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169
Chng trnh Ha hc
VN III HA V C
VIT CC PHN NG OXI HA KH THNG GP (CC CHT OXI HA, CHT KH THNG GP)
vit c cc phn ng oxi ha kh th chng ta cn bit mt s cht oxi ha v mt s cht kh thng gp. Cht oxi ha sau khi b kh th to thnh cht kh lin hp (cht kh tng ng); Cng nh cht kh sau khi b oxi ha th to thnh cht kh lin hp (cht kh tng ng). Ta phi bit cc cht kh v cht oxi ha tng ng th mi vit c phn ng oxi ha kh.
Kali pemanganat St (II) sunfat Thuc tm (Cht oxi ha) (Cht kh)
+7 +3
+2
+5
Kali nitrat
+2
+6
Kali sunfat
+2
+3
St (III) sunfat
+2
t0
MnO 2
4HCl()
Gio khoa ha v c
170
MnO2
St (III) sunfat
Fe2(SO4)3 + 2H2O
+2
Kh clo
0
2KMnO4
Kali pemanganat (Cht oxi ha)
+7
-
16HCl 2MnCl2
Axit clohric (Cht kh)
+2
2+
5Cl2
Kh clo
+ 2KCl
+ 8H2O
+2
+3
2+
MnO 4
5Fe
+ 8H
Mn
Ion st (III)
5Fe3+ + 4H2O
+2
+5
Axit sunfuric
+2
+2
KMnO4 trong mi trng trung tnh (H2O) thng b kh thnh mangan ioxit (MnO2)
Th du:
+7 +4 +4 +6
2KMnO4
+ 4K2SO3
H2O MnO2
Man ganioxit
Kali sunfat
K2SO4 + KOH
+4
2KMnO4
3MnSO4 + 2H2O
5MnO2
Mangan ioxit
+ K2SO4
+ 2H2SO4
Kali pemanganat Mangan (II) sunfat (Cht oxi ha) (Cht kh)
Gio khoa ha v c
171
+7
-1
+4
2KMnO4 +
3H2O2 2MnO2
Mangan ioxit
+ 3O2
Kh oxi
+ 2KOH + 2H2O
2KMnO4
+6
+4
+ 2KHCO3
Kali cacbonat axit
Kali manganat
2KMnO4
2KOH
2K2MnO4 +
1 O2 2
Oxi
+ H2O
Kali pemanganat Kali manganat (Cht oxi ha cng l cht kh) (Phn ng oxi ha kh ni phn t)
Ghi ch G.1. KMnO4 trong mi trng axit (thng l H2SO4) c tnh oxi ha rt mnh, nn n d b mt mu tm bi nhiu cht kh nh: Fe2+; FeO; Fe3O4; SO2; SO32-; H2S; S2-; NaCl; HCl; KBr, HBr, HI; KI; Cl-; Br-; I-; NO2-; Anken; Ankin; Ankaien; Aren ng ng benzen;
Th d:
+4
+7
+6
+2
Kh sunfur lm mt mu tm ca dung dch KMnO4 (dung dch thuc tm), trong SO2 ng vai tr cht kh. Kh SO2 v CO2 u lm c nc vi trong (v c to cht khng tan CaSO3, CaCO3), nhng CO2 khng lm mt mu dung dch KMnO4.
G.2. lm mi trng axit (H+) cho cc cht oxi ha th ngi ta thng dng H2SO4 hay H3PO4 m khng dng cc axit HCl, HBr, HI v cc axit ny ngoi s cung cp H+, chng cn ng vai tr cht kh (Cl-, Br-, I-).
Gio khoa ha v c
172
G.3. KMnO4 c th ng vai tr cht oxi ha trong mi trng axit (H+), baz (OH-) hoc trung tnh (H2O). Cn K2MnO4, MnO2 ch c th ng vai tr cht oxi ha trong mi trng axit. G.4. Ngi ta dng KMnO4 trong dung dch KOH m c ra dng c thy tinh. II.2. Hp cht ca crom: K2Cr2O7; K2CrO4 (Cr2O72-; CrO42-) K2Cr2O7 (Kali icromat; Kali bicromat), K2CrO4 (Kali cromat) trong mi trng axit (H+) thng b kh thnh mui crom (III) (Cr3+) Th d:
+6 +2 +3 +3
St (III) sunfat
+3
+6
Kali sunfat
+3
K2Cr2O7
Kali icromat (Cht oxi ha)
+6
Iot
+3
K2Cr2O7
Lu hunh
+ K2SO4 + 7H2O
+3
K2Cr2O7 + 14HBr
2CrBr3
3Br2
+ 2KBr
Kali bromua
Brom
+ 7H2O
+3
K2Cr2O7 + 14HCl
Kali icromat Axit clohiric (Cht oxi ha) (Cht kh)
+6 +2
2CrCl3
+ 3Cl2
Clo
+ 2KCl
Kali clorua
+ 7H2O
+3
+4
K2Cr2O7 +
3SnCl2
Kali icromat Thic (II) clorua Axit clohiric (Cht oxi ha) (Cht kh)
+6 -1
+3
+1
Gio khoa ha v c
173
+4 +3 +6
+6
+ K2SO4 + H2O
Kali sunfat
Ghi ch G.1. Trong cc phn ng trn, mu da cam ca dung dch K2Cr2O7 tr thnh mu tm ca ion Cr3+ trong nc. Do trong ha phn tch, K2Cr2O7 trong mi trng axit thng c dng lm cht oxi ha chun cc cht kh (Cn c s mt mu va dung dch K2Cr2O7 s bit c lng K2Cr2O7 phn ng va v t bit c nng ca dung dch cht kh cn xc nh) G.2. Ngi ta thng dng hn hp gm hai th tch bng nhau ca dung dch axit sunfuric m c (H2SO4) v dung dch bo ha kali icromat (K2Cr2O7), gi l hn hp sunfocromic hay hn hp cromic, sc cc chai l thy tinh. Dung dch ny ty m, cng nh cc cht hu c bm vo thnh thy tinh, nh tnh oxi ha mnh ca dung dch ny. G.3. Trong mi trng trung tnh, mui cromat (CrO42-) thng b kh to crom (III) hiroxit (Cr(OH)3)
Th d:
+6 -2 +3 0
2KCrO4
G.4. Ngi ta dng CrO3 (Crom (VI) oxit, Anhirit cromic, cht rn c mu thm) trong dng c th cn ca ti x. CrO3 oxi ha hi ru etylic (CH3CH2OH) to anehit axetic (CH3CHO), cn CrO3 b kh to crom (III) oxit (Cr2O3, cht rn c mu xanh thm). Cn c vo mc i mu hay khng i mu ca CrO3 m cnh st giao thng bit c ngi li xe ung ru nhiu, t hay khng ung ru.
+6 -1 +3 +1
2CrO3
+ 3CH3CH2OH
Etanol (Cht kh)
G.4. Gia icromat (Cr2O72-, mu da cam) v cromat (CrO42-, c mu vng ti) trong dung dch (nc, H2O) c s cn bng do s thy phn nh sau:
Cr2O72-
+ H2O
2CrO42- + 2H+
Cromat (mu vng)
Gio khoa ha v c
174
Do khi cho a xit (H+, nh HCl) vo mt dung dch cromat (CrO42-, nh K2CrO4) th thy dung dch chuyn t mu vng sang mu da cam. Nguyn nhn l khi thm axit vo th nng ion H+ tng ln, nn theo nguyn l dch chuyn cn bng Le Chtelier, th cn bng dch chuyn theo chiu lm h nng ion H+ xung, tc theo chiu ion H+ kt hp ion cromat to ion icromat v th ta thy dung dch chuyn t mu vng sang mu da cam. Cn khi thm baz (OH-, nh NaOH) vo dung dch icromat (Cr2O72-, nh K2Cr2O7) th thy dung dch chuyn t mu da cam ra mu vng. Nguyn nhn l khi thm OH- vo th ion OH- s kt hp ion H+ (to cht khng in ly H2O) khin cho nng ion H+ trong dung dch gim, nn theo nguyn l dch chuyn cn bng, cn bng s dch chuyn theo chiu chng li s gim ion H+, tc l chiu to ion H+, cng l chiu to cromat, v th ta thy dung dch chuyn t mu da cam ra mu vng ti. 2K2CrO4
+ 2HCl
(Mu da cam)
K2Cr2O7
+ 2KCl + H2O
K2Cr2O7
(Mu da cam)
G.5. Khi cho dung dch mui bari (Ba2+, nh BaCl2, Ba(NO3)2) vo dung dch cromat (CrO42-) hay dung dch icromat (Cr2O72-) u thu c kt ta mu vng bari cromat (BaCrO4). Khng thu c bari icromat (BaCr2O7) v cht ny tan trong nc. V v c to kt ta BaCrO4, nn nng CrO42- gim, nn cn bng dch chuyn t Cr2O72- thnh CrO42- (nu cho Ba2+ vo Cr2O72-, coi s cn bng gia icromat v cromat ghi ch 4 trn).
