HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG

K THUT THNG TIN QUANG 1

(Dng cho sinh vin h o to i hc t xa)
Lu hnh ni b

H NI - 2009

HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG

K THUT THNG TIN QUANG 1

Bin son: TS. L QUC CNG THS. VN VIT EM THS. PHM QUC HP

Chng 1:Tng Quan v K Thut Thng Tin Quang

CHNG 1 TNG QUAN V K THUT THNG TIN QUANG

GII THIU
K thut thng tin quang ngy cng s dng rng ri trong vin thng, truyn s liu, truyn hnh cp, Trong chng ny chng ta s tm hiu s ra i v pht trin ca thng tin quang, cu trc tng qut ca h thng thng tin quang, cc u im v nhc im ca cp si quang, v cc lnh vc ng dng cng ngh thng tin si quang.

1.1

LCH S PHT TRIN H THNG THNG TIN QUANG

Vic thng tin lin lc bng nh sng sm xut hin trong s pht trin loi ngi khi con ngi trc lin lc vi nhau bng cch ra du (Hand signal). Lin lc bng cch ra du cng l mt dng ca thng tin quang: bi v khng th ra du trong bng ti. Ban ngy, mt tri l ngun nh sng cho h thng ny (h thng Hand signal). Thng tin c mang t ngi gi n ngi nhn da vo s bc x mt tri. Mt l thit b thu thng ip ny, v b no x l thng ip ny. Thng tin truyn theo kiu ny rt chm, khong cch lan truyn c gii hn, v li rt ln. Mt h thng quang sau , c th c ng truyn di hn, l tn hiu khi (Smoke signal). Thng ip c gi i bng cch thay i dng khi pht ra t la. Mu khi ny mt ln na c mang n pha thu bng nh sng mt tri. H thng ny i hi mt phng php m ha phi c t ra, m ngi gi v ngi thu thng ip phi c hc n. iu ny c th c th so snh vi h thng m xung (pulse codes) s dng trong h thng s (digital system) hin i. Tri qua mt thi gian di t khi con ngi s dng nh sng mt tri v la lm thng tin lin lc n nay lch s ca thng tin quang qua nhng bc pht trin v hon thin c th tm tt bng nhng mc chnh sau y: Nm 1775: Paul Revere s dng nh sng bo hiu qun i Anh t Boston sp ko ti. Nm 1790: Claude Chappe, k s ngi Php, xy dng mt h thng in bo quang (optical telegraph). H thng ny gm mt chui cc thp vi cc n bo hiu trn . Thi tin tc c truyn vi tn hiu ny vt chng ng 200 Km trong vng 15 pht. Nm 1854: John Tyndall, nh vt l t nhin ngi Anh, thc hin thnh cng mt th nghim ng ch nht l nh sng c th truyn qua mt mi trng in mi trong sut. Nm 1870: cng John Tyndall chng minh c rng nh sng c th dn c theo mt vi nc un cong da vo nguyn l phn x ton phn. Nm 1880: Alexander Graham Bell, ngi M, pht minh ra mt h thng thng tin nh sng, l h thng photophone. ng ta s dng nh sng mt tri t mt gng phng mng iu ch ting ni mang ting ni i. my thu, nh sng mt tri c iu ch p vo t bo quang dn, selen, n s bin i thng ip thnh dng in. B thu my in thoi hon tt h thng ny. H thng photophone cha bao gi t c thnh cng trn 1

Chng 1:Tng Quan v K Thut Thng Tin Quang

thng mi, mc d n lm vic tt hn, do ngun nhiu qu ln lm gim cht lng ng truyn. Nm 1934: Norman R.French, k s ngi M, nhn c bng sng ch v h thng thng tin quang. Phng tin truyn dn ca ng l thanh thy tinh. Vo nhng nm 1950: Brian OBrien, Harry Hopkins v Nariorger Kapany pht trin si quang c hai lp, bao gm lp li (Core) bn trong (nh sng lan truyn trong lp ny) v lp bc (Cladding) bao xung quanh bn ngoi lp li, nhm nht nh sng li. Si ny sau c cc nh khoa hc trn pht trin thnh Fibrescope un cong (mt loi knh soi bng si quang), mt thit b c kh nng truyn mt hnh nh t u si n cui si. Tnh un cong ca fiberscope cho php ta quan st mt vng m ta khng th xem mt cch bnh thng c. n nay, h thng fiberscope vn cn c s dng rng ri, c bit trong ngnh y dng soi bn trong c th con ngi. Vo nm 1958: Charles H.Townes pht minh ra con Laser cho php tng cng v tp trung ngun sng ghp vo si. Nm 1960: Theodor H.Maiman a laser vo hot ng thnh cng, lm tng dung lng h thng thng tin quang rt cao. Nm 1966: Charles K.Kao v George Hockham thuc phng th nghim Standard Telecommunication ca Anh thc hin nhiu th nghim chng minh rng nu thy tinh c ch to trong sut hn bng cch gim tp cht trong thy tinh th s suy hao nh sng s gim ti thiu. V h cho rng nu si quang c ch to tinh khit th nh sng c th truyn i xa nhiu Km. Nm 1967: suy hao si quang c bo co l 1000 dB/Km. Nm 1970: hng Corning Glass Works ch to thnh cng si SI c suy hao < 20 dB/Km bc sng = 633 nm. Nm 1972: loi si GI c ch to vi suy hao 4 dB/Km. Nm 1983: si SM (Single Mode) c sn xut M. Nm 1988: Cng ty NEC thit lp mt mng ng di mi c tc 10 Gbit/s trn chiu di 80,1 Km dng si dch tn sc v Laser hi tp phn b. Hin nay, si quang c suy hao 0,2 dB/Km bc sng 1550 nm, v c nhng loi si c bit c suy hao thp hn gi tr ny rt nhiu.

1.2
1.2.1

GII THIU H THNG THNG TIN QUANG IN HNH

S khi c bn h thng thng tin quang

Chng 1:Tng Quan v K Thut Thng Tin Quang

in thoi

in thoi

Fax E/O S liu O/E E/O O/E

Fax

S liu

Tivi

Tivi

Hnh 1.1

Cu hnh ca mt h thng thng tin quang.

Hnh 1.1 biu th cu hnh c bn ca mt h thng thng tin quang. Ni chung, tn hiu in t my in thoi, t cc thit b u cui, s liu hoc Fax c a n b E/O chuyn thnh tn hiu quang, sau gi vo cp quang. Khi truyn qua si quang, cng sut tn hiu (nh sng) b suy yu dn v dng sng b rng ra. Khi truyn ti u bn kia si quang, tn hiu ny c a vo b O/E to li tn hiu in, khi phc li nguyn dng nh ban u m my in thoi, s liu v Fax gi i. Nh vy, cu trc c bn ca mt h thng thng tin quang c th c m t n gin nh hnh 1.2, gm: B pht quang. B thu quang. Mi trng truyn dn l cp si quang.
Tn hiu quang Tn hiu in ng vo E/O O/E Tn hiu in ng ra

B pht quang

Cp si quang

B thu quang

Hnh 1.2 Cu trc c bn ca mt h thng thng tin quang. Trn hnh 1.2 ch mi minh ha tuyn truyn dn quang lin lc theo mt hng. Hnh 1.3 minh ha tuyn truyn dn quang lin lc theo hai hng.

Hnh 1.3

Minh ha tuyn truyn dn quang theo hai hng. 3

Chng 1:Tng Quan v K Thut Thng Tin Quang

Nh vy, thc hin truyn dn gia hai im cn c hai si quang. Nu c ly thng tin qu di th trn tuyn c th c mt hoc nhiu trm lp (Repeater). Cu trc n gin ca mt trm lp (cho mt hng truyn dn) c minh ha hnh 1.4.

Hnh 1.4

Cu trc n gin ca mt trm lp quang.

Khi E/O: b pht quang c nhim v nhn tn hiu in a n, bin tn hiu in thnh tn hiu quang, v a tn hiu quang ny ln ng truyn (si quang). l chc nng chnh ca khi E/O b pht quang. Thng ngi ta gi khi E/O l ngun quang. Hin nay linh kin c s dng lm ngun quang l LED v LASER. Khi O/E: khi tn hiu quang truyn n u thu, tn hiu quang ny s c thu nhn v bin tr li thnh tn hiu in nh u pht. l chc nng ca khi O/E b thu quang. Cc linh kin hin nay c s dng lm chc nng ny l PIN v APD, v chng thng c gi l linh kin tch sng quang (photo-detector). Trm lp: khi truyn trn si quang, cng sut tn hiu quang b suy yu dn (do si quang c suy hao). Nu c ly thng tin qu di th tn hiu quang ny c th khng n c u thu hoc n u thu vi cng sut cn rt thp u thu khng nhn bit c, lc ny ta phi s dng trm lp (hay cn gi l trm tip vn). Chc nng chnh ca trm lp l thu nhn tn hiu quang suy yu, ti to chng tr li thnh tn hiu in. Sau sa dng tn hiu in ny, khuch i tn hiu sa dng, chuyn i tn hiu khuch i thnh tn hiu quang. V cui cng a tn hiu quang ny ln ng truyn truyn tip n u thu. Nh vy, tn hiu ng vo v ng ra ca trm lp u dng quang, v trong trm lp c c khi O/E v E/O.

1.2.2

u nhc im ca h thng thng tin quang

a) u im
Suy hao thp. Suy hao thp cho php khong cch lan truyn di hn. Nu so snh vi cp ng trong mt mng, khong cch ln nht i vi cp ng c khuyn co l 100 m, th i vi cp quang khong cch l 2000 m. Mt nhc im c bn ca cp ng l suy hao tng theo tn s ca tn hiu. iu ny c ngha l tc d liu cao dn n tng suy hao cng sut v gim khong cch lan truyn thc t. i vi cp quang th suy hao khng thay i theo tn s ca tn hu. Di thng rng. Si quang c bng thng rng cho php thit lp h thng truyn dn s tc cao. Hin nay, bng tn ca si quang c th ln n hng THz. Trng lng nh. Trng lng ca cp quang nh hn so vi cp ng. Mt cp quang c 2 si quang nh hn 20% n 50% cp Category 5 c 4 i. Cp quang c trng lng nh hn nn cho php lp t d dng hn Kch thc nh. Cpsi quang c kch thc nh s d dng cho vic thit k mng cht hp v khng gian lp t cp. Khng b can nhiu sng in t v in cng nghip.

Chng 1:Tng Quan v K Thut Thng Tin Quang

Tnh an ton. V si quang l mt cht in mi nn n khng dn in. Bng 1.1. So snh gia cp quang v cp ng. c tnh Di thng C ly truyn dn Xuyn knh Trng lng Kch thc Cp ng 100 MHz 100 m C Nng hn Ln hn 1 GHz 2000 m Khng Nh hn Nh hn Cp quang Si a mode Si n mode > 100 GHz 40.000 m

Tnh bo mt. Si quang rt kh trch tn hiu. V n khng bc x nng lng in t nn khng th b trch ly trm thng tin bng cc phng tin in thng thng nh s dn in b mt hay cm ng in t, v rt kh trch ly thng tin dng tn hiu quang. Tnh linh hot. Cc h thng thng tin quang u kh dng cho hu ht cc dng thng tin s liu, thoi v video.

b) Nhc im
Vn bin i in-Quang. Trc khi a mt tn hiu thng tin in vo si quang, tn hiu in phi c bin i thnh sng nh sng. Dn, d gy. Si quang s dng trong vin thng c ch to t thy tinh nn dn v d gy. Hn na kch thc si nh nn vic hn ni gp nhiu kh khn. Mun hn ni cn c thit b chuyn dng. Vn sa cha. Cc quy trnh sa cha i hi phi c mt nhm k thut vin c k nng tt cng cc thit b thch hp. Vn an ton lao ng. Khi hn ni si quang cn cc mnh ct vo l kn trnh m vo tay, v khng c phng tin no c th pht hin mnh thy tinh trong c th. Ngoi ra, khng c nhn trc din u si quang hay cc khp ni h phng nga c nh sng truyn trong si chiu trc tip vo mt. nh sng s dng trong h thng thng tin quang l nh sng hng ngoi, mt ngi khng cm nhn c nn khng th iu tit khi c ngun nng lng ny, v s gy nguy hi cho mt.

1.3

NG DNG V XU TH PHT TRIN

Mng ng trc quc gia. ng trung k. ng cp th bin lin quc gia.

1.3.1.ng dng trong Vin thng

1.3.2.ng dng trong dch v tng hp.

Truyn s liu. 5

Chng 1:Tng Quan v K Thut Thng Tin Quang

Truyn hnh cp.

Di y minh ha mt vi ng dng s dng cp si quang. Cp si quang hin nay c s dng cho rt nhiu ng dng khc nhau. Chng hn, nhiu cng ty in thoi ang s dng cc tuyn cp quang truyn thng gia cc tng i, qua cc thnh ph, qua cc nc khc nhau v qua nhng tuyn di trn bin (xem hnh 1.5). Hin nay mt s nc c k hoch m rng cp quang n cc h gia nh cung cp cc dch v videophone cht lng cao.

Hnh 1.5

Kt ni cc tng i bng cp si quang.

Cc cng ty truyn hnh cp ang trin khai cc ng cp quang truyn ti nhng tn hiu cht lng cao t trung tm n cc v tr trung chuyn phn b xung quanh cc thnh ph (hnh 1.6). Si quang nng cao c cht lng ca cc tn hiu truyn hnh v lm tng s knh kh dng. Trong tng lai cp quang c th ni trc tip n cc h gia nh cung cp nhiu dch v mi cho ngi s dng. Nhng dch v da trn cp quang nh truyn hnh tng tc, giao dch ngn hng ti gia, hay lm vic t mt h thng vn phng ti gia c a vo k hoch s dng trong tng lai.

Chng 1:Tng Quan v K Thut Thng Tin Quang

Trung tm phn phi

Trung tm truyn hnh

Trung tm phn phi

Trung tm phn phi

Cp quang

Cp ng trc (hin ti), tng lai c th l cp quang

Hnh 1.6

Mng truyn hnh cp quang.

Si quang l phng tin l tng cho truyn s liu tc cao. Tn hiu khng b mo bi nhiu t mi trng xung quanh. Tnh cch in ca si quang to ra mt giao tip an ton gia cc my tnh, cc thit b u cui, v cc trm lm vic. Rt nhiu trung tm my tnh ang s dng cp si quang cung cp cc ng truyn s liu tc cao cc mng LAN.

TM TT
Vi c tnh suy hao thp, bng thng rng, kch thc nh, nh, khng b cang nhiu sng in t v in cng nghip lm cho si quang c s dng trong nhiu lnh vc nh lnh vc vin thng: vin thng ng di, vin thng quc t s dng cp quang vt i dng, mng trung k, mng ni ht thu bao; lnh vc cng nghip: ng truyn tn hiu iu khin t ng trong h thng t ng, cng nghip dt; lnh vc y hc; lnh vc qun s. Si quang ch c th truyn tn hiu di dng nh sng nn cc ngun tn hiu in c chuyn thnh nh sng bng cch s dng LED hoc LASER. Qu trnh ny c x l v din ra u pht, v c gi l b pht quang. Tn hiu quang ny c ghp vo si v truyn n b thu quang. Sau khi n u thu, cc tn hiu ny c chuyn tr li thnh tn hiu in thng qua linh kin PIN hoc APD. Mc d si quang c suy hao thp nhng tn hiu vn b suy yu, do i lc trn h thng cng cn b lp quang, cn gi trm tip vn. Vi tim nng v bng thng nn h thng truyn dn si quang v ang pht trin trong h thng truyn dn s ng di, tc cao t hng trm Mega bit/s n hng Tera bit/s nh s dng cng ngh ghp knh theo bc sng quang WDM.

Chng 1:Tng Quan v K Thut Thng Tin Quang

CU HI N TP V BI TP
1.1. 1.2. 1.3. 1.4. 1.5. Trnh by cu trc tng qut ca mt h thng thngtin quang. M t chc nng cc thnh phn trn h thng thng tin quang. Nu cc u im ca si quang. Nu cc nhc im ca si quang. Trnh by cc ng dng ca thng tin bng si quang.

CU HI TRC NGHIM
1.6.
Cu trc c bn ca mt h thng thng tin quang bao gm: a. My pht, my thu v mi trng truyn dn. b. My pht quang, my thu quang v cp ng trc. c. My pht quang, my thu quang v cp si quang. d. C a, b, c u ng

1.7.

Tn hiu truyn trn si quang l:

a. Dng in c. nh sng
1.8. Linh kin tch sng quang c nhim v: a. Khuch i nh sng. b. Bin i tn hiu quang thnh tn hiu in. c. Bin i tn hiu in thnh tn hiu quang. d. Sa dng tn hiu quang 1.9. Ngun quang c nhim v: a. Bin i tn hiu in sang tn hiu quang. b. Bin i tn hiu quang sang tn hiu in. c. Khuch i nh sng. d. Sa dng tn hiu quang

b. .in p. d. .C a, b, c u ng.

1.10.

Mt tuyn truyn dn quang cn s dng t nht my si quang?

a. 1 si quang c. 2 si quang 1.11. Si quang c u im g ? a. D gy c. Bng thng hp 1.12. B E/O c chc nng g? a. Chuyn i tn hiu in thnh nh sng b. Chuyn i nh sng thnh tn hiu in c. Khuch i nh sng 8

b. 4 si quang d. 8 si quang

b. Suy hao thp d. D b nhiu

Chng 1:Tng Quan v K Thut Thng Tin Quang

d. Chia tn hiu nh sng 1.13. B O/E c chc nng g? a. Chuyn i tn hiu in thnh nh sng b. Chuyn i nh sng thnh tn hiu in c. Khuch i nh sng d. Chia tn hiu nh sng

TAI LIU THAM KHO

[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] J. M. Senior. Optical Fiber Communications: Principles and Practice. Second edition, Prentice Hall, 1993. G. Keiser. Optical Fiber Communications . Third edition, McGraw-Hill, 2000. J. Gowar. Optical Communication Systems. Second edition, Prentice-Hall, 1993. G. P. Agrawal. Fiber-Optic Communication Systems. Second edition, John Wiley & Sons, 1997. Max Ming Kang Liu. Principles and Applications of Optical Communications, 2001. V Vn San. H thng Thng Tin Quang, tp 1. Nh xut bn Bu in, 7-2003. John G. Proakis. Digital Communications. Third edition, McGrawHill, 1995. Herbert Taub, Donald L. Schilling. Principles of Communications Systems. McGraw-Hill, 1986.

Chng 2: Si Quang

CHNG 2 SI QUANG
GII THIU
Si quang l mt mi trng thng tin c bit c th so snh vi cc mi trng khc nh cp ng hoc khng gian t do. Mt si quang cung cp mt mi trng truyn dn suy hao thp trn mt di tn s rng ln t nht l 2.5 THz, hay cao hn vi cc loi si quang c bit, di thng ca n rng hn di thng ca cp ng hay bt c mi trng truyn dn no. Di thng ny c th truyn hng trm triu cuc gi ng thi, hoc hng chc triu trang web trong mt giy. c tnh suy hao thp cho php truyn tn hiu khong cch di vi tc cao trc khi chng c khuch i. Vi hai c tnh suy hao thp v di thng cao nn h thng thng tin si quang c s dng rng ri ngy nay. Khi h thng truyn dn pht trin khong cch xa hn v tc bit cao hn, tn sc tr thnh mt h s gii hn quan trng. Tan sac la hien tng cac thanh phan khac nhau cua tn hieu di chuyen vi van toc khac nhau trong si quang. c bit, tn sc mu l hin tng cc thnh phn tn s (hoc bc sng) ca tn hiu di chuyn vi vn tc khc nhau. Ni chung, tn sc dn n vic xung b tri rng ra v v vy p ng xung ca cc bit gn nhau giao thoa vi nhau. Trong h thng thng tin, iu ny dn n s chng xung ca cc bit gn nhau. Hin tng ny c gi l giao thoa gia cc k t gn nhau (InterSymbol Interference - ISI). Khi mt h thng pht trin ln mt s lng ln bc sng, khong cch v tc bit cao hn, cc hiu ng phi tuyn trong si quang bt u xy ra. Nh chng ta s thy, c s tng tc phc tp ca cc hiu ng phi tuyn vi tn sc mu. Chng ta bt u chng ny bng cch tho lun cc nguyn l c bn ca s lan truyn nh sng trong si quang, bt u t m hnh quang hnh hc n gin ti m hnh l thuyt sng chung da vo phng trnh Maxwell. Sau chng ta phn cn li ca chng ny tm hiu cc c s tn sc mu v cc hin tng phi tuyn trong si quang.

2.1.

MT S VN C BN V NH SNG
nh sng nh l sng in t. Hnh 2.1 l hnh nh tnh ca mt sng in t.

2.1.1. Sng in t

Hnh 2.1 Sng in t: hnh tnh: (a) Theo thi gian: T - chu k, f = 1/T - tn s (Hz); (b) Theo khng gian: - bc sng (m).

10

Chng 2: Si Quang
Trong mi trng khng gian t do, nh sng l sng in t ngang (TEM ). Khi nim ngang (transverse) c ngha l c hai vc t - in trng E v t trng H - vung gc vi phng truyn, trc z trong hnh 2.1.

Tn s:
K hiu: f . n v: Hz (Hertz), hay cps (cycle per second). K hiu: n v: m (m, nm).

Bc sng:
-

Gia tn s v bc sng c mi quan h sau:

c c hay f = f

(2.1)

Vi c l vn tc nh sng trong chn khng, c = 3.108 m/s.

Khong cch tn s (f) v khong cch bc sng ()

Ly o hm (2.1) theo tn s trung tm 0, ta thu c mi quan h gia khong cch tn s v khong cch bc sng

f =

c 2 0

(2.2)

Ph sng in t:
Vng hng ngoi Vng cc tm Tia X ... Tia

f(Hz)

DC

VLF

LF

MF

VHF

UHF+ SHF+ EHF

1300 nm

1,6

1,5

1,4

1,3

1,2

1,1

1,0

0,9

0,8

0,7

0,6

0,5

0,4

1550 nm

850 nm

nh sng dng trong thng tin quang

Vng nh sng nhn thy c

Hnh 2.2 Ph sng in t

11

Chng 2: Si Quang
Bng 2.1 Cc bng sng v tuyn

Vng nh sng nhn thy c: chim di ph t 380 nm n 780nm. Vng hng ngoi: chia lm 3 phn: Vng hng ngoi gn: 780 nm 1400 nm. Vng hng ngoi gia: 1,4 m 6 m. Vng hng ngoi xa: 6 m 1 mm.

nh sng dng trong thng tin quang: 800 nm ( 1600 nm (nh vy nm trong vng hng ngoi gn v mt phn vng hng ngoi gia). Ba bc sng nh sng thng dng dng trong cc h thng thng tin quang c gi l 3 ca s quang: Ca s 1: Ca s 2: Ca s 3: Ca s 4: 1 = 850 nm. 2 = 1300 nm. 3 = 1550 nm. 4 = 1625 nm.

2.1.2. Quang hnh

2.1.2.1.

Chit sut khc x (Refractive index)

nh sng c th xem nh l mt chm tia sng. Cc tia sng lan truyn trong cc mi trng khc nhau vi vn tc khc nhau. C th xem cc mi trng khc nhau cn tr s lan truyn canh sng bng cc lc khc nhau. iu ny c c trng bng chit sut khc x ca mi trng. Chit sut ca mt mi trng trong sut (n ) c xc nh bi t s gia vn tc nh sng lan truyn trong chn khng vi vn tc ca nh snh lan truyn trong mi trng y.

n=
12

c v

(2.3)

Chng 2: Si Quang
Vi: n: chit sut ca mi trng, khng c n v. v: vn tc nhsng trong mi trng, (m/s). c: vn tc nh sng trong chn khng, (m/s). Chit sut ca mt vi mi trng thng dng: 2.1.2.2. Khng kh: n = 1,00029 1,0. Nc: n = 4/3 1,33. Thy tinh: n = 1,48.

V v c nn n 1.

Phn x, khc x, phn x ton phn v nh lut Snell

nh sng truyn thng trong mi trng ng nht, b phn x v khc x ti bin ngn cch hai mi trng ng nht khc nhau. Nh vy, ba c im c bn ca nh sng l: Truyn thng. Phn x. Khc x.

Tng qut, khi mt tia sng ti mt ngn cch gia hai mi trng, tia sng ny b tch ra lm hai phn: mt phn di li mi trng u (hin tng phn x), mt phn truyn tip qua mi trng hai. Tia truyn tip b lch hng truyn so vi tia ban u (hin tng khc x). iu ny c minh ha hnh 2.3.
Tia phn x Tia ti
1 ' 1

n1 n2
2

Mi trng 1 Mi trng 2

Tia khc x

Hnh 2.3 Hin tng phn x v khc x nh sng

nh lut phn x nh sng: c pht biu tm tt nh sau:

Tia phn x nm trong mt phng ti. Gc phn x bng gc ti (1' = 1).

nh lut khc x nh sng:

Tia khc x nm trong mt phng ti. Gc khc x v gc ti lin h nhau theo cng thc Snell:

n1sin1 = n2sin2

(2.4)

Phn x ton phn

13

Chng 2: Si Quang
Xt hai trng hp sau:

a) n1 < n2:

Hnh 2.4 nh sng i t mi trng chit sut nh sang mi trng chit sut ln. T phng trnh (2.5) kt hp n1 < n2 suy ra 1 > 2 (xem hnh 2.4). Nh vy, khi nh sng i t mi trng c chit sut nh sang mi trng c chit sut ln hn, tia khc x lch v pha gn php tuyn hay lch xa mt ngn cch gia hai mi trng 1 v 2.

b) n1> n2:
Tia ti (3)
1 c

Tia ti hn (3')
Mi trng 1
2=

n1 n2
2

Mi trng 1 Mi trng 2

n1 n2 900

Mi trng 2

Tia khc x Tia khc x (a) (b)

Hnh 2.5 Hin tng phn x ton phn. (a): cn tia khc xa (b): xut hin tia phn x (tia 3) T phng trnh (2.4) kt hp n1 > n2 suy ra 1 < 2 (xem hnh 2.5 (a)). Nh vy, khi nh sng i t mi trng c chit sut ln sang mi trng c chit sut nh hn tia khc x lch v pha xa php tuyn hay lch gn v pha mt ngn cch gia hai mi trng 1 v 2. Cho nn khi tng gc ti 1 = c < 90 th 2 = 90 (hnh 2.5 (b)). V khi 1 > c th tia ti b phn x hon ton v mi trng 1, v c gi l hin tng phn x hon ton (total reflection). c c gi l gc gii hn (critical angle). T phng trnh (2.4) suy ra:

sin c =

n2 n1

(2.5)

2.1.3. Lng t
Mi nguyn t ch c th chim mt s mc nng lng ri rt. iu ny c din t bng s mc nng lng nh trn hnh 2.6.

14

Chng 2: Si Quang
E4 E3
Mi trng 1

E2 E1 E0
Trng thi c bn

Hnh 2.6 S mc nng lng Nguyn t c khuynh hng tn ti mc nng lng thp nht. kch thch nguyn t nhy ln mc nng lng cao hn, chng phi c cung cp mt nng lng bn ngoi. Qu trnh ny gi l bm. Khi nguyn t nhy ln mc nng lng cao hn, n hp th mt lng nng lng t bn ngoi. Lng ny ng bng chnh lch v nng lng gia hai mc cao v thp xy ra vic nhy ny. Khi nguyn t ri t mc nng lng cao xung mt mc nng lng thp hn, n bc x ra mt lng t nng lng in t gi l photon ( iu ny ch ng i vi chuyn tip c bc x ). Photon l ht c bn di chuyn vi vn tc nh sng c, v mang mt lng t nng lng:

E p = hf

hay

Ep =

(m)

1,24

(eV )

(2.6)

trong h l hng s Planck (6.6261x10-34 J.s) v f l tn s ca photon.

nh sng l dng photon. Mu sc ca n c xc nh bi tn s photon, f , cng l bc sng, , bi v f = c, trong c l vn tc ca nh sng trong chn khng. Nng lng ca photon, EP, bng khe ( chnh lch) nng lng gia mc bc x cao v mc nng nng lng thp, tn s photon (bc sng) c xc nh qua mc nng lng ca vt cht c s dng. Cc mc nng lng tn ti t nhin; v vy chng ta c th t cc mu nh sng khc nhau bng cch s dng cc mc nng lng cng vt liu hoc dng cc vt liu khc nhau. Photon c hp th bi vt liu m cc khe nng lng ca chng ng bng nng lng photon. lm cho mi trng trong sut, chng ta phi la chn hoc cc photon khc, tc l nh sng mu sc khc, hoc mi trng khc.

