Wr= Rfwrehu 9/ 5336 Sdjh= 4

+Fkdswhu khdg=,Fdswxor 7=
H{hufflr 714= D ghqvlgdgh yroxpwulfd gh fdujd gh srodul}dr srgh vhu hqfrqwudgd
vlpsohvphqwh id}hqgr0vh
\

1 = ~j
1
gh prgr txh
j
1
= ~2cr.
Qdv h{wuhplgdghv whuhprv +sdud xpd eduud txh vh h{whqgh gh 0 d 1, rv ydoruhv
o
1
(1) =

a=1
: =
_
c1
2
/
_
o
1
(1) =

a=0
: = ~/
rqgh qrwdprv txh :
a=0
= ~ :
a=1
1
H{hufflr 715= Whprv xp fxer frp srodul}dr gdgd sru

1 = r h frp ruljhp qr
fhqwur gr fxer1 D ghqvlgdgh yroxpwulfd gh fdujd gh srodul}dr
j
1
= ~3,
m txh \ r = 31 Dv ghqvlgdghv gh fdujd vxshufldlv qdv glyhuvdv sduhghv gr fxer vr=
o
a

a=12
=
1
2
, o
a

a=312
=
1
2
o

=12
=
1
2
, o

=312
=
1
2
o
:

:=12
=
1
2
, o
:

:=312
=
1
2
D vxshufldo wrwdo srgh vhu fdofxodgd frpr
Q
sup
=
_
o
a

a=12
o
a

a=312
o

=12
o

=312
o
:

:=12
o
:

:=312
_
1
2
= 31
S
hqtxdqwr txh d fdujd yroxpwulfd wrwdo gdgd sru +xvdqgr0vh txh j
1
= ~3,
Q
ol
= ~31
S
.
Dvvlp/ Q
sup
Q
ol
= 0/ frpr txhudprv ghprqvwudu1
H{hufflr 716= Whprv xpd eduud ihlwd gh glhowulfr qd irupd floqgulfd frp udlr 1
h frpsulphqwr 1/ srodul}dgd xqliruphphqwh qd gluhr gr frpsulphqwr 11 Frpr d
srodul}dr xqliruph/ whprv txh j
1
= 01 Whprv/ dlqgd/ txh
o
1

:=312
= 1 h o
1

:=312
= ~1.
Wr= Rfwrehu 9/ 5336 Sdjh= 5
Qrwh txh d fdujd wrwdo qxod +fi1 sureohpd dqwhulru,1 Frphvwdv ghqvlgdghv vxshufldlv
gh fdujd/ whprv txh r srwhqfldo fd gdgr sru
,(r, 0, :) =
1
4:
0
_
sup
o
r ~r

dr

d0

fdofxodgd qdv gxdv vxshuiflhv frqvlghudgdv +txh vr dv srqwdv gd eduud,1 Qxp srqwr
vreuh r hl{r gd eduud fdprv frp r

= r

j 1,2

/ qd vxshuiflh qr odgr *srvlwlyr* h

r

= r

j ~1,2

/ qr odgr *qhjdwlyr* gd eduud +fxmr fhqwur irl srvlflrqdgr qd ruljhp gr

vlvwhpd gh frrughqdgdv, h r = :

/1 D lqwhjudo fd
,(0, 0, :) =
(2:1)
4:
0
_
_
1
0
r

dr

_
r
2
(: ~1,2)
2
~
_
1
0
r

dr

_
r
2
(: 1,2)
2
_
=
=
(2:1)
4:
0
_
_
_
1
2

_
: ~
1
2
_
2
~

: ~
1
2

~
_
1
2

_
:
1
2
_
2

:
1
2

_
_
.
+d, sdud srqwrv irud gd eduud/ whprv : 1,2 h/ sruwdqwr/
~

: ~
1
2

:
1
2

= 1
gh prgr txh r fdpsr howulfr fd +v k fdpsr qd gluhr :,= =
1
:
= ~
1
2
0
_
_
(: ~1,2)
_
1
2