BaCrO4 BaCl2 + K2CrO4
Kali cromat
+ 2KCl
Kali clorua
Bari clorua
Bari cromat
+ K2CrO4 + 2HCl
Kali cromat Axit clohiric
+ Na2CrO4 + 2HNO3
Natri cromat Axit nitric
I.3. Axit nitric (HNO3), mui nitrat trong mi trng axit (NO3-/H+)
+5 +4
- HNO3 m c thng b kh to kh mu nu nit ioxit NO2. Cc cht kh thng b HNO3 oxi ha l: cc kim loi, cc oxit kim loi c s oxi ha trung gian (FeO, Fe3O4), mt s phi kim (C, S, P), mt s hp cht ca phi kim c s oxi ha thp nht
Gio khoa ha v c
175
hay trung gian (H2S, SO2, SO32-, HI), mt s hp cht ca kim loi trong kim loi c s oxi ha trung gian (Fe2+, Fe(OH)2 Th d:
0 +5 +3 +4
Fe
3NO2
+ 3H2O
St Axit ntric St (III) nitrat Nit ioxit (Cht kh) (Cht oxi ha) (Kh c mi hc, mu nu) Trong 6 phn t HNO3 trn th ch c 3 phn t l cht oxi ha, cn 3 phn t to mi trng axit, to mui nitrat.
+2 +5 +3 +4
4HNO3()
t0
CO2
+ 4NO2 + 2H2O
Cacbon Kh cacbonic Nit ioxit (Cht kh) (Cht oxi ha) (Cho tng git dd HNO3 m c vo than nung nng, than bng chy)
0 +5 +6 +4
6HNO3()
t0
H2SO4
+ 6NO2
+ 2H2O
Lu hunh Axit nitric Axit sunfuric Nit ioxit (Cht kh) (Cht oxi ha) (Cho bt lu hunh vo dd HNO3 m c c un nh, thy bt lu hunh tan nhanh v c kh mu nu bay ra)
0 +5 +5
t0
+4
5HNO3()
(Cht oxi ha)
+5
H3PO4 + 5NO2
Axit photphoric
+ H 2O
+1
+4
Ag
2HNO3()
AgNO3 + NO2
Bc nitrat
+ H2O
Gio khoa ha v c
176
+5 +2 +4
Cu
4HNO3()
(Cht oxi ha)
+5
Cu(NO3)2 +
ng (II) nitrat
2NO2
2H2O
ng (Cht kh)
0
+2
+4
Pb
4HNO3()
(Cht oxi ha)
Pb(NO3)2 +
2NO2
2H2O
Ch (Cht kh)
Ch (II) nitrat
Al
+5
6HNO3(, nng)
+2
Al(NO3)3
3NO2
3H2O
HNO3 long thng b kh thnh NO (kh nit oxit). Cc cht kh thng gp l: cc kim loi, cc oxit kim loi hay hp cht kim loi c s oxi ha trung gian (FeO, Fe(OH)2, Fe3O4, Fe2+), mt s phi kim (S, C, P), mt s hp cht ca phi kim trong phi kim c s oxi ho thp nht c s oxi ha trung gian (NO2-, SO32-).
Th d:
0 +5 +3 +2
Fe
Bt st (Cht kh)
+2
4HNO3(l)
Fe(NO3)3
NO
+ 2H2O
3Fe(OH)2
St (II) hiroxit (Cht kh)
+2
10HNO3(l)
(Cht oxi ha)
3Fe(NO3)3 + NO + 8H2O
St (III) nitrat
+5
+3
+2
3FeO + 10HNO3(l)
St (II) oxit (Cht kh) (Cht oxi ha)
+8/3 +5
3Fe(NO3)3
St (III) nitrat
+ NO + 5H2O
+3
+2
3Fe3O4 + 28HNO3(l)
St t oxit (Cht kh)
0
9Fe(NO3)3
+ NO
+ 14H2O
Cr
4HNO3(l)
(Cht oxi ha)
+5
Cr(NO3)3
Crom (III) nitrat
+ NO
+ 2H2O
+2
+2
3Cu
ng (Cht kh)
8HNO3(l)
(Cht oxi ha)
ng (II) nitrat
3Cu(NO3)2
+ 2NO + 4H2O
Gio khoa ha v c
177
+5 +1 +2
3Ag
Bc (Cht kh)
0
4HNO3(l)
(Cht oxi ha)
+5
3AgNO3 + NO
Bc nitrat
+ 2H2O
+2
+2
3Hg
8HNO3(l)
(Cht oxi ha)
+5
3Hg(NO3)2
+ 2NO + 4H2O
+6
+2
S
Lu hunh
0
2HNO3(l)
+5
H2SO4
Axit sunfuric
2NO
Nit oxit
+5 +2
3P
5HNO3(l)
Axit nitric (long) (Cht oxi ha)
2H2O
3H3PO4
Axit photphoric
5NO
- Mui nitrat trong mi trng axit (NO3-/H+) ging nh HNO3 long, nn n oxi ha c cc kim loi to mui, NO3- b kh to kh NO, ng thi c s to nc (H2O) Th d:
0 +5 +2 +2
3Cu
2NO3-
8H+
ng Mui nitrat trong mi trng axit (Cht kh) (Cht oxi ha)
3Cu
0
+ 2NO + 2NaCl
+2
+ 4H2O
4CuCl2
2NO
+ 4H2O
Ghi ch G.1.
Ba kim loi st (Fe), nhm (Al) v crom (Cr) khng b ha tan trong dung dch axit nitric m c ngui (HNO3 , ngui) cng nh trong dung dch axit sunfuric m c ngui (H2SO4 , ngui) (b th ng ha, b tr). Fe, Al, Cr Fe, Al, Cr
HNO3(, ngui) H2SO4(, ngui)
Gio khoa ha v c
178
G.2.
nhn bit mui nitrat, ngi ta cho vi git dung dch axit thng thng (nh H2SO4 long, HCl) vo, sau cho ming kim loi ng vo, nu thy to dung dch mu xanh lam v c kh mu nu bay ra th chng t dung dch lc u c cha mui nitrat ((NO3-).
+5 +4 +2 +1 0 -3
G.3. Cc kim loi mnh nh magie (Mg), nhm (Al), km (Zn) khng nhng kh
HNO3 to NO2, NO, m c th to N2O, N2, NH4NO3. Dung dch HNO3 cng long th b kh to hp cht ca N hay n cht ca N c s oxi ha cng thp. Th d: Al + HNO3(, ngui) Al + 6HNO3(, nng) Al + 4HNO3(l)
Al(NO3)3 + 3NO2 + 3H2O + NO + 8Al(NO3)3 10Al(NO3)3 8Al(NO3)3 2H2O + 3N2O + 15H2O + 3N2 + 18H2O
Al(NO3)3
30HNO3(qu long)
+ 3NH4NO3 + 9H2O
Dung dch HNO3 rt long v lnh c tc dng nh mt axit thng thng (tc nhn oxi ha l ion H+) Th d: Al + 3HNO3(rt long) Fe + 2HNO3(rt long)
lnh
Al(NO3)3
3 H2 2
lnh
Fe(NO3)2 + H2
G.5. Mt kim loi tc dng dung dch HNO3 to cc kh khc nhau, tng qut mi kh ng vi mt phn ng ring. Ch khi no bit t l s mol cc kh ny th mi vit chung cc kh trong cng mt phn ng vi t l s mol kh tng ng. Bi tp 80 Cho m gam bt kim loi km ha tan ht trong dung dch HNO3, thu c 13,44 lt hn hp ba kh l NO2, NO v N2O. Dn lng kh trn qua dung dch xt d, c 11,2 lt hn hp kh thot ra. Cho lng kh ny trn vi khng kh d (coi khng kh ch gm oxi v nit) phn ng xy ra hon ton, sau cho hp th lng kh mu nu thu c vo dung dch KOH d, thu c dung dch D. Dung dch D lm mt mu va 100 ml dung dch KMnO4 0,4M trong mi trng H2SO4 c d. Th tch cc kh o ktc. Cc phn ng xy ra hon ton.