2.2.

M T QUANG HNH QU TRNH TRUYN NH SNG TRONG SI QUANG

ng dng hin tng phn x ton phn, si quang c ch to c bn gm c hai lp:

2.2.1. Cu to c bn si quang
Lp trong cng c dng hnh tr trn, c ng knh d = 2a, lm bng thy tinh c chit sut n1, c gi l li (core) si.

15

Chng 2: Si Quang

Lp th hai cng c dng hnh tr bao quanh li nn c gi l lp bc (cladding), c ng knh D = 2b, lm bng thy tinh hoc plastic, c chit sut n2 < n1.

Cu trc tng qut ny c minh ha hnh 2.7.

Hnh 2.7 Cu trc c bn si quang, gm li (core) v lp bc (cladding) nh sng truyn t u ny n u kia si quang bng cch phn x ton phn ti mt ngn cch gia li-lp bc, v c nh hng trong li.

Hnh 2.8 nh sng lan truyn trong si quang

2.2.2. Khu s NA (Numerical Aperture)

S phn x ton phn s xy ra trong li si quang ch i vi nhng tia sng c gc ti u si quang nh hn max. Khu s ca si quang c nh ngha:

NA = sinmax
i vi si SI ta tnh c:
2 NA = sin max = n12 n2 = n1 2

(2.7)

(2.8)

Vi: n1: chit sut li si quang; n2: chit sut lp bc si quang;

2 n12 n 2 = : chnh lch chit sut tng i. 2n12

C th tnh n gin hn nh sau [3]:

= (n1-n2)/n vi n= (n1+n2)/2.

16

Chng 2: Si Quang

Hnh 2.6 Khu s si quang V d 1: Mt si quang SI c: n1 = 1,50 n2 = 1,485. Tnh khu s ca si quang ny. Gii : p dng cng thc (2.8), ta c NA = sinmax = Suy ra max 12 . T y suy ra gc tip nhn nh sng 2max = 212 = 24 . V d 2: Mt si quang SI c:NA = 0,12 n2 = 1,450. Tnh chit sut lp bc ca si quang ny. Gii : p dng cng thc (2.8), ta c NA = sinmax = Suy ra :
2 2 n1 n 2 = 0,144
2 2 n1 n 2 = 0,12

2 2 n1 n 2 = 1,50 2 1,4852 0,21

Ta tnh c

n1 = 0,1455.

17

Chng 2: Si Quang
Khu s cho ta bit iu kin a nh sng vo si quang. y l thng s c bn nh hng n hiu sut ghp nh sng t ngun quang vo si quang.

2.2.3. Phn loi si quang

2.2.3.1.

S phn b chit sut trong si quang

Chit sut ca lp bc khng i v bng n2.

Chit sut ca li ni chung thay i theo bn knh ca si quang (tm nm trn trc ca li). S bin thin chit sut theo bn knh c vit di dng tng qut sau [1]:

n 1 r g a 1 n( r ) = n 2
Vi:

ra a r b
(2.9)

n1: chit sut ln nht li, tc ti r = 0. Hay n(0) = n1. n2: chit sut lp bc. r: khong cch tnh t trc si n im tnh chit sut. a: bn knh li si quang. b: bn knh lp bc si quang. g: h s m. Gi tr ca g quyt nh dng phn b chit sut ca si quang, g 1. g = 1: dng tam gic g = 2: dng parabol g = : dng bc thang.

2.2.3.2.

Si chit sut bc SI (Step-Index) Si SI l si n gin nht. C dng phn b chit sut nh sau:
n 1 n= n 2

r a a r b
(2.10)

n1 n2

Hnh 2.7 Dng phn b chit trong li si SI. nh sng i trong si SI nh hnh 2.8.

18

Chng 2: Si Quang

Hnh 2.8 Minh ha nh sng i trong si SI. 2.2.3.3.

Si chit sut bin iGI (Graded-Index)

dng ny, chit sut ca li c dng phn b parabol (tng ng g = 2).
r 2 n 1 a 1 n( r ) = n2

r a
(2.11)

a r b

n1 n2

Hnh 2.9 Dng phn b chit trong li si GI. nh sng i trong si GI nh hnh 2.10.

Hnh 2.10 Minh ha nh sng i trong si SI. 2.2.3.4.

Si a mode (Multi-Mode), si n mode (Single-Mode)

a) Khi nim mode Mt mode sng l mt trng thi truyn n nh ca nh sng trong si quang. Khi truyn trong si quang, nh sng i theo nhiu ng, trng thi truyn n nh ca cc ng ny c gi l cc mode sng. C th hnh dung gn ng mt mode ng vi mt tia sng. Chng ta dng t bc (order) ch cc mode. Quy tc nh sau: gc lan truyn ca mode cng nh th bc ca mode cng thp. R rng mode lan truyn dc theo trc trung tm ca si quang l mode bc 0 v mode vi gc lan truyn l gc ti hn l mode bc cao nht i vi si quang ny. Mode bc 0 c gi l mode c bn. b) Si a mode

c im ca si a mode l truyn ng thi nhiu mode sng.

19

Chng 2: Si Quang

S mode sng truyn c trong mt si quang ph thuc vo cc thng s ca si, trong c tn s c chun ha V (Normalized Frequency). Tn s c chun ha V c xc nh nh sau [1]:

V=
Vi:

.a.NA = k.a.NA

(2.12)

a: bn knh li siquang.
: bc sng lm vic.

k=

(2.13)

NA: khu s ca si quang.

Mt cch tng qut, s mode sng truyn c trong si quang c xc nh gn ng nh sau:

V2
2

g g+2

(2.14)

Vi g l s m trong hm chit sut. T suy ra:

S mode truyn c trong si SI:

V2
2

(g )

(2.15)

S mode truyn c trong si GI:

V2
4

(g 2)

(2.16)

Si a mode c ng knh li v khu s ln. Gi tr in hnh:

ng knh li: ng knh lp bc:

d = 50 m. D = 125 m.

Gi l si a mode 50/125 m. Chit sut li: n1 = 1,47 ( = 1300 nm). Khu s: NA = 0.2 0.29

nh sng i trong si a mode:

20

Chng 2: Si Quang

(a) Si SI

(b) Si GI

Hnh 2.11 nh sng i trong si a mode. c) Si n mode

Si n mode l si trong ch c mt mode sng c bn lan truyn. Theo l thuyt [2], iu kin si lm vin ch n mode l tha s sng V ca si ti bc sng lm vic V < Vc1 = 2,405. Si n mode c ng knh li v khu s nh. Gi tr in hnh:

ng knh li: d = 9 10 m. ng knh lp bc: D = 125 m. Chit sut li: n1 = 1,465 ( = 1300nm). Khu s: NA = 0.13 0.18.

Anh sang i trong si n mode:

Hnh 2.12 nh sng i trong si n mode.

2.3.

TRUYN SNG NH SNG TRONG SI QUANG

2.3.1. H phng trnh Maxwell

Si quang l mt ng dn sng hnh tr trong nh sng lan truyn trn c s ca l thuyt mode. Cc mode l cc li gii ca cc phng trnh Maxwell cho cc iu kin bin c th. Cc phng trnh Maxwell xc nh mi lin h gia hai thnh phn ca nh sng l trng in E v trng t H. L thuyt lan truyn sng in t l phng php tt nht m t s lan

21

Chng 2: Si Quang
truyn ca xung nh sng lan truyn trong si quang. hiu c phng php ny, chng ta cn gii phng trnh Maxwell cho ng dn sng hnh tr L thuyt ca Maxwell da trn mt tp bn phng trnh, l cc phng trnh Maxwell. Tp phng trnh ny, c vit di dng vi phn l [2]:

.D =
.B = 0

(2.17) (2.18)

E =

B t
D t

(2.19)

H = J +

(2.20)

Trong , ngha ca cc thut ng nh sau:

Ton t del c nh ngha:

= ex
: Mt in tch khi [c/m3]

+ ey + ez z x y

E: Cng in trng [V/m] D: Vect cm ng in [c/m2]. H: Cng t trng [A/m]. J: Vect mt dng in mt [A/m2]. B: Vect cm ng t [H/m]. Ta c B= H vi l t thm

Vect cm ng in D c nh ngha vi h thc:

D = 0E + P
Vi:

(2.21)

0 l hng s in [F/m].
P l vect phn cc in
i vi mi trng tuyn tnh, ng hng hoc cng trng in khng qu ln ta c: D = E Vi: (2.22)

l thm in ca mi trng [F/m]. 0 chnh l thm in trong chn khng. Ta

c 0 = 8.854x10-12 F/m

22

Chng 2: Si Quang
Tng t i vi mi trng tuyn tnh, ng hng hoc cng trng t khng qu ln ta c :

B = H

(2.23)

Vi : l thm t ca mi trng [H/m]. thm t trong chn khng c gi l hng s t 0. 0 = 4x10-7 H/m. Theo nh lut Ohm, J lin h vi E bi h thc :

J = E
Vi l dn in ca mi trng, o bng [A/V.m].

(2.24)

Phng trnh (2.17) gi l nh lut Gauss i vi trng in. nh lut ny pht biu nh sau: " Thng lng ca vect cm ng in gia qua mt kn mt kn bt k bng tng cc in tch o phn b trong th tch bao bi mt kn ". Divergence (ton t del) ca trng in bng mt in tch khi ca ngun. Phng trnh (2.18) gi l nh lut Gauss i vi trng t. nh lut ny pht biu nh sau: " Thng lng ca vect cm ng t gi qua mt kn mt kn ty lun lun bng khng ". iu ny chng t: trng vect cm ng t B khng c ngun. Trong t nhin khng tnti cc t tch l ngun ca trng t, ging nh cc in tch l ngun ca trng in. Phng trnh (2.19) gi l nh lut cm ng in t Faraday. Phng trnh ny cho thy: Sc in ng cm ng c gi tr bng v ngc du vi tc bin thin t thng gi qua din tch gii hn bi vng dy. iu ny chng t: trng t bin i theo thi gian sinh ra trng in xoy phn b trong khng gian. Chnh mi lin h ny dn ti qu trnh lan truyn trng in t trong khng gian to nn sng in t. Phng trnh (2.20) gi l nh lut lu s Ampere. nh lut ny khng nh: lu s ca vect cng trng t theo ng kn ty bng tng i s cng cc dng in chy qua din tch bao bi ng kn . iu ny chng t: s bin i ca trng in theo thi gian lm xut hin trng t phn b trong khng gian, trng ny c tnh xoy. Chnh milin h gia trng in bin i theo thi gian v trng t phn b trong khng gian dn ti qu trnh truyn trng in t bin thin trong khng gian. i vi mi trng c dn in khng nh si quang th cc phng trnh Maxwell c vit li nh sau:

.D = 0 .B = 0

(2.25) (2.26)

E =
H =

B t

(2.27)

D t

(2.28)

23

Chng 2: Si Quang
Thay th D v B t cc phng trnh (2.22) v (2.23) l ly curl cc phng trnh (2.27) v (2.28) ta c:

2E ( E ) = t 2
2H ( H ) = t 2

(2.29)

(2.30)

p dng nh l nh l divergence cho cc phng trnh (2.25) v (2.26) vi tnh ng nht vect:

( Y ) = ( .Y ) 2 ( Y )
ta thu c cc phng trnh sng khng tn sc:

2E E = t 2
2

(2.31)

2H ( H ) = t 2

(2.32)

Vi 2 l ton t Laplace. i vi h ta vung gc Cartersian v tr, cc phng trnh sng ni trn cha cc cc thnh phn ca vect trng, mi thnh phn tha mn phng trnh sng v hng:

1 2 = 2 vp t 2
2

(2.33)

Vi biu din thnh phn trng in E hoc trng t H v vp l vn tc pha (vn tc lan truyn ca im song c pha c nh) trong mi trng in mi. Vn tc pha c tnh nh sau:

vp =

1 1 = ( ) 1 / 2 ( r 0 r 0 )1 / 2

(2.34)

Vi r, r l thm t v thm in t i ca mi trng trng in mi v 0, 0 l hng s t v hng s in ca khng gian t do. Do vn tc nh sng trong chn khng s l:

c =
24

1 ( 0 0 )1 / 2

(2.35)

Chng 2: Si Quang
Trong trng hp ng dn sng phng, c biu din bng h ta vung gc Cartersian (x,y,z) hay si quang hnh tr, c biu din bng h ta tr (r,,z) , bin i Laplace c dng:

2 2 2 = + + x2 y 2 z 2
2

(2.36)

hay

2 1 2 1 2 + 2 + = + r r r 2 r 2 z 2
2

(2.37)

tng ng. Li gii c bn cho phng trnh sng ny l sng sin, dng quan trng nht ca n l sng phng ng dng:

= 0 expj(t-k.r)

(2.38)

Vi l tn s gc, t l thi gian, k l vect lan truyn cho bit hng lan truyn v tc thay i pha theo khang cch, cn r l ta ca im quan st. Nu l bc sng quang trong chn khng, th bin ca vect lan truyn hay hng s lan truyn pha trong chn khng k (vi k = k) s c cho bi :

k =

(2.39)

Cn phi lu rng trong trng hp ny k cn c xem nh l ch s sng ca khng gian t do.

2.3.2. Phng trnh sng c trng cho s lan truyn ca sng in t (EM) trong mi trng suy hao
Trong phn ny, chng ta s kho st s lan ca in t ngang (TEM) phng trong mi trng c suy hao. Trc khi i vo kho st chi tit, ta nhc li khi nim v sng TEM phng Sng TEM phng Hnh 2.13 minh ha sng TEM

25

Chng 2: Si Quang

Hnh 2.13 Sng in t ngang (TEM)

Thut ng phng c ngha l cc sng c phn cc trong cng mt mt phng. Trn hnh 2.13 trng in E c phn cc trong mt phng x-z v vy E thay i bin nhng khng thay i nh hng: n khng bao gi ri khi mt phng x-z. Tng t trng t lun lun nm trong nm trong mt phng y-z. Chng ta ni E c phn cc x v H c phn cc y. Thut ng ngang c ngha l cc vect E v H u vung gc vi hng lan truyn; tc l trc z trn hnh 2.13. Nh vy, song TEM c dng nh sau [2]:

E = e x E x ( z, t ) H = e y H y ( z, t )

(2.40)

Theo [2] trong trng hp sng TEM lan truyn trong mi trng c suy hao, li gii phng trnh Maxwell cho trng in trong c dng:

E x ( z, t ) = E x0 e z e

j ( t z )

(2.41)

Vi E l bin ca trng in, l hng s suy hao, =/v l hng s lan truyn pha, v: vn tc lan truyn ca nh sang trong mi trng. Ly phn thc ca (2.41), ta thu c:

E x ( z , t ) = E x 0 e z cos( t z )
Tng t thnh phn t c biu din nh sau :

(2.42)

H y ( z, t ) = H
26

y0

e z cos( t z )

(2.43)

Chng 2: Si Quang
Cc kt qu trn c th phn tch nh sau: trng EM lan truyn trong mi trng c dng sng tt dn. Hnh 2.14 minh ha iu ny.

Hnh 2.14 Sng in t ngang phng tt dn

2.3.3. Phng trnh sng c trng cho s lan truyn ca sng in t trong ng dn sng ch nht
Chng ta xem xt s lan truyn ca trng EM trong mi trng khng b gii hn. Trn thc t si quang tp trung v dn nh sng i trong li. hiu c si quang hot ng nh th no, chng ta cn tm hiu cch thc ng dn sng dn sng EM nh th no. Do trong phn ny chng ta s xem xt ngn gn v d c in v l thuyt ng dn sng, ng dn sng hnh ch nht. ng dn sng hnh ch nht c cc thnh ng lm t cc vt dn l tng ( dn in ), bn trong c lm y bng cht in mi l tng ( dn in bng khng). Hnh 2.15 cho thy mt ng dn sng ch nht c chiu rng l a v chiu cao l b. dy ca thnh ng c th b qua.

Hnh 2.15 ng dn sng hnh ch nht i vi ng dn sng hnh ch nht, phng trnh sng c dng [2]:

27

Chng 2: Si Quang

2E + h2E = 0

(2.44)

Vi h = 2 + k2. y = + j l hng s lan truyn trong mi trng khng b gii hn ; cn k l ch s sng c nh ngha trong cng thc (2.36). Mode Tng qut, trng in t trong ng dn sng l tng ca hai trng c lp [2]:

Trng in ngang hay sng in ngang TE (cn gi l sng t): c thnh phn dc Ez = 0, Hz 0. Trng t ngang hay sng t ngang TM (cn gi l sng in): c thnh phn dc Ez 0, Hz = 0.

Li gii cho phng trnh (2.44) cho cc gi tr ri rt ca h c gi l gi tr c trng:

l m = + a b

(2.45)

Vi l, m l cc s nguyn, a v b l chiu rng v chiu cao ca ng dn sng. Li gii cho phng trnh (2.44) cho trng in ngang c dng:

H x ( x, y ) =

( l / b ) H 0 sin( l x / b ) cos( m y / a ) h2 H y ( x , y ) = 2 ( m / a ) H 0 cos( l x / b ) sin( m y / a ) h H z ( x, y ) = H 0 cos( l x / b ) cos( m y / a ) E x ( x, y ) = ( j / h 2 )( m / a ) H 0 cos( l x / b ) sin( m y / a ) E y ( x , y ) = ( j / h 2 )( l / b ) H 0 sin( l x / b ) cos( m y / a ) E z ( x, y ) = 0

(2.46)

v tng t cho sng t ngang TM. Phn tch cng thc (2.43), chng ta s thy ngha ca cc s nguyn l v m. Chng l s lng na chu k m sng EM thc hin qua ng dn sng. V d, sng in ngang TE10 (l = 1 v m = 0) c mt na chu k dc theo trc y v khng c na chu k nodc theo trc x nh c minh ha trn hnh (2.16) v (2.17).

28

Chng 2: Si Quang

Hnh 2.16 S thay i cc thnh phn trng ca mode TE10

y/a 1,0 ng in trng ng t trng x/b 1,0 (a) y/a 1,0 0,5 0 0 (b) x/b 1,0 0,5 0 0,5

0,5

0 0 (c)

Hnh

2.17 Cc ng sc sng TE10 trong ng dn sng T cng thc (2.46) v cc hnh (2.16) v (2.17) c th rt ra hai kt lun quan trng sau:

29

Chng 2: Si Quang

Trng EM lan truyn dc theo ng dn sng c cc dng trng n nh. Cc dng trng ny gi l mode. y l mt cch gii thch khc v mode m chng ta nh ngha trong phn 2.2.3.4 nh sau: mt mode sng l mt trng thi truyn n nh ca nh sng trong si quang. Khng phi tt c cc sng iu ha u c th tn ti trong ng dn sng. iu kin tn ti mt sng iu ha l mt na bc sng ca n phi ph hp vi bi s ln chiu rng v chiu cao cang dn sng. iu kin ny c gi l iu kin cng hng , n xc nh s lng sng c th lan truyn trong ng dn sng.

iu kin ngng Chng ta iu bit rng ng dn sng hnh ch nht khng th truyn dng in xoay chiu nhng li c th truynnh sng. Vy th s khc bit gia dng in xoay chiu v nh sng l g ? C hai iu l bc x in t nhng chng khc nhau v tn s. R rng, mt ng dn sng ch c th h tr bc x tn s cao. Nh vy c mt tn s m nh hn n th ng dn sng s khng h tr c. Tn s ny gi l tn s ct. T cng thc (2.45) cc nh ngha h2= (2+ k2) vi

= + j

k =
ta thu c:

l m 2 + a b

(2.47)

R rng khi tn s ca trng EM thp, l s thc ( = ) do trng EM tt dn. Khi tn s trng EM cao, l thun o ( = j) v do trng EM tn ti trong dng lan truyn sng iu ha khng suy hao. T ghi nhn trn, chng ta c th xc nh tn s ct fc bng cch t trong cng thc (2.47) bng khng. Ta thu c:

1 f c ( Hz ) = c = 2 2

l m + a b

(2.48)

nh ngha bc sng ct, chng ta cn phn bit ba trng hp sau: Trng hp 1: bc sng trong mi trng khng b gii hn = v/f vi v lv n tc nh sng trong mi trng khng b gii hn. Trong mi trng chn khng = c/f. Trng hp 2: bc sng trong ng dn sng g = 2/ vi l hng s lan truyn (pha). Nu biu din theo , f v fc, ta thu c: g = / [ 1- (f / fc) ]1/2. Trng hp 3: tn s ct (ti hn) c nh ngha nh sau:

30

Chng 2: Si Quang

c =

v = fc

2 l m + a b
2 2

(2.49)

2.3.4. Phng trnh sng c trng cho si quang

i vi ng dn sng hnh tr ng nht trong iu kin dn hng yu, phng trnh sng v hng (2.37) c th vit li nh sau :

2 1 1 2 + + 2 + n 12 k 2 2 ) = 0 2 2 r r r r

(2.50)

Vi l trng (E hoc H), n1 l chit sut ca li si quang, k l hng s lan truyn ca nh sng trong chn khng, v r v l cc ta tr. Cc hng s lan truyn ca cc mode dn nm trong di :

n2k < < n1k

Vi n2 l chit sut ca lp bc. Li gii cho phng trnh sng trn c dng :

(2.51)

= E (r )

cos l exp( t z ) sin l

(2.52)

Vi l thnh phn trng in ngang (chim u th). a li gii trong (2.52) vo phng trnh (2.50), ta thu c:

1 E 2E + + n 12 k 2 r r r 2

l2 2 r

E = 0

(2.53)

i vi si quang chit sut bc c chit sut li l c nh, phng trnh (2.53) l phng trnh vi phn Bessel v cc li gii l cc hm hnh tr. Trng in do c biu din bng [1]:

E ( r ) = GJ 1 (UR )
= GJ 1 (U )

khi R < 1 ( core ) khi R > 1 ( clading

)
(2.54)

K1 K 1 (W )

Vi G l h s bin , J1 l hm Bessel, v R=r/a l ta bn knh c chun ha, a l bn knh li si quang ; U v W l cc gi tr c trng cho li v lp bc v c nh ngha nh sau [1]:

31

Chng 2: Si Quang

U = a (n 12 k 2
W = a (
2

2 1/ 2

(2.55)

2 n2 k 2

1/ 2

(2.56)

Tng cc bnh phng ca U v W xc nh mt i lng rt quan trng [1] thng c gi l tn s c chun ha V:

V = (U

+W

2 1/ 2

2 = ka (n 12 n 2 )

1/ 2

(2.57)

S dng cng thc (2.57) v (2.8) ta s thu c cng thc (2.12).

2.3.5. Hiu thm v mode

2.3.5.1. Mode t nhin (mode thc hay chnh xc) Nh xem xt trong cc phn (2.3.4) v (2.3.5), trng EM lan truyn trong mt cu trc dn nh sng khng phi lin tc m dng mt tp cc kiu trng ri rt gi l mode t nhin. Cc mode t nhin ny (cn c th gi l mode thc hay chnh xc) c th hon ton l cc sng ngang (TE hay TM) hoc dc ( tc l, theo hng lan truyn) ( cc mode ghp HE v EH). Lu chng ta thng dng hai ch s di. V d nh TElm l mode in ngang vi l l gi tr bc mode v m l hng mode hay ch s mode xuyn tm. Mode in ngang, TE0m, c thnh phn t dc, cn mode t ngang TM0m c thnh phn in dc. Cc mode lai, Hlm v Elm, c c hai trng in v t dc. Do EH0m v HE0m khng tn ti v l khng th bng khng i vi nhng mode ny. Hnh 2.18 l hnh cc ng sc ca cc mode bc thp.

HE11

TE01

TM01

HE21

Hnh 2.18 Cc ng sc ca bn mode t nhin bc thp ht trong si quang SI 2.3.5.2. Cc mode phn cc tuyn tnh (PL) Si quang trn thc t c dn km. Do , cc mode t nhin trong si quang s kt

hp (suy thoi) thnh cc mode phn cc tuyn tnh (LP).

Hnh 2.19 v 2.20 m t trng hp ny [2]. Hnh 2.19 l mt v d v cch kt hp cc mode t nhin thnh cc mode tuyn tinh.Hnh 2.20 cc th cng cc cc hnh mu su

32

Chng 2: Si Quang
mode LP. Kho st k cc hnh ny chng ta s hiu r ngha ca thut ng mode. Cc ch s mode c ngha nh sau: l l mt na s im cng cc i ( hay cc tiu) xy ra khi ta g thay i t 0 n 2 radian; m l s im cng cc i xy ra khi ta bnknh thay i t khng n v cng. Xem li hnh 2.20. Lu rng i vi trng hp mt im cc i, th l = 0 bi v l phi l mt s nguyn v do khng th l 2.

Hnh 2.19 V d vic kt hp cc mode HE21 + TE01 v HE21 + TM01 thnh cc mode LP11 ( vt en ch phn bcng ; mi tn ch cc trng TE v TM): (a) Cu to ca hai mode LP11 t hai mode t nhin v phn b trng TE v cng ca chng; (b) Bn hng trng TE v TM v cc phn b cng tng ng ca LP11.

