management solutions. These data sources can be used to deliver insights through IBM analytics solutions. A Smarter Computing environment can help you meet application performance needs by efficiently managing data using IBM and industry standard technology such as data compression, archiving, and governance techniques. Smarter Computing helps you support diverse applications across platforms by providing a single trusted data source.

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Smarter Cities Series: A Foundation for Understanding IBM Smarter Cities

Creating a high performing IT environment

To generate new insights from the exploding volume, velocity, and variety of data, IT departments need systems that are architected for that task. These workloads can place tremendous demands on the systems used to process the transactions and complete the computing tasks. This environment must be able to handle the following tasks: Design a systems architecture that is flexible, able to handle new and complex workloads, and responds to changing needs and growth. Ensure service delivery with 24 x 7 availability. Provide security against cyber attacks, malware, and other potential security breaches while still supporting an open environment. Handle and recover from failures while minimizing the loss of time and data.

Optimized systems
With Smarter Computing, you have the right system environment to support your workloads. To maximize performance and efficiency, IBM systems can be optimized at every layer of the technology stack to use unique processor, memory, and storage characteristics. IBM security technology can secure mission-critical resources, minimize external exposure of critical data, and provide the optimal level of security for applications. IBM systems have the following key capabilities: Reliability, minimizing downtime so that the city and its workers can perform effectively because of the integration of storage, network, and server resources Availability, ensuring the operating environment is available whenever it is needed by providing failover and backup and recovery capabilities Performance, handling peak workloads and day-to-day activity by using capabilities such as resource pooling, virtualization, and automatic provisioning of resources to meet workload needs Scalability, responding to day-to-day activity and increases in workloads and accommodating longer term needs for growth in computing power IBM understands that cities have different functional and operating environment needs, demanding the IT operating environment serve both current needs and long-term goals. Smarter Computing provides the hardware, software, and technology to meet these needs and goals. Each IBM server family (a part of Smarter Computing) is differentiated by its ability to address different combinations of workloads and operating requirements. Smarter Computing supports both on-premise and cloud-based options, enabling the city to choose how to operate, increasing its technology choices and opportunities to provide solutions.

Maximizing the efficiency and value of IT

To achieve Smarter Computing, city IT organizations look to meet changing expectations of service delivery and accelerate service innovation. To meet these demands, they must consider a wide array of delivery options, such as cloud computing, managed services, and outsourcing. Service delivery includes the following current challenges: Improving quality of services and delivering innovative services to satisfy the needs of the city Reducing capital and operational expenses Meeting increasing usage demands on IT Ensuring the right levels of security and resiliency across delivery models

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Services delivery
Coordinated police or fire emergency response and online drivers license renewal are all examples of service delivery in a smarter city. Efficiencies come from intelligent use and sharing of resources across the domains of a city and across the communities around a city. Just as adjacent fire departments provide each other mutual aid, adjacent cities might want to share IT services in a similar manner, using their skills and capabilities for mutual benefit. IBM enables the sharing of applications and data by providing a common framework to build the applications upon using common data models and process definitions. This action is the first step in achieving smarter service delivery. Smarter Computing supports this effort by providing a common approach to the IT infrastructure and by optimizing service delivery with various management models and support for automated installation of upgrades and fixes. Smarter Computing has the technology to streamline solution deployment, integrating infrastructure management for complex environments and simplifying administration across IT. It also provides automated service monitoring and event management to ensure that issues are resolved quickly.

Cloud computing
Many cities have a strong interest in providing their own IT infrastructure for their smarter city solutions while needing to improve their efficiency and agility. At the same time, other cities or cross-municipality organizations lack the IT staff or the interest in managing the IT environment. A third group is seeking to do a bit of both, blending the service solutions they operate with those solutions provided by someone else. In all these cases, cloud computing provides the means for each group to achieve their ambition to become smarter. The IBM goal is to support these different service delivery models by providing both an on-premises and cloud delivery of solutions. A cloud-based solution can support various aspects of a city or multiple cities while ensuring each instance is secure. A shared IT infrastructure can serve as a starting point for neighboring cities to collaborate together for mutual benefit: Increased efficiency by improving resource utilization up to 80% Flexibility and scalability for key services to respond to dynamic needs High availability and reliability by deploying solutions on IBM optimized systems Coordinated responses to regional needs ranging from disaster response to economic development Reduced operational expenses permitting cities to redirect funding to new initiatives For more information about Smarter Computing, see the following web address: http://www.ibm.com/systems/data/flash/smartercomputing

Summary
This guide provided insight into the IBM Smarter Cities vision and explained how information and technology can help make cities smarter. This guide provided a high-level architecture and ideas that will help in the transformation of cities. This guide showed how to create an integrated city environment that supports both the city and city domains. It explained how data and information found at all levels of the city are critical to understanding and making good decisions for the city. This guide delved into the issues around data that entail the sharing of information and ensuring individual and business data is secured. Now is the time

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Smarter Cities Series: A Foundation for Understanding IBM Smarter Cities

for cities to overcome the challenges of today by applying IBM technology and solutions that will help build a better tomorrow.