Gio khoa ha v c
179
a. Vit phn ng gia km vi dung dch HNO3 c hin din 3 kh trong phn ng theo d kin trn. b. Tnh m. (Zn = 65) S: 31Zn + 80HNO3 31Zn(NO3)2 + 2NO2 + 4NO + 6N2O + 40H2O m = 100,75 gam
Bi tp 80 Ha tan ht m gam bt nhm cn dng V(ml) dung dch HNO3 30% (khi lng ring 1,18 g/l), c 1,568 lt hn hp A gm ba kh NO, N2O v N2 thot ra ( 27,30C; 836 mmHg), ng thi thu c dung dch D (trong dung dch D khng c mui amoni). Cho lng kh trn tip xc khng kh kh NO chuyn ha ht thnh kh mu nu NO2 , sau cho lng kh nu ny hp th ht vo bnh ng dung dch xt d, thy khi lng bnh tng 0,92 gam. a. Xc nh % th tch mi kh trong hn hp A, bit rng khi lng ring ktc ca hn hp A l 1,4796 g/l. b. Vit phn ng gia nhm vi dung dch HNO3 theo d kin cho. c. Xc nh m v V. (N = 14; O = 16; H = 1; Al = 27) S: a. 28,57% NO; 28,57% N2O; 42,86% N2 52Al(NO3)3 + 6NO + 6N2O + 9N2 + 96H2O b. 52Al + 192HNO3 c. m = 4,68g; V = 113,898 ml I.4. Axit sunfric m c nng, H2SO4(, nng); Kh sunfur (SO2)
+6 +4
- H2SO4(, nng) thng b kh to kh SO2. Cc cht kh thng tc dng vi H2SO4(, nng) l: cc kim loi, cc hp cht ca kim loi s oxi ha trung gian (nh FeO, Fe3O4), mt s phi kim (nh C, S, P), mt s hp cht ca phi kim (nh HI, HBr, H2S) Th d:
0 +6 +2 +4
Cu
2H2SO4(, nng)
ng (II) sunfat
CuSO4
Kh sunfur
SO2
+ 2H2O
+3
+4
Fe2(SO4)3 + 3SO2 +
St (III) sunfat
+1 +4
6H2O
2Ag
Bc
+2
+ 2H2SO4(, nng)
+6
Ag2SO4
Bc sunfat
+3
SO2
+4
2H2O
St (III) sunfat
Fe2(SO4)3
+ SO2 + 4H2O
Gio khoa ha v c
180
+8/3
+6
+3
+4
2Fe3O4 +
St t oxit
SO2 + 10H2O
Kh sunfur
St (III) oxit
0
Fe2O3
+ 3H2SO4(, nng)
+6
Cr
Crom
0
+ H2SO4(, nng)
+6
Cr2(SO4)3 +
+4
SO2 + H2O
S
Lu hunh (Cht kh)
0
2H2SO4(, nng)
Axit sunfuric m c nng (Cht oxi ha)
+6
3SO2
Kh sunfur
+ 2H2O
+4
+4
C
Cacbon (Cht kh)
0
2H2SO4(, nng)
(Cht oxi ha)
+6
CO2
+ 2SO2
+ 2H2O
+5
+4
2P
Photpho (Cht kh)
-1
5H2SO4(, nng)
(Cht oxi ha)
+6
Axit photphoric
2H3PO4 +
5SO2 +
2H2O
+4
2HI
Axit iothiric (Cht kh)
-1
H2SO4(, nng)
(Cht oxi ha)
+6
I2
Iot
SO2
+ 2H2O
Kh sunfur
+4
2HBr
Axit bromhiric (Cht kh)
-2
H2SO4(, nng)
(Cht oxi ha)
+6
Brom
Br2
Kh sunfur
SO2
+ 2H2O
+4
H2S
H2SO4(, nng)
(Cht oxi ha)
SO2
Kh sunfur
+ 2H2O
Lu hunh
Cc kim loi mnh nh Mg, Al, Zn khng nhng kh H2SO4 m c, nng thnh SO2 m cn thnh S, H2S. H2SO4 m c nhng nu long bt th s b kh to lu hunh (S) hay hp cht ca lu hunh c s oxi ha thp hn (H2S). Nguyn nhn ca tnh cht trn l do kim loi mnh nn d cho in t ( H2SO4 nhn nhiu in t) v do H2SO4 t m c nn n khng oxi ha tip S, H2S.
Th d:
Gio khoa ha v c
181
Al + H2SO4(, ngui)
0 +6 +3 +4
Al2(SO4)3
+3
+ 3SO2 + 6H2O
Kh sunfur
0
2Al
0
4H2SO4(kh c, nng)
+6
Al2(SO4)3 +
+3
S + 4H2O
-2
Lu hunh
8Al
0
15H2SO4(hi c, nng)
+1
+3
4Al2(SO4)3
0
+ 3H2S
+ 12H2O
Hiro sunfua
2Al -
3H2SO4(long)
Al2(SO4)3
+ 3H2
Hiro
Kh sunfur (SO2) oxi ha c cc cht kh mnh nh cc hp cht ca phi kim c s oxi ho thp (nh H2S, CO), mt s phi kim (nh H2, C), cc kim loi mnh (nh Na, K, Ca, Ba, Mg). Nu SO2 l cht oxi ha th n thng b kh to S.
+4 -2 0
SO2
H2S
S
Lu hunh
H2O
Kh sunfur Kh hiro sunfua (Cht oxi ha) (Cht kh) Kh mi hc Kh c mi trng thi
+4 +2
SO2
+4
2CO
(Cht kh)
0
Xt ( Al 2 O3 ) 500 0 C
S + CO2
+2
SO2
2C
(Cht kh)
0
800 0 C
2CO
+1
SO2
+4
2H2
(Cht kh)
0
500 0 C
S
+2
2H2O
SO2
(Cht oxi ha)
2Mg
t0
+ 2MgO
(Cht kh)
Ghi ch G.1. Khc vi HNO3, dung dch H2SO4 long l a xit thng thng (tc nhn oxi ha l H+), ch dung dch H2SO4 m c, nng mi l axit c tnh oxi ha mnh (tc nhn oxi ha l SO42-). Trong khi dung dch HNO3 k c m c ln long u l axit c tnh o xi ha mnh (tc nhn oxi ha l NO3-)
http://vietsciences.free.fr v http://vietsciences.org V Hng Thi
Gio khoa ha v c
182
Th d:
+1
+2
Fe +
0
H2SO4(l)
+6
FeSO4
+ H2
+3 +4
2Fe +
0
6H2SO4(, nng)
+5
+3
Fe2(SO4)3 + 3SO2
+2
+ 6H2O
Fe +
0
4HNO3(l)
+5
Fe(NO3)3 + NO + 2H2O
+3 +4
Fe +
6HNO3(, nng)
Fe(NO3)3 + 3NO2
+ 3H2O
G.2. Ba kim loi Al, Fe, Cr khng b ha tan trong dung dch H2SO4 m c ngui (cng nh trong dung dch HNO3 m c ngui) (b th ng ha, tr)
Al, Fe, Cr
G.3.
H2SO4(, ngui)
Khi mt kim loi tc dng dung dch H2SO4 to cc cht SO2, S, H2S th tng qut mi cht l mt phn ng c lp. Ch khi no bit t l s mol gia cc cht ny th mi vit chung mt phn ng gm cc cht ny c.