33

Chng 2: Si Quang

Hnh 2.20 th cng v hnh mu su mode LP

34

Chng 2: Si Quang

Hnh 2.20 (tip theo) Cn ghi nh rng cc thnh phn dc ca cc mode LP l rt nh, do trong hu ht cc trng hp cc mode LP c th xem nh l mode ngang [2]. Cu hi t ra l ti sao si quang ch h tr cc kiu trng ri rt m chng ta gi l cc mode phn cc tuyn tnh (LP). Nguyn nhn vt l l s lan ca sng trong si quang phi tha mn cc iu kin bin. Gi s sng tha mn cc yu cu ny khi ln u tin ng giao tip li lp bc. tha mn cc yu cu cc ln sau, sng phi lp li chnh n khi li mt ln na ng bin li lp bc. Ni mt cch khc, pha ca sng (t - z), vi z l hng lan truyn,

35

Chng 2: Si Quang
phi bng 2k, vi k l mt s nguyn, ti cng mt khong cch trn hai ng zigzag. Cc sng EM ta mn iu kin ny s c mt kiu n nh hay mode. Cc sng EM khng tha mn iu kin ny s khng th xut hin. l l do ti sau si quang cc sng Em cc mode c cc kiu n nh v khng h trc cc mode khc. 2.3.5.3. Cc tia mode- trc v xin Cc tia mode lan truyn trong si quang chia thnh hai loi: trc v xin. Cc tia trc l nhng tia ct trc trung tm ca si quang ; cc tia xin lan truyn khng ct trc ny (xem hnh 2.21).

Hnh 2.21 Cc tia trc v xin (a) Tia trc : dc (bn tri) v ngang (bn phi) (b) Tia xin : dc (bn tri) v ngang (bn phi), Sau ny chng ta ch xem xt tia trc. Chng c hai thnh phn: xuyn tm v trc. Chng c to thnh t cc mode t nhin TE0m v TM0m. Cc tia xin c to thnh t cc mode c thnh phn dc [2]. Do cc mode xin lcc mode t nhin lai EHlm v HElm. 2.3.5.4. Ba loi mode: dn, bc x v r Nhng mode m chng ta m t n y l nhng mode dn. Thut ng dn cho thy cc mode ny c dn bi si quang, c ngha l chng c phn x tan phn bn trong si quang. Nh tho lun trong phn 2.2.2 khng phi tt c nh sng a vo si quang u c phn x tan phn bn trong. Phn tch l thuyt cho thy si quang hnh thnh cc mode khng quan tm n iu kin phn x bn trong. Ni mt cch khc, nu trng EM bn trong si quang hnh thnh cc kiu n 36

Chng 2: Si Quang
nh, mt si quang s h tr mt loi bc x. Mt nhm mode s chu phi x tan phn bn trong v cc mode ny s b gom vo trong li si quang. chnh l cc mode dn. Mt nhm cc mode khc khng b phn x ton phn bn trong v s lan truyn bn ngai li si quang. chnh l cc mode bc x. V mt l thuyt, cc li gii cho cc phng trnh ng dn sng m t s lan truyn ca trng EM trong si quang bao gm c cc mode dn v mode bc x. Cc mode bc x, ngc vi cc mode dnm khng c yu cu 2xk v do l lin tc. V ngha vt l, cc mode bc x xut pht t ngun quang c a vo si quang ti gc ti nh hn gc ti hn. Chng lan truyn mt phn trong li v mt phn truyn (khc x) trong lp bc. Nhng mode lan truyn trong lp bc s gp giao tip lp bc-lp ph v s phn x ngc li vo lp bc v c th truyn ngc li lp li, chng s ghp vi cc mode dn bc cao hn. Kt qu l suy hao cng sut cng ln cho cc mode li. Loi mode th ba gi l mode r. Nhng mode ny khng phi l mt phn ca cc li gii ca h phng trnh Maxwll p dng cho ng dn sng. Nhng mode ny tha iu kin 2xk nhng khng phn x tan phn. Hu qu l, bin ca chng thay i khi chng lan truyn dc theo si quang. Lai trng ny khng hnh thnh cc mode c kiu n nh. Chng ta vn xem xt cc mode ny bi v mc d khng n nh theo khng gian nhng chng nh v mt thi gian. Phn ln cc mode ny bin mt nhanh chng sau khi b kch thch, nhng mt vi mode ny c th lan truyn trn mt khang cch xa. 2.3.5.5. Vn tc pha v vn tc nhm Trong tt c sng in t, c nhng im c pha khng i; tc l (t - z) = const. i vi sng phng, nhng im pha khng i ny to nn mt b mt c gi l mt sng. i vi sng nh sng n sc lan truyn dc theo ng dn sng theo phng z (trc ng dn sng), nhng pha khng i ny di chuyn vi vn tc pha:

vp =

dz = dt

(2.58)

Tuy nhin, thc t khng th to ra mt sng nh sng hon ton n sc v nng lng nh sng tng qut l tng cc thnh phn c cc tn s khc nhau. Do tnh trng tn ti l mt nhm cc sng c tn s gn ging nhau lan truyn sao cho dng cui cng c dng b sng. B sng ny khng lan truyn vn tc pha ca cc sng thnh phn m lan truyn vn tc nhm:

vg =

(2.59)

Mt iu quan trng cn c nhn mnh l tn hiu thng tin v cng sut lan truyn

ti vn tc ch khng phi ti vn tc pha. Cng cn phi nh rng vn tc nhm l vn tc m cng sut nh sng lan truyn dc theo si quang trong mt mode xc nh.
2.3.5.6. S tp trung cng sut v iu kin ngng Nh xem xt trong phn 2.3.3, iu kin ngng xc nh mode cao nht m si quang c th h tr. Thut ng h tr ng rng cng sut ca mode ny c tp trung trong li si quang. Hnh 2.22 minh ha iu ny.

37

Chng 2: Si Quang
LP01 LP11 LP02 LP12 LP03 LP13 LP04

1,0

0,8 Cng sut trong li

0,6 LP21 0,4 LP22 LP32 LP23

0,2

0 0 2 V = 2,405 4 6 8 10 12 Tha s V

Hnh 2.22 S tp trung cng sut nh l hm s ca tn s c chun ha V Khng phi mode sng no cng truyn c trong si quang. Mi mode LPnm c mt tn s ct tng ng, k hiu l Vcn. Ch khi tn s chun ha V ca si quang ln hn tn s ct Vcn th mode th n mi truyn c trong si quang. Mt vi tr s Vcn bc thp: Vc1 = 2,405 Vc2 = 3,832 Vc3 = 5,138 Vc4 = 5,520 Vc5 = 6,380 Nhc li cng thc (2.9) :

V=

.a .NA

Nh vy V ph thuc vo bc sng. Do , ng vi V = Vcn s c = cn. cn c gi l bc sng ct. Bc sng c1 l mt thng s quang trng. l bc sng ngn nht si lm vic trong vng n mode. Tht vy, si quang l n mode khi V < Vc1 = 2,405 hay
> c1.

.a .NA<

c1

.a .NA. Suy ra:

Ni nh vy c ngha l si n mode c vng bc sng truyn dn n mode, song c vng bc sng truyn dn a mode.

38

Chng 2: Si Quang
c1

Vng a mode V Vc1

Vng n mode 0

Hnh 2.23 Bc sng ct v tn s ct V d: Mt si n mode c cc thng s: d=2a=9 m, D=2b=125 m, =0,002, n1=1,46 Nu lm vic bc sng 1300nm th V = Bc sng ct ca si ny l: c =

.a .NA=

.a .n1 2 2

2 a .n1 2 = 1,018m 2,405

iu ny c ngha: nu truyn nh sng c bc sng ln hn 1,018m th si quang lm vic ch n mode. Ngc li, nu truyn nh sng c bc sng nh hn 1,018m th si quang lm vic ch a mode mc d y l si n mode. Thc t bc sng ct ph thuc vo chiu di, un cong ca si. Si cng di, bn knh un cong cng nh th bc sng ct cng nh, v ngc li, Cng thc xc nh bc sng ct khi bit dng phn b chit sut:

c =

Vc

a .NA

(2.60)

i vi si SI, Vc = 2,405; i vi si GI, Vc = 3,518. 2.3.5.7. ng knh trng mode (MFD) ng knh trng mode l mt thng s quang trng ca si n mode.i vi si quang SI v GI, trng trong si quang n mode c xp x dng phn b Gaussian [1]. Hnh 2.24 cho thy s phn b nng lng trng si quang theo ta bn knh v theo bc sng. Nng lng trng phn b theo hm m trn tit din ngang ca si quang.

ng knh trng mode l ti bin trng gim e ln (e=2,718).

ng knh trng mode ph thuc vo bc sng. Bc sng cng ln trng mode cng tng. i vi si n mode SI, ng knh trng mode (p) thng ln hn ng knh li ca si quang, v c tnh theo cng thc gn ng [1]:

39

Chng 2: Si Quang
P/Pmax 1 V1 > V2 > V3

0,5 V1 1/e V2 V3

1 p1

2 p2

p3

r/a

Hnh 2.24 S phn b nng lng trng trong si quang

2 p 2a
Hoc:

2,6

(2.61)

p 0,65 + 1,619.V 2 + 2,879.V 6 a

(2.62)

V d: Si n mode c: d = 9 m; c = 1,22 m. Nu hot ng bc sng 1,3 m th 2p = 10,37 m. Nu hot ng bc sng 1,55 m th 2p = 12,36 m. 2.3.5.8. Chit sut hiu dng Nh chng ta bit chit sut ca mt mi trng l t s gia vn tc nh sng lan truyn trong chn khng vi vn tc ca nh snh lan truyn trong mi trng y; tc l n = c/v. Chit sut hiu dng l t s gia vn tc trong chn khng vi vn tc lan truyn hay vn tc dn (vguide) [2].

neff =

c vguide

(2.63)

Vi vguide = / theo nh ngha. Kt hp vi cng thc (2.39), suy ra

neff =

c
/

(2.64)

Cn lu rng chit sut hiu dng l khc nhau i vi cc mode khc nhau [2].

2.4.
40

CC C TNH TRUYN DN CA SI QUANG

Chng 2: Si Quang
C 3 yu t c bn ca si quang nh hng n kh nng ca cc h thng thng tin quang, bao gm:

Suy hao Tn sc Hin tng phi tuyn xy ra trong si quang.

Tuy nhin, i vi cc h thng khc nhau th mc nh hng ca cc yu t ny cng khc nhau. V d:

i vi cc h thng c ly ngn, dung lng thp th yu t ch yu cn quan tm l suy hao. i vi cc h thng tc cao, c ly tng i ln th yu t ch yu cn quan tm l suy hao v tn sc. i vi cc h thng c ly di v dung lng rt ln th ngoi 2 yu t trn cn phi xem xt n c cc hiu ng phi tuyn.

Trong phn ny chng ta s tp trung kho st chi tit cc hin tng suy hao v tn sc. Cc hin tng phi tuyn trong si quang s c tm hiu chi tit trong Bi ging H thng thng tin quang 2; cn y ch trnh by mt cch tng quang. 2.4.1. Suy hao 2.4.1.1. Tng quan Suy hao trn si quang ng mt vai tr rt quan trng trong vic thit k h thng, l tham s xc nh khong cch gia pha pht v pha thu. nh hng ca n c th c tnh nh sau: cng sut ng ra Pout cui si quang c chiu di L c lin h vi cng sut ng vo nh sau : Pout = Pine-L vi l suy hao si quang.

Pin Pin [mW]

L [km]

Pout [mW]

Pout

Hnh 2.25 Khi nim suy hao trong si quang Thng suy hao c tnh theo n v l dB/Km, v vy suy hao dB dB/Km c ngha l t s Pout trn Pin i vi L = 1 Km tha mn

10 log10

Pout = dB Pin

hoc

dB = (10 log10 e) 4.343

Thng th suy hao si c gn gi tr dng do tng qut h s suy hao c xc nh bng cng thc (2.65) nh sau:

(dB / km) =

P 10 log( in ) L Pout

(2.65)

41

Chng 2: Si Quang
Cc nguyn nhn chnh gy ra suy hao l: do hp th, do tn x tuyn tnh v do un cong 2.4.1.2. Suy hao do hp th Bao gm hp th ca bn thn vt liu ch to si, cn gi l t hp th, v hp th do vt liu ch to si khng tinh khit.

Hin tng t hp th Cc nguyn t ca vt liu ch to si cng phn ng vi nh sng theo c tnh chn lc bc sng. Tc l, vt liu c bn ch to si quang s cho nh sng qua t do trong mt di bc sng xc nh vi suy hao rt nh hoc hu nh khng suy hao. Cn mt s bc sng nht nh s c hin tng cng hng quang, quang nng b hp th v chuyn ha thnh nhit nng. Hnh v 2.26 biu th s suy hao do t hp th trong cc vng bc sng (cc ng hp th cc tm v hp th hng ngoi).

Hin tng hp th do tp cht Nu vt liu ch to thun ty tinh khit th nh sng truyn qua khng b suy hao. Thc t, vt liu ch to hon ton khng tinh khit, m ln cc ion kim loi (Fe, Cu, Cr, ...), v c bit l cc ion OH - ca nc (H2O).

S hp th ca cc tp cht kim loi. Cc h thng thng tin quang hin nay ch yu lm vic ca s th 2 (2 = 1300 nm) v ca s 3 (3 = 1550 nm). Nhng hai ca s ny nh sng li rt nhy cm vi s khng tinh khit ca vt liu. Mc hp th ph thuc vo nng tp cht v bc sng lm vic. Chng hn, nu nng tp cht khong vi phn triu (10-6) th khong vi dB/Km; mun < 1dB/Km th nng tp cht phi l 10-8 10-9. V vi cng ngh ch to si hin nay u ny khng cn lo ngi na.

S hp th ca ion OHS c mt ca ion OH - trong si quang gp phn to ra suy hao ng k. c bit, hp th tng vt ba bc sng: 950 nm, 1240 nm, v 1380 nm. V d: nu nng ion OH - bng 10-6 th 40 dB/Km. V nng cho php ca ion OH- trong ch to si l < 10-9 (mt phn t).

2.4.1.3.

Suy hao do tn x tuyn tnh

Tn x tuyn tnh trong si quang l do tnh khng ng u rt nh ca li si, c th l nhng thay i nh trong vt liu, tnh khng ng u v cu trc hoc cc khim khuyt trong qu trnh ch to si. Ngoi ra, do thu tinh c to ra t cc loi oxit nh: SiO2, GeO2, P2O5 nn c th xy ra s thay i thnh phn gia chng. Hai yu t ny lm tng s thay i chit sut, to ra tn x. Tn x tuyn tnh lm cho nng lng quang t mt mt lan truyn c truyn tuyn tnh (t l thun vi cng sut mt) sang mt mt khc. Qu trnh ny lm suy hao cng sut quang c truyn i v cng sut c truyn sang mt mt r hay mt bc x (leaky or radiation mode) l nhng mt khng tip tc lan truyn trong li si quang m bc x ra khi si. Tn x tuyn tnh s khng lm thay i tn s tn x. Tn x tuyn tnh thng c phn thnh hai loi: tn x Rayleigh v tn x Mie.

42

Chng 2: Si Quang

Tn x Rayleigh: xy ra do s khng ng nht c kch thc nh hn bc sng (khong 1/10) trong si quang lm cho tia sng b ta ra nhiu hng. H s tn x Rayleigh c tn nh sau [1]: 8 3 8 2 n p c KTF 34

R =
Trong :
R: h s tn x Rayleigh,

(2.66)

: bc sng quang c tnh bng mt (m),

n : chit sut mi trng, p : h s quang n hi trung bnh,

c: nn ng nhit (n v l (m2/N) ti nhit TF ( n v l K) quy nh (fictive temperature),

K: hng s Boltzman. H s tn x Rayleigh lin h vi h s suy hao truyn dn (transmission loss factor) nh sau: L =exp(-RL) Vi L l di si quang (o bng mt). H s suy hao truyn dn trn mt kilometre s l Lkm c tnh t cng th (2.3) vi L=1000 (mt). Do h s suy hao do tn x Rayleigh s l:
(dB/km)=10log10(1/ L km)

(2.67)

(2.68)

Suy hao do tn x Rayleigh c minh ha trn hnh 2.26 (ng tn x Rayleigh).

Tn x Mie: xy ra do s khng ng nht c kch thc nh tng ng vi bc sng (ln 1/10) lan truyn trong si quang v ch yu l trong hng ti (hng lan truyn). Tn x ny c th gim n mc khng ng k bng cc bin php gim tnh khng ng nht nh: loi b tp cht trong qu trnh sn xut thy tinh, iu khin cht ch qu trnh ko v bc si quang, tng lch chit sut tng i.

43

Chng 2: Si Quang

Hnh 2.26 Suy hao bn trong si quang Hnh 2.26 cho thy c 3 di bc sng (ca s) c suy hao thp c th s dng cho thng tin quang l 0.8m, 1.3m v 1.55m tng ng vi cc suy hao c bn l 2.5, 0.4 v 0.25 dB/km (trong h thng thng tin quang c trng, mt tn hiu c th b suy hao khong 20-30 dB trc khi cn c khuch i hoc ti to. Vi suy hao 0.25 dB/Km, tng ng c th truyn mt qua mt on di khong 80-120 Km). 2.4.1.4. Suy hao do un cong Suy hao ca si quang mt cch tng qut c phn lm hai loi: suy hao bn trong v suy hao bn ngoi. Suy hao bn trong (gm suy hao hp th, suy hao do tn x m ta xt trn) thuc v bn cht ca si quang do qu trnh ch to, cng ngh ch to m ra. Suy hao bn ngoi khng thuc v bn cht ca si, l suy hao do un cong khi vn hnh, s dng si trn thc t. Suy hao un cong gm c hai loi:

Un cong vi m: l si b cong nh mt cch ngu nhin, trng hp ny thng xy ra khi si c bc thnh cp. Un cong v m: l un cong c bn knh un cong ln hn hoc tng ng ng knh si.

Khi nh sng ti ch si quang b un cong, mt phn nh sng s ra ngoi lp bc. Si b un cong t, ch mt phn nh nh sng lt ra ngoi. Si cng b un cong suy hao cng tng. Do ngi ta qui nh bn knh un cong cho php [1]:

Rc =

2 4 n12 n2

3n12

3/ 2

(2.69a)

T cng thc trn ta thy c th gim suy hao do un cong bng cch:

Thit k si quang c chnh lch chit sut ln; Hat ng bc sng ngn hn c th

i vi si n mode , bn knh ung cong ti hn c th tnh nh sau [1]:

44

Chng 2: Si Quang
Rcs =

(n

20
2 n2

2 1

3/ 2

2.748 0.996 c

(2.69b)

Nguyn nhn gy ra un cong: ch to cp (xon rut cp), lp t cp. Khi qun cp cng nh khi lp t cp, ch nn un cong si vi bn knh R < Rc. Gi tr khuyn co Rc = 30 mm 50 mm. 2.4.1.5. Suy hao v di thng Di thng c th c xc nh bng hoc f. Chng lin h vi nhau bi phng trnh [3].

c 2

(2.70)

Phng trnh ny c th rt ra t quan h f = c/ . Xt cc bc sng 1.3 v 1.5 m, y l cc bc sng c bn ca h thng thng tin quang ngy nay, di thng hu ch c th c tnh da trn suy hao dB trn km trong h s 2, c xp x 80 nm bc sng 1.3 m v 180 nm bc sng 1.55 m. Trong tn s quang, di thng ny ln n khong 35000 GHz. y l mt di thng rt ln, trong khi tc bit cn cho cc ng dng ngy nay khng vt qu vi chc Mbps. Di thng hiu dng ca si quang trong hu ht cc mng ng di ngy nay b gii hn bi di thng b khuch i EDFA (Erbium Dope Fiber Amplifier). Da vo kh nng sn c ca b khuch i, suy hao bc sng = 1.55 m c chia lm ba vng nh hnh 2.26. Vng gia t 1530-1565nm l di C ni m h thng WDM hot ng s dng b khuch i EDFA thng thng (Conventional). Di t 1565-1625 nm, cha cc bc sng di hn trong di C, c gi l di L v c s dng trong cc h thng WDM dung lng cao ngy nay s dng b khuch i GSEDA (Gain-Shifred Erbium-Doped Amplifier). Di di 1530 nm, gm nhng bc sng ngn hn di C, c gi l di S. B khuch i quang si Raman (Fiber-Raman Amplifier) c s dng khuch i di ny. 2.4.2. Tn sc 2.4.2.1. Tng quan

Trong mt si quang, nhng tn s nh sng khc nhau v nhng mt khc nhau cn thi gian khc nhau truyn mt on t A n B. Hin tng ny gi l tn sc v gy ra nhiu nh hng khc nhau. Ni chung, tn sc dn n s co gin xung trong truyn dn quang, gy ra giao thoa gia cc k t, tng li bit my thu v dn n gim khong cch truyn dn.

Hnh 2.27 Tn sc lm rng xung ng ra tng tn sc tng cng ca si quang, k hiu l Dt, c xc nh:

45

Chng 2: Si Quang
Dt =

i2

(2.71)

i, o: rng xung vo v xung ra, n v l giy [s].

Dt: n v l giy [s]. Thng ngi ta ch quan tm n tri rng xung trn mt Km, v c n v l [ns/Km], hoc [ps/Km]. Ngoi ra c n v [ps/nm.Km] nh gi tn sc cht liu trn mi Km chiu di si ng vi rng ph quang l 1ns.

C hai loi :

Tn sc mode: ch xy ra si a mode. Tn sc sc th: xy ra tt c cc loi si quang. Tn sc sc th bao gm: Tn sc vt liu; Tn sc ng dn sng.

2.4.2.2.

Tn sc mode phn cc.

Tn sc mode

Nguyn nhn: Khi phng nh sng vo si a mode, nng lng nh sng phn thnh nhiu mode. Mi mode lan truyn vi vn tc nhm khc nhau nn thi gian lan truyn ca chng trong si khc nhau. Chnh s khc nhau v thi gian lan truyn ca cc mode gy ra tn sc mode. Xc nh tn sc mode ca si a mode SI : Trong si a mode SI, mi tia sng i vi cng mt vn tc:

v=

c n1

xc nh tn sc mode trong si a mode SI, ta xt chnh lch thi gian lan truyn gia hai mode ngn nht v di nht trong si quang di L (Km). l tia 1 v tia 2 (xem hnh v 2.28).
Lp bc n2
c

Tia 1
max

900

Li n1

Tia 2

L [km]

Hnh 2.28 Tn sc mode trong si a mode SI Tia 1 (tia ngn nht) i trng vi trc ca si quang. Tia 2 (tia di nht) l tia ng vi gc ti bng gc ti hn c.

46

Chng 2: Si Quang

Tia 1: di lan truyn: d1 = L Thi gian lan truyn: T1

d1 Ln L = = 1 = Tmin v (c / n1 ) c L
cos

Tia 2: di lan truyn: d 2 =

Thi gian lan truyn: T2 =

d 2 L / cos Ln1 = = =T (c / n1 ) c cos max v

n2 = cos n1

p dng nh lut khc x ti im A, ta c: sin c = Thay vo, suy ra

T2 = Tmax =

Ln12 cn2

Do thi gian chnh lch gia hai tia ny l:

Tmod e ( SI ) = Tmax Tmin =

Ln12 Ln1 Ln1 (n1 n2 ) = cn2 c c n2

(2.72)

chnh lch ny chnh l tn sc mode:

Dmod e ( SI ) = Tmod e ( SI )
vi
2 n12 n2 n1 n2 (v << 1). 2n12 n2

Ln1 (khi << 1) c

(2.73)

C th tnh tn sc mode theo khu s. Ta c: NA = n1 2 Suy ra: = Do :

(NA)2
2n1

Dmod e ( SI ) = Tmod e ( SI )

L( NA)2 2cn1

(2.74)

Hai biu thc gn ng (2.73) v (2.74) thng c s dng nh gi tri rng xung cc i do tn sc mode gy ra trong si a mode SI c chiu di L Km. tri rng xung cc i trn mi Km si c xc nh bi:

d mod e ( SI ) =

Dmod e( SI ) n1 L c

(2.75)

Hoc

47

Chng 2: Si Quang
d mod e ( SI )

(NA)2
2cn1

(2.76)

Mt i lng hu ch na c quan tm n trong tn sc mode l tri rng xung hiu dng mode(SI). Quan h gia mode(SI) v Tmode (SI) [1]:

2 mod e ( SI )

1 Tmod e ( SI ) = 3 2

(2.77)

Thay (2.74) vo (2.77) suy ra:

mod e ( SI )

Ln1 L( NA)2 2 3.c 4 3.n1c

(2.78)

Phng trnh (2.78) cho php xc nh p ng xung hiu dng ca si a mode chit sut nhy bc. S khc nhau gia Tmode (SI) v mode(SI) [1]:

Khi tnh Tmode (SI), gi tr Tmode (SI) l gi tr tri rng xung ln nht m tn hiu ng ra khng chng lp ln nhau. Khi ny tc bit cc i c th t c l:

BT (max) =

1 2Tmod e ( SI )

(bps )

(2.79)

C mt cch nh gi khc v tc bit cc i ca mt knh quang. Ta xem xung ng ra c dng phn b Gauss c rng hiu dng l mode(SI). Cch phn tch ny cho php tn ti mt lng chng lp xung no ca tn hiu ng ra nhng vn m bo c t s SNR u thu. Khi ny tc bit cc i xp x:

BT (max) =

0.2

mod e ( SI )

(2.80)

V d 1
Mt tuyn quang 6Km dng si a mode SI, li c chit sut n1 bng 1,5, chnh lch chit sut tng i = 1%. Hy xc nh: (a) Thi gian chnh lch gia mode nhanh nht v mode chm nht . (b) tri rng xung hiu dng do tn sc mode trn tuyn. (c) Tc bit cc i c th t c, gi s ch c tn sc mode. (d) Tch di thng vi chiu di cu (c).

Gii

48

Chng 2: Si Quang
(a) p dng phng trnh (2.72), chnh lch thi gian gia mode nhanh nht v mode chm nht l:
Tmode (SI)

Ln1 6.10 3 [m] 1,5 0,01 = 300 [ns] = c 3.10 8 [m / s ] Ln1 6.10 3 1,5 0,01 = = 86,7 ns 2 3.c 2 3 3.10 8

(b) tri rng xung hiu dng do tn sc mode:

mod e ( SI )

(c) Tc bit cc i c th nh gi theo hai cch: Cch 1: Tc bit cc i vi gi s khng c s chng lp xung ng ra: BT(max) = Cch 2: Tnh tc bit cc i bng cch s dng tri rng xung hiu dng: BT(max) =

1 2Tmose( SI )

1 = 1,7.10 6 (bps ) = 1,7 Mbps 9 2 300.10

0.2

mod e ( SI )

0,2 = 2,3.10 6 (bps ) = 2,3 Mps 86,7.10 9

(e) S dng tc bit cc i cu (c), ta c: BoptL = 2,3 6 = 13, 8 [MHz.Km] i vi si a mode GI, tn sc mode gim n ti thiu. tri rng xung cc i:

Dmod e (GI ) = Tmod e (GI )

tri rng xung hiu dng:

Ln1 2 8c

(2.81)

mod e (GI )

Ln12 20 3.c
12 5

(2.82)

Lu : Cng thc trn thu c khi dng phn b chit sut ca li c dng ti u:

g opt . = 2

(2.83)

Nu si quang c =1% th g = 1,98: phn b chit sut gn vi dng parabol.