The team who wrote this guide

This guide was produced by a team of specialists from around the world working with the International Technical Support Organization (ITSO). Michael Kehoe is the Smarter Cities Product Manager for Industry Solution organization in Software Group. His product management responsibility includes solutions to support a city (water, energy, transport, public safety, buildings, and city operation center). Since joining IBM in 1997, he has worked in manufacturing, engineering, IT, emerging business opportunities, and technical strategy. His areas of expertise include industrial control, business intelligence system design, business strategy, and technical opportunity realization. Mike has a Bachelor of Science (BS) degree in Electrical Engineering from Trinity University Dublin and holds a Master of Business Administration (MBA) degree from the Open University. Michael Cosgrove is a Business Development Project Manager in the World Wide Business Intelligence Enablement team based in Dublin, Ireland. Michael joined IBM 12 years ago through the acquisition of Lotus Software, where he worked in technical engineering and software release management roles. His areas of expertise include business transformation, business intelligence system design, and technical opportunity realization. He has a Higher Diploma in Electronic Engineering and a Bachelor of Business Studies degree. Steven De Gennaro is the Chief Technology Officer (CTO) for Sensor Solutions in the IBM Software Group. He is responsible for architecture, industry standards, and technical strategy, and for enabling strategic partners and supporting key customers. He was previously the Technical Assistant to the General Manager of the IBM Pervasive Computing Division. He received his BS degree in Computer Science and Bachelor of Engineering degree in Electrical Engineering from SUNY Stony Brook. He also received degrees in computer science and electrical engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Colin Harrison is a Distinguished Engineer on the IBM Enterprise Initiatives team, working on Smart Cities and Cloud Computing. He was previously Director of Strategic Innovation for IBM IT services in Europe and Director of Global Services Research in the IBM Research Division. His career with IBM includes micromagnetics, medical imaging, parallel computing, mobile networking, intelligent agents, telecommunications services, and knowledge management. From 1997 to 2001, he was the worldwide leader in developing the application of research skills to the IBM services businesses. Dr. Harrison is a Fellow of the IET, a senior member of the IEEE, a member of the IBM Academy of Technology, and an IBM Master Inventor. He received a BS in Engineering and a Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) degree in Electrical Engineering from Imperial College, London. Wim Harthoorn is a Solutions Architect with IBM Tivoli, based in London, England. He is currently engaged on adapting event and performance management solutions for businesses such as electrical grids, transport, and retail. He joined IBM as a result of the Micromuse acquisition in 2006, where he designed service assurance solutions for mobile telecommunications companies. John Hogan is a Senior Technical Staff Member of the IBM Software Group and the chief architect for smarter cities. He was instrumental in developing operation centers, the Government Industry Framework, and has contributed to various Smarter City solutions. During his 12-year career at IBM, John has designed and deployed IT systems management

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solutions for numerous aerospace, finance, and industrial clients. He has a Master of Science (MS) degree in Management Information Systems from the University of Arizona. John Meegan is a senior member of the IBM Software Group Strategy and Technology group, in the IBM Software Group Standards organization, where he is currently focused on establishing IBM Smarter City initiative standards. Before his standards work, he spent several years developing the IBM Software Group open source strategy, working with both customers and industry consultants to communicate and refine the strategy. He also spent several years in the Software Group Strategy organization, where he contributed to the formulation of the IBM initial web application server strategy, leading to the eventual launch the IBM WebSphere product family. He received a Bachelor of Arts (BA) degree in Computer Science from Columbia University. Pam Nesbitt is a Senior Technical Staff Member at IBM. She is currently on assignment in Corporate Technology, where she facilitates assessments for the Technology Team advising on the technical strategy for IBM hardware, software, and services businesses. Her recent work has centered around operationalizing the IBM Smarter Cities technical strategy, helping define sales technical enablement, and alignment of business and technical strategies. Her previous activities include software development and solutions delivery to clients. She has presented at numerous international conferences and has published in a number of journals. She is an IBM Master Inventor and has 108 patents issued and pending with the USPTO. She holds a BS degree in Neurobiology and Behavior from Cornell University and Master in Computer and Information Science degree from Cleveland State University. Christina Peters provides legal and policy counsel on privacy and digital security matters at IBM. In addition, she is responsible for key elements of the IBM global privacy and data protection compliance program. At IBM, Christina has handled a wide range of complex transactional, policy, compliance, and litigation matters in the United States and internationally. She earned degrees from both Dartmouth College and Harvard Law School. Thanks to the following people for their contribution to this project: Anthony L. Carrato Chief Product Architect, Smarter Cities, Industry Solutions Development Tim Durniak CTO for Public Sector, IBM Systems & Technology Group John B. Gordon Director of Strategy & Market Management, IBM Smarter Cities LindaMay Patterson Information Developer, ITSO Content Creation and Management