Bi tp 81 A l mt kim loi. Ha tan hon ton 1,43 gam A bng dung dch H2SO4 c d 20% so vi lng cn, thu c mt kh c mi hc, mt cht khng tan c mu vng nht (c khi lng 0,192 gam) v dung dch B (c cha mui sunfat ca A). Cho hp th lng kh mi hc trn vo 100 ml dung dch Ca(OH)2 0,03M, thu c 0,24 gam kt ta mu trng. a. Xc nh kim loi A. Cho bit dung dch H2SO4 em dng khng c phn ng vi cht rn mu vng. b. Tnh th tch dung dch Ba(OH)2 0,1M cn dng va khi cho tc dng vi lng dung dch B trn th thu c: - Lng kt ta cc i - Lng kt ta cc tiu. c. Tnh khi lng kt ta ln nht v nh nht thu c cu (b). Cc phn ng xy ra hon ton. (Na = 23; Mg = 24; Al = 27; K = 39; Ca = 40; Cr = 52; Mn = 55; Fe = 56; Cu = 64; Zn = 65; Ag = 108; Ba = 137; Hg = 200; Pb = 207; S = 32; O = 16; H = 1) S: Zn; 284ml; 504ml; 8,7952g; 6,6172g Bi tp 81 X l mt kim loi. Ha tan ht 3,78 gam A trong 51ml dung dch H2SO4 (dng d 40% so vi lng cn), thu c 1,68 lt hn hp hai kh H2S v H2 (ktc) v dung dch Y. Dn hn hp hai kh trn vo dung dch CuCl2 d, thu c 4,32 gam kt ta mu en. a. Xc nh kim loi X. Vit mt phn ng gia kim loi X va tm c vi dung dch H2SO4 theo d kin cho.
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Gio khoa ha v c
183
b. Tnh nng mol/lt ca dung dch H2SO4. c. Cho t t V (lt) dung dch NaOH 0,1M vo lng dung dch Y trn. Tm khong xc nh ca V hoc tr s ca V : . Khng c kt ta. . Thu c kt ta nhiu nht. Tnh khi lng kt ta nhiu nht ny. Cc phn ng xy ra hon ton. (Li = 7; Be = 9; Na = 23; Mg = 24; Al = 27; Ca = 40; Cr = 52; Mn = 55; Fe = 56; Ni = 59; Cu = 64; Ag = 108; Hg = 200; Pb = 208; O = 16; H = 1; S = 32) S: Al; H2SO4 7M; 2,04lt V 7,64lt; V = 6,24lt ; 10,92gam Al(OH)3
I.5. Ion H+
- Ion H+ ca axit thng thng oxi ha c cc kim loi ng trc H trong dy th in ha. Ion H+ b kh to kh H2, cn kim loi b kh to mui tng ng (ion kim loi). K Ca Na Mg Al Mn Zn Cr Fe Ni Sn Pb H Cu Ag Hg Pt Au Th d: Zn
0
+ 2HCl
+1
ZnCl2 +
+2
H2
0
Zn
(Cht kh)
2H+
Zn2+
(Cht oxi ha)
H2
(Cht kh)
Fe +
0
H2SO4(l)
+1
FeSO4 +
+2
H2
0
Fe
(Cht kh)
2H+
Fe2+
H2
(Cht kh)
Al + 3HBr
0 +1
AlBr3 +
+3
3 H2 2
0
Al
3H+
Al3+
3 H2 2
(Cht kh)
Gio khoa ha v c
184
Na + Cu +
HCl HCl
NaCl
1 H2 2
Ag + H2SO4(l) Cr + 2HCl
Crom
CrCl2 + H2
Crom (II) clorua
Mg(CH3COO)2 + Mg + 2CH3COOH
Magie Axit axetic Magie axetat
H2
Ni + 2HCl
Niken
NiCl2 + H2
Niken clorua
Hg + HBr
Thy ngn
Ion H+ ca nc (H2O) nhit thng ch oxi ha c cc kim loi rt mnh l kim loi kim (Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr) v kim loi kim th (Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra). Kim loi kim, kim th b oxi ha to hiroxit kim loi, cn H+ ca nc b kh thnh kh hiro (H2). V nng ion H+ ca nc rt nh, nn nhit thng n ch oxi ha cc kim loi rt mnh l kim, kim th, m khng oxi ha c cc kim loi khc. Th d:
0 +1 +1 0
2Na
+ 2H2O
2NaOH
Natri hiroxit
H2
Natri (Cht kh )
Kh hiro
2K
Kali
0
+ 2H2O
+1
2KOH
+2
+ H2
0
Ca
Canxi (Cht kh )
2H2O
Nc (Cht oxi ha)
Ca(OH)2
Canxi hiroxit
H2
Hiro
Ba
Bari
2H2O
Nc
Ba(OH)2
Bari hiroxit
H2
Hiro
Gio khoa ha v c
185
Ion H+ ca nc (H2O) c th oxi ha cc kim loi ng trc H trong dy th in ha nhit cao, kim loi b oxi ha to oxit kim loi, cn H+ ca nc b kh to thnh kh H2. V nhit cao nn hiroxit kim loi bi nhit phn nn ta khng thu c hiroxit kim loi m l oxit kim loi. Th d: Fe 3Fe
St
Fe3O4
+ 4H2 + H2
Hiro
Fe
St
FeO
St (II) oxit
Hi nc
Hiro
Mg
0
+ H2O
+1
+2 0
Mg
Magie
+ H2O
Hi nc
t 0 cao
MgO
Magie oxit
+ H2
Hiro
Cu Cu Zn Zn
Km
t0
+ H2O
cao t
ZnO + H2
Km oxit
Ghi ch G.1.
Khi cho kim loi kim (Li, Na, K, Rb, Fr) kim th (Ca, Sr, Ba, Rn) tc dng vi dung dch axit thng thng th kim loi kim, kim th tc dng vi H+ ca axit trc (to mui v kh H2), khi ht axit m cn d kim loi kim, kim th, th kim loi kim, kim th mi tc dng tip vi dung mi nc ca dung dch sau (to hiroxit kim loi v kh H2). Th d: Cho Na vo dung dch HCl: 2NaCl 2Na + 2HCl Ht HCl m cn d: 2Na(cn d) + 2H2O
+ H2 2NaOH + H2
Gio khoa ha v c
186
H2
Bi tp 82 Cho m gam kali kim loi vo 100 ml dung dch HCl 0,1M. Sau cn thm tip 10 ml dung dch HBr 0,2M thu c dung dch c pH = 7. a. Tnh m. b. Tnh th tch kh hiro thot ra trong th nghim trn 27,30C; 83,6 cmHg. c. Xc nh nng mol/lt ca dung dch c pH = 7 trn. Cc phn ng xy ra hon ton. Coi th tch dung dch khng thay i trong qu trnh phn ng. (K = 39) S: m = 0,468g; 134,4ml; KCl 0,091M; KBr 0,018M Bi tp 82 Cho m gam canxi kim loi vo 200 gam dung dch HBr 0,81%. Sau cn thm tip 50 gam dung dch HCl 0,73% vo thu c dung dch D c pH = 7. a. Tnh m. b. Tnh th tch kh thot ra ktc. Coi hi nc bay hi khng ng k. c. Xc nh nng % mi cht tan ca dung dch D. Cc phn ng xy ra hon ton. (Ca = 40; H = 1; Br = 80; Cl = 35,5) S: m = 0,6g; 336ml H2; CaBr2 0,8%; CaCl2 0,222% I.6. Ion kim loi
Ion kim loi lun lun l ion dng. Tt c ion kim loi u c th l cht oxi ha. Nu l cht oxi ha th n b kh to ion kim loi c s oxi ha thp hn hay thnh kim loi n cht tng ng. Ion kim loi (trong dung dch) oxi ha c cc kim loi ng trc n trong dy th in ha (tr kim loi kim, kim th). K Ca Na Mg Al Mn Zn Cr Fe Ni Sn Pb H Cu Ag Hg Pt Au Chiu cc cht kh c mnh gim dn K+ Ca2+ Na+ Mg2+ Al3+ Mn2+ Zn2+ Cr3+ Fe2+ Ni2+ Sn2+ Pb2+ H+ Cu2+ Ag+ Hg2+ Pt2+ Au3+ Chiu cc cht oxi ha c mnh tng dn Th d: 2FeCl3(dd) + Fe
3FeCl2(dd)
Gio khoa ha v c
187
0 +2
+3
2Fe
3+
Fe
Cht kh
3Fe2+ Fe
0
Cht oxi ha
FeCl2(dd) +
+2
Zn
0
+ ZnCl2(dd)
+2
Fe2+
Cht oxi ha
Zn
Cht kh
Fe
Zn2+ + 3Cu
2Al
0
+ 3CuSO4(dd)
+2
Al2(SO4)3(dd)
+3 0
2Al
Cht kh
3Cu2+
Cht oxi ha
2Al3+ +
3Cu
Ag + Fe(NO3)3(dd) 3Zn(d)
0
+ 2Fe(NO3)3(dd)
+3
+2
3Zn(NO3)2(dd)
0
+ 2Fe
3Zn(d)
Cht kh
2Fe3+
3Zn2+
+ 2Fe
Cht oxi ha
Zn
+ 2Fe(NO3)3(dd, d)
Fe(NO3)2(dd)
+2 0
Ag +
Ag
+3
Fe(NO3)3(dd)
Ag+
Cht oxi ha
Fe2+
Cht kh
+ Cu
CuSO4(dd) CuSO4 +
-2 -1
Ion Fe3+(dd) oxi ha c H2S, HI, KI, Sn2+, Na2S2O3, SO32-, Cu, Fe. Fe3+ b kh toFe2+, cn cc cht kh trn b o xi ha to S, I2, I2, Sn4+, Na2S4O6, SO42-, Cu2+, Fe2+.