V d 2
Hy so snh tri rng xung hiu dng trn mi Km do tn sc mode ca si a mode chit sut nhy bc trong v d 1 vi si a mode chit sut gim dn c phn b chit sut ti u c cng chit sut li n1 v .

Gii
T v d 1, ta suy ra:

49

Chng 2: Si Quang
mode (SI)[L = 1Km] =

mod e ( SI )
L

86,7[ ns ] 6[ km]

= 14,4[ ns / Km]

S dng cng thc (2.82), tri rng xung hiu dng trn 1Km ca si c chit sut gim dn l:
mode (GI)[L = 1Km]

Ln12
20 3c

10 3 1,5 (0,01) 20 3 3.108

2 = 14,4[ ps / Km]

T v d trn ta thy tn sc mode ca si GI c ci tin n 1000 ln. Tuy nhin thc t ch c th t c khong 100 ln, do kh iu khin trn ton si c cng mt dng phn b. Hnh 4.31 biu din c tuyn tri rng xung do tn sc mode theo g.

Hnh 2.29 2.4.2.3.

tri rng xung mode ca si a mode GI c =1% theo g.

Tn sc vt liu

Nguyn nhn Nguyn nhn gy ra tn sc vt liu: do s chnh lch cc vn tc nhm ca cc thnh phn ph khc nhau trong si. N xy ra khi vn tc pha ca mt sng phng lan truyn trong mi trng in mi bin i khng tuyn tnh vi bc sng, v mt vt liu c gi l tn ti tn sc cht liu khi o hm bc hai ca chit sut theo bc sng khc khng (d2n/d2 0). tri rng xung do tn sc vt liu c th thu c bng cch kho st thi gian tr nhm trong si quang. Vn tc pha v vn tc nhm Trong tt c sng in t, c nhng im c pha khng i. i vi sng phng, nhng im pha khng i ny to nn mt b mt c gi l mt sng. i vi sng nh sng n sc lan truyn dc theo ng dn sng theo phng z (trc ng dn sng), nhng pha khng i ny di chuyn vi vn tc pha:

vp =

dz = dt

(2.84)

50

Chng 2: Si Quang
Tuy nhin, thc t khng th to ra mt sng nh sng hon ton n sc v nng lng nh sng tng qut l tng cc thnh phn c cc tn s khc nhau. Do tnh trng tn ti l mt nhm cc sng c tn s gn ging nhau lan truyn sao cho dng cui cng c dng b sng. B sng ny khng lan truyn vn tc pha ca cc sng thnh phn m lan truyn vn tc nhm:

vg =

(2.85)

Nu lan truyn trong mt mi trng v hn c chit sut n1 th hng s lan truyn (c th c vit nh sau:

= n1
T (2.84) suy ra:

n1 c

(2.86)

vp =
Tng t, t (2.85) suy ra vn tc nhm:

c = n1

(2.87)

vg =
Th t (2.86) vo (2.88) v lu :

d d = d d

(2.88)

=
Ta c:

2c

d = d
1

d 2 vg = n1 d
vg = c n1 dn1 d
=

1 dn1 n1 = 2 d 2

c N g1

(2.89)

Vi :

N g1 = n1
Ng1 gi l chit sut nhm. Thi gian tr nhm (Group delay)

dn1 d

(2.90)

Thi gian lan truyn (thi gian tr nhm) ca mt xung nh sng lan truyn dc theo mt n v chiu di si quang:

g =

vg

N g1 = = c

n1 c

dn1 d

(2.91)

i vi ngun quang c rng ph hiu dng v c bc sng trung bnh , tri rng xung hiu dng do tn sc c th xc nh bng khai trin Taylor theo :

51

Chng 2: Si Quang
d g d 2 g g = +2 + ... 2 d d
B qua cc thnh phn bc cao, suy ra: (2.92)

g =
Vi

d g d

(2.93)

dn n 1 2 2 d g d 1 d = dn1 d n1 dn1 = d n1 = 2 d d c d c d2 c d d

(2.94)

Suy ra tri rng xung nh sng trn mt n v chiu di:

g =

d 2 n1 2 c d

(2.95)

Nu si quang di L[Km] th tri rng xung hiu dng hay tn sc cht liu trong si quang l:

m = L g =
t:

L d 2 n1 2 c d

(2.96)

M=

d g d 2 n1 = d c d2

(2.97)

M c gi l h s tn sc cht liu, c n v: [ps/nm.Km]. Vy tn sc vt liu c th vit li nh sau:

m = L..M

(2.98)

V d 3 Mt si thy tinh c tn sc cht liu c cho bi: 2

d 2 n1 =0,025. Hy xc nh h d 2

so tn sc vt liu M bc sng = 0,85 m, v tnh tri rng xung hiu dng trn mi Km khi ngun quang LED pht ra bc sng 850 nm c rng ph hiu dng = 20nm. Gii H s tn sc vt liu:

d 2 n1 1 2 d 2 n1 0,025 = = = 98,1 [ ps / nm.Km] 2 2 8 C d C d 3.10 0,85.10 6 M=

tri rng xung hiu dng:
m = LM = 20198,1 = 1,96 [ns/Km]

52

Chng 2: Si Quang
H s tn sc vt liu l mt i lng ph thuc vo vt liu ch to v bc sng nh sng lan truyn trong si quang. Di y l th biu din gi tr ca M theo bc sng ca si silica.

Hnh 2.30 H s tn sc l mt i lng ph thuc vo vt liu ch to si v bc sng nh sng.

ngha vt l ca M: tn sc vt liu cho bit mc ni rng xung ca mi nm b rng ph ngun quang qua mi Km si. Tn sc ng dn sng

2.4.2.4.

i vi si n mt, khi ni n tn sc sc th, ngoi tn sc vt liu ta cn phi xt n tn sc ng dn sng. Khi nh sng c ghp vo si quang truyn i, mt phn chnh truyn trong phn li si, phn nh truyn trong phn lp v vi nhng vn tc khc nhau do chit sut trong phn li v v ca si quang khc nhau, minh ha trn hnh 2.31. S khc bit vn tc truyn nh sng gy nn tn sc ng dn sng. Tn sc ng dn sng Dwg() cng l mt hm theo bc sng nh trn hnh 2.31 [2].

0 (a)

0 (b)

0 (c)

Hnh 2.30 Tn sc ng dn sng: (a) Phn li ca xung; (b) Phn lp bc ca xung; (c) Xung tng cng

53

Chng 2: Si Quang

Hnh 2.31 Tn sc sc th bao gm tn sc vt liu v tn sc ng dn sng trong si quang Tn sc tng cng

2 2 Dt = D mod e + Dchr

(2.99) (2.100)

Dchr = Dmat + DWg=LMmat+Mwg

C th thy r ngha vt l ca tn sc mu khi so snh s lan truyn anh sng qua mt lng knh nh minh ha trn hnh 2.32 vi s lan truyn ca nh sng trong si quang nh trn hnh 2.33.

Hnh 2.32 Khi nh sng trng truyn qua lng knh cc bc sng khc nhau s b ung cong vi cc gc khc nhau to thnh hin tng cu vng. chnh l hin tng tn sc.

54

Chng 2: Si Quang
D LIU VO B pht Laser D LIU RA B thu quang

rng ph =

L
Tn sc mu trong si quang lm cho cc bc sng lan truyn vi vn tc khc nhau, v gy ra tr lan truyn

= tri rng xung

Laser ng vo khng phi l n sc m n gm nhiu bc sng hay nhiu mu

Hnh 2.33 nh sng lan truyn trong si quang s b tn sc nh trn hnh 2.32 2.4.2.5. Tn sc phn cc mode Mc d ta gi si quang l n mt nhng trn thc t n lun truyn 2 mt sng c gi chung cng mt tn. Cc mt ny l cc sng in t c phn cc tuyn tnh truyn trong si quang trong nhng mt phng vung gc vi nhau. Nu chit sut ca si quang l khng nh nhau trn phng truyn ca hai mt trn, hin tng tn sc phn cc mt xy ra. Minh ha trn hnh 2.34. S khc nhau gia cc ch s chit sut gi l khc x kp hay lng chit si

(Birefringence).

Hnh 2.34 Minh ho tn st phn cc mode Trn thc t, hng s lan truyn ca mi phn cc thay i theo chiu di si quang cho nn thi gian tr trn mi on si quang l ngu nhin v c xu hng kh ln nhau. Do tn sc phn cc mt t l tuyn tnh vi cn bc 2 chiu di si quang [2]:

t PMD = D PMD L
2.4.2.6. Mi quan h gia tn sc v di thng

(2.101)

55

Chng 2: Si Quang
Mi quan h gia di thng vi tc bit Hai m thng dng trong h thng thng tin l m tr v khng (RZ) v m khng tr v khng. Gi B v BT ln lt l di thng v tc ca tn hiu. Ta c [2] : i vi m NRZ:

B=
i vi m RZ

1 BT 2

(2.102)

B = BT
Mi quan h gia tn sc v di thng

(2.103)

Theo cng thc (2.79) v (2.80) ta c th tnh c tc bit cc i c th t c.Ty theo loi m ng truyn theo cc cng thc (2.102) v (2.103) ta c th suy ra di thng B. tri rng xung quyt nh kh nng mang thng tin ca si quang, m tri rng xung t l tuyn tnh vi chiu di si quang, tc di thng t l nghch vi khong cch thng tin. iu ny dn n m thng s hu ch hn i vi vic nh gi kh nng mang thng tin ca si quang, l tch di thng vi chiu di, k hiu l BL hay BxL. n v o: [MHz.Km]. Ta c cng thc lin h gia B v BL:

B = BL.L-

(2.104)

Vi: L l chiu di si quang; l hng s c gi tr 0,5 1, ph thuc vo chiu di L. Thng = 0,6 0,8. V tn sc ph thuc bc sng nn di thng cng ph thuc bc sng. 2.4.3. Cc hiu ng phi tuyn

Hiu ng quang c gi l phi tuyn nu cc tham s ca n ph thuc vo cng nh sng (cng sut). Cc hin tng phi tuyn c th b qua i vi cc h thng thng tin quang
hot ng mc cng sut va phi (vi mW) vi tc bit ln n 2.5 Gbps. Tuy nhin, tc bit cao hn nh 10 Gbps v cao hn v/hay mc cng sut truyn dn ln, vic xt cc hiu ng phi tuyn l rt quan trng. Trong cc h thng WDM, cc hiu ng phi tuyn c th tr nn quan trng thm ch cng sut v tc bit va phi. Cc hiu ng phi tuyn c th chia ra lm hai loi. Loi th nht pht sinh do tc ng qua li gia cc sng nh sng vi cc phonon (rung ng phn t) trong mi trng silica- mt trong nhiu loi hiu ng tn x m chng ta xem xt l tn x Rayleigh. Hai hiu ng chnh trong loi ny l tn x do kch thch Brillouin (SBS) v tn x do kch thch Raman (SRS). Loi th hai sinh ra do s ph thuc ca chit sut vo cng in trng hot ng, t l vi bnh phng bin in trng. Cc hiu ng phi tuyn quan trng trong loi ny l hiu ng t iu pha (SPM - Self-Phase Modulation), hiu ng iu ch xuyn pha (CPM - CrossPhase Modulation) v hiu ng trn bn bc sng (FWM - Four-Wave Mixing). Loi hiu ng ny c gi l hiu ng Kerr. Trong cc hiu ng tn x phi tuyn, nng lng t mt sng nh sng c chuyn sang mt sng nh sng khc c bc sng di hn (hoc nng lng thp hn). Nng lng mt i b hp th bi cc dao ng phn t hoc cc phonon (loi phonon lin quan n s khc nhau gia SBS v SRS). Sng th hai c gi l sng Stokes. Sng th nht c th gi l sng bm

56

Chng 2: Si Quang
(Pump) gy ra s khuch i sng Stokes. Khi sng bm truyn trong si quang, n b mt nng lng v sng Stokes nhn thm nng lng. Trong trng hp SBS, sng bm l sng tn hiu v sng Stokes l sng khng mong mun c to ra do qu trnh tn x. Trong trng hp SRS, sng bm l sng c nng lng cao v sng Stokes l sng tn hiu c khuch i t sng bm. Ni chung, cc hiu ng tn x c c trng bi h s li g, c o bng m/w (meters per watt) v rng ph f (i vi li tng ng) v cng sut ngng Pth ca nh sng ti - mc cng sut m ti suy hao do tn x l 3 dB, tc l mt na cng sut trn ton b di si quang. H s li l mt i lng ch cng ca hiu ng phi tuyn. Trong trng hp t iu pha SPM, cc xung truyn b hin tng chirp (tn s xung truyn i thay i theo thi gian). iu ny lm cho h s chirp (chirped factor) tr nn ng k cc mc nng lng cao. S c mt ca hin tng chirp lm cho hiu ng gin xung do tn sc mu tng ln. Do vy, chirp xy ra do SPM (SPM induced chirp) c th gy tng gin xung do tn sc mu trong h thng. i vi cc h thng tc bit cao, chirp do SPM c th lm tng mt cch ng k gin xung do tn sc mu thm ch cc mc cng sut va phi. nh hng ca SPM khng ch ph thuc vo du tham s GVD (Group Velocity Dispersion) m cn ph thuc vo chiu di ca h thng. Trong h thng WDM a knh, chirp xy ra trong mt knh ph thuc vo s thay i chit sut theo cng ca cc knh khc. Hiu ng ny c gi l hiu ng iu ch xuyn pha (CPM - Cross-Phase Modulation). Khi xem xt hin tng chirp trong mt knh do s thay i chit sut theo cng ca chnh knh , ta gi l hiu ng ny SPM. Trong cc h thng WDM, mt hiu ng quan trng khc l hiu ng trn bn bc sng. Nu h thng WDM bao gm cc tn s f1, f2, , fn, hiu ng trn bn bc sng sinh ra cc tn hiu ti cc tn s nh l 2fi - fj, v fi + fj - fk. Cc tn hiu mi ny gy ra xuyn knh (crosstalk) vi cc tn hiu c sn h thng. Xuyn knh ny nh hng c bit nghim trng khi khong cch gia cc knh hp. Vic gim tn sc mu lm tng xuyn knh gy ra bi hiu ng trn bn bc sng. V vy, h thng s dng si quang dch chuyn tn sc chu nh hng ca hiu ng trn bn bc sng nhiu hn l h thng s dng si n mt. Tuy nhin hin tng ny c th loi b nu duy tr mt t tn sc mu trong si quang [3]. Nhn chung cc nh hng ca cc hiu ng phi tuyn gim i khi s dng si quang c din tch li hiu dng ln [3].

2.5.

MT S LOI SI QUANG MI

Nhn chung khi xem xt cc yu t si quang lin quan n kh nng ca h thng thng tin quang, cn phi cp ti ba yu t c bn nht l suy hao, tn sc, v hiu ng phi tuyn xy ra trong si. Tuy nhin, i vi cc h thng khc nhau th mc nh hng ca cc yu t ny cng khc nhau. V d:

i vi cc h thng c ly ngn, dung lng thp th yu t ch yu cn quan tm l suy hao. i vi cc h thng tc cao, c ly tng i ln th yu t ch yu cn quan tm l suy hao v tn sc. i vi cc h thng c ly di v dung lng rt ln th ngoi hai yu t trn cn phi xem xt n c cc hiu ng phi tuyn.

57

Chng 2: Si Quang
Si quang ang c s dng rng ri hin nay trong cc h thng hin nay l si n mode SMF-28, G.652. Cc c tnh truyn dn ca si quang ny c m t trong phn 2.4. Cc ng cong m t tn sc v suy hao ca si n mode cho thy rng suy hao ca si t gi tr nh nht vng bc sng 1500 nm nhng tn sc c gi tr thp nht (bng khng) li bc sng 1300 nm. Nu c hai yu t suy hao v tn sc u t gi tr ti u th s c c tuyn thng tin n knh c ly truyn dn rt xa v tc bit rt ln. t c iu ny, ngi ta iu chnh cc tham s c bn ca si nhm dch chuyn tn sc ti thiu ti ca s c suy hao nh nht (ca s 1550 nm). Tn sc trong si n mode ch yu l tn sc vt liu v tn sc ng dn sng. Tn sc vt liu ca si tiu chun lm t SiO2 thng c gi tr bng 0 ps/km.nm ti bc sng 1270 nm, nhng nu pha thm mt s tp cht nh GeO2 v P2O5 vo li si th gi tr tn sc vt liu s dch chuyn v cc bc sng ln hn 1270 nm, nhng li lm tng suy hao si. Nh vy, s rt kh thay i c tn sc vt liu c bn. Tuy nhin, li hon ton c th thay i tn sc dn sng bng cch s i mt ct ch s chit sut phn bc n gin li si thnh mt ct ch s chit sut phc tp hn cho ra c gi tr tn sc mong mun. Si quang dch chuyn tn sc (DSF, G.653) c tn bng tng bng khng ti bc sng gn 1550 nm c ch to theo nguyn l ni trn. Hnh 2.35 minh ho mt ct ch s chit sut ca si quang DSFG.653

Khong cch t tm li (a)

Khong cch t tm li (b)

Hnh 2.35 Cc mt cc ch s chit sut (a) Si n mode thng thng (SMF-28, G.652) (b) Si tn sc dch chuyn (DSF, G.653) Si quang DSF-G.653 ch ph hp cho cc h thng n knh hot ng bc sng 1550 nm. Cc h thng ghp knh theo bc sng quang (WDM) bn cnh hai yu t suy hao v tn sc, cn chu nh hng ca cc hiu ng phi tuyn. Cc loi si quang mi cng c pht trin lm gim nh hng ca cc hiu ng ny. Di y chng ta s tp trung xem xt cc c tnh ni bt ca cc loi si quang mi ny. Bn c nn tham kho thm phn Cc hiu ng phi tuyn trong bi ging H thng thng tin quang 2 hiu r hn phn ny. Si quang dch chuyn tn sc khc khng (NZ-DSF) G.655 Mc d si quang dch chuyn tn sc (DSF) gii quyt trit cc nh hng do tn sc mu gy ra ca s bc sng 1550 nm. Tuy nhin, n li khng thch hp dng trong h thng WDM do s thit thi nghim trng v cng sut do hiu ng trn bn bc sng v cc s phi tuyn khc gy ra. S thit thi ny s c loi b nu c mt t tn sc mu hin din trong si do s tng tc ca cc sng khc nhau khi lan truyn vi vn tc nhm khc nhau. iu ny dn n s pht trin ca cc loi si dch chuyn tn sc khc khng (NZ - DSF). Cc loi si ny c tn sc mu khong t 1 n 6 ps/nm.km hoc l -1 n -6 ps/nm.km ca s 1550 nm. iu ny ct gim nh hng ca cc hiu ng phi tuyn trong khi vn gia nguyn cc u im

58

Chng 2: Si Quang
ca si DSF. Loi si mi ny ang c xy dng trong cc cng trnh cc tuyn di Bc M. Chng hn, si quang LS ca Corning c bc sng tn sc khng bc sng 1560 nm v tn sc mu nh khong 0.092 ( - 1560) ps/nm.km ca s bc sng 1550 nm v si TrueWave ca cng ngh Lucent Technologies. Bi v tt c cc si NZ - DSF c ch to c gi tr tn sc khc khng rt nh di C nhng vn c gi tr khng ngoi di C, nm trong di L hoc di S. Trong nhng trng hp ny, mt phn ln ca di bng xung quanh bc sng tn sc s khng dng do hiu ng trn bn bc sng. Si TeraLight ca Alcatel l mt loi si NZ - DSF c tn sc khng di bn di bc sng 1440 nm v v vy c s dng c 3 di. Tn sc mu ngoi vic phi c gi tr nh, cn phi c dc nh (i vi bc sng). dc nh lm gim tri rng xung do tn sc mu tch ly gia cc knh khc nhau trong mt h thng WDM. Nu tri rng nh, tc l tn sc mu tch ly trn cc knh khc nhau gn nh l ng nht, c th b tn sc mu tch ly trn tt c cc knh bng mt b b tn sc mu duy nht. Phng php ny s r hn khi s dng b b tn sc mu trn mi knh. dc tn sc mu ca cc loi si TrueWave, TrueWave RS ( dc gim) v LEAF (s cp di y) c minh ha hnh 2.36. Si TrueWave RS ca Lucent c ch to c gi tr dc tn sc mu nh hn khong 0.05 ps/nm.km2 so vi cc loi si NZ - DSF khc c dc trong khong 0.07 0.4 ps/nm.km2.

LEAF TrueWave Tn sc (ps/nm.km)

10 8 6 4 2 0 1530

TrueWave RS

Di C
1550

Di L
1570 1590 1610 Bc sng (nm)

Hnh 2.36 nghin tn sc ca si TrueWave, si TrueWave RS v LEAF.

Si quang din tch hiu dng li ln nh hng ca s phi tuyn c th gim c khi ch to loi si quang c din tch li hiu dng ln. Nh thy rng cc si quang dch chuyn tn sc khc khng c gi tr tn sc mu b trong khong 1550 nm ti thiu s nh hng ca tn sc mu, nhng khng may, cc loi si ny li c din tch hiu dng li nh hn. Gn y, si NZ DSF c din tch hiu dng li ln - trn 70 m2, c Corning (LEAF) v Lucent (TrueWave XL) pht trin. Din tch ny ln hn nhiu so vi 50m2 ca si NZ - DSF bnh thng v nh hn 85m2 ca si SMF. Do vy, cc loi si ny t c s tha hip tt hn gia tn sc mu v s phi tuyn hn l cc si NZ - DSF bnh thng. Tuy nhin, khuyt im ca cc loi si ny l c dc tn sc mu

59

Chng 2: Si Quang
ln hn, khong 0.11 ps/nm.km so vi 0.07 ps/nm.km i vi loi si NZ - DSF khc v khong 0.05 ps/nm.km2 i vi loi si gim dc. Din tch li hiu dng ln cng lm gim hiu qu ca vic khuch i phn b Raman (xem phn khuch i quang trong bi ging H thng thng tin quang 2). Mt ct chit sut khc x tiu biu ca si LEAF c trnh by hnh 2.37. Vng li gm ba phn. Phn st bn trong nht, chit sut thay i theo dng tam gic. Phn vnh khuyn ( gia) c chit sut bng vi chit sut lp v. Phn ngoi cng ca lp li tip theo c hnh vnh khuyn c chit sut cao hn. Phn gia ca li l phn c chit sut thp hn, khng gy tiu hao cng sut v v vy, cng sut c phn b trn din tch ln hn. iu ny lm gim tn hao nng lng trong li v lm tng din tch hiu dng ca si. Hnh 2.38 m t phn b nng lng trong li ca si DSF v LEAF.
2 2

Khong cch t tm li (a)

Khong cch t tm li (b)

Hnh 2.37 (a) NZ-DSF bnh thng. (b) LEAF.

Hnh 2.38 S phn b cng sut trong li ca si DSF v LEAF. Cng sut trong si LEAF c phn b vi din tch rng hn

Cc si quang tn sc m v dng Mt s si quang c thit k c c tn sc mu dng v m trong di 1550 nm. Tn sc mu ca si c tn sc mu dng v m trong di 1550 nm c trnh by trong hnh 2.39. Si c tn sc mu dng c s dng cho cc h thng trn t lin, cn si tn sc mu m c s dng cho cc h thng di bin. (i vi vic b tn sc mu th ngc li: si quang

60

Cng trng

Chng 2: Si Quang
c tn sc mu m c s dng trn t lin, si c tn sc mu dng dng cho cc h thng ngm di bin). C tn sc mu m v dng u gy ra gin xung v gin xung ny ph thuc vo ln tn sc mu m khng ph thuc vo du ca n (khi khng c mt ca s chirp v cc s phi tuyn). V vy, ti sao li cn cc loi si quang c tn sc mu khc du nhau, tn sc mu dng cho h thng t lin v tn sc mu m cho cc h thng di bin. hiu s tn ng ny, chng ta cn hiu cc hin tng phi tuyn khc: tnh bt n iu ch (Modulation Instability). iu ny c th gii thch nh sau [3]: Khi b chirp dng sn sau ca xung b dch n tn s f < f0 v sn trc ca xung b dch n tn s f > f0. iu ny c ngha l ph ca tn hiu b gin ra trong qu trnh truyn dn. Khi tn sc mu l dng thnh phn tn s cao (f > f0) s lan truyn chm hn thnh phn tn s thp (f < f0) nn xung b co li (nguyn l ca truyn dn soliton). SPM lm cho cc xung chirp dng (xem bi ging H thng thng tin quang 2). cc mc cng sut cao, s tc ng qua li gia hai hin tng ny - tn sc mu v chirp do SPM- dn n gy (breakup) xung rng tng i (trong khong thi gian 100 ps, tng ng xp x vi tc truyn dn 10 Gbps) thnh cc lung xung ngn (khong vi pico giy). Hin tng ny gi l hin tng khng n nh iu ch v dn n tng ng k t l bit li. S khng n nh iu ch ch xy ra trong si quang tn sc mu dng v v vy, c th trnh bng cch s dng si c tn sc mu m. Cc nh hng ca n i vi si quang tn sc mu dng c th c ti thiu khi dng cc mc cng sut thp hn. Cc h thng WDM khng th hot ng quanh bc sng tn sc khng ca si quang do nh hng nghim trng ca hiu ng trn bn bc sng. i vi si quang dch chuyn tn sc dng, bc sng tn sc khng nm di di bc sng 1550 nm v khng nm trong di L. Do , cc h thng s dng si quang tn sc mu dng c th nng cp c th s dng di L (xem hnh 2.26). Tnh nng cp l mt c tnh quan trng ca h thng t lin. Do , si quang tn sc mu dng th thch hp cho h thng t lin, v mc cng sut c iu khin s bt n iu ch l khng ng k. Tuy nhin, i vi cc tuyn di bin, vic s dng cc mc cng sut ln hn th rt quan trng do khong cch tuyn di. Nhng tuyn ny khng c kh nng nng cp bng bt c phng php no, do n c th di y i dng, v vy s dng di L i vi nhng si ny th khng c kh nng. Do vy, si quang tn sc mu m c dng cho cc tuyn di bin. V si tn sc mu m dng cho cc tuyn di bin, tn sc mu c th c b bng cch dng si quang n mt chun (SMF) c tn sc mu dng, ngha l vic thay i tun t cc on si quang SMF c tn sc mu dng v tn sc mu m c th gi cho tn sc mu tng cng thp. iu ny thch hp s dng si quang b tn sc do chng c nhy hn i vi cc hiu ng phi tuyn bi v din tch hiu dng li ca n thp. Ch rng tt c cc si quang xem xt c dc tn sc mu dng, tc l tn sc mu tng khi bc sng tng. iu ny ch yu l dc tn sc vt liu ca si quang silica l dng v thng hn hn dc tn sc m ca tn sc ng dn sng (xem hnh 2.31). Si quang c dc tn sc mu m th hu dng trong vic b dc tn sc mu. Trong khi c kh nng ch to si quang tn sc mu m (trong di 1550 nm) vi dc m, th khng c kh nng ch to si c tn sc mu dng vi dc m. Hnh 2.39 tm tt tn sc mu trong di C v dc tn sc mu ca tt c cc loi tho lun.