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Smarter Cities Series: A Foundation for Understanding IBM Smarter Cities

Now you can become a published author, too!

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Notices
This information was developed for products and services offered in the U.S.A. IBM may not offer the products, services, or features discussed in this document in other countries. Consult your local IBM representative for information on the products and services currently available in your area. Any reference to an IBM product, program, or service is not intended to state or imply that only that IBM product, program, or service may be used. Any functionally equivalent product, program, or service that does not infringe any IBM intellectual property right may be used instead. However, it is the user's responsibility to evaluate and verify the operation of any non-IBM product, program, or service. IBM may have patents or pending patent applications covering subject matter described in this document. The furnishing of this document does not give you any license to these patents. You can send license inquiries, in writing, to: IBM Director of Licensing, IBM Corporation, North Castle Drive, Armonk, NY 10504-1785 U.S.A. The following paragraph does not apply to the United Kingdom or any other country where such provisions are inconsistent with local law: INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION PROVIDES THIS PUBLICATION "AS IS" WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EITHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF NON-INFRINGEMENT, MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. Some states do not allow disclaimer of express or implied warranties in certain transactions, therefore, this statement may not apply to you. This information could include technical inaccuracies or typographical errors. Changes are periodically made to the information herein; these changes will be incorporated in new editions of the publication. IBM may make improvements and/or changes in the product(s) and/or the program(s) described in this publication at any time without notice. Any references in this information to non-IBM Web sites are provided for convenience only and do not in any manner serve as an endorsement of those Web sites. The materials at those Web sites are not part of the materials for this IBM product and use of those Web sites is at your own risk. IBM may use or distribute any of the information you supply in any way it believes appropriate without incurring any obligation to you. Information concerning non-IBM products was obtained from the suppliers of those products, their published announcements or other publicly available sources. IBM has not tested those products and cannot confirm the accuracy of performance, compatibility or any other claims related to non-IBM products. Questions on the capabilities of non-IBM products should be addressed to the suppliers of those products. This information contains examples of data and reports used in daily business operations. To illustrate them as completely as possible, the examples include the names of individuals, companies, brands, and products. All of these names are fictitious and any similarity to the names and addresses used by an actual business enterprise is entirely coincidental. COPYRIGHT LICENSE: This information contains sample application programs in source language, which illustrate programming techniques on various operating platforms. You may copy, modify, and distribute these sample programs in any form without payment to IBM, for the purposes of developing, using, marketing or distributing application programs conforming to the application programming interface for the operating platform for which the sample programs are written. These examples have not been thoroughly tested under all conditions. IBM, therefore, cannot guarantee or imply reliability, serviceability, or function of these programs.

Copyright IBM Corp. 2011. All rights reserved.

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This document, REDP-4733-00, was created or updated on March 30, 2011.

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IBM, the IBM logo, and ibm.com are trademarks or registered trademarks of International Business Machines Corporation in the United States, other countries, or both. These and other IBM trademarked terms are marked on their first occurrence in this information with the appropriate symbol ( or ), indicating US registered or common law trademarks owned by IBM at the time this information was published. Such trademarks may also be registered or common law trademarks in other countries. A current list of IBM trademarks is available on the Web at http://www.ibm.com/legal/copytrade.shtml

Redbooks

The following terms are trademarks of the International Business Machines Corporation in the United States, other countries, or both:
Global Business Services IBM Lotus Micromuse Redbooks Redguide Redbooks (logo) Smarter Cities Smarter Energy Smarter Planet Smarter Public Safety Smarter Traffic Smarter Water Tivoli WebSphere

Other company, product, or service names may be trademarks or service marks of others.

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