-1 +2
Gio khoa ha v c
188
Th d:
+3 -2 +2 0
2FeCl3
Cht oxi ha
+3
H2S
Cht kh
-1
2FeCl2
+2
S
0
2HCl
2FeCl3
Cht oxi ha
+3
2HI
Cht kh
-1
2FeCl2
+2
+
0
I2 +
2HCl
2FeCl3
Cht oxi ha
+3
2KI
Cht kh
+2
2FeCl2
+
+2
I2
2KCl
+4
2FeCl3
SnCl2
St (II) clorua
2FeCl2
SnCl4
+2
+2,5
2FeCl3
2Na2S2O3
2FeCl2 + Na2S4O6
Natri terationat
2NaCl
Natri tiosunfat; Natri hiposun fit (Cht oxi ha) (Cht kh)
+3 +4
+2
+6
2FeCl3
Na2SO3 + H2O
2FeCl2 +
Natri sunfat
Na2SO4 + 2HCl
2FeCl3 + 2FeCl3 +
Cu Fe
Fe2(SO4)3 + 6KI
(Nu trong dung dch long, cn c s thy phn: 2Fe(OH)3 + H2S + Fe2(SO3)3 + 3Na2S Fe2(SO4)3(d) + 2KI Fe2(SO4)3 + 6KI(d)
Ch
3Na2SO4)
2FeSO4 + 2FeI2 + I2
I2 + K2SO4 + 3K2SO4
Gio khoa ha v c
189
Do tnh oxi ha ca Fe3+, n oxi ha c I-, SO32-, S2-, nn khng c FeI3, Fe2(SO3)3, Fe2S3 trong dung dch. Cng do s thy phn nhiu ca Fe3+ m khng c Fe2(CO3)3, Fe2S3 trong dung dch (S thy phn ca cc mui ny cp phn qui lut thc nghim s ha tan mui trong nc). S khng hin din Fe2S3 trong dung dch, c ti liu l do s thy phn, to Fe(OH)3 v H2S; C ti liu cho l do Fe3+ oxi ha S2- to S, cn Fe3+ b kh to Fe2+. C l, khi dung dch long (c nhiu nc) th c s thy phn hoc c c s thy phn ln s oxi ha kh. Ni chung, khng thu c Fe2S3 trong dung dch.
Bi tp 83 Hon hp chat ran A gom bot sat va muoi bac nitrat. Cho 250 ml H2O vao coc co cha m gam hon hp A. Khuay eu e phan ng xay ra hoan toan, thu c 5,4 gam mot kim loai va 250 ml dung dch B co cha hon hp muoi. Cho t t bot kim loai ong vao lng dung dch B tren th dung dch nay hoa tan c toi a 0,32 gam bot ong va thu c dung dch trong suot. a. Viet cac phng trnh phan ng xay ra. b. Tnh m. c. Tnh nong o mol/lt moi chat tan trong dung dch B. (Fe = 56 ; Ag = 108 ; N = 14 ; O = 16 ; Cu = 64) S: m = 9,62g; Fe(NO3)2 0,04M; Fe(NO3)3 0,04M Bi tp 83 Hn hp cht rn X gm bt km v mui st (III) sunfat. Cho 200 ml nc vo mt bnh cha m gam hn hp X. Dng a thy tinh khuy u phn ng xy ra hon ton. Thu c cht khng tan gm 3,36 gam mt kim loi v dung dch Y c ha tan hn hp mui. Cho dung dch xt lng d vo dung dch Y, sau khi phn ng xong, lc ly kt ta em nung ngoi khng kh cho n khi lng khng i th thu c 11,2 gam mt cht rn. a. Vit cc phn ng xy ra. b. Tnh m. c. Tnh nng mol ca cht tan ca dung dch Y. Coi th tch dung dch Y bng th tch nc dng. (Zn = 65; Fe = 56; S = 32; O = 16) S: m = 50,4g; ZnSO4 0,8M; FeSO4 0,7M I.7. Halogen X2 v cc hp cht ca n, nh F2, Cl2, Br2, I2, NaClO, KClO3, Ca(ClO)2, CaCl2O, KBrO3, KIO3, HClO4. Cc cht oxi ha halogen n cht c s oxi ha 0 hay hp cht ca halogen c s oxi ha +1, +3, +5, +7 thng b kh to thnh mui halogenua X- (Cl-, Br-, I-) trong halogen c s oxi ha bng 1.
- Halogen nm chu k trn y c halogen nm chu k di ra khi dung dch mui halogenua. Hay halogen y c phi kim yu hn n ra khi dung dch mui cng nh axit. Thc cht cng l cht oxi ha mnh tc dng vi cht kh mnh trong dung dch to cht kh v cht oxi ha tng ng yu hn.
Gio khoa ha v c
190
Th d: Cl2 + 2KBr(dd)
0 -1
2KCl(dd) + Br2
-1 0
Cl2
2Br- (dd)
Cht kh
2Cl- (dd)
Cht kh
+ Br2
Cht oxi ha
Cht oxi ha
Phn ng xy ra c l do:
0 -1
Tnh oxi ha: Cl2 > Br2 Tnh kh: Br- > Cl-1 0
Br2
+ 2KI
2KBr
Kali bromua (Cht kh)
I2
Iot (Cht oxi ha)
Phn ng xy ra c l do:
Tnh oxi ha: Br2 > I2 Tnh kh: I- > BrBr2 + KF 2NaF +
Natri florua
I2 F2
NaCl
2NaCl
Natri clorua
Cl2
Clo
Flo (Fluor)
Cl2 +
2NaI
2NaCl
+ I2
Br2 + 2HI I2
0
2HBr + I2 2HI + S
+3 0
+ H2S
+2
3F2 -
+ 2FeCl2(khan)
2FeF3
+ 2Cl2
Halogen X2 oxi ha c hu ht cc kim loi to mui halogenua X-. Ring F2 (flo) c tnh oxi ha mnh nht, n phn ng c vi tt c cc kim loi (k c vng v bch kim) to mui florua. F2, Cl2, Br2 tc dng Fe to mui st (III), ring I2 ch to mui st (II) (V Fe3+ oxi ha c I- to I2)
Th d: 2Na + Cl2
2NaCl
Natri nng chy chy trong bnh kh clo cho ngn la sng chi, to natri clorua.