_
: ~
1
2
_
2
~
(: 1,2)
_
1
2

_
:
1
2
_
2
_
_
.
Sdud srqwrv qr lqwhulru gd eduud whprv : < 1,2 h
~

: ~
1
2

:
1
2

= 2:
h r fdpsr howulfr fd
1
:
= ~
1
2
0
_
_
(: ~1,2)
_
1
2

_
: ~
1
2
_
2
~
(: 1,2)
_
1
2

_
:
1
2
_
2
2
_
_
.
H{hufflr 717= Whprv txh surydu txh
_
\

1d =
_
\
j
1
rd
_
S
o
1
rdc.
Wr= Rfwrehu 9/ 5336 Sdjh= 6
Ohpeudprv txh j
1
= ~\

1 h txh

1 : = o
1
1 Dvvlp/ srghprv hvfuhyhu r odgr gluhlwr
gd h{suhvvr dflpd frpr
1
div
= ~
_
\
_
\

1
_
rd
_
S
_

1 :
_
rdc.
Djrud qrwdprv/ shod vxjhvwr gr olyur/ txh
\
_
r

1
_
= 1
a
r
_
\

1
_
\
_

1
_
= 1

_
\

1
_
\
_
:

1
_
= 1
:
:
_
\

1
_
gh prgr txh srghprv hvfuhyhu
\
_
r

1
_
r \
_

1
_
\
_
:

1
_
: =

1 r
_
\

1
_
.
Lqwhjudqgr qr yroxph/ fdprv frp
_
\
_
\
_
r

1
_
r \
_

1
_
\
_
:

1
_
:
_
d =
_
\

1d
_
\
_
\

1
_
rd.
Dsolfdqgr r whruhpd gd glyhujqfld qr whupr hvtxhugd/ fdprv frp
_
S
(r r : :)
_

1 :
_
dc =
_
\

1d
_
\
_
\

1
_
rd,
rx vhmd
_
\

1d = ~
_
\
_
\

1
_
rd
_
S
_

1 :
_
rdc
txh r uhvxowdgr ghvhmdgr1
H{hufflr 718= Whprv txh dv srodul}dhv vr frqvwdqwhv +xqliruphv, hp wrgrv rv
glhowulfrv1 Hvwhv hvwr d xpd glvwqfld shtxhqd hqwuh vl/ frp dshqdv xpd hvwuhlwd
ihqgd vhsdudqgr0rv1 D srodul}dr

1 irupd xp qjxor frp d qrupdo drv sodqrv txh

olplwdp d ihqgd1 Frp hvwdv srodul}dhv/ fdprv frp ghqvlgdghv vxshufldlv gh fdujd
ljxdlv d
o
1
=

1 : = 1 cos
hp fdgd xp grv sodqrv txh frqvwlwxhp d ihqgd1D ihqgd ihlwd gh du> dvvlp whprv xpd
frqjxudr gh grlv sodqrv sdudohorv frp ghqvlgdghv xqliruphv gh fdujd o
1
frpr
dflpd1 R fdpsr qd ihqgd srgh vhu rewlgr gluhwdphqwh gd ohl gh Jdxvv h iruqhfh
1 =
1 cos

0
,
frpr ghvhmdgr +r fdpsr hvw qd gluhr gh

1/ hylghqwhphqwh,1
Wr= Rfwrehu 9/ 5336 Sdjh= 7
H{hufflr 719= Xp orqjr flolqgur frqgxwru gh udlr c h ghqvlgdgh olqhdu gh fdujd ` hvw
qxp phlr glhowulfr gh shuplvvlylgdgh frqvwdqwh 1 Sdud hqfrqwudu r fdpsr howulfr d
xpd glvwqfld r c gr hl{r gr floqgur/ ohpeudprv txh ghyhprv whu d htxdr
\

1 = `1.
Srghprv id}hu d lqwhjudr xvdqgr0vh xpd vxshuiflh gh Jdxvv txh hqyroyh flqolqgur
sdud rewhu
_
S