61

Chng 2: Si Quang

Tn sc (ps/nm.km)

i t S

c ns

ng d

n i t

sc

Hnh 2.39 Tn sc mu m v dng trong di 1550 nm.

2.6.
2.6.1.1.

CP SI QUANG
Yu cu i vi si quang

2.6.1. Sn xut si quang m bo nhng tnh nng truyn dn nh sng tt v c tui th cao, si quang cn p ng nhng yu cu ngt ngho sau:

V c: bn vng, khng b t, gy vi tc ng ca lc ko, lc ct ngang, v lc un cong. Khng b dn n qu ln do tc ng ca lc ko thng xuyn. Tc lo ho chm. V c tnh truyn dn nh sng: Vt liu phi rt tinh khit, khng c tp cht. Cu to lp bc v li u n, khng c ch khuyt tt, khng c ch khng ng nht.

trnh lm tn x nh sng, sinh thm suy hao ph v mo xung. 2.6.1.2.

Ch to si quang Theo vt liu ch to, si quang c th phn loi thnh: Si Silica (SiO2) (Silica fiber). Si hp cht thy tinh (Multi-component glass fiber). Si c lp bc bng plastic (Plastic - clad fiber). Si ton bng plastic (All - plastic fiber).

Hu ht si dng trong vin thng l si Silica. Qu trnh ch to si bao gm hai giai on chnh:

To mu tin ch (Preform): Mu tin ch l mt thanh thy tinh c chit sut li n1, lp bc n2 iu chnh c trong qu trnh ch to bng cch thay i thnh phn v nng cht ph gia. Hay ni cch khc, mu tin ch c hnh dng si quang trong tng lai.Nh vy cht lng mu tin ch quyt nh suy hao v tn sc ca si quang.

62

Chng 2: Si Quang

Ko si (Drawing): Trong qu trnh ko si, nhit t nng phi, tc ko quyt nh thng s hnh hc v sc bn c hc.

1. CH TO MU TIN CH C hai phng php c s dng to mu tin ch [4]:

Phng php nu chy thy tinh. Trong phng php ny c chia lm hai phng php: Phng php ng, v Phng php ni nu i. ng hi ha cht bn trong IVD (Inside Vapour Deposition). Trong phng php ny c hai k thut: MCVD (Modified Chemical Vapour Deposition) v PCVD (Plasma Chemical Vapour Deposition). ng hi ha cht bn ngoi OVD (Outside Vapour Deposition). ng hi ha cht dc theo trc VAD (Vapour Axial Deposition).

Phng php ng hi ha cht. Trong phng php ny gm c ba phng php: -

PHNG NU CHY THY TINH Phng php ng L mt trong nhng k thut u tin s dng cch y 20 nm. Mt li thy tinh c tinh khit cao c lng vo ng thy tinh khc c chit sut thp hn. vn ch yu l to ra c khe h nh nht gia li v lp bc.

Hnh 2.39

Phng ong c s dung e tao mau tien che. Kh m bo c tinh khit cao v khng trnh c nhng h hi nh. Ch dng sn xut si a mode SI. Suy hao ca si quang ch to theo phng php ny cao: 500 1000 dB/Km.

Nhng nhc im ca phng php sn xut ny:

Phng php ni nu i

63

Chng 2: Si Quang
Thy tinh li si Thy tinh v si Nu ring

Nu chung

Ko si Ph lp bo v

Cht ph bo v

Cun si

Hnh 2.40 Phng php ni nu i Dng phng php ny ch to ra si ch khng ch to phi. u im u tin ca phng php ny l n trnh c cc ch khuyt tt trn lp phn cch v - rut si m phng php thanh ng gp phi. Trn hnh gii thiu tng qut phng php ny. Thy tinh lm lp bc v li c nu ring thnh cc cht lng ri a vo ni hai lp ring r. u ra ni i ny c van hai lp ko si ra. Nh thm thy tinh lin tc nn trong qu trnh nu v ko lin tc c th t c si rt di. Si nng c ko qua b ph cht bo v trc khi c cun thnh cun. Dng phng php ny c th ch to si SI v si GI. ch to c si n mode c ng knh b th phng php ny cha thc hin c. PHNG PHP NG HI HA CHT

64

Chng 2: Si Quang
Phng php ng hi ho cht bn trong MVCD

Hnh 2.41 Vt liu ban u:

S qu trnh ng hi bn trong MVCD

Mt ng thy tinh c tinh khit cao. Cc cht lng: SiCl4, GeCl4. Cc cht kh: O2, POCl3, BCl3.

ng thy tinh c t nng bng ngun cng hng n 1400oC, di chuyn dc theo trc ng thy tinh. Trong lc c t nng, ng thy tinh quay theo trc ca n. Cc nguyn liu, dng hi, c a vo ng. nhit ny s xy ra cc phn ng ha hc bn trong ng. Sau phn ng cc vt liu cu thnh lp bc v li bm vo thnh ng theo tng lp. Cc phn ng oxy ha: SiCl4 + 2H2O = SiO2 + 4HCl (gas) (gas) (gas) (gas) (rn) (gas) (rn) (gas) (rn) (gas) (gas) (gas) SiCl4 + O2 = SiO2 + 2Cl2 GeCl4 + O2 = GeO2 + 2Cl2 Sau khi kt thc qu trnh ngng t, ng c t nng n 2000oC co li thnh mt thanh c, l mu tin ch.

65

Chng 2: Si Quang
(a) Phi sau qu trnh ng hi Hnh 2.42 (b) Mu tin ch sau khi phi c un 2000 C Sn phm sau qu trnh ng hi.

Mun thay i chit sut, ngi ta s dng thm nhng cht ph gia nh: GeO2, P2O5, B, F, trong GeO2 v P2O5 lm tng chit sut, B v F lm gim chit sut. K thut ny c s dng rng ri v cho php to si c suy hao thp nht; gim c nng OH-; thay i vt liu v gas d dng. V d:

Si SM Silica c = 0,2 dB/Km ( = 1550 nm). Si Germanium PhosphoSilicate GI c suy hao: 2,8 dB/Km ( = 820 nm)
=

0,45 dB/Km ( = 1300 nm) 0,35 dB/Km ( = 1550 nm)

K thut MCVD cn to c si c di thng rt cao. V d: si a mode GI c BxL = 4,3 GHz ( = 1250 nm); BL = 4,7 GHz ( = 1290 nm). Phng php ng hi ho cht bn trong PVCD

Hnh 2.43 Phng php to phi PVCD

Cng l phng php ng hi ha cht bn trong. Cc nguyn liu th hi do mt h thng cung cp vo mt ng thy tinh t trong l nung 1150oC. Qu trnh phn ng xy ra nh mt vng plasma sinh ra nh mt b cng hng cc ngn. B ny c th dch chuyn dc theo ng. Bm gi p lc trong ng to Plasma v ht kh tha ra. ng bao chit sut rt chnh xc nh to ra c hng nghn lp rt mng trn thnh ng. Sau ng ny c nung chy 2000oC to thnh phi c.

66

Chng 2: Si Quang
Phng php ng hi ho cht bn ngoi (OVD)

SiCl4

BCl3

POCl3

GeCl4

O2

Hnh 2.44

S qu trnh ng hi bn ngoi (OVD)

Phng php ny c hng Corning Glass (M) pht trin. Vt liu ban u:

Mt thanh thy tinh tinh khit. Cc cht lng: SiCl4, TiCl4 (GeCl4). Cc cht kh: O2, POCl3, BCl3.

Cc ho cht ny c phun ln b mt ca thanh thy tinh, ng thi thanh thy tinh quay xung quanh trc ca n. Sau khi ph cc lp yu cu, rt thanh thy tinh ra, cn li phi xp, rng. Sau nung phi ny n 2000oC c mt phi trong sut, c c dng si quang tng lai. Phng php ng hi theo trc (VAD) y l mt phng php rt tt c pht trin Nht v lun c ci tin. Cc vt liu to li v lp bc c bc hi v ngng t vo u ca mt thanh thy tinh xoay trn lin tc. Khi di chuyn thanh dc theo trc s to c phi. Sau ko phi ny qua l nung to kch thc hnh hc u cho phi si. u im ca phng php ny l c tc ng hi ln v hiu sut s dng nguyn liu cao ti 6080%. Theo phng php ny ngi ta ch c cc loi si c rng bng truyn dn rt ln. 2. KO SI K thut ko si t ng kim tra ng knh Nguyn l ko si c minh ha nh hnh 2.45 [4]

67

Chng 2: Si Quang

L nung nhit cao (2.0000C) Kim tra ng knh si quang Bc lp ph Nhum mu L sy Mch iu khin

My cun

o lc cng

Hnh 2.45

S nguyn l ko si t ng

Mt u mu tin ch c gn chc vi mt h thng a phi ln xung. u cn li a vo l nung nhit cao (khong 2000OC). nhit ny, u phi nhng ra nh mt ong, v si c ko ra u ny. Si ln lt i qua cc b phn sau:

B kim tra ng knh si: b ny nhm iu chnh ng knh si c chnh xc. B bc lp ph: khi si cn nng phi bc lun lp ph trnh bi bm vo si, hi m (OH-) v cc tc ng gy ra vi un cong. B nhum mu: nhm mc ch chia si v hn ni si sau ny. L sy: nhm lm kh si. My cun si. My o sc cng. V cui cng c qun vo cun cp.

Si c ko ra t l nung c ng knh ngoi ng yu cu. c kch thc hnh hc u v ng bao chit sut n nh th nhit phi, tc a phi xung v tc ko phi ph hp v n nh. u im ca phng php ko si t ng kim tra ng knh:

Ko c c ba dng si (a mode SI, a mode GI, SM). Kch thc hnh hc v ng bao chit sut kh chnh xc. Si ko c c cht lng cao.

2.6.1.3.

Cc bin php bo v si quang

68

Chng 2: Si Quang
bo v si quang, trnh nhiu tc ng do iu kin ngoi, si quang cn c bc thm vi lp na:

Lp ph, hay cn gi l lp v th nht (Primary Coating). Lp v th hai (Secondary Coating).

Lp v 900 m Lp ph 250 m Lp bc 125 m Li 10/50 m

Hnh 2.46 minh ha cu trc si quang khi em lm si.

Hnh 2.46 Lp ph (Primary Coating)

Cu trc si quang khi em lm cp.

c bc ngay trong qu trnh ko si nhm bo v si quang:

Chng li s xm nhp ca hi nc. Trnh s try st gy nn nhng vt nt. Gim nh hng vi un cong.

Vt liu dng lm lp ph c th l epoxyarylate, polyurethanes, ethylen -vinyl - acetate, ... Lp ph cn c chc nng loi b nhng tia sng khc x ra ngoi lp bc. Mun vy chit sut ca lp ph phi ln hn chit sut lp bc, nu khng s xy ra s phn x ton phn trn mt tip gip gia lp bc v lp ph.

69

Chng 2: Si Quang
Hnh 2.47 Mt ct ngang ca si quang sau khi bc lp ph. ng nht, b dy v ng tm ca lp ph c nh hng n cht lng ca si quang. Thng thng ng knh lp ph l 250 m (i vi si c D = 125m). Lp ph c th c nhum mu hoc c nhng vng nh du. Lp ny c tut b khi hn ni hoc ghp nh sng. Lp v (Secondary Coating, Buffer Coating, Jacket) Lp v c tc dng tng cng sc chu ng ca si quang trc tc dng c hc v s thay i nhit . Hin nay lp v c cc dng sau: m lng (Loose buffer), m kht (Tight buffer), dng bng dp (Ribbon). Mi dng c u nhc im ring v c s dng trong nhng iu kin khc nhau.

Dng ng m lng: Si quang ( bc lp ph) c t trong ng m c ng knh trong ln hn kch thc si quang. ng m lng gm hai lp: Lp trong: c h s ma st nh. Lp ngoi: che ch si quang trc nh hng ca lc c hc. v c ch to t cc vt liu polyester v polyamide. Vi ng m cha 1 si quang, ng knh: 1,2 2 mm, b dy: 0,15 0,5 mm. Nu ng m cha nhiu si (2 12 si) th ng knh: 2,4 3 mm. Vi dng ng m lng, si quang di chuyn t do trong ng m. Cht nhi phi c cc tnh nng sau: Ngn m. C tnh nht, khng tc dng ha hc vi cc thnh phn khc ca cp. Khng ng c hoc nng chy nhit lm vic. D ty sch khi cn hn ni. Kh chy. ng m lng cng c nhum mu. Dng ng m lng c dng trong cc ng truyn dn cht lng cao trong iu kin mi trng thay i nhiu.

Si quang Lp cht nhi Lp v

(a)

(b)

70

Chng 2: Si Quang
Hnh 2.48

Minh ha cu trc m lng

(a) ng m mt si quang; (b) ng m nhiu si quang Dng m kht: n gin, lp v m st lp ph. Phng php ny lm gim ng knh ca lp v, nn gim c kch thc v trng lng cp. Nhc im: si quang b nh hng trc tip khi cp b ko cng. gim nh hng ny, ngng ta dng thm mt lp m mm gia lp ph v lp v. Hnh thc ny gi l m tng hp. Dng m khch v m tng hp c dng trong cp t trong nh, dng lm dy nhy u ni cc trm u cui, .... ng knh: 0,50 1 mm.

Hnh 2.49

(a) Cu trc m kht, v (b) m tng hp.

Dng bng dp: Cu trc bng dp cng l mt dng m kht nhng v bc nhiu si quang thay v mt si. S si trong mt bng c th l 4, 8, 12 si. Nhc im: si quang b nh hng trc tip khi b ko cng. c s dng trong cp c nhiu si.

Hnh 2.50 2.6.2. Cu trc cp si quang c im, yu cu ca cp quang.

Cu trc bng dp.

Cp quang cn phi p ng nhng yu cu sau:

71

Chng 2: Si Quang

Khng b nh hng nhiu in t. Khng thm nc, lt nc. Chng c cc nh hng: va chm, lc ko, lc nn, lc un cong, ... n nh khi nhit thay i. t b lo ho. Trng lng nh, kch thc b.

Phn loi cp quang. C th phn loi cp quang theo cc hng sau:theo cu trc, theo mc ch s dng, theo iu kin lp t.

Phn loi theo cu trc: -

Cp c cu trc c in: cc si hoc nhm si c phn b i xng theo

hng xoay trn ng tm. Loi cu trc ny hin nay rt ph bin.

Cp c li trc c rnh: Cc si hoc nhm si c t trn rnh c sn trn mt

li ca cp.

Cp c cu trc bng dp: nhiu si quang c ghp trn mt bng, v nhiu

bng xp chng ln nhau.

Cp c cu trc c bit: do nhu cu trong cp c th c cc dy kim loi cp

ngun t xa, cnh bo, lm ng nghip v; hoc cp i trong nh, ch cn hai si quang l ,

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d) Hnh 2.51 V d v cc cu trc cp quang (a) Cp c cu trc c in. (b) Cp li trc c rnh.

(c) Cp c cu trc bng dp.

(d) Cp hai si dng trong nh.

72

Chng 2: Si Quang
Trong thc t, khi cn cp nhiu si quang, c th ch to cp gm nhiu nhm, mi nhm l mt cp nh ca cc loi cp trn. S lng si trong cp c th t 2 si n hng nghn si, ty theo lnh vc s dng. V d: trn mng ni ht th cp thu bao v cp trung k gia cc im chuyn mch th cn rt nhiu si quang; cp truyn dn ng di khng cn c nhiu si v khng phi r nhnh nhiu. Tuy nhiu si nhng cp khng qu to. V d: cp c 800 si: ng knh ngoi 35 mm; cp ni ht c 4000 si: ng knh ngoi 85 mm.

Phn loi theo mc ch s dng:c th chia ra cc loi sau: Cp dng trn mng thu bao ni ht, nng thn. Cp trung k gia cc tng di. Cp ng di. Cp chn trc tip. Cp t trong ng. Cp th di nc, th bin. Cp dng trong nh.

Phn loi theo iu kin lp t: bao gm cc loi sau: -

Cu trc cp quang. Tuy rng phn chia ra nhiu loi, song s dng ph bin hin nay l cp quang c cu trc c in. Sau y chng ta xem xt cu to c bn ca mt cp quang c cu trc c in. Cu trc c in tng qut gm c: thnh phn chu lc trung tm, si quang, bng qun, cht nhi, lp gia cng ngoi, v cp.

Hnh 2.52 Si quang

Cu trc tng qut ca cp quang.

Cc si quang c m (dng m lng, m kht, m tng hp, bng dp) sp xp theo mt th t nht nh.

Cch sp xp si quang Si quang thng c sp xp theo tng lp hoc n v. Cu trc lp: thng dng mng ng di.

73

Chng 2: Si Quang

(a)

(b)

(a) Hnh 2.53 Cu trc lp. (a) Cu trc mt lp. (b) Cu trc hai lp. -

(b)

Cu trc n v: c mt si cao nn ph hp vi mng cp ni ht.

Hnh 2.54

Cu trc n v.

S xon rut cp: Si quang cng cc thnh phn khc (dy ng, ng lm y, ...) s c bn xung quanh thnh phn chu lc trung tm to thnh rut cp. C cc kiu xon cp: kiu S (xon thun), kiu Z (xon nghch), v kiu SZ (xon thun nghch). Trong cch bn SZ phi c dy qun xung quanh cc thnh phn bn gi chng do cng ca cc thnh phn bn, c bit l ch i chiu.

74

Chng 2: Si Quang

(a)

(b)

(c)

Hnh 2.55

Cc kiu xon cp

(a) Xon kiu S (xon thun). (b) Xon kiu Z (xon nghch). (c) Xon kiu SZ (xon thun nghch). Thnh phn chu lc (Thnh phn gia cng)

Nhim v ca thnh phn chu lc: Gi cho si quang khng b ko cng trong qu trnh lp t cp. Tng kh nng chu lc c hc cn thit cho cp, t bit l m bo tnh n nh nhit cho cp. Chng li s xm nhp ca nc v hi nc.

Yu cu vt liu s dng lm gia cng phi nh, c mm do. y l c tnh rt quang trng trong qu trnh ko cp vo ng dn. Cc thnh phn chu lc: c hai dng, l thnh phn chu lc trung tm v thnh phn gia cng ngoi. Thnh phn chu lc trung tm nm tm cp (trc ca cp - Xem hnh 4.59). y l thnh phn chu ton b lc cho cp khi lp t, v khng th thiu c. Vt liu ch to thnh phn chu lc trung tm c th l kim loi hoc phi kim loi. Kim loi thng l thp, v thp c ng sut cao, h s nhit thp, r tin. Nhng phi lu chng n mn v phng in khi c in p trn . Dng thp lm thnh phn gia cng s khng ph hp vi cc loi cp c yu cu i hi mm do cao. Vt liu phi kim loi c th l cc si do pha thy tinh, si aramid, si Kevlar, hay si cacbon. Cp c thnh phn chu lc trung tm bng phi kim loi thng c trng lng nh v khng b nh hng bi in t trng ngoi. Si Aramid l mt vt liu nh, bn chc. Kevlar, mt nhn hiu c th ca si aramid, rt bn v thng c s dng trong cc o chng n. Nhng cp si quang phi chu sc cng ln thng s dng Kevlar lm thnh phn gia cng trung tm. Khi c b tr ngay bn trong v bc cp v bc ton b phn bn trong cp, kevlar bo v thm cho cc si quang chng li tc ng ca mi trng. N cng c th cung cp cc tnh cht chng n cho nhng cp cn dng trong cc h thng chy qua khu vc c bn sng.

75

Chng 2: Si Quang

Thnh phn chu lc trung tm

Hnh 2.56 Thnh phnchu lc trung tm cp. Thnh phn gia cng ngoi bao quanh rut cp: b xung thm kh nng chu lc cho cc phn t gia cng khc trong rut. Vt liu gia cng thng l si t aramit, bng kim loi c dng si (mt lp hoc hai lp) hoc dng l mng c dp gn sng hnh sin.

Hnh 2.57 V cp

Thnh phn gia cng ngoi.

V cp c tc dng bo v rut cp trnh nh hng ca iu kin bn ngoi nh: lc c hc, tc dng ca cc cht ho hc, nhit , hi m, ...Khi chn vt liu lm v cp cn lu n c tnh sau: c tnh kh hu, kh nng chng m, tnh tr i vi cc cht ha hc, bo m cho cp c kch thc nh, trng lng nh, kh chy. Cng tng t nh cp ng, v cp quang c ch to t nhiu vt liu khc nhau. Cc vt liu thng c s dng lm v cp: PVC, PE, PUR. Cht nhi (Cht lm y) ngn nc vo rut cp, th dng cht nhn vo tt c cc khe h trong rut cp di p sut ln. Cht ny c yu cu l khng gy tc hi ha hc ln cc thnh phn khc, c h s n hit b, khng ng cng, khng lm cp b dn n v b cng qu.

TM TT
Hiu c s lan truyn ca nh sng trong si quang khng nhng gip chng ta thy r nhng u im ni bc ca vic s dng cp quang lm mi trng truyn dn m cn gip chng ta nm bt c cc vn cn phi gii quyt khi thit k h thng thng tin quang tc cao. Chng ta bt u chng ny bng vic tm hiu nh sng lan truyn nh th no trong cc si quang, v cc khi nim ban u v mode, si a mode v n mode. Bng cc s dng

76

Chng 2: Si Quang
l thuyt quang hnh hc n gin (phn 2.2) chng ta tm ra c iu kin nh sng c th lan truyn c trong si quang thng qua khi nim v khu s (NA). nh sng l sng in t do c ci nhn todin v s lan truyn ca nh sng trong si quang, chng ta cn phi ng dng v gii h phng trnh Maxwell cho ng dn sng hnh tr vi iu kin dn yu ( tc l cho si quang). Cc li gii ca h phng trnh Maxwell chnh l cc mode sng lan truyn trong si quang. Vic gii phng trnh Maxwell (phn 2.3) cho chng ta thy r thm bn cht vt l ca mode l g; v sao nh sng lan truyn trong si quang di dng mt tp ri rt; v quan trng hn na l cc iu kin hnh thnh cc mode ny thng qua cc khi nim v tn s c chun ha v bc sng ct. Chng ta ng dng cc iu kin ny ch to cc si quang n mode c s dng rng ri trn mng vin thng hin nay. nh sng lan truyn trong si quang s b suy, tn sc v chu nh hng ca cc hiu ng phi tuyn. Trong phn 2.4 chng ta kho st chi tit bn cht vt l ca hin tng suy hao v tn st. Chng ta hiu r tn sc lm hn ch di thng truyn dn nh th no v nguyn nhn thc y vic s dng si quang n mode. Chng ta cng thy mc d tn sc l yu t quan trng nht gii hn cht lng ca h thng tc 2.5 Gbps v thp hn na, cc hiu ng phi tuyn tr nn quan trng tc bit cao hn v cc h thng a knh WDM. Chng ta s kho st chi tit tr li ngun gc v nh hng ca cc hiu ng phi tuyn ny trong Bi ging H thng thng tin quang 2. Si n mode tiu chun (SMF-G.652) gip chng ta loi b c tn sc mode nhng trong vng suy hao nh nht (ca s 1550 nm), tn sc mu vn khng phi l ti thiu. iu ny dn ti vic ch to si quang dch chuyn tn sc (DFS-G.653) bo m bc sng gn 1550nm khng nhng c suy hao nh nht m cn c tn sc mu bng khng. Phn 2.5 cho thy nguyn l thc hin vic ny thay i mt ct chit sut li si. Chng ta cng ta cng thy r cng bng nguyn l ny ngi ta cng ch to ra c cc loi si quang mi khng nhng lm gim c nh hng ca tn sc mu m cn lm gim nh hng ca cc hiu ng phi tuyn ng dng cho cc h thng WDM. Chng ta dnh phn cui cng (2.6) tm hiu cng ngh ch to si quang v cp quang.

CU HI N TP
2.1 Cho mt tia sng t mi trng 1 vi chit sut n1 ti mt ngn cch mi trng 2 c chit sut n2. Gi s n1 < n2. Khi : a. Lun lun c tia khc x. b. Lun lun c hin tng phn x ton phn. c. Hin tng phn x ton phn xy ra khi gc ti ln hn gc ti hn. d. Tt c cc cu trn u ng. 2.2 Cho mt tia sng t mi trng 1 vi chit sut n1 ti mt ngn cch mi trng 2 c chit sut n2. Gi s n1 > n2.Khi : a. Lun lun c tia khc x. b. Lun lun c hin tng phn x ton phn. c. Hin tng phn x ton phn xy ra khi gc ti ln hn gc ti hn. d. Khng c hin tng phn x ton phn.

77

Chng 2: Si Quang
2.3 Cho si quang chit sut bc SI. iu kin a tia sng vo si quang l : a. Tia sng nm trong vng khu s. b. Tia sng nm ngoi vng khu s. c. C a v b u ng. d. C a v b u sai.

n 1 r g r a a 1 vi 2.4 Cho chit sut si quang c phn b nh sau: n(r ) = n a r b 2 n1: chit sut ln nht li, tc ti r = 0. Hay n(0) = n1, n2: chit sut lp bc, r: khong cch tnh t trc si n im tnh chit sut, a: bn knh li si quang, b: bn knh lp bc si. quang. Si quang l si chit sut bc (SI) khi :
a. g = 1. b. g = 2. c. g = 3. d. g = 2.5 S mode sng truyn c trong si quang khng ph thuc vo: a. Bc sng cng tc. b. ng knh li si. c. ng knh lp bc. d. Chit sut li si v lp bc. 2.6 Nu nh sng truyn trong si quang c bc sng ln hn bc sng ct th: a. Si quang l si n mode. b. Si quang l si a mode. c. Si quang l n mode hay a mode ph thuc vo ng knh li si quang. d. Si quang l n mode hay a mode ph thuc vo gc pht sng ca ngun quang. 2.7 Cu no trong nhng cu sau y l ng cho cp si quang: a. D b nh hng ca in t trng. b. Mc hn cp ng. c. Lm cho cc xung quang yu dn v dn ra. d. Ch c th truyn cc sng nh sng cc tm. 2.8 Cu no trong nhng cu sau y l ng cho hin tng suy hao trong si quang: a. Hin tng cng sut ca tn hiu quang b suy gim khi lan truyn trong si quang. b. Hin tng gin xung nh sng khi lan truyn trong si quang. c. Cc tham s ca tn hiu quang ph thuc vo cng (cng sut) nh sng. d. Tt c cc cu trn u ng. 2.9 Cu no trong nhng cu sau y l ng cho hin tng tn sc trong si quang: a. Hin tng cng sut ca tn hiu quang b suy gim khi lan truyn trong si quang. b. Hin tng gin xung nh sng khi lan truyn trong si quang.