2Fe +
3Cl2
Gio khoa ha v c
191
Bt st nng chy trong bnh kh clo to thnh khi mu nu, l nhng ht rt nh st (III) clorua.
Fe +
3 F2 2 3 Br2 2
FeF3
St (III) florua
Fe + Fe
+ I2
FeI2
Cu + Cl2
CuCl2
2Al
+ 3Br2
2AlBr3 2AlI3
2Al + 3I2
- Cl2, Br2 oxi ha c dung dch mui st (II) to mui st (III). Cl2 oxi ha H2S to H2SO4. Br2, I2 o xi ho H2S to S.
+2 0 +3 -1
2FeCl2
Cl2
2FeCl3
+3
+3 -1
3 FeCl2 + 2
3 Br2 4
FeCl3 +
1 FeBr3 2
6FeCl2 + 3Br2
+2 0
4FeCl3
+3 -1
+ 2FeBr3
2FeBr2 + Br2
0 -2
2FeBr3
-1 +6
4Cl2
H 2S
4H2O
8HCl
Axit clohiric
H2SO4
Axit sunfuric
Br2
H2S
2HBr
+ S
Nu cho dung dch H2S (axit sunfuahiric) vo nc brom, th thy brom mt mu nu v dung dch c (do c to kt ta S)
I2 +
H2S
2HI + S
Gio khoa ha v c
192
Cl2
SO2
+ 2H2O
2HCl
Axit clohiric
H2SO4
Axit sunfuric
-1
+6
Br2
SO2
+ 2H2O
2HBr
H2SO4
Axit sunfuric
Brom Kh sunfur Axit bromhiric (Cht oxi ha) (Cht kh) Kh SO2 lm mt mu nu ca nc brom
0 +4 -1 +6
I2
SO2
+ 2H2O
2HI
H2SO4
Axit sunfuric
Iot Kh sunfur Axit iothiric (Cht oxi ha) (Cht kh) Kh SO2 lm mt mu vng ca dung dch iot.
2F2
2H2O
t0
4HF
Hiro florua
O2
Kh oxi
Nc dp tt la m chy, nhng nc bc chy trong kh flo, gii phng kh oxi. Do khi cho F2 tc dng vi dung dch NaCl khng thu c kh clo (Cl2) m l c phn ng gia kh F2 vi dung mi nc (H2O) ca dung dch to kh O2. X2 oxi ha c cc phi kim nh: H2, S, P
F2 + Cl2 +
H2 H2
2HF as
Br2
+ H2
t
t0 cao
(Phn ng ch xy ra khi un nng) (Phn ng ch xy ra khi un nng nhit cao v phn ng thun nghch)
I2 + H 2 2S + Cl2
Gio khoa ha v c
193
PCl3
PCl5
P +
t
0
PBr3 2PI3
2P + 3I2 -
KClO3, NaClO, KBrO3, KIO3 oxi ha c cc cht kh nh: C, S, P, Fe2+, S2- , SO32-, NH3. Cn cc cht oxi ha trn b kh to Cl-, Br-, I-
Th d:
+5 0 1 +4
2KClO3 + 3C
Kali clo rat Cacbon (Cht oxi ha) (Cht kh)
t0
6KCl
+ 3CO2
KClO3 + 6HCl
+5 -1
KClO3
6HBr
KCl
Kali clorua
3Br2 + 3H2O
Brom
-1
KBrO3
+ 6HI
KBr
+ 3I2
Iot
3H2O
Kali bromua
-1
3NaClO
Natri hipoclorit (Cht oxi ha)
+1
2NH3
3NaCl
N2
3H2O
NaClO
Natri hipoclorit (Cht oxi ha)
+1
+ H2O2
Hiropeoxit (Cht kh)
-1
NaCl +
O 2 + H2O
-1
NaClO + 2KI
+ H2O
NaCl
+ I2 + 2KOH
Gio khoa ha v c
194
+5
-1
-1
Clo Natri clorua Natri hipoclorit (Cht oxi ha, Cht kh) (Phn ng oxi ha kh ni phn t)
Cl2
2NaOH
NaCl
+ NaClO
H2O
HCl
Axit clohiric
HClO
Axit hipoclorit
NaCl + H2O HCl + NaOH NaClO + H2O HClO + NaOH L.2. Dung dch hn hp cc mui NaCl - NaClO (hay KCl - KClO) c gi l nc Javel. Nc Javel c tnh oxi ha mnh (do c ion hipoclorit, ClO-), c dng ty trng si bng, vi v giy. Nc Javel khng c lu. Trong nh my dt, nh my giy, nc Javel c iu ch bng cch in phn dung dch NaCl long (15 20%) trong bnh in phn khng c vch ngn vi catod bng st v anod bng than ch (cacbon graphit). L.3. Khi cho kh clo tc dng dung dch kim c un nng 1000C th thu c mui clorat.
0 -1 +5
3Cl2
6NaOH
100 0 C
5NaCl + NaClO3
Natri clorat
+ 3H2O
+5
3Cl2
6KOH
100 0 C
5KCl
+ KClO3
Kali clorat
+ 3H2O
Kali clorat d b nhit phn to kali clorua v kh oxi (khi un nng c MnO2 lm xc tc). Do KClO3 c dng iu ch kh O2 trong phng th nghim. Vi cc cht d b chy ( b kh) nh lu hunh (S), cacbon (than, C), photpho (P), bt nhm (Al), ng (C12H22O11) s to hn hp n vi KClO3 khi va chm (qut, p). V th, KClO3 c dng lm thuc pho, thuc u que dim. Trong u ca cy dim qut c cha 50% khi lng KClO3.
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Gio khoa ha v c
195
KClO3
,t MnO 2
KCl +
3 O2 2
Trong cng nghip, KClO3 c iu ch bng cch cho kh clo i qua nc vi un nng ri ly dung dch nng trn vi KCl v ngui cho KClO3 kt tinh (v KClO3 t tan hn CaCl2). Kali clorat cn c iu ch bng cch in phn dung dch KCl 25% nhit 70 750C. 6Cl2 + 6Ca(OH)2 + 2KCl
Ca(ClO3)2
Kali clorat
+ 5CaCl2
+ 6H2O
Canxi hipoclorit
2KClO3 + CaCl2
H2 + 2KOH + Cl2
+ 2H2O + 3Cl2
Catot
Anot
t0
5KCl
KClO3 + 3H2O
(t tan hn KCl)
L.4. Clorua vi (CaOCl2) l cht bt mu trng, xp, c mi xc, lun bc mi kh clo. Clorua vi c coi l mui canxi hn tp ca axit clohiric (HCl) v axit hipoclor (HClO). Clorua vi c tnh oxi ha mnh, n c dng ty trng vi, giy v ty u cc h rc, cng rnh, cc gy dch bnh. Do c kh nng tc dng vi cc cht hu c, nn clorua vi cn c dng ha gii cc cht c trong chin tranh ha hc. Clorua vi cn c dng trong qu trnh tinh ch du m. Clorua vi c to ra khi cho kh clo tc dng vi vi sa (huyn ph c Ca(OH)2 trong nc) theo phn ng: Cl Ca Cl2 + Ca(OH)2 + H 2O O Cl
Khi cho clorua vi tc dng vi axit clohiric th c to kh clo:
-1 +1 0
CaOCl2 +
2HCl
Cl2
CaCl2 +
H2O
Di tc dng ca nh sng hoc un nng dung dch clorua vi, c mt ng oxit hoc st oxit lm xc tc, th c s phn hy clorua vi to kh oxi v canxi clorua.