1 :dc = `1
h/ sruwdqwr/
2:r11
j
= `1,
gh prgr txh
1
j
=
`
2:r
.
Dvvlp/ r fdpsr howulfr fd
1
j
=
`
2:r
.
H{hufflr 71:= Dv frqglhv gh frqwruqr vr +qr k fdujd h{whuqd vreuh d lqwhuidfh,=
1
la
~1
2a
= o = 0
1
lt
~1
2t
= 0
Wrpdqgr d olqkd phqflrqdgd qr wh{wr frpr edvh/ whprv txh
1
la
cos 0
l
= 1
2a
cos 0
2
1
l
sin 0
l
= 1
2
sin 0
2
Gd sulphlud htxdr/ whprv

l
1
l
cos 0
l
=
2
1
2
cos 0
2
gh prgr txh/ glylglqgr0vh d htxdr dflpd shod htxdr sdud r 1 dqwhulru/ rewhprv
ian 0
l
=
1
l
1
2
ian0
2
,
frpr ghvhmdgr1
H{hufflr 71;=
Wr= Rfwrehu 9/ 5336 Sdjh= 8
H{hufflr 71<= Whprv txh r srwhqfldo fd gdgr sru +fi1 jxud 4.0 gr olyur,
,
l
(r, , :) =
1
4:
l
_
_

_
(r d)
2

2
:
2

_
(r ~d)
2

2
:
2
_
_
h
,
2
(r, , :) =
1
4:
2

_
(r d)
2

2
:
2
.
Vreuh r sodqr : rv srwhqfldlv ghyhp vhu ljxdlv/ ylvwr txh qr k fdujdv olyuhv qd
lqwhuidfh h/ sruwdqwr/ qr srgh kdyhu ghvfrqwlqxlgdgh gd frpsrqhqwh qrupdo gh

11
Rud/ srghprv fdofxodu 1
la
h 1
2a
idflophqwh d sduwlu grv srwhqfldlv dflpd frpr vhqgr
1
la
=
l
1
l,a

a=0
= ~
l
u,

ua

a=0
=
l
1
qq

[a
2

2
:
2
[
*2
d
1
2a
=
2
1
2,a

a=0
= ~
2
u,
2
ua

a=0
=
l
1
q

[a
2

2
:
2
[
*2
d
.
Dvvlp/ whprv xpd sulphlud htxdr gdgd sru
1
la
~1
2a
= 0 =(

) =

.
Sdud rewhu d vhjxqgd htxdr/ ohpeudprv txh whprv d frqglr gh frqwruqr qd frp0
srqhqwh wdqjhqfldo gr fdpsr howulfr +srghprv wrpdu rx : frpr vhqgr xpd wdo
gluhr,1 Dvvlp/ whprv txh
1
lt
= ~
0,
l
0

a=0
=
1
4:
l
~

[
2
:
2
[
S2
d
1
2t
= ~
0,
2
0

a=0
=
1
4:
2

[
2
:
2
[
S2
d
iruqhfhqgr d htxdr
1
lt
~1
2t
= 0 =
2
( ~

) =
l

.
Dvvlp/ fdprv frp r vlvwhpd gh htxdhv
_

=
-

-
2

=
fxmdv vroxhv vr

2
~
l

l

2
,

=
2
2

l

2
.
Wr= Rfwrehu 9/ 5336 Sdjh= 9
H{hufflr 7143= Whprv rv srwhqfldlv lqwhuqr h h{whuqr gdgrv sru
,
ia
=
0
1
0
ln (r)
"

a=l
_

a
r
a
1
a
r
3a
_
cos (:0)
,
o&t
= C
0
ln (r)
"

a=l
_
C
a
r
a
1
a
r
3a
_
cos (:0)
txh vr dv vroxhv gd htxdr gh Odsodfh hp frrughqdgdv floqgulfdv1 R whupr hp
sin (0) m irl holplqdgr sru ud}hv gh vlphwuld ^qr srghprv whu rv srwhqfldlv yduldqgr
txdqgr id}hprv 0 ~0`1 Sdud r srwhqfldo lqwhuqr/ whprv txh qr k glyhujqfldv
orjduwlplfdv/ m txh r flolqgur hvw ghvfduuhjdgr1 Wdpep qr whprv txdotxhu rxwur
wlsr gh glyhujqfld1 Dvvlp/ ghyhprv sru 1
a
= 0 sdud wrgr : h fdu frp
,
ia
=
l
r cos 0
"