78

Chng 2: Si Quang
c. Cc tham s ca tn hiu quang ph thuc vo cng (cng sut) nh sng. d. Tt c cc cu trn u ng. 2.10 Cu no trong nhng cu sau y l ng cho hin tng phi tuyn trong si quang: a. Hin tng cng sut ca tn hiu quang b suy gim khi lan truyn trong si quang. b. Hin tng gin xung nh sng khi lan truyn trong si quang. c. Cc tham s ca tn hiu quang ph thuc vo cng (cng sut) nh sng. d. Tt c cc cu trn u ng. 2.11 Hin tng suy hao c th so snh vi hin tng sau: a. Khi xe hi chy trn xa l th bnh xng cn dn. b. Xe hi va chm vi mt xe hi khc khi chy trn xa l. c. Cc xe hi chy trn cc ln khc nhau ca mt xa l c phn lung. d. Tt c cc cu trn u ng. 2.12 Hin tng tn sc c th so snh vi hin tng sau: a. Khi xe hi chy trn xa l th bnh xng cn dn. b. Xe hi va chm vi mt xe hi khc khi chy trn xa l. c. Cc xe hi chy trn cc ln khc nhau ca mt xa l c phn lung. d. Tt c cc cu trn u ng. 2.13 Ca s quang dng cho cc h thng quang SDH/ SONET l 1550nm v: a. Suy hao ca si quang ca s ny l nh nht b. Tn sc mu ca si quang ca s l nh nht. c. Cc hin tng phi tuyn l nh nht. d. Tt c cc cu trn u ng. 2.14 Suy hao do hp th bi OH- c cc nh: a. 750nm. b. 950nm. c. 1400nm. d. Tt c cc cu trn u ng. 2.15 Suy hao do tn x tuyn tnh l do: a. S ph thuc ca chit sut si quang vo cng in trng hot ng. b. S khng ng u rt nh ca li si quang lm nng lng t mode lan truyn c truyn sang mt mode khc (gi l mode bc x). c. Cc tp cht nh OH- hp th nng lng nh sng. d. Nng lng t mt sng nh sng c chuyn sang mt sng nh sng khc c bc sng di hn. Nng lng mt i b hp th bi cc phonon. 2.16 Cc hiu ng Kerr bao gm: a. Hiu ng t iu pha (SPM). b. Hiu ng iu ch xuyn pha (CPM). c. Hiu ng trn bn tn s (FWM). d. Tt c cc cu trn u ng.

79

Chng 2: Si Quang
2.17 Hiu ng tn x phi tuyn bao gm: a. Tn x do kch thch Brillouin (SBS). b. Tn x do kch thch Raman (SRS). c. Tn x Rayleigh. d. Ch c a v b ng. 2.18 Si quang DSF G.653 c : a. Suy hao nh nht v tn sc bng khng vng ca s 1300nm. b. Suy hao nh nht vng ca s 1300nm v tn sc bng khng vng ca s 1550nm. c. Suy hao nh nht vng ca s 1550nm v tn sc bng khng vng ca s 1330nm. d. Suy hao nh nht v tn sc bng khng vng ca s 1550nm. 2.19 Cc hiu phi tuyn c th gim c khi s dng: a. Si quang CSF G.654. b. Si quang DSF G.653. c. Si quang NZ-DSF G.655. d. Tt c cc loi si quang trn. 2.20 Si quang c tn sc m c dng cho cc tuyn di bin l do: a. Tn sc m lm xung quang co li. b. Khng xy ra hin tng khng n nh iu ch. c. Khng cn nng cp s dng di L. d. Ch c b v c ng. 2.21 gim suy hao do un cong: a. Thit k si quang c chnh lch chit sut ln v hot ng bc sng ngn hn c th. b. Thit k si quang c chnh lch chit sut nh v hot ng bc sng ngn hn c th. c.

Thit k si quang c chnh lch chit sut nh v hot ng bc sng di hn c th.

d. Thit k si quang c chnh lch chit sut ln v hot ng bc sng di hn c th. 2.22 Khi tn sc ln tng c ly truyn dn: a. Tng cng sut pht quang. b. Gim cng sut pht quang. c. Tng tc bit truyn trn si quang. d. Gim tc bt truyn trn si quang. 2.23 Trong si n mode c th b qua nh hng c tn sc: a. Tn sc mode. b. Tn sc vt liu.

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Chng 2: Si Quang
c. Tn sc ng dn sng. d. Tn sc phn cc mode. 2.24 Trong h thng thng tin quang, c ly truyn dn s v cng ln: a. Nu c th tng cng sut pht quang ln v cng ln. b. Nu gim tn sc tng cng bng khng. c. C a v b u ng. d. C a v b u sai. 2.25 Trong cc loi si quang mi, dch chuyn tn sc ti thiu ti vng bc sng 1550 nm, ngi ta : a. Pha thm mt s tp cht nh Ge2O5 v P2O5 lm gim tn sc vt liu. b. Thay i mt ct ch s chit sut li thay i tn sc ng dn sng. c. Kt hp c hai phng php a v b. d. Khng c phng php no.

BI TP
Cc bi tp sau y c trch t ti liu tham kho [1]
2.1 Cho si quang c chit sut li l n1=1,5 v chit sut lp bc l n2= 1.47. Xc nh: a) Gc ti hn c ti giao tip lp li v lp bc. b) Khu s NA ca si quang. c) Gc tip nhn t khng kh vo si quang a. 2.2 chnh lch chit sut ca si quang l =1%. Chit sut lp li l n1= 1.46. Xc nh: a) Khu s NA ca si quang. b) Gc ti hn ti giao tip lp li v lp bc c. 2.3 Cho si quang a mode chit sut bc c ng knh li l 2a = 80 m v chnh lch chit sut tng i l =1.5% hot ng bc sng = 0.85 m. Xc nh: a) Tn s c chun ha V ca si quang. b) S mode sng truyn c trong si quang N 2.4 Cho si quang chit sut bin i theo dng parabol c ng knh li 2a = 50 m. Si quang c khu s NA = 0.2. Xc nh s mode sng N c th truyn c trong si khi n hot ng bc sng = 1 m 2.5 Xc nh bc sng ct c si quang chit sut bc hat ng ch n mode nu si c chit sut li n1 = 1.46, bn knh li a = 4.5 m, v chnh lch chit sut tng i l = 0.25%. 2.6 Tnh bn knh li a ca si quang n mode SI c ng knh trng mode (MFD) bng 11.6 m khi tn s c chun ha V = 2.2. 2.7 Cho si quang a mode c lch chit chut tng i = 1%, chit sut li n1 = 1.5. s mode sng truyn c trong si quang ti bc sng = 1.3 m l N = 1100. Tnh ng knh li si 2a.

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Chng 2: Si Quang
2.8 Cho t s bng s gia cng sut ng vo v ng ra trn 1 km l 2.5. Tnh cng sut quang trung bnh thu c trn tuyn quang di 5 km nu cng sut quang trung bnh pht vo si quang l 1mW (gi s tuyn khng c b kt ni hoc connector). 2.9 Cho si quang di L= 8 km. Cng sut a vo si quang l Pin=120 W, cng sut quang ng ra l Pout=3 W. Tnh: a) Suy hao ton trnh A (dB) ca si quang. Gi s khng c connector hoc mi ni no. b) H s suy hao ca si quang (dB/km). c) Cng dng si quang tng t nh trn nhng chiu di l L=10km v c mi ni trn mi km vi suy hao mi ni l 1 dB. Tnh suy hao ton trnh trong trng hp ny. d) T s Pin/Pout bng s ca cu (c ). 2.10 Cho cng sut quang trung bnh pht vo tuyn cp si quang l 1.5 mW v si quang c suy hao 0.5 dB/km. Tnh chiu di ti a ca tuyn m khng cn phi s dng trm lp (gii s cc connector khng c suy hao) khi mc cng sut trung bnh ti thiu cn c ti b tch quang l 2 W. 2.11 Cho mt tuyn cp si quang di 15 km c suy hao 1.5 dB/km. Si quang c kt ni trn tng kilometre bng cc connector c suy hao 0.8 dB/connector. Tnh cng sut trung bnh ti thiu cn phi pht vo si quang duy tr mc cng sut quang trung bnh ti b tch quang l 0.3 W. 2.12 Cho si quang silica, c h s nn ng nhit ti nhit TF=1400K l c=7x10-11m2/N. Chit sut n=1.46, h s quang n hi p=0.286. Xc nh h s suy hao (dB/km) ti cc bc sng =0.65 m, 1 m, 1.3 m. Hng s Boltzman K=1.381x10-23 J/K. 2.13 Cho si quang li thy tinh K2o-SiO2 c suy hao do tn x Rayleigh = 0.46 dB/km ti bc sng = 1m. Thy tinh c h s nn ng nhit c=8.4x10-11m2/N ti nhit TF = 758 K, v h s quang n hi p = 0.245. Tnh chit sut ca li si n1. 2.14 Cho si quang n mode SI c chit sut li l n1 = 1.49 c bn knh un cong ti hn bng 2 mm khi c pht quang bng nh sng c bc sng = 1.30 m. Tnh lch chit sut tng i nu bc sng ct ca si quang l c = 1.15 m. 2.15 Cho hai si quang c cc tham s sau: a) Si a mode c chit sut li n1 = 1.5, lch chit sut tng i = 3% v hot ng bc sng = 0.82 m. b) Si n mode c ng knh li 2a = 8 m, chit sut li n1 = 1.5, lch chit sut tng i = 0.3% v hot ng bc sng = 1.55 m. Tnh bn knh un cong Rc cho php trong hai trng hp ny. 2.16 Cho si quang a mode, chit sut nhy bc c dn xung tng cng trn L=15 km l Dt = 0.1m.Tnh a) Di thng ti a c th trn tuyn quang ny khng c giao thoa gia cc k t. b) tn sc dt (ns/km). c) Tch di thng chiu di BoptL

82

Chng 2: Si Quang
2.17 Mt si thy tinh c tn sc cht liu c cho bi: 2

d 2 n1 =0,025. Hy xc nh h d 2

so tn sc vt liu M bc sng = 0,85 m, v tnh tri rng xung hiu dng trn mi Km m khi ngun quang LED pht ra bc sng 850 nm c rng ph hiu dng = 20nm. 2.18 Tnh tri rng xung hiu dng trn mi km m trong bi tp 2.10 khi ngun quang c s dng l ngun lsaer c rng ph tng i / = 0.0012 ti bc sng 0.85 m. 2.19 Mt tuyn quang 6Km dng si a mode SI, li c chit sut n1 bng 1,5, chnh lch chit sut tng i = 1%. Hy xc nh: a) Thi gian chnh lch gia mode nhanh nht v mode chm nht Tmode (SI). b) tri rng xung hiu dng do tn sc mode trn tuyn mode(SI). c) Tc bit cc i c th t c, gi s ch c tn sc mode BT(max). d) Tch di thng vi chiu di cu (c) BoptxL. 2.20 Hy so snh tri rng xung hiu dng trn mi Km do tn sc mode ca si a mode chit sut nhy bc trong trong bi tp 2.12 vi si a mode chit sut gim dn c phn b chit sut ti u c cng chit sut li n1 v . 2.21 Cho si quang a mode chit sut bc c khu s NA = 0.3, chit sut li n1 = 1.45. H s tn sc vt liu M = 250 ps.nm/km. B qua tn sc ng dn sng. Tnh : a) tri rng xung hiu dng tng cng t nu s dng ngun LED c rng ph hiu dng = 50 nm. b) Tch di thng tng ng vi di BoptxL 2.22 Cho si quang a mode chit sut bc c tri rng xung tng cng l 95 ns trn chiu di 5 km. Tnh tch di thng chiu di nu m NRZ c s dng. 2.23 Cho si n mode c tch di thng chiu di bng 10 GHz.km. Tnh tri rng xung hiu dng trn tuyn quang di 40 km khng c cc trm lp, v s dng m RZ. 2.24 Cho si n mode chit sut bc vi chit sut li n1 = 1.49 c bn knh un cong cho php Rc = 2mm khi c pht sng bc sng = 1.30 m. Tnh chnh lch chit sut tng i nu bc sng ct c = 1.15m. 2.25 Mt tuyn cp si quang di 8 km khng c trm lp s dng si quang a mode chit sut bc c tch di thng chiu di bng 400 MHz.km. Tnh : a) tri rng xung tng cng trn ton tuyn ; b) tri rng xung tng cng hiu dng trn tan tuyn .

TI LIU THAM KHO

1. Optical Fiber Communications: Principles and Practice, Second Edition- John M. Senior. 2. FiberOptic Communications Technology -Djafar K.Mynbaev, Lowell L.Scheiner, 2001. 3. Optical Networks: A Practical Perspective, Second Edition- Rajiv Ramaswami, Kumar N. Sivarajan, 2002. 4. K thut thng tin quang Hong ng Huyn, H Ni 1993.

83

Chng 2: Si Quang

84

Chng 3 B pht quang

CHNG 3:

B PHT QUANG

3.1. NGUYN L CHUNG V BIN I QUANG IN

3.1.1- Mc nng lng (Energy Level)
Qu trnh bin i nng lng in thnh nh sng v ngc li trong cc linh kin bin i quang in c th c gii thch da trn tnh cht ht ca nh sng v tnh cht lng t ca vt cht. Theo tnh cht ht ca nh sng, nh sng bao gm nhiu ht gi l photon. Mi photon mang mt nng lng nht nh c xc nh bng cng thc sau: Eph = hf Trong , h l hng s Plank (h= 6,625x10-34J.s); f l tn s ca photon nh sng. Nng lng ca nh sng bng tng nng lng ca cc photon (Nph): Enh sng = Nph x Eph (3.2) (3.1)

Theo tnh cht lng t ca vt cht, vt cht c cu to t cc nguyn t. Mi nguyn t gm c mt ht nhn, mang in tch dng, c bao quanh bi cc in t (electron), mang in tch m. Cc in t ny quay quanh ht nhn theo cc qu o n nh (hnh 3.1) v mang mt mc nng lng nht nh [1].

Hnh 3.1. M hnh mt nguyn t vi cc in t quay ht nhn vi cc qu o n nh Cc mc nng lng ny l khng lin tc. Mt in t ch c th mang mt trong cc mc nng lng ri rc ny. Khi in t thay i trng thi nng lng th n s chuyn t qu o ny sang qu o khc khi quay quanh ht nhn. Trng thi nng lng ca in t trong mt nguyn t c minh ho qua biu mc nng lng (energy level diagram) nh hnh 3.2.
Nng lng E(eV) E4 E3 E2 E1 E0 Di cm nng lung (energy gap) Eij=Ej - Ei

Trng thi nn (ground state)

Hnh 3.2. Biu mc nng lng (energy level diagram)

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Chng 3 B pht quang

Trong biu mc nng lng, trng thi nng lng thp nht ca in t c gi l trng thi nn (ground state) E0. y l trng thi n nh ca in t. Cc trng thi nng lng cao hn ca in t c gi l cc trng thi kch thch (excited state) c biu din bng cc mc nng lng E1, E2, E3, Cc mc nng lng ny khng lin tc v cch nhau mt khong nng lng c gi l di cm nng lng (energy gap) Eij = Ej Ei (i,j = 0,1,2,3 ). Nh vy, nng lng mt in t c th l E0, E1, E2 ch khng nm gia cc mc nng lng ny. Mt in t cc trng thi nng lng khc nhau ph thuc vo nhit v c th c biu din bng hm phn b Boltzmann [2]:

Ni = N0 e [ Ei / kBT ]

(3.3)

Trong , Ni v N0 l mt in t mc nng lng Ei v mc nng lng nn E0, Ei l chnh lch nng lng gia Ei v E0; kB= 1,38.10-23 (J/oK) l hng s Boltzmann, T l nhit tuyt i (oK). Lu rng phn b ny xy ra khi cn bng v nhit.
Nng lng E exp(-Ei/kBT) Ei

E0 Ni N0 Mt in t

Hnh 3.3. Phn b mt in t theo phn b Boltzmann khi cn bng v nhit Mt s nhn xt rt ra t hm phn b Boltzmann: - Mt in t trng thi nng lng thp cao hn so vi mt in t trng thi nng lng cao: Ni > Nj (vi i<j) - Mt in t trng thi nn l ln nht. - Ti T = 0oK (nhit khng tuyt i), tan b in t trng thi nn. Khng c in t trng thi kch thch. - Khi nhit tng ln, T > 0oK, cc in t s hp th nng lng do nhit cung cp (nng lng nhit) v thay i trng thi nng lng, chuyn t mc nng lng E0 ln cc mc nng lng cao hn. S in t cc mc nng lng kch thch tng ln khi nhit tng ln. Mt in t cc mc nng lng khc nhau n nh khi cn bng v nhit v ng thi vi qu trnh hp th nng lng ca in t (lm tng mt in t cc mc nng lng cao v gim mt in t mc nn) l qu trnh tr v trng thi nng lng nn ban u ca cc in t khi cc mc nng lng cao. Hin tng ny xy ra v trng thi nn l trng thi

90

Chng 3 B pht quang

nng lng bn vng ca in t. Cc in t khi cc trng thi nng lng kch thch lun c xu hng chuyn v cc trng thi nng lng thp hn sau mt khong thi gian duy tr trng thi kch thch. Khong thi gian ny c gi l thi gian sng (lifetime) ca in t. Thi gian sng thay i ty theo loi vt cht, thng thng trong khong vi nano giy n vi micro giy. Khi in t chuyn t trng thi nng lng cao xung trng thi nng lng thp hn, theo nh lut bo tan nng lng, n s gii phng mt phn nng lng bng ng chnh lch gia hai mc nng lng. Nng lng c gii ta ny c th di dng nhit hoc nh sng. Qu trnh ny din ra t nhin v ngu nhin v y l bn cht t nhin ca vt cht.

3.1.2- Cc nguyn l bin i quang in

Nguyn l bin i quang in trong thng tin quang c thc hin da trn 3 hin tng c minh ho nh trn hnh 3.4.
E2
hf

E2
hf

E2
hf

E1 a. Hp th (Absorption)

E1 b. Pht x t pht (Spontaneous emission)

E1

hf (cng h )

c. Pht x kch thch (Stimulated emission)

Hnh 3.4. Cc hin tng bin i quang in (a). Hp th (b). Pht x t pht (c). Pht x kch thch Hin tng hp th (absorption), hnh 3.4.a, xy ra khi mt photon c nng lng hf b hp th bi mt in t trng thi nng lng thp E1. Qu trnh ny ch xy ra khi nng lng hf ca photon bng vi chnh lch nng lng gia mc nng lng cao v mc nng lng thp ca in t (Eg = E2 E1). Khi xy ra hin tng hp th, in t s nhn nng lng t photon v chuyn ln trng thi nng lng cao. Hin tng pht x t pht (spontaneous emission), hnh 3.4.b, xy ra khi mt in t chuyn trng thi nng lng t mc nng lng cao E2 xung mc nng lng thp E1 v pht ra mt nng lng Eg= E2 E1 di dng mt photon nh sng. Qu trnh ny xy ra mt cch t nhin v trng thi nng lng cao E2 khng phi l trng thi nng lng bn vng ca in t. Hin tng pht x kch thch (stimulated emision), hnh 3.4.c, xy ra khi mt in t ang trng thi nng lng cao E2 b kch thch bi mt photon c nng lng hf bng vi chnh lch nng lng gia trng thi nng lng cao v trng thi nng lng thp ca in t (Eg= E2 E1). Khi , in t s chuyn t trng thi nng lng cao xung trng thi nng lng thp hn v to ra mt photon c nng lng bng vi nng lng ca photon kch thch ban u. Nh vy, t mt photon ban u sau khi khi xy ra hin tng pht x kch thch s to ra hai photon (photon ban u v photon mi c to ra). Photon mi c to ra c c im: cng tn s, cng pha, cng phn cc v cng hng truyn vi photon kch thch ban u. y l cc c im ca tnh kt hp (coherent) ca nh sng. Do vy, nh sng do hin tng pht x kch thch to ra c tnh kt hp. Hin tng pht x t pht xy ra t nhin do cc in t lun c khuynh hng chuyn t trng thi nng lng cao xung trng thi n nh c nng lng thp hn. Cc photon nh

91

Chng 3 B pht quang

sng do hin tng pht x t pht to ra mt cch ngu nhin theo thi gian v khng gian. Do , pha, tn s, hng truyn cng nh phn cc ca sng nh sng c to ra cng ngu nhin. V vy, nh sng do hin tng pht x t pht to ra khng c tnh kt hp. Hnh 3.5 minh ho cc trng thi thay i nng lng ca in t khi xy ra 3 hin tng bin i quang in nu trn.

a. Hin tng hp th v pht x t pht

b. Hin tng pht x kch thch

Hnh 3.5 Minh ho cc trng thi chuyn i nng lng gia in t v photon [2] Cc linh kin bin i quang in dng trong thng tin quang s da vo mt trong cc hin tng ny thc hin qu trnh bin i quang in theo chc nng ca tng loi linh kin. V d nh: - Hp th l nguyn l bin i tn hiu nh sng thnh tn hiu in trong cc linh kin tch sng quang (photodetector) - Pht x t pht l nguyn l bin i tn hiu in thnh tn hiu nh sng xy ra trong LED (Light Emitting Diode). V vy, nh sng do LED pht ra khng c tnh kt hp. - Pht x kch thch l nguyn l bin i tn hiu in thnh tn hiu quang xy ra trong Laser (Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation). Hin tng ny cng l nguyn l khuch i tn hiu nh sng xy ra trong cc b khuch i quang (Optical Amplifier). nh sng uc to ra sau Laser cng nh cc b khuch i quang c tnh kt hp. Lu rng, trong t nhin, c ba hin tng ny xy ra ng thi vi nhau. Qu trnh hp th nng lng photon (hin tng hp th) v pht x photon (hin tng pht x t pht v pht x kch thch) cn bng vi nhau trong iu kin cn bng v nhit (Khi , phn b in t cc mc nng lng khc nhau l n nh theo phn b Boltzmann). Ty theo mc ch ng dng ca tng loi kin quang in, mt trong cc hin tng ny s c tp trung, lm tng kh nng xy ra di cc iu kin nh hng bn ngoi nhm t c hiu sut cao nht. Chi tit v cc iu kin ny s c phn tch c th trong phn trnh by cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca cc linh kin bin i quang in.

3.1.3. Vng nng lng (Energy Band): Trong cht bn dn (cng nh trong cht rn ni chung), cc mc nng lng vn ri rc nhng chng rt l gn nhau v c xem nh mt vng nng lng hn l mt nhm cc mc nng lng. Khi nim ny c th c minh ho trong hnh 3.6 khi mt khong lin tc ca vng nng lng khi c phng to ln s cho thy n c cu to bi cc mc nng lng ri rc nhau [1].

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Chng 3 B pht quang

E Vug da n n (Conduction band)

Di cm nng lng (Energy band gap) Vug hoa n tr (Valence band)

Hnh 3.6. Vng nng lng ca cht bn dn [1] Trong cht bn dn, cc in t phn b trong hai vng nng lng tch bit nhau c gi l: vng ha tr (valence band) v vng dn (conduction band). Vng ha tr l vng nng lng c nng lng thp v l vng nng lng bn vng ca in t. Cc in t lun c xu hng chuyn v vng ha tr sau mt khong thi gian sng vng dn. Vng dn l vng nng lng cao hn ca cc eletron. S dn in ca cht bn dn c thc hin bi cc in t nm vng dn ny. Qu trnh bin i quang in xy ra trong cht bn dn cng c gii thch da trn ba hin tng: hp th (absorption), pht x t pht (spontaneous emission) v pht x kch thch (stimulated emission) nh trong biu mc nng lng. Ngha l, iu kin mt in t c th chuyn t trng thi nng lng thp (vng ha tr) sang trng thi nng lng cao (vng dn) l: nng lng m in t nhn c phi bng vi chnh lch nng lng gia hai vng nng lng ha tr v vng dn. Nu nng lng c cung cp khng bng vi bt k chnh lch nng lng no gia hai vng nng lng ny th qu trnh hp th cng nh pht x kch thch s khng xy ra. 3.1.4. Ngun quang bn dn (Semiconductor Light Source)
Ngun quang l linh kin bin i tn hiu in thnh tn hiu nh sng c cng sut t l vi dng in chy qua n. C hai loi ngun quang c s dng trong thng tin quang: - Diode pht quang LED (Light Emitting Diode) - Laser (Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation) Cc yu cu i vi mt ngun quang s dng trong h thng thng tin quang l [3]: - C kch thuc nh tng ng vi si quang c th ghp nh sng vo trong si quang. L tng, nh sng ng ra ca ngun quang phi c tnh nh hng cao. - Thu nhn tn hiu in ng vo mt cch chnh xc gim s mo dng v nhiu ln tn hiu. L tng, ngun quang phi tuyn tnh.

93

Chng 3 B pht quang

- Pht ra nh sng c bc sng ph hp vi vng bc sng m si quang c suy hao thp v tn sc thp, ng thi linh kin thu quang hot ng hiu qu ti cc bc sng ny. - C kh nng iu ch tn hiu mt cch n gin (v d nh iu ch trc tip) trn di tn rng tri di t tn s m thanh ti di tn gigahezt. - Hiu sut ghp quang tt gim suy hao ghp t ngun quang vo trong si quang. - rng ph hp gim tn sc trong si quang - Duy tr mc cng sut ng ra n nh v khng b nh hng nhiu bi cc yu t mi trng bn ngoi. - Gi thnh thp v c tin cy cao cnh tranh vi cc k thut truyn dn khc. Loi ngun quang c s dng trong thng tin quang l cc loi ngun quang bn dn v c th p ng c cc yu cu trn. V vy, cu to cng nh nguyn l hot ng ca ngun quang (cng nh linh kin thu quang) c trnh by trong phn ny l cc ngun quang bn dn. Tuy nhin, khng phi cht bn dn no cng c s dng ch to ngun quang trong thng tin quang. c th c s dng trong thng tin quang, cc cht bn dn cn phi c di cm nng lng trc tip [3] v rng ca di cm nng lng ph hp sao cho c th to ra nh sng c bc sng nm trong vng bc sng hot ng ca thng tin quang. Khi xy ra qu trnh pht x nh sng, nng lng ca photon pht x bng vi chnh lch nng lng ca in t khi vng dn v vng ha tr. Do , nng lng ca photon: Eph = hc/ = Eg vi Eg l chnh lch nng lng ca in t khi vng dn v vng ha tr. Khi , nh sng c pht x c bc sng: = h.c/Eg (3.5) (3.4)

Do mi loi vt liu khc nhau s c phn b cc vng nng lng khc nhau nn c th ni rng bc sng ca nh sng do ngun quang pht ra ch ph thuc vo vt liu ch to ngun quang. Trong thng tin quang, nh sng ch c s dng ti 3 ca s bc sng 850nm, 1300nm v 1550nm nn vt liu bn dn c s dng ch to ngun quang phi c di cm nng lng gia vng dn v vng ha tr ph hp vi cc ca s bc sng hot ng ny.

