114071 1 , , 1 5

AiB Ax Bx + Ay By + Az Bz = A B cos

B

AB = A B B = A
B

B
A : B

= A B cos B = A cos B

x = x0 + v0t + 12 at 2
v0 + vt
t
2
) vt 2 = v0 2 + 2a ( xt x0
x = x0 +

( )

g
y ( x) = x tan
x2
2
2v0 cos 2

A B = A B sin

V = A B C :

Az
Bz

Ay
By

x



A B Ax
Bx

: x ,

y , z
x y = z
z x = y
y z = x
y x = z
x z = y
z y = x

I = mr 2 = r 2 dm :

.
, .
. a = r :
. S = r :
, :
;
MR 2

;
2
1
2 MR


2
2

MR

sin sin = 2sin

cos
2
2
+

cos + cos = 2 cos
cos
2
2
+

cos cos = 2 sin
sin
2
2
sin ( ) = sin cos sin cos

ML

1
12

ML2

1
3

a2 + b2
12

MR

2
5

cos ( ) = cos cos sin sin "x + 2 x = 0 x = A cos(t + ) :

t

cos 2 = cos 2 sin 2 = 1 2sin 2 = 2 cos 2 1

v = A2 x 2
=
":
T 2
sin 2 = 2sin cos

2
1
T
f :
,:

T
r cos x + sin y
g
sin x + cos y :
=

r =
= r
k
1 1
1
=
,
=
+ ... +
n :
:

m1
mn



dr

+ r
= r = rr
r = rr
v
, : 0 > 21
dt




1
m


dv d 2 r

x + x + 0 2 x = 0,

a
=
= r =
r r 2 r + 2r + r
b

dt dt 2
t

2
z
z :
) x = Ae 2 cos (t + ) , 0 2 ( 21
v
= vr + r, a
= a 2 r r + ( 2 v + r ) : :
(
)

) x + 2 x + 0 2 x = m1 f 0 cos(t
S
f0
' S : = t
=x
) cos (t +
2
xI = xR cos t yR sin t
2

m (0 ) 2 +

yI = xR sin t + yR cos t

) vxI = ( xR cos t y R sin t ) ( xR sin t + yR cos t
2
= - tan

) ( 0 2 2
) v yI = ( x R sin t + y R cos t ) ( xR cos t yR sin t
.










) aI = aR + 2 vR + ( r

( )

2005 www.technion.co.il

 114071 1 , , 2 5

r = r '+ Vt




v = v '+ V

d ( mv ) dm
dv
= F
=
v +m
dt
dt
dt

, ) m = ( m0 t

Gm1m2
FG =
r
r2

.
-
:

m1v1 + m2 v2 = m1u1 + m2u2

:
2

R1 T1
=
R2 T2

Gm1m2
r

UG =

v1 v2
u1 u2
e = 1
e = 0

e=

x + bx = 0

x = Ae bt
a
x = + Ae bt
b
a
a
x = Ae bt + t 2
b b
t
x = Ae + Bet
) x = A cos (t +

x + bx = a
x + bx = at

x 2x = 0

x + 2x = 0

x + 2x = b

x = y
y = x

x = A cos (t + ) +

2
x = A cos t + B sin t
y = A sin t + B cos t

':

F * = ma0

Fel = kxx

) Fcen = m ( r

kQq
FE = Eq = 2 r
r

q
FB = v B :
c

Fc = 2m v

f Smax = N :
f k = N :
/ :

f = x

F
1 2

mv
2

P = mv


F = 0





F = ma
2
I z = I cm + Ma :

N = r F
1 2
I
2







J = mr v = I


N = 0




N = I

x, y I z = I x + I y :




mi ri
mi vi




= rcm
= vcm
:
mi
mi
: A








J A = J cm + M RA,cm Vcm

2005 www.technion.co.il

 114071 1 , , 3 5

1
/ :
WF F dr = Ek = mv 2
2
initial
A
-Ei + W = E f :





dW F dr
P
=
= F v :
dt
dt
B



W F dr = U = U ( A) U ( B) :
final

U x U y U z
F = U =
,
,
:
x y z
U
F =0
= 0 :
x
2U
2U
F = 2 < 0
> 0
x
x 2
2U
2U
F = 2 > 0
< 0
x
x 2
2U
= 0
x 2
1 2
x , U el = kx :
2
1
2
x , U el = k ( x ) : "
2
2
U
=, k
" ( x0 ) > 0 :
x 2
k
= .
, F ( x0 ) = 0
m

q
Q
Ue = k q
r

: Q

Gm1m2
r

UG =

m : M

GMm
2r

Etotal =

":

E p = mgh

Nm / kg
2

11

G = 6.67 10

k = 9 109 Nm 2 / C 2
] h = 6.6 1027 [ erg sec
] c = 3 108 [ m / sec] = 3 1010 [ cm / sec
0

] 1 = 1010 [ m

mvc
:
qB

=R

qb 2
=
:
mc T
keff = K i :

1
1
= :
keff
ki
:

2005 www.technion.co.il

 114071 1 , , 4 5

u
<1
c

>1

1 2

' S u

v vE
v vR
= TR
= TE ; f R
f E :
v vR
v vE
cv
:

c+v
- f S
' - f ' S
- v v > 0 ,
f x = f x

. S

t = t ' :
L
L0 ) L = 0 : (

t = t '+ 2 x '
c

)' x = ( x '+ ut
z = z
v '+ u
vx = x
' uv
1 + 2x
c
' vy
= vy
uv '
1 + 2x
c

Px = Px '+ 2 E '
c

Pz ' = Pz

t ' = t 2 x
c
) x ' = ( x ut
y = y
v u
vx ' = x
uv
1 2x
c
vy
= ' vy
uv
1 2x
c

Px ' = Px 2 E
c

Py ' = Py

)' E = ( E '+ uPx

) E ' = ( E uPx

' Fz

= Fz

fy

= f y

' Fy

= Fy

' Fx = Fx

MeV
:
P m ( v )
c
E mc 2 [ MeV ] :

) (E 2 = p 2 c 2 + m 2 c 4 :

E 2 m2c 4
:
c

=p

:
2

= Pi

Pi

) ( Ei

c +M c

2 4

c 2 MeV
c 2
c 2 :

) (

) (

c2


Pi

) (

p


vcm = i c 2 :
Ei

) ( Ei

) ( Ei
M

= Ecm = Mc 2

m = 0 E = pc
c=f
E ph = hf

2005 www.technion.co.il

 114071 1 , , 5 5

2005 www.technion.co.il