a=2

a
r
a
cos (:0) .
Sdud r srwhqfldo h{whuqr/ srghprv hoplqdu r whupr orjdwplfr shodv phvpdv ud}hv
dqwhulruhv dop gh holplqduprv rv whuprv r
a
frp : 1/ m txh r srwhqfldo h{whuqr
glyhujh frp r1 Dvvlp/ fdprv frp
,
o&t
=
_
C
l
r
1
l
r
_
cos 0
"

a=2
1
a
r
3a
cos (:0) .
D sulphlud frqglr gh frqwruqr gl} uhvshlwr dr srwhqfldo qr lqqlwr +,
o&t
/ sruwdqwr,1
Hvwd frqglr txh
,
o&t
(r ) = ~1
0
r cos 0,
gh prgr txh C
l
= ~1
0
1 Xpd vhjxqgd frqglr gh frqwruqr
,
ia
(c) = ,
o&t
(c)
txh iruqhfh dv htxdhv
c
2

l
~1
l
= ~1
0
c
2
h
a
c
2a
~1
a
= 0.
D rxwud frqglr gh frqwruqr txh idowd
~
0
0,
o&t
0r

v=o
= ~
l
0,
ia
0r

v=o
txh iruqhfh dv htxdhv
1c
2

l
1
l
= ~1
0
c
2
h 1c
2a

a
1
a
= 01
Wr= Rfwrehu 9/ 5336 Sdjh= :
Ilfdprv/ srlv/ frp rv vlvwhpdv
_
c
2

l
~1
l
= ~1
0
c
2
1c
2

l
1
l
= ~1
0
c
2
h
_

a
c
2a
~1
a
= 0
1c
2a

a
1
a
= 0
.
Hvwh owlpr vlvwhpd lpsolfd qhfhvvduldphqwh txh
a
= 1
a
= 0/ sdud : _ 21 R
sulphlur vlvwhpd iruqhfh

l
= ~
21
0
1 1
h 1
l
=
1 ~1
1 1
c
2
1
0
.
Rv srwhqfldlv fdp/ sruwdqwr/
_
,
ia
=
32
1l
1
0
r cos 0
,
o&t
=
_
1 ~
13l
1l
o
2
v
2
_
1
0
r cos 0
,
txh vr rv uhvxowdgrv surfxudgrv1
H{hufflr 7144= Whprv xp glsror srqwxdo j qr fhqwur gd hvihud glhowulfd gh udlr c1
Vdehprv txh r fdpsr irud gd hvihud glsrodu/ rx vhmd/ whprv
,
o&t
=
j r
r
S
rqgh r frhflhqwh d vh ghwhuplqdu1 Qr lqwhulru gd hvihud glhowulfd ghyhprv whu
,
ia
= 1r cos 0
C
r
2
cos 0,
rqgh m holplqdprv rv whuprv hp r
3a
+: _ 3, h rv whuprv r
a
+: _ 2, d sduwlu gh
frqvlghudhv vlploduhv v ihlwdv hp h{hufflrv ghvwh wlsr1 Wdpep vdehprv/ shod
frqglr gh txh k xp glsror srqwxdo qd ruljhp txh C = j,4:
l
1 Ilfdprv/ sruwdqwr/
frp rv srwhqfldlv
,
ia
=
_
1r
j
4:
l
r
2
_
cos 0
,
o&t
=
j cos 0
r
2
Dv frqglhv gh frqwruqr lpsolfdp txh ghyhprv whu frqwlqxlgdgh gr srwhqfldo qd
vxshuiflh gd hvihud1 Dvvlp/
,
ia
(r = c) = ,
o&t
(r = c)
Wr= Rfwrehu 9/ 5336 Sdjh= ;
rx vhmd
_
1c
j
4:
l
c
2
_
=
j
c
2
.
Gd phvpd irupd/ ghyhprv whu frqwlqxlgdgh qd frpsrqhqwh gr yhwru ghvorfdphqwr
howulfr/ ylvwr txh d hvihud glhowulfd qr hvw fduuhjdgd frp qhqkxpd ghqvlgdgh vx0
shufldo gh fdujd1 Dvvlp/ ghyhprv whu wdpep
1
ia
= 1
o&t
rx vhmd/
~
l
0,
ia
0r

v=o
= ~
0
0,
o&t
0r

v=o
.
Hvwd owlpd ljxdogdgh iruqhfh
1
_
1 ~
2j
4:
l
c
S
_
= ~2
j
c
S
.
Ilfdprv/ sruwdqwr/ frp r vlvwhpd gh htxdhv
_
c
S
1 ~j = ~
j
1-

1c
S
1 2j =
2j1
1-

,
fxmdv vroxhv vr
=
31
1 2
1
4:
l
=
3
1 2
1
4:
0
1 =
j
2:
l
c
S
(1 ~1)
(1 2)
gh prgr txh rv srwhqfldlv fdp
,
ia
=
_
2j
4:
l
c
S
(1 ~1)
(1 2)
r
j
4:
l
r
2
_
cos 0
=
j cos 0
4:
l
r
2
_
1 2
r
S
c
S
(1 ~1)
(1 2)
_
h
,
o&t
=
j cos 0
4:
0
r
2
3
1 2
,
txh vr rv uhvxowdgrv ghvhmdgrv1
H{hufflr 7145= Rv uhvxowdgrv vr
_
,
l
= ~1
0
_
1 ~
13l
12
o

_
1
0
r cos 0
,
2
= ~
S
12
1
0
r cos 0
Wr= Rfwrehu 9/ 5336 Sdjh= <
txh/ txdqgr id}hprv 1 / fdp
_
,
l
= ~1
0
r cos 0
_
1 ~
o

_
,
2
= 0
,
txh vr rv uhvxowdgrv sdud d hvihud frqgxwrud1
H{hufflr 7146= Whprv xpd fkdsd qd gh pdwhuldo frp frqvwdqwh glhowulfd 1
l
olplwdgd sru dperv rv odgrv sru xp pdwhuldo gh frqvwdqwh glhowulfd 1
2
1 Vdehprv
txh r fdpsr qr phlr 2/

1
2
/ gdgr frpr vhqgr xqliruph h shushqglfxodu drv frqwruqrv1
Sdud hqfrqwudu r fdpsr

1
l
ghyhprv xvdu dv frqglhv gh frqwruqr gr sureohpd1 Qr
k fdujdv olyuhv qr sureohpd1 Dvvlp/ whprv
1
la
= 1
2a
1
lt
= 1
2t
Frpr

1
2
shushqglfxodu drv frqwruqrv/ ghyhprv whu 1
2t
= 0 h/ sruwdqwr/ 1
lt
= 01
Djrud vdehprv txh
1
2a
=
2
1
2a
h 1
la
=
l
1
la
.
Dvvlp/
1
la
=

l
1
2a
.
Djrud/ frpr vdehprv txh

1
i
=
0

1
i

1
i
,
fdprv frp
1
la
=
2
1
2a
~
0
1
la
1
2a
= (
2
~
0
) 1
2a
Hp whuprv gdv frqvwdqwhv 1
i
=
i
,
0
srghprv hvfuhyhu rv uhvxowdgrv dflpd frpr
1
la
=
1
2
1
l
1
2a
1
la
=
0
_
1
l
~1
1
l
_
1
2
1
2a
h
1
2a
= (1
2
~1)
0
1
2a
.
Sruwdqwr/ frpr v whprv srodul}dr shushqglfxodu vxshuiflh/ o
1
= 1
la
1
H{hufflr 7147= Srghprv id}hu 1
l
qd vroxr dqwhulru sdud rewhu
1
la
= 0 h 1
la
=
0
1
2
1
2a
.
Wr= Rfwrehu 9/ 5336 Sdjh= 43
Qrwh txh/ djrud 1
la
= 1
la
m txh r fdpsr howulfr 1
la
qxor1 Dvvlp/ whprv txh
1
la
=
0
1
2
1
2a
= o
1
,
txh frqfrugd frp d h{suhvvr +4.44, gr olyur1
H{hufflr 7148= Dv sodfdv vr sdudohodv/ frqgxwrudv h hvwr glvwdqwhv sru xp ydoru
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