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Chng 3 B pht quang

Hnh 3.7. (a). Di cm nng lng trc tip (b). Di cm nng lng gin tip [3] Hnh 3.7. biu din mi quan h gia nng lng v ng lng (hay vector sng) ca in t ti vng dn v vng ha tr ca hai loi bn dn c di cm trc tip (hnh 3.7.a) v di cm gin tip (hnh 3.7.b). Qua cho thy, - i vi di cm trc tip, phn y (c nng lng thp) ca vng dn nm i din vi phn nh (c nng lng cao) ca vng ha tr. Do , cc in t hai vng ny c ng lng bng nhau. - i vi di cm gin tip, phn y (c nng lng thp) ca vng dn nm cch xa so vi phn nh (c nng lng cao) ca vng ha tr. Do , cc in t hai vng ny c ng lng khng bng nhau bng nhau. iu kin qu trnh pht x photon xy ra hiu qu trong bn dn l khi xy ra pht x photon, ng lng (hay vector sng) ca in t (nm vng dn) phi bng ng lng ca l trng (nm vng ha tr) [1], [3]. Khi , ng lng ca in t c bo tan. Nh vy c th thy rng, iu kin v bo tan ng lng khi xy ra qu trnh bin i quang in ch t c vi cc cht bn dn c di cm trc tip. Khi , nng lng c pht ra khi cc in t chuyn t trng thi nng lng cao (vng dn) sang trng thi nng lng thp (vng ha tr) s to ra cc photon. Vi hiu sut pht x nh sng (pht x t pht v pht x kch thch) ln, cc cht bn dn c di cm trc tip c th to ra cc ngun quang c cng sut pht quang ln, hiu qu. Ngc li, i vi cc cht bn dn c di cm nng lng gin tip, cc nng lng c to ra do qu trnh chuyn trng thi nng lng ca in t s pht ra di dng phonon, khng pht x (nonradiation). Nng lng ny c th l nng lng nhit hay dao ng ca cc phn t. Nh vy, cht bn dn c s dng ch to ngun quang cn phi c: di cm trc tip v nng lng chnh lch gia vng dn v vng ha tr phi ph hp c th to ra bc sng nm trong cc ca s bc sng hot ng trong thng tin quang.

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Chng 3 B pht quang

Thc t cho thy rng, cc bn dn thng thng thuc nhm IV nh Si, Ge, khng tha hai iu kin trn. Vt liu bn dn c dng ch to ngun quang trong thng tin quang c to ra bng cch kt hp cc vt liu nhm III (Ga, Al, ) v nhm V (As, P, In, ) nh GaP, GaAsP, AlGaAs, GaAs, InP, InGaAsP
InGaAsP GaAs/InP AlGaAs GaAsP GaAs 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,85 1,0 1,3 1,55 (m)

Hnh 3.8. Bc sng nh sng pht x ca mt s loi bn dn nhm III kt hp vi nhm V [6] Hnh 3.8 cho thy: to ra ngun quang c bc sng 850nm ngi ta s dng bn dn AlGaAs, GaAs hay InP. Bn dn InGaAsP c s dng ch to ngun quang pht ra nh sng ti ca s bc sng 1300nm v 1550nm. Gi tr ca bc sng c thay i bng cch thay i t l gia cc cht kt hp trong bn dn ny In1-xGaxAs1-yPy.

3.2- LED (LIGHT EMITTING DIODE)

3.2.1- Cu to v nguyn l hot ng:
V c bn, cu to ca LED c pht trin t diode bn dn, hot ng da trn tip gip pn c phn cc thun. Qu trnh pht x nh sng xy ra trong LED da trn hin tng pht x t pht (hnh 3.9). Trn thc t, LED c cu trc phc tp hn, gm nhiu lp bn dn p ng ng thi cc yu cu k thut ca mt ngun quang.
I
+

V -

Vug hie n m (Depletion region)

- + + + + + + + + + + +

n
-

Pha xatpha t t + photon Ec Eg = Ec - Ev Ev

+

V>V D

Eph = h

VD +
+

Lo ng tro

- ie t n

Hnh 3.9. Cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca LED Khi t hai lp bn dn p v n k nhau, ti lp tip gip pn, cc in t bn dn n s khuch tn sang bn dn p kt hp vi l trng. Kt qu l, ti lp tip gip pn to nn mt vng c rt t cc ht mang in (in t hay l trng) c gi l vng him (depletion region).

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Chng 3 B pht quang

Lu rng: p l cht bn dn c tha l trng (mang in tch dng), n l cht bn dn c tha in t (mang in tch m) nhng c hai cht bn dn ny u trung ha v in Ti vng him, bn dn n mt i mt s cc in t nn mang in tch dng, cn bn dn p nhn thm mt s in t nn mang in tch m. iu ny to nn mt in trng VD ngn khng cho cc ht mang in khuch tn qua li gia bn dn n v p. Khi phn cc thun (V > VD) cho bn dn pn nh hnh 3.9, cc in t trong bn dn n s vt qua vng tip gip pn v chy v pha cc dng ca ngun in (ng thi cc l trng s v pha cc m ca ngun in), to thnh dng in chy qua bn dn pn. y l nguyn l hot ng ca diode bn dn. Trong qu trnh in t t bn dn n chy v in cc dng, cc in t c th gp cc l trng ti bn dn p (bn dn c tha l trng). Khi , cc in t v l trng s kt hp vi nhau to lin kt cng ha tr gia cc nguyn t trong bn dn. Xt v mt nng lng, khi mt in t kt hp vi l trng c ngha l in t chuyn t trng thi nng lng cao (vng dn) sang trng thi nng lng thp (vng ha tr) ging nh hin tng pht x t pht. Khi , theo nh lut bo tan nng lng, bn dn s pht ra mt nng lng bng vi chnh lch gia vng dn v vng ha tr. Nu cht bn dn c s dng c di cm nng lng trc tip th nng lng s c pht ra di dng photon nh sng. y l nguyn l pht x nh sng ca diode pht quang LED (Light emitting diode). 3.2.2- c tnh P-I ca LED Nguyn l hot ng ca LED cho thy rng, s photon pht x ph thuc vo s in t (do dng in cung cp) chy qua vng tip gip pn, kt hp vi l trng trong lp bn dn p. Tuy nhin, cn lu rng, khng phi in t no i qua lp bn dn p cng kt hp vi l trng v khng phi qu trnh kt hp in t l trng (chuyn trng thi nng lng t vng dn sang vng ha tr) no cng to ra photon nh sng. Nng lng c to ra ny c th di dng nng lng nhit. Do vy, s photon c to ra cn ph thuc vo hiu sut lng t ni int (internal quantum efficient) ca cht bn dn. Hiu sut int c nh ngha l t s gia s photon c to ra trn s in t c dng in bm vo LED: int = Nph / Ne (3.6)

Cng sut pht quang (nng lng nh sng trn mt n v thi gian) ca LED c th c xc nh theo s photon pht x nh sau: P = E/t = Nph.Eph /t= (Ne.int.Eph)/t Ngoi ra, ta c cng dng in chy qua LED: I = Ne.e/t Vi Ne l s in t do dng in cung cp, e l in tch ca in t . Do , mi quan h P-I gia cng sut pht quang v dng in c xc dnh nh sau: P = [(int.Eph)/e].I (3.9) (3.8) (3.7)

Trong cng thc trn, Eph c n v l (J). Nu Eph c tnh bng n v (eV), th cng sut pht quang:

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Chng 3 B pht quang

P(mW) = [(int.Eph(eV)].I(mA) (3.9)

Hiu sut lng t ni int ph thuc vo vt liu bn dn c s dng v cu trc ca ngun quang. Do , i vi mi loi ngun quang khc nhau s c c tuyn P-I khc nhau. Cng sut pht quang t l thun vi dng in cung cp v trong trng hp l tng, c tuyn P-I thay i tuyn tnh nh hnh 3.10.
P(mW) 10

I(mA) 0 100 200

Hnh 3.10. c tuyn P-I ca LED 3.2.3- c tnh ph ca LED Trong thng tin quang, nh sng do ngun quang pht ra khng phi ti mt bc sng m ti mt khong bc sng. iu ny dn n hin tng tn sc sc th (chromatic dispersion) lm hn ch c ly v dung lng truyn dn ca tuyn quang. Tnh cht ny ca ngun quang ni chung v LED ni ring c gii thch nh sau [1] (hnh 3.11): - Cc ngun quang trong thng tin quang c ch to t cht bn dn. Do , cc in t nm trong mt vng nng lng ch khng phi mt mc nng lng - Cc in t khi chuyn t cc cc mc nng lng Ej trong vng dn xung mc nng lng Ei trong vng ho tr s to ra photon c bc sng: - Do c nhiu mc nng lng khc nhau trong cc vng nng lng nn s c nhiu bc sng nh sng c to ra. - Phn b mt in t trong vng dn v vng ho tr khng u nhau, dn n cng sut pht quang ti cc bc sng khc nhau khng u nhau - Bc sng c cng sut ln nht c gi l bc sng trung tm. Bc sng ny thay i theo nhit do phn b mt in t trong cc vng nng lng thay i theo nhit .

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E Vug da n n (Conduction band) 1 2 3 4

Vug hoa n tr (Valence band)

Hnh 3.11. Ngun quang bn dn pht ra nh sng trong mt khong bc sng [1] Cng sut chun ha

0.5

(nm)

Hnh 3.12. c tnh ph ca LED rng ph ngun quang c nh ngha l khong bc sng nh sng do ngun quang pht ra c cng sut bng 0.5 ln cng sut nh (hay gim 3 dB). rng ph ca LED ph thuc vo loi vt liu ch to ngun quang. nh sng c bc sng 1,3 m do LED ch to bng bn dn InGaAsP c rng ph t 50-60nm. LED c ch to bng bn dn GaAs (=850nm) pht ra nh sng c rng ph hp hn 1,7 ln so vi LED ch to bng bn dn InGaAsP [4]. 3.2.4- Cu trc ca LED V cu trc, LED c th c chia lm bn loi [3]: - LED planar (planar LED) - LED dome (dome LED) - LED pht x mt SLED (surface LED) - LED pht x ra ELED (edge LED) Trong 4 loi LED ny, LED planar v LED dome khng c s dng trong thng tin quang v cho d c cu to n gin (xem hnh 3.13 v 3.14) nhng hai loi LED ny c vng pht quang rng, nh sng pht ra khng c tnh nh hng c th ghp nh sng vo trong si quang mt cch hiu qu. Thay vo , hai loi LED ny c s dng trong cc ng dng hin th, quang bo trong cc thit b in t, TV, n bng hiu

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nh sng pht x

bn dn p

in cc tip xc

bn dn n
Hnh 3.13. Cu trc LED planar

nh sng pht x

n
p

in cc tip xc
Hnh 3.14. Cu trc LED dome LED pht x mt SLED (Surface LED) l loi LED c nh sng c pht ra pha mt ca LED. Hnh 3.15 minh ho mt loi SLED, c gi l LED Burrus do cu trc ca LED c ch to u tin bi Burrus v Dawson [3]. Trong cu trc ny, vng pht x nh sng (vng pht quang) ca LED c gii hn trong mt vng hp bng cch s dng mt lp cch in hn ch vng dn in ca tip xc P. Do , ti vng tch cc ca LED c mt dng in cao dn n hiu sut pht quang ln. nh sng ca SLED c a vo trong si quang ti pha mt tip xc N. Ti y, tip xc N v lp nn N c ct b i mt phn c kch thc tng ng vi si quang. Bng cch ny s hn ch c s hp th photon trong lp N v tng hiu sut ghp nh sng vo trong si quang. Tuy nhin, vn c mt phn ln nng lng nh sng c pht ra ngoi vng t si quang. Do , hiu sut ghp nh sng vo si quang ca SLED khng cao, thp hn so vi ELED.

Hnh 3.15. Cu trc LED Burrus

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LED pht x cnh ELED (Edge LED) l loi LED c nh sng pha cnh ca LED (hnh 3.16). Trong cu trc ny, cc in cc tip xc (bng kim loi) ph kn mt trn v y ca LED. nh sng pht ra trong lp tch cc (active layer) rt mng. Lp tch cc ny c lm bng cht bn dn c chit sut ln c kp gia bi hai lp bn dn P v N c chit sut nh hn. Cu trc ny hnh thnh mt ng dn sng trong ELED. Do vy, nh sng pht ra lp tch cc c gi li v lan truyn dc theo trong ng dn sng ny. Kt qu l, nh sng c pht ra hai u ng dn sng, tc l pht x pha cnh ca LED. Si quang s c t mt u ca lp tch cc ghp nh sng vo. Vi c im cu trc nh vy, ELED c vng pht sng hp v gc pht quang nh. Do , hiu sut ghp nh sng vo si quang ln hn so vi SLED.

Hnh 3.16. LED pht x cnh (ELED) 3.3 - LASER (LIGHT AMPLIFICATION BY STIMULATED EMISSION OF RADIATION) 3.3.1- Cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca Laser V c bn, cu to ca laser c cc c im sau: - Cu trc nhiu lp bn dn p, n - nh sng pht ra v c gi trong lp tch cc (active layer) - Lp tch cc rt mng, lm bng vt liu c chit sut ln kp gia hai lp P v N c chit sut nh hn. Cu trc ny to thnh ng dn sng. - nh sng ca laser pht ra pha cnh, ging nh LED pht x cnh (ELED) - hai u lp tch cc l hai lp phn x vi h s phn x R <1. Cu trc ny to thnh hc cng hng Fabry-Perot. nh sng c to ra v phn x qua li trong hc cng hng ny. Loi laser c cu trc hc cng hng Fabry-Perot ny c gi l laser Fabry-Perot (hnh 3.17) - Anh sng c a ra ngoi qua mt phn c ct nhn ca mt mt phn x

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Hnh 3.17. Cu trc ca laser Fabry-Perot Nguyn l hot ng ca Laser da trn hai hin tng: - Hin tng pht x kch thch: to ra s khuch i nh sng trong Laser. Khi xy ra hin tng pht x kch thch, photon nh sng kch thch in t vng dn to ra mt photon th hai. Hai photon ny tip tc qu trnh pht x kch thch to ra nhiu photon hn na theo cp s nhn. Cc photon ny c to ra c tnh kt hp (cng tn s, cng pha, cng hng v cng phn cc). Nh vy, nh sng kt hp c khuch i.. - Hin tng cng hng ca sng nh khi lan truyn trong laser: qu trnh chn lc tn s (hay bc sng) nh sng. Theo , ch nhng sng nh sng c tn s (hay bc sng) tha iu kin v pha ca hc cng hng th mi c th lan truyn v cng hng trong hc cng hng c. Nh vy, s sng nh sng (c bc sng khc nhau) do laser Fabry-Perot pht x b gii hn, lm gim rng ph laser so vi LED. 3.3.2- Hc cng hng Fabry-Perot Hc cng hng Fabry-Perot c to ra bng cch mi bng v song song hai cnh ca lp tch cc to thnh hai gng phn x c h s phn x R1 v R2 (<100%) (hnh 3.17.a). Hc cng hng quang ny, ging nh mt b dao ng hn l mt b khuch i do qu trnh hi tip dng xy ra khi sng nh sng phn x qua li gia hai mt phn x t hai u hc cng hng. Khi tn hiu quang c phn x nhiu ln, khuch i quang xy ra trong hc cng hng.

a) Ho cog hg c n n Fabry-Perot

b) Khog cog hg n n n

c) Cog hg n n

Hnh 3.18. Hc cng hng Fabry-Perot

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Mt sng nh sng pht x trong lp tch cc c th tn ti v c khuch i trong hc cng hng khi tha iu kin v pha ca sng nh sng. Khi , sng nh sng phi hnh thnh nn sng ng gia hai mt phn x ca hc cng hng (hnh 3.18.c). Hay ni cch khc l xy ra cng hng ca sng nh sng. Cc sng ng ny ch tn ti ti cc tn s m khong cch gia hai mt phn x bng bi s ca na bc sng [3]: L = q.(2n/) (3.10)

Trong , l bc sng nh sng, n l chit sut ca lp tch cc, q l s nguyn (q = 1,2,3, ) Hay ni cch khc, sng nh sng c th tn ti v khuch i c trong hc cng hng ca laser Fabry-Perot c bc sng: = q.(2n/L) (3.11)

Cc bc sng ny khng lin tc nhau v c xc nh bi s nguyn q. Mi mt bc sng ny to nn mt mode sng do laser pht ra vi khong cch gia hai mode sng k nhau: = 2n/L 3.3.3- khuch i quang Xt mt sng nh sng phn x qua li trong hc cng hng nh hnh 3.19.
L pha x p n co so n xaR2 he pha
R1 (1-R1)P(2L) R2R1P(2L) R1P(2L) P(0)

(3.12)

L pha x p n co so n xaR1 he pha

L tch c (active layer) p c

R1P(L) P(L) (1-R1)P(L)

P(z) = P(0) exp[(g-)z] 0 L

Hnh 3.19. Cng sut ca nh sng khi lan truyn v phn x qua li trong hc cng hng Fabry-Perot Trong qu trnh lan truyn trong hc cng hng, nng lng ca sng nh sng chu nhng nh hng nh sau: - Suy hao xy ra trong hc cng hng do hin tng hp th photon, hin tng tn x nh sng, c biu din bi h s suy hao - li trong hc cng hng do hin tng pht x kch thch, c biu din bi h s khuch i g - Suy hao xy ra ti hai mt phn x c h s phn x R1 v R2 (R1, R2 <1) Nu gi P(0) l cng sut ca nh sng ti mt phn x R1 th cng sut thu c sau khi lan truyn c mt chu k trong hc cng hng (lan truyn dc theo hc cng hng, phn x ti mt phn x R2, truyn ngc v v phn x ti mt phn x R1) l:

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P(0) = R1.R2.P(2L) = P(0).R1.R2.e(g-).2L (3.13)

iu kin mt sng nh sng c khuch i trong hc cng hng l: li khuch i phi ln hn tng cc suy hao khi sng nh sng thc hin mt chu k phn x qua li gia hai mt phn x. Ni cch khc, cng sut nh sng xt ti mt im no trong hc cng hng sau khi nh sng thc hin mt chu k phn x qua li trong hc cng hng phi ln cng sut nh sng trc khi truyn. P(0) P(0) R1.R2.e(g-).2L 1 g + (1/2L).ln(1/R1.R2) (3.14) (3.15) (3.16)

Nh vy, iu kin nh sng c khuch i trong qu trnh lan truyn v phn x qua li gia hai hc cng hng l li do pht x kch thch phi ln hn so vi suy hao do hp th. iu ny c ngha l, s photon c to ra do pht x kch thch (v pht x t pht) phi nhiu hn s photon b hp th: Nspontaneous + Nstimulated > Nabsorption (3.17)

Trong , Nabsorption l s photon b hp th, Nspontaneous v Nstimulated l s photon c to ra do cc hin tng pht x t pht v pht x kch thch. iu kin (3.17) c th t c khi s in t trng thi nng lng cao N2 (nm vng dn), phi nhiu hn s in t trng thi nng lng thp N1 (nm vng ha tr). iu kin ny c gi l trng thi nghch o mt (population inversion) v iu kin bnh thng ( trng thi cn bng v nhit), mt ca cc in t ti cc mc nng lng khc nhau c phn b theo hm phn b Boltzmann (s in t trng thi nng lng thp N1 lun cao hn so vi s in t trng thi nng lng cao N2). Do vy, c th t c trng thi nghch o mt cn phi cung cp nng lng t bn ngoi ln lm tng s in t trng thi nng lng cao. Qu trnh ny c gi l qu trnh bm (pumping). Ty theo loi vt liu ch to ngun quang hay khuch i quang, c nhiu phng php bm khc nhau nh dng nh sng, trng sng v tuyn tn s cao, dng in i vi laser bn dn, ngun bm ny c cung cp di dng dng in. Dng in cung cp cho laser cng ln th s in t vng dn cng nhiu. Dng in ti thiu t c trng thi nghch o nng , iu kin c th xy ra qu trnh khuch i nh sng, c gi l dng ngng. Gi tr ca dng ngng ph thuc vo tnh cht khuch i v suy hao ca vt liu bn dn v cu trc ca hc cng hng. 3.3.4. c tnh ph ca Laser Fabry-Perot: Ph ca Laser Fabry-Perot l tng hp ca ph li khuch i ca qu trnh pht x kch thch xy ra trong lp tch cc ca laser (ph thuc vo loi vt liu ch to ngun quang nh ph ca LED) v c tnh chn lc tn s ca hc cng hng.

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Dathog i n ie che u

a tuye khueh a c n c i

Hnh 3.20. Ph ca Laser Fabry-Perot Kt qu t hnh 3.20 cho thy, nh sng ng ra ca laser ch gii hn trong cc mode nm trong rng ph ca ng cong khuch i. Ngoi ra, theo nh ngha rng ph (3dB) ca ngun quang, ch cc mode sng nm trong gii hn 3dB mi cn c quan tm. Do cc tn s cng hng (cc mode sng) c gi tr ph thuc vo chiu di L ca hc cng hng (iu kin 3.11) nm theo trc dc (longitudinal axis) ca hc cng hng ca laser nn cc mode ny c gi l cc mode dc (longitudinal mode). Ph ca nh sng do laser Fabry-Perot pht ra c nhiu mode nn loi laser ny c gi l laser a mode MLM (Multi Longitudinal Mode). 3.3.5- c tnh ca laser

3.3.5.1 Phng trnh tc ca laser:

S thay i theo thi gian ca mt in t n (1/m3) v mt photon s (1/m3) trong laser c biu din bi h cc phng trnh tc (rate equations) sau [1]:

dn J n = Dns dt ed sp
ds n s = Dns + dt sp ph

(3.18)

(3.19)

Phng trnh (3.18) cho thy nhng yu t nh hng n mt in t trong vng tch cc ca laser nh sau: - Mt in t tng khi c nhiu in t (do dng in cung cp) c bm vo vng tch cc. Qu trnh ny c biu din bng biu thc (J/ed) vi J(A/m2) l mt dng in, e = 1,6 x 10-19 (C) l in tch ca in t, d l dy ca vng tch cc. - Mt in t gim khi c nhiu in t ti hp vi l trng (chuyn trng thi nng lng t vng dn xung vng ha tr). Qu trnh ny xy ra do hin tng pht x t

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pht, biu din bng biu thc (n/sp) vi sp l thi gian sng ca in t (khi xy ra hin tng pht x t pht) v hin tng pht x kch thch, c biu din bng biu thc (Dns) vi D l hng s biu din cho kh nng pht x kch thch, cng nh li khuch i g, trong laser. D = vg/n = (c/nri).g/n vi v l vn tc nh sng tryn trong lp tch cc c chit sut nri. Qua cho thy, kh nng pht x kch thch (to ra li trong laser) trong laser ph thuc vo loi bn dn, mt in t v photon trong vng tch cc. Phng trnh (3.19) cho thy nhng yu t nh hng n mt photon trong vng tch cc ca laser nh sau: - Mt photon trng thi pht x laser (lasing mode) tng khi c nhiu photon pht x do hin tng pht x kch thch. Qu trnh nay biu din bi biu thc (Dns). - Mt photon cng ln mt lng nh do hin tng pht x t pht. Qu trnh nay biu din bi biu thc (n/sp). Trong h s rt nh cho thy rng c rt t photon pht x t pht di chuyn cng hng vi cc photon pht x kch thch trong vng tch cc. - Mt photon gim do s hp th xy ra trong vng tch cc v do nh sng pht x ra ngoi laser. Qu trnh ny biu din bi biu thc (-s/ph) vi ph l thi gian sng ca photon tc l thi gian tn ti ca photon trong vng tch cc. Vi phng trnh tc , nhiu tnh cht v p ng ca laser theo thi gian c th c xc nh. Bng cch thay i cc gi tr ca (dn/dt) v (ds/dt) trong h phng trnh (3.18) v (3.19) ta c c tnh cht ca laser trng thi tnh (steady-state) v trng thi ng (dynamicstate) khi dng in kch thch thay i theo thi gian. (3.20)

3.3.5.2 Trng thi tnh ca laser:

Trng thi tnh ca laser c xc nh khi mt in t v mt photon trong lp tch cc khng thay i theo thi gian dn/dt=0 v ds/dt=0. Bng cch ny, ta c th xc nh c iu kin ngng (dng ngng Ith) v mi quan h gia dng n kch thch I v cng sut pht quang ca laser khi I > Ith. Ti trng thi ngung, ta c dn/dt=0 v ds/dt=0, J=Jth, n=nth, s0. H phng trnh tc c th c vit li nh sau: Jth/(ed) = nth/sp nth = 1/(Dsp) T phng trnh (3.20) ta c: nth = (vgth)/D T phng trnh (3.22) v (3.23) suy ra: 1/sp = vgth T phng trnh (3.21, (3.22) v (3.24) suy ra: (3.24) (3.23) (3.21) (3.22)

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Jth/(ed) = (vgth)/(Dsp) = (v)/(Dsp) Jth = (edv)/(Dsp) (3.25) (3.26)

Vi l h s giam (confinement factor) ca laser biu din cho vic cc photon c giam gi trong vng tch cc (lm tng hiu sut pht x kch thch). ph thuc vo cu trc ca laser. l h s suy hao ca vt liu bn dn. Ta thy, trong phng trnh (3.26) trn, Jth ph thuc vo chiu di ca vng tch cc d, vn tc truyn nh sng trong hc cng hng v=c/nri, h s giam , h s pht x kch thch D, thi gian sng ca in t sp l cc h s ph thuc vo vt liu bn dn, cu to v cu trc ca laser. Do , mt dng in ngng c th c xc nh bng cng thc n gin sau: Jth = (1/). (3.27)

Vi =(edv)/(Dsp) la h s ph thuc vo cu trc ca laser. c gi tr thay i t 3x10-3 (cm/A) n 1.5x10-2 (cm/A) ty theo loi laser [1]. Mt lu quan trng l, khi hot ng ch trn mc ngng (I>Ith), mt in t trng thi tnh vng dn, n, bng vi mt in t mc ngng, nth [1]. Nguyn do l v khi dng in kch thch tng, mt in t vng dn tng s lm tng s pht x kch thch. Khi , cc photon vng dn s b kch thch v chuyn trng thi nng lng t vng dn sang vng ha tr, to ra cc photon nh sng. Kt qu l, dng in kch thch tng s tng cng sut pht quang nhng khng lm tng mt in t vng dn. Hin tng ny c gi l clamping [1]. Vi lu trn, mi quan h gia dng in kch thch v cng sut pht quang trng thi tnh khi I>Ith c th c xc nh t cc phng trnh tc vi dn/dt=0. Kt qu l [1]: s = (1/Dnth)[(J-Jth)/ed] = (ph/ed)[J-Jth] (3.28)

Kt qu trn cho thy, s photon c to ra ch pht x laser (I>Ith) t l thun vi chnh lch gia mt dng in kch thch v mt dng in ti mc ngng. Mi quan h ny l tuyn tnh.