-2 +1 -1 s (t ) CuO (Fe2O3)
0
2CaOCl2
CaCl2 +
O2
Gio khoa ha v c
196
Khi trong khng kh, clorua vi tc dng vi kh cacbonic c trong khng kh v gii phng kh iclo oxit (Cl2O). Kh Cl2O c mi ging kh clo (Cl2). iu ny gii thch nguyn nhn clorua vi c mi kh clo. 2CaOCl2 + CO2
CaCl2
CaCO3
Cl2O
Trong cng nghip, ngi ta iu ch clorua vi bng cch cho kh clo tc dng vi vi ti kh. Clorua vi r tin hn, cha hm lng hipoclorit cao hn, d bo qun v chuyn ch hn so vi nc Javel. Cl2 + Ca(OH)2
CaOCl2
H2O
L.5. Khi ha tan kh clo (Cl2) trong nc, th c mt phn clo tc dng vi nc, to hn hp axit clohiric (HCl) v axit hipoclor (HClO)
0 -1 +1
Cl2
Clo Axit clohiric Axit hipoclor (Cht oxi ha, Cht kh; Cht t oxi ha t kh) (Phn ng oxi ha kh ni phn t)
H 2O
HCl
HClO
Phn ng trn ca Cl2 gii thch s lm i mu giy qu xanh t ha ca kh clo, ri giy qu b mt mu. Nguyn nhn l axit HCl lm giy qu xanh, cn axit HClO th li lm mt mu giy qu (do tnh oxi ha mnh ca HClO). y l hin tng c trng nhn bit kh clo (Cl2). Axit hipoclor ch tn ti trong dung dch, n km bn, ngay c trong dung dch long HClO, c s phn hy to kh oxi v axit HCl. S phn hy ny xy ra cng nhanh di tc dng ca nh sng mt tri. V th nc clo sau mt thi gian s mt mu vng nht v ch cn cha a xit clohiric (HCl). 2HClO
as
2HCl
Axit hipoclor
Axit clohiric
O2
Oxi
L.6. Iot (I2) tc dng d dng vi dung dch Na2S2O3 (Natri tiosunfat, Natri hiposunfit) to mui NaI v Na2S4O6 (Natri tetrationat). Dung dch Na2S2O3 lm mt mu vng ca dung dch iot. Ngi ta thng dng phn ng ny nh phn dung dch Na2S2O3 bng dung dch I2 (nhm xc nh nng dung dch Na2S2O3 khi bit nng dung dch I2 hoc ngc li). Sau khi phn ng va , mt git d dung dch I2 lm cho dung dch phn ng c mu vng rt nht (Hoc mt lng dung dch I2 c d s lm cho dung dch h tinh bt long c mu xanh dng, do cho vo dung dch phn ng trc ). Nh cc hin tng c trng ny m ngi ta mi bit phn ng xong (git d dung dch I2 coi nh sai s trong s nh phn, hay trong php chun th tch).
+2 0 +2,5 -1
2Na2S2O3
I2
Na2S4O6
Natri tetrationat
+ 2NaI
Natri ioua
Gio khoa ha v c
197
- Ozon y c iot (iod) ra khi dung dch kali ioua (iodur kalium) (O2 khng c tnh cht ny). Do dung dch KI c dng nhn bit ozon (Nu l ozon th khi cho tc dng vi dung dch KI s thu c I2, lm cho dung dch c mu vng, hay I2 to ra lm xanh h tinh bt). Hay giy tm dung dch KI v h tinh bt (giy ioua tinh bt) chuyn ngay sang mu xanh nu c hin din ozon trong khng kh. KI 2KI
Kali ioua (Cht kh)
+ O2
-1 0
+ O3
H 2O
0 -2
+ H 2O
Iot
I2 +
O2
KOH
Oxi
Ozon oxi ha c kim loi bc (Ag), thy ngn (Hg). Trong khi oxi (O2) khng tc dng vI kim loi bc.
Ag
0
+ O2
0
+1 -2
2Ag +
O3
Ag2O +
O2
- Ozon oxi ha mui sunfua thnh mui sunfat, oxi ha amoniac thnh nitrit, nitrat
-2 0 +6 -2
PbS
Ch (II) sunfua
+ O3
Ch (II) sunfat
PbSO4 +
O2
Gio khoa ha v c
198
Do c tnh oxi ha mnh nn ozon dit c cc vi khun v th ozon c dng dit trng trong nc v kh trng khng kh. Mt lng nh ozon trong khng kh s lm cho khng kh trong lnh, c nh hng tt n c th con ngi, nhng nu khng kh cha nhiu ozon s gy ng c. Trong t nhin, ozon c to thnh t oxi khi c sm st. cao 10 30 km, ozon c to thnh do tc dng ca tia t ngoi mt tri. Nh vy, cc tia t ngoi ca mt tri c hi cho s sng b ngn chng li. Nhng nm gn y, ngi ta pht hin nhng l thng ca tng ozon. y l mt nguy c ang c nghin cu khc phc.
H2O2
-1
H2SO4
-2
2KI
-2
2H2O
+ I2
+6
K2SO4
(Cht kh)
4H2O2
Hiro peoxit (Cht oxi ha)
+3
PbS
4H2O
Nc
PbSO4
Ch (II) sunfat
-2
KNO2
Kali nit rit (Cht kh)
H2O2
KNO3 +
Kali nitrat
H2O
Nc
H2O2 rt tinh khit tng i bn, nhng n d b phn tch to O2 v H2O khi c ln tp cht kim loi nng hay hp cht cc kim loi ny, hoc khi un nng hay b chiu sng. Do bo qun H2O2, ngi ta cht ny trong cc chai thy tinh sm mu cng nh ni ti v rm mt. Ngi ta thy O2 c to ra t phn t H2O2 ch khng phi ca H2O. Do lin kt gia O O trong H2O2 khng b t m l anion [O - O]2- mt in t. Tt c cc ng dng thc t ca H2O2 u da vo tnh khng bn v tnh oxi ha mnh ca n. Dung dch H2O2 3% c dng st trng trong y hc, nh sc ming, ra vt thng. H2O2 cng c dng lm cht ty trng vi, len, la, bng, rm r, giy, my tre,u im ca cht ty H2O2 l khi dng dung dch thch hp, nng khng ln, n ch lm trng cht c mu nhng khng lm h hng vt c ty. Cc cht d chy nh giy, mt ca, s bc chy khi tip xc dung dch H2O2 c nng ln hn 65%. Dung dch H2O2 m c (ln hn 80%) c dng lm cht oxi ha nhin liu cho cc ng c phn lc. Do tnh d b phn hy ca n, H2O2 cn c dng lm cht to bt cho cc ngnh sn xut vt liu xp.
H2O2
as t ) (
1 O2 2
Oxi
+ H 2O
Nc
Hiro peoxit
Gio khoa ha v c
199
Peoxit (-O-O-) coi nh l mui ca axit H2O2. Do khi cho cc H2O2 tc dng vi dung dch kim mnh (nh NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH)2, Ba(OH)2) s to peoxit kim loi tng ng v nc; Cn khi cho peoxit kim loi tc dng vi axit th hiro peoxit b y ra khi peoxit kim loi. (Axit mnh y c axit yu hn ra khi mui. H2O2 c tnh axit mnh hn nc, nhng yu hn nhiu so vi cc axit thng thng khc)
H2O2 BaO2
Bari peoxit
+ + + +
Ba(OH)2
Bari hiroxit
BaO2
Bari peoxit
+ +
2H2O
Nc
Hiro peoxit
H2SO4
Axit sunfuric
H 2O 2
Hiro peoxit
BaSO4
Bari sunfat
H2O2 K2O2
Kali peoxit
2NaOH 2HCl
Na2O2
+ 2H2O + 2KCl
Kali clorua
H2O2
Hiro peoxit
Axit clohiric
I.10. Oxit kim loi (Oxid kim lai) Oxit kim loi b kh to kim loi tng ng hay oxit kim loi trong kim loi c s oxi ha thp hn. Cc cht kh thng dng kh oxit kim loi nhit cao l Al, H2, CO, C. Tuy nhin bn cht kh ny ch kh c cc oxit kim loi trong kim loi ng sau nhm trong dy th in ha. Cc oxit kim loi Al, Mg, kim loi kim, kim th, ch b kh to kim loi tng ng ti catot bnh in phn khi in phn nng chy cc oxit kim loi tng ng trn.