3.3.5.3 Trng thi ng ca laser:

Trng thi ng ca laser xy ra khi dng in kch thch thay i theo thi gian. Hot ng iu ch tn hiu nh (dng in kch thch nm trong khong tuyn tnh ca c tuyn P-I ca laser) l trng hp laser hot ng trng thi ny. Khi , mt in t v mt photon trong vng tch cc c biu din di dng: n = n0 + n(t) s = s0 + s(t) (3.29) (3.30)

vi n0 v s0 l mt in t v mt photon trng thi tnh, n(t) v s(t) c to ra khi iu ch dng in kch thch. Khi , phng trnh tc tr thnh phng trnh vi phn bc hai biu din dao ng tt dn ca n(t) [1]: d2 (n)/dt2 + 2 d(n)/dt + r2 n = 0 (3.31)

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vi = Dn0 + 1/sp l h s tt dn ca laser, r = D.(nth.s0)1/2 l tn s dao ng tt dn, nth l mt in t ti mc ngng. Gii phng trnh vi phn bc hai (3.31), ta c kt qu [1]: n(t) = (1/D).exp(-t).sin1t (nth.s0)1/2. exp(-t).sin1t vi 1 = (r2 -2)1/2 v gi tr gn ng 1 r c p dng. S bin i ca mt in t theo thi gian s(t) cng c xc nh theo cch tng t. Hnh 3.20 biu din mt in t v mt photon thay i theo thi gian khi dng in c iu ch dng s ly t cc kt qu ca phng trnh tc . Kt qu cho thy, mt in t v mt photon thay i nh dao ng tt dn. Do t l vi mt photon, cng sut nh sng pht x cng c p ng tng t nh vy nhng vi t l khc. (3.32)

Hnh 3.20. p ng ca mt dng in v mt photon khi dng in c iu ch dng s [1] Kt qu t hnh 3.20 cho thy rng: - C mt khong thi gian tr trc khi laser bt u pht x nh sng sau khi xung iu ch c thc hin (khong 1,5ns trong hnh 3.20) - Dao ng tt dn ko di khong 8ns trc khi mt photon t trng thi n nh. Hin tng thi gian tr v dao ng tt dn trn l khng th trnh khi i vi laser nhng c th c hn ch bng cch dng dng phn cc DC, Ib. Thi gian tr td oc xc nh bng cng thc sau [1]: td = .ln[Ip/(Ip+Ib-Ith)] Vi l thi gian sng ca in t, Ip l cng dng in iu ch. (3.33)

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Chng 3 B pht quang 3.3.5.4 c tnh iu ch ca laser:

C hai phng php iu ch tn hiu s dng laser: iu ch s v iu ch tng t. Trong iu ch s, mc logic 0 v mc logic 1 c biu din bi chu k ti v sng ca tn hiu quang. t c iu ny, dng in kch thch s thay i theo tn hiu thng tin t gi tr di mc ngng n gi tr trn mc ngng (hnh 3.21.a). Trong k thut iu ch tng t, dng in kch thch thay i trong khong tuyn tnh ca c tuyn P-I trnh lm mo dng tn hiu quang ng ra (hnh 3.21.b). iu ny t c bng cch s dng dng phn cc DC, Ib, cng vi dng tn hiu in.

Hnh 3.21. (a). iu ch tn hiu s v (b). iu ch tn hiu tng t Mt cch l tng, tn hiu quang ng ra ca laser phi c dng ging v thay i tc thi theo thi gian vi tn hiu in ng vo. Tuy nhin, trn thc t, lun c thi gian tr tn hiu quang p ng vi dng in ng vo v tn hiu b mo dng do c tnh ng ca laser nh trnh by trong phn trn. iu ny lm hn ch tc iu ch (hay tc bit) ca tn hiu khi s dng dng tn hiu in iu ch trc tip laser (k thut iu ch theo cng IM (Intensity Modulation)). c tnh ng ca laser (phn 3.3.5.3) cho thy rng khi s dng k thut iu ch theo cng IM, gii hn trn ca tc iu ch ca laser c xc nh bi tn s dao ng tt dn: r = D2.nth.s0 = (Ds0)/ph = (1/ph)(vgs0/n) (3.34)

Do s0/n l hiu sut lng t ni, phng trnh (3.34) cho thy rng r ph thuc vo thi gian sng ca photon v ph thuc vo li (cng nh cng sut) ca laser. Do , phng trnh (3.34) c th vit li nh sau: r = (MP)/ph Vi M l hng s, P l cng sut pht quang ca laser. (3.35)

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Chng 3 B pht quang

Phng trnh (3.35) cho thy rng, tn s iu ch cng cao khi cng sut pht quang ca laser cng ln v thi gian sng ca photon cng ngn. 3.3.6- Nhiu trong Laser: Nhiu trong laser xy ra khi tn hiu quang pht ra khng n nh v cng sut pht quang, bc sng pht quang cng nh rng ph khi iu kin hot ng ca laser khng thay i. Nguyn nhn gy ra nhiu bao gm cc loi sau [3],[1]:

Nhiu lng t (quantum noise) l loi nhiu c to ra do s ngu nhin v ri rc

trong qu trnh pht x photon nh sng (pht x t pht v pht x kch thch). y l bn cht t nhin ca ngun quang. Nhiu lng t lm cho cng sut pht quang ng ra b dao ng, khng n nh. N ph thuc vo: - Tn s iu ch ca tnh hiu quang: tn s cng cao nh hng cng ln - Ngun quang a mode hay n mode: nh hng nhiu hn i vi laser a mode. y l u im ca ngun quang n mode so vi ngun quang a mode khi s dng trong cc h thng truyn dn quang tc cao. - Dng in phn cc: nhiu gim khi dng in phn cc ln hn dng ngng ca laser

S khng n nh ca ngun quang xy ra do:

- Ngun quang cht lng km hoc do suy gim theo thi gian s dng. - c tnh k thut ca ngun quang thay i khi dng in cung cp thay i. i vi laser n mode, tn s (hay bc sng) nh sng ca mode pht x tng ln khi dng in tng ln (hnh 3.22). S dch chuyn ny khng l hm lin tc ca dng in nhng s xy ra khi dng in thay i 1-2mA [4]. Tn s dch chuyn khong 100MHz-1GHz trn 1mA dng in kch thch [1]. Hin tng ny cn c gi l chirp.
Tng cng sut ng ra

Cung tng i

1.31

1.31

Bc sng (m)

Hnh 3.22 Nhy mode trong laser n mode v pha bc sng di khi cng sut ng ra tng Tn s dch chuyn rt b so vi tn s trung tm ca sng nh sng (1GHz so vi 1x10 Hz, t l 0,001% [1]) nn nh hng ca chirp khng nhiu i vi cc h thng thng tin quang truyn mt bc sng. Tuy nhin, nh hng ca chirp tng ln ng k khi ngun quang c s dng trong cc h thng thng tin quang i hi s chnh xc ca ph sng nh sng nh trong h thng coherent hay h thng ghp knh theo bc sng WDM c khong cch gia cc knh hp. khc phc hin tng ny, ngi ta khng iu ch trc tip laser bng dng tn hiu in m s dng k thut iu ch ngoi (external modulation).
14

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Chng 3 B pht quang S phn x ca nh sng vo ngun quang do nh sng phn x ngc v ti cc
connector, mi hn hay do tn x Rayleigh xy ra trong si quang Khi , nh sng phn x s c khuch i trong vng tch cc v pht x ra ngoi laser cng vi tn hiu quang, gy ra nhiu. Do vy, suy hao phn hi (return loss) l mt thng s quan trng trong si quang v c th nh hng cht lng ca tuyn quang. khc phc loi nhiu ny, ngi ta thng dng cc b cch ly quang (optical isolator)

Nhiu thnh phn (partition noise) trong cc ngun quang a mode xy ra khi cc mode
c pht ra khng n nh. S thay i ca nhit lm thay i phn b cng sut gia cc mode dc (longitudinal mode) (xem hnh 3.23). iu ny lm tng tn sc trn ng truyn.
Cung tng i

0.82

0.82

Bc sng (m)

Hnh 3.23 Nhiu thnh phn trong ngun quang a mode

3.4- CC C TNH K THUT CA NGUN QUANG

3.4.1. c tuyn P-I ca ngun quang:
Cng sut pht quang l cng sut tng cng m ngun quang pht ra. Cng sut pht quang ca ngun quang thay i theo dng in kch thch v c biu din bng c tuyn P-I.
P(mW) 10 SLED 5 ELED LASER

I(mA) 0 I th 100 200

Hnh 3.24. c tuyn P-I ca 3 loi ngun quang: SLED, ELED v Laser. c tuyn P-I ca 3 loi ngun quang SLED, ELED v Laser trn hnh 3.24 cho thy: - Laser ch hot ng ch pht x kch thch khi dng in kch thch ln hn dng in ngng Ith. - So vi LED, Laser c cng sut pht quang ln hn vi cng mt dng in kch thch (vi iu kin I>Ith).

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- SLED c cng sut pht quang ln hn ELED vi cng mt dng in kch thch. Tuy nhin, iu ny cha quyt nh nh sng truyn trong si quang do loi ngun quang no pht ra th ln hn v cn ph thuc vo hiu sut ghp quang. Yu cu i vi mt ngun quang l tng l c tuyn P-I phi l ng thng, tc l cng sut pht quang v dng in kch thch phi c quan h tuyn tnh. Khi , tn hiu nh sng do ngun quang c to ra khng b mo dng so vi tn hiu in. Tuy nhin, trn thc t s tuyn tnh trong c tuyn P-I ch xy ra tng i trong mt khong dng in kch thch. 3.4.2. Gc pht quang: Cng sut nh sng do ngun quang pht ra cc i trc pht v gim dn theo gc hp vi trc. Gc pht quang c xc nh mc cng sut quang gim mt na (3dB) so vi mc cc i (hnh 3.25)

SLED

LASER

ELED

Hnh 3.25: Gc pht quang ca SLED, ELED v Laser [1],[6] Hnh 3.25 cho thy, SLED pht ra nh sng c dng Lambertian, ngha l phn b cng sut pht quang c dng: P = P0. cos vi l gc gia hng quan st v trc vung gc vi mt pht x. Nh vy, mt na mc cng sut nh t c vi =60o. Mt bao ca gc pht quang ca SLED c dng hnh nn 120o. Gc pht quang ca ELED ch c dng Lambertian theo hng song song vi lp tch cc (2=120o). hng vung gc vi lp tch cc, gc pht quang gim i ch cn 30o. Nh vy, gc pht quang ca ELED nh hn so vi SLED.

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nh sng laser pht ra khng c dng Lambertian. Thay vo , mt bao gc pht quang ca Laser c mt nn c y hnh elip vi: - Gc theo phng ngang vi lp tch cc: 10o - Gc theo phng vung gc vi lp tch cc: 30o So vi LED, Laser c gc pht quang nh, ng thi cng sut pht quang ln, do mt nng lng nh sng do laser pht ra ln rt nhiu so vi LED. Nng lng nh sng c tp trung. V vy, cng nh sng do laser pht ra rt mnh c th gy hi mt. Do , cc cnh bo nguy him ca nh sng laser phi c thc hin ti cc thit b quang c ngun pht laser. 3.4.3. Hiu sut ghp quang: Hiu sut ghp quang l t s gia cng sut quang ghp vo si quang Popt trn cng sut pht quang ca ngun quang Ps

Popt Ps

(3.36)

Hiu sut ghp quang ph thuc vo [6]: - Kch thc vng pht quang - Gc pht quang ca ngun quang - Gc thu nhn (hay NA) ca si quang - V tr tng i gia ngun quang v si quang - Bc sng nh sng

Hnh 3.26. Ghp nh sng t ngun quang vo trong si quang Hiu sut ghp quang ca mt s loi ngun quang: - SLED: 1-5% - ELED: 5-15% - Laser: + 60% i vi si quang n mode (SMF) + 90% i vi si quang a mode (MMF) So snh hiu sut ghp quang gia SLED v ELED, ta thy rng, d SLED c cng sut pht quang ln hn so vi ELED nhng do hiu sut ghp quang thp nn cng sut nh sng thc s c ch (cng sut nh sng truyn trong si quang) thp hn so vi ELED.

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3.4.4. rng ph: Ngun quang pht ra cng sut cc i bc sng trung tm v gim dn v hai pha. rng ph l khong bc sng m cng sut quang khng nh hn phn na mc cng sut nh rng ph ca ngun quang l mt nguyn nhn gy nn tn sc trong si quang, nht l i vi cc si quang n mode. Tn sc ln s lm hn ch c ly v tc bit truyn ca tn hiu quang trong si quang. Do , yu cu v ngun quang laser n tn (single frequency laser) c rng ph hp l rt cn thit tng cht lng ca h thng thng tin quang. Vi rng ph ln (50-60nm [4]), LED thng ch c s dng trong cc h thng truyn dn quang s dng si quang a mode, c ly truyn dn ngn v tc bit truyn thp. Vi c tnh ca mt laser a mode MLM c rng ph t 2-4nm [4], laser Fabry Perot c s dng trong cc h thng truyn dn quang SDH, s dng si quang SMF (G.652), truyn ti bc sng 1310nm. Do ti bc sng 1310nm, tn sc sc th n v ca si quang SMF bng khng nn yu cu v rng ph ca ngun quang khng nghim ngt lm. Tuy nhin, khi truyn nh sng ti bc sng 1550nm (c suy hao thp nht i vi si quang bng thy tinh) tn sc sc th ca si SMF kh ln (20ps/nm.km), tn hiu quang pht ra t ngun quang phi n mode v c rng ph rt hp. Ngoi ra, trong trong cc h thng ghp knh a bc sng WDM, vi khong cch cc knh 50GHz (ITU G.694) rng ph yu cu i vi mt ngun quang phi nh hn 0.1nm [1]. Laser Fabry-Perot khng p ng c cc yu cu ny. Do , trong cc h thng truyn dn quang c c ly di v dung lng truyn ln hin nay, ngi ta khng s dng laser Fabry-Perot. Thay vo l cc ngun quang bn dn n mode (SLM Single Longitudinal Mode) c rng ph nh nh laser hi tip phn b (DFB), laser hc cng hng ghp 3.4.5. Thi gian ln (rise time): Thi gian ln l thi gian cng sut quang ng ra ca ngun quang tng t 10% n 90% mc cng sut n nh khi c xung dng in kch thch ngun quang
Cog suatng o n t i 1 0.9 0.1 tr t

Hnh 3.27: Thi gian ln (rise time) ca ngun quang Thi gian ln nh hng n tc bit ca tn hiu iu ch. Mun iu ch tc bit cng cao th ngun quang phi c thi gian chuyn cng nhanh. Thi gian chuyn ca Laser (khng qu 1 ns) rt nhanh so vi LED (250 ns ty loi). Do , laser thng c s dng lm ngun quang trong cc h thng thng tin quang tc cao. 3.4.6. nh hng ca nhit :

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Khi nhit thay i, cht lng ca ngun quang b nh hng. N lm thay i cc tnh cht ca ngun quang nh bc sng pht quang v cng sut pht quang. nh hng ca nhit xy nhiu hn vi laser hn l LED. Bc sng pht quang thay i khi nhit thay i. i vi laser n mode, dch nh hng ln n h thng truyn dn chuyn mode thay i trong khong 0.05 0.08 nm/oK quang ghp knh phn chia theo bc sng (WDM) khi cc laser n mode c s dng lm ngun quang. Dng ngng ca Laser thay i khi nhit thay i (hnh 3.28). Khi nhit tng, gi tr ca dng ngng tng. Do , nu dng in phn cc cho laser khng i, khi nhit tng, cng sut pht quang ca laser gim (theo c tuyn P-I ca laser). Laser c th khng hot ng c nu dng in cung cp nh hn dng in ngng tng ln do nhit tng.
Cng sut quang (mW)

Nhit tng

I th (20oC) I th (50oC) I th (80oC)

Hnh 3.28. Dng in ngng Ith ca laser thay i khi nhit thay i [3] S ph thuc vo nhit ca mt dng in ngng c th c biu din gn ng nh sau [3]: Jth exp (T/T0) (3.37)

Trong , T l nhit tuyt i ca linh kin, T0 l h s nhit ngung cho bit nh hng ca nhit i vi dng ngng. T0 s ph thuc vo cht lng ca laser, cu trc ca laser v loi vt liu ch to. i vi laser c ch to bi AlGaAs, T0 nm trong khong t 120 -190oK, i vi laser c ch to bi InGaAsP, T0 nm trong khong t 40 - 75oK, V d: So snh t s mt dng in ngng ti 20oC v 80oC i vi laser AlGaAs c To = 160oK v laser InGaAsP c To = 55oK p dng cng thc (3.37) ta c: i vi laser AlGaAs: Jth (200C) exp (293/160) = 6,24 Jth (800C) exp (353/160) = 9,08 Vy t s mt dng in ngng 20oC v 80oC l:

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Chng 3 B pht quang

Jth (800C)/Jth (200C) = 9,08/6,24 = 1,46 i vi laser InGaAsP: Jth (200C) exp (293/55) = 205,88 Jth (800C) exp (353/55) = 612,89 Vy t s mt dng in ngng 20oC v 80oC l: Jth (800C)/Jth (200C) = 612,89/205,88 = 2,98 So snh hai trng hp ta thy, nhit nh hng nhiu i vi cc laser c ch to bng InGaAsP (uc s dng trong cc laser pht ra nh sng c bc sng di nm trong hai ca s bc sng 1300nm v 1550nm) so vi cc laser c ch to bng AlGaAs (uc s dng trong cc laser pht ra nh sng nm trong ca s bc sng 850nm) Do vy, cn phi n nh nhit cho Laser. Trong thc t, laser thng c ch to di dng module, bao gm cc thnh phn n nh nhit cho Laser.

3.5 - CC NGUN LASER BN DN N MODE

3.5.1. Laser hi tip phn b DFB (Distributed Feedback Laser):
Cu trc ca laser DFB c biu din trn hnh 3.29.a. Qu trnh cng hng v chn lc tn s xy ra trong laser DFB c thc hin nh cu trc cch t Bragg t bn cnh, dc theo vng tch cc ca laser. Sng nh snh pht x trong laser lan truyn dc theo vng tch cc v phn x ti mi on dc ca cch t. iu kin s phn x v cng hng c th xy ra l bc sng nh sng phi tha iu kin Bragg [1]: B = 2..neff (3.38)

Trong , l chu k ca cch t Bragg, neff = n.sin vi n l chit sut ca cch t, l gc phn x ca nh sng (hnh 3.29.b) Cc photon nh sng do hin tng pht x kch thch to ra trong vng tch cc phn x nhiu ln ti cch t (khc vi laser FP ch phn x ti hai mt phn x ca hc cng hng). Ti mi on dc ca cch t, mt phn nng lng nh sng b phn x. Tng hp nng lng nh sng phn x ti mi on cch t ny trong laser lm cho phn ln nh sng trong laser c phn x c bc sng tha iu kin Bragg. Kt qu l, laser DFB ch pht x ra nh sng c bc sng B tha iu kin Bragg (khc vi laser FP c nhiu bc sng nh sng tha iu kin phn x trong hc cng hng). V vy, DFB laser ch pht ra mt mode sng c rng ph rt hp so vi laser FP. Vi c im nh vy, laser DFB v ang c s dng trong cc h thng thng tin quang c c ly truyn dn di v tc bit truyn cao.

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Hnh 3.29. (a) Cu trc ca laser DFB; (b). Phn x ti cch t Bragg (c) rng ph ca laser DFB

3.5.2. Laser phn x Bragg phn b DBR (Distributed Bragg Reflector Laser)
Cu to ca laser DBR cng ng dng cu trc cch t Bragg nh laser DFB. Tuy nhin, trong laser DBR, cch t Bragg khng c t bn cnh, dc theo lp tch cc nh laser DFB. Thay vo , cch t Bragg c t hai u vng tch cc, ng vai tr nh gng phn x ca hc cng hng nh trong laser FP. u im ca cu trc ny l ch c mt bc sng tha iu Bragg mi c th phn x li v cng hng trong vng tch cc thay v nhiu bc sng nh laser FP. Kt qu l, ph ca laser DBR ch c mt mode sng vi rng ph hp.

Hnh 3.30. Cu trc ca laser DBR

3.5.3. Laser bn dn hc cng hng ghp (Coupled Cavity Semiconductor Laser)

Trong laser hc cng hng ghp, hot ng pht x nh sng n mode c thc hin bng cch a nh sng ti mt hc cng hng ngoi (hnh 3.31.a). Phn nh sng phn x c a ngc tr v hc cng hng ca laser. S hi tip t hc cng hng ngoi khng phi lc no cng cng pha vi trng quang bn trong hc cng hng laser bi v c s dch pha xy ra ti hc cng hng ngoi. S hi tip cng pha xy ra ch vi nhng mode laser c bc sng trng vi mt trong cc mode di (longitudinal mode) ca hc cng hng ngoi. V vy, h s phn x ca mt phn x laser i din vi hc cng hng ngoi tr nn ph thuc vo bc sng vi gin suy hao nh hnh 3.31.b. Mode dc no c bc sng gn nht vi li nh v suy hao thp nht ca hc cng hng tr thnh mode chnh ca laser.

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Hnh 3.31. (a) Laser hc cng hng ngoi (external cavity laser), (b) h s phn x ph thuc bc sng, (c) ph ca laser Hnh 3.32. v 3.33. trnh by cu trc ca 2 loi hc cng hng ghp bao gm: laser hc cng hng ngoi (external cavity laser) v laser hc cng hng ct (cleaved cavity laser).

Hnh 3.32. Laser hc cng hng ngoi (external cavity laser) Laser hc cng hng ngoi c to ra bng cch t mt cch t phn x mt pha ca hc cng hng laser. c th ghp nh sng t hc cng hng laser ti cch t, phn x ca mt phn x laser i din vi cch t c lm gim i bng mt lp chng phn x. Loi laser ny c quan tm nhiu bi v kh nng thay i bc sng ca n. Bc sng ca SLM mode c chn lc bi c cu hc cng hng ghp c th thay i mt khong rng (khong 50nm) bng cch xoay cch t. Kh nng thay i bc sng ny c s dng trong h thng thng tin quang WDM. Tuy nhin, do cu trc ca loi laser ny khng nguyn khi (cu to bao gm hai phn tch bit nhau) nn kh c th to ra s n nh cho ngun quang khi s dng trong b pht quang.

Hnh 3.33. Laser hc cng hng ct (cleaved-cavity laser)

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Laser hc cng hng ct c to ra bng cch ct i mt laser bn dn a mode sao cho laser c chia thnh hai phn c chiu di bng nhau v cch nhau bi mt khong khng kh hp (khong 1m). phn x ca mt ct (~30%) cho php vic ghp nh sng gia hai phn ny min sao khong cch gia hai phn khng qu rng. Loi laser ny cng c th thay i bc sng trong khong 20nm bng cch thay i dng in cung cp cho mt on hc cng hng hot ng ging nh b iu khin mode. Tuy nhin, cc bc sng chuyn i khng lin tc, bc nhy gia hai mode cch nhau khong 2nm. 3.6 B PHT QUANG 3.6.1. S khi b pht quang

Hnh 3.34. S khi b pht quang S khi b pht quang in hnh c biu din nh hnh 3.34. Theo , mt b pht quang bao gm: ngun quang, b ghp tn hiu quang, mch iu ch tn hiu v mch iu khin cng sut. Tt c cc thnh phn trn c ng gi chung thnh b pht quang nh hnh 3.35. D liu t ngun pht bn ngoi c a vo b pht quang thng qua n v bin i d liu nh tn hiu xung kch (clock). Ti y, d liu c bin i v dng ph hp cung cp cho mch kch thch iu khin dng phn cc cho Laser. Trong trng hp tng qut, b pht quang s dng LED cng bao gm cc thnh phn nh b pht hnh 3.34. Tuy nhin, nu tn hiu cn pht l tn hiu tng t th mch ch bin tn hiu s n gin hn nhiu.

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Hnh 3.35. B pht quang n v bin i d liu (Data conversion unit) bao gm b gii m tn hiu ng truyn, b bin i song song ni tip v b sa dng tn hiu. Chc nng ca b bin i d liu l bin i tn hiu in ng vo song song v dng m thng dng NRZ dng ni tip v sa dng tin hiu cung cp cho mch kch thch.

Hnh 3.36. S khi n v bin i d liu 3.6.2. Mch pht iu bin cng trc tip: Mt mch pht quang iu bin cng c biu din trn hnh 3.37. Mch pht quang ny l s kt hp ca mch iu khin (hnh 3.38) v mch iu ch tn hiu (hnh 3.39). Hot ng ca mch pht quang iu bin cng c th c phn tch da trn hot ng ca mch iu khin v mch iu ch tn hiu.

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Hnh 3.39. Mch pht quang s dng LD in hnh

Hnh 3.38. Mch kch thch

Hnh 3.39. Mch iu ch tn hiu Mch kch thch (hnh 3.38) c chc nng bin i ngun in p t b bin i d liu v dng dng in cung cp dng phn cc cho Laser. Chc nng ny l cn thit v ngun in cung

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cp cho laser di dng in p hn l dng in. Dng phn cc cho laser c to ra cn phi rt n nh vi dng in ngng c th truyn tn hiu d liu khng b li. Tuy nhin, gi tr tng i ca dng phn cc v dng in ngng thay i ph thuc vo nhit nh trnh by trong phn 3.4.6. Do vy, dng phn cc cn c iu khin bi tn hiu hi tip t cm ng nhit. Trong mch kch thch hnh 3.38, in p iu khin, Vbias+, l in p ng vo ca opamp. Dng in chy qua in tr R ch ph thuc vo in p ng vo m khng ph thuc vo in tr ti, trong trng hp ny l laser diode. Do , bng cch thay i Vbias, ngi ta c th iu khin c dng phn cc Ibias. Khi nhit thay i, vic n nh cng sut quang ng ra ca laser diode c thc hin bi tn hiu hi tip t photodiode PD. PD ny thu nh sng t laser pht ra v to ra dng quang in t l vi cng sut pht quang ca laser. V vy, khi cng sut quang ng ra thay i, do s thay i ca nhit , dng quang in s thay i lm cho dng in phn cc Ibias cng thay i theo b li nhng thay i trong trong cng sut quang quang ca laser. Qu trnh iu ch tn hiu