K Ca Na Mg Al Mn Zn Cr Fe Ni Sn Pb H Cu Ag Hg Pt Au
+3 0 0 +3
Fe2O3
(Cht oxi ha)
+2
+
0
2Al
(Cht kh)
t0
2Fe
0
Al2O3
+1
CuO
(Cht oxi ha)
+1
+
+2
H2
(Cht kh)
t0
Cu
+
+4
H2O
Ag2O
(Cht oxi ha)
+2
CO
(Cht kh)
0
t0
2Ag
0
CO2
+2
ZnO
(Cht oxi ha)
t0
Zn
CO
(Cht kh)
Gio khoa ha v c
200
+2 +8/3 +4
+3
3Fe2O3
St (III) oxit (Cht oxi ha)
+8/3
CO
t0
2Fe3O4
St t oxit
CO2
Cacbon ioxit
+2
+4
Fe3O4
CO
t0
3FeO
St (II) oxit
CO2
Kh cacbonic
+4
FeO
(Cht oxi ha)
+2
CO
(Cht kh)
0
t0
Fe
+
0
CO2
+2
PbO
Ch
1400 0 C
Pb
CO
Cacbon oxit
+ +
Al H2
t t t t t
2Al
Nhm (Catot)
0 0
+ CO + H2 + C
Dpnc
Nhm oxit
+ 3/2O2
Oxi (Anot)
I.11. Mt s phi kim (Khng kim loi) (nh halogen X2, O2, S, N2, P, C, Si, H2)
Cc phi kim oxi ha kim loi to oxit kim loi hay mui ca kim loi tng ng. Cn phi kim b kh to thnh hp cht ca phi kim (oxit hay mui) trong phi kim c s oxi ha m.
Th d:
0 0 +3 -1
Fe
3/2Cl2
Clo (Cht oxi ha)
t0
FeCl3
St (III) clorua
St (Cht kh)
Gio khoa ha v c
201
0 +2 2
Fe
St (Cht kh)
0
t0
FeS
St (II) sunfua
+8/3 -2
3Fe
St (Cht kh)
+ 2O2
t0
Fe3O4
St t oxit
Nhm t bc chy khi tip xc vi cc halogen X2, mc mnh lit phn ng gimdn t F2 n I2. Al
Nhm
3/2Cl2
Clo
t
0
AlCl3
Nhm clorua
2Al 2Al
Nhm
+ 3/2O2 + 3S
Al2O3 Al2S3
t t t
0 0 0
Lu hunh
Nhm sunfua
Cu Cu Au
Vng
+ 1/2O2 + Br2
+ 3/2Cl2 + 1/2Cl2
Clo
t t
0
Clo
Ag
Bc
Li (lng) +
Liti
1/2H2(kh)
Hiro
LiH
Liti hirua
,p t NaH
Natri hirua
t
0
Li3N
Liti nitrua
3Mg
Magie
+ N2
Nit
Mg3N2
Magie nitrua
Ca(nng chy)
Can xi
H2
Hiro
CaH2
Canxi hirua
Gio khoa ha v c
202
3Ba
Bari
+ N2
Nit
t Ba3N2
Bari nitrua
t
0
3Ca
Canxi
+ 2P
Photpho
Canxi photphua
Ca
Can xi
+ 2C
Cacbon
t t t t
0
Canxi cacbua
0
4Al
Nhm
+ 3C
Cacbon
Nhm cacbua
0
2Ca
Canxi
+ Si
Silic
Canxi silixua
2Mg
Magie
+ +
Si
Silic
Hg
HgS
Thy ngn
Lu hunh
Thy ngn tc dng vi lu hunh nhit thng, v vy ngi ta thng dng bt lu hunh gom nhng ht rt nh ca thy ngn ri vi trn nn nh, trnh c tc dng c hi ca thy ngn bay hi to ra.
2Cr
Crom
+ 3Cl2
Clo
t t t
0 0
2Cr
Crom
3S
Lu hunh
2Cr
Crom
N2
Nit
2P
0 0 +3 -2
5/2O2(d)
Oxi (Cht oxi ha)
60 0 C
P2O5
Photpho (V) oxit; Anhirit photphoric
2P
3/2O2(thiu)
Oxi
60 C
P2O3
Photpho
Gio khoa ha v c
203
+3 -1
3/2Cl2(thiu)
Clo (Cht oxi ha)
0
PCl3
Photpho triclorua
+5 1
P
Photpho (Cht kh)
0
5/2Cl2(d)
Clo (Cht oxi ha)
0
PCl5
Photpho pentaclorua
-3 +1
3/2H2
Hiro (Cht oxi ha)
0
300 0 C
PH3
+1 -2
H2
Hiro (Cht kh)
0
1/2O2
H 2O
Nc; Hiro oxit
-3 +1 Fe, t0, p
N2
3H2
2NH3
-4 +1
2H2
Ni , 500 0 C
CH4
Metan
+1 -2
H2
t0
H 2S
Hiro sunfua
+5 -2
5S
2P
Photpho (Cht kh)
0
tt
P2S5
iphotpho pentasunfua
+4 -2
S
Lu hunh (Cht kh)
0
O2
t0
SO2
Lu hunh (IV) oxit; Anhirit sunfuar; Kh sunfuar
N2
O2
2NO
Nit oxit
Gio khoa ha v c
204
+4 1
Si
Silic (Cht kh)
0
2F2
SiF4
+4 2
Si
Silic (Cht kh)
0
O2
t0
SiO2
Silic oxit; Anhirit silicic
+4 1
Si
Silic (Cht kh)
0
2Cl2
Clo (Cht oxi ha)
0
t0
SiCl4
Silic tetraclorua; Tetraclo silan
+6 -1
S
Lu hunh (Cht kh)
3F2
SF6
Phi kim mnh (nh F2, Cl2, O2) oxi ha c cc hp cht ca phi kim hay kim loi c s oxi ha trung gian cng cc hp cht ca phi kim c s oxi ha thp nht nh CO, NO, SO2, Na2S2O3, FeS2, FeCl2, FeSO4, FeO, Fe3O4, FeS, NH3, H2S, PH3, KI, KBr, CH4,.
+2 0 +4 -2
Th d: 2CO
Cacbon oxit (Cht kh)
+2
O2
Oxi (Cht oxi ha)
0
t0
2CO2
Cacbon ioxit
+4 -2
2NO
Nit oxit (Cht kh)
+2
O2
Nit ioxit
2NO2
+4
-1
CO
Cacbon oxit (Cht kh)
+4
Cl2
C , as
COCl2
Photgen (Cht c chin tranh)
+6 -2 V2O5(Pt),450 C
0
2SO2
O2
Anhirit sunfuric
+2,5 -1
2SO3
2Na2S2O3
I2
Na2S4O6
Natri tetrationat
2NaI
Natri ioua
Natri tiosunfat; Natri hiposunfit Iot (Cht kh) (Cht oxi ha)
Gio khoa ha v c
205
+2 1
+3 -2
+4 -2
2FeS2
11/2O2
t0
Fe2O3
St (III) oxit
4SO2
Kh sunfur
Pi rit st; St (II) pesunfua Oxi (Cht kh) (Cht oxi ha)
+2 0 +3 -1
FeCl2
St (II) clorua (Cht kh)
+2
1/2Cl2
Clo (Cht oxi ha)
0
FeCl3
St (III) clorua
+3
-1
(Cht kh)
+2
3FeSO4 +
3/2Cl2
Fe2(SO4)3
+3 2
FeCl3
2FeO
(Cht kh)
+2
1/2O2
(Cht oxi ha)
t0
Fe2O3
+3 -2
2Fe(OH)2
1/2O2
H2O
2Fe(OH)3
2FeS
St (II) sunfua
-3
7/2O2
Oxi
0
t0
Fe2O3
St (III) oxit
+
2
2SO2
Kh sunfur
2NH3
Amoniac
-3
3/2O2
Oxi
0
t0
N2
Nit
+ -2
3H2O
Hi nc
-2
2NH3
Amoniac
-2
5/2O2
Oxi
0
Pt ,t 0
2NO
Nit oxit
+ 3H2O
Hi nc
0 -2
H 2S +
-2
t0
S
+4 -2
H2O
-2
H 2S +
-2
t0
SO2
-1
+ H 2O
H 2O
(Cht kh)
F2
1/2O2 +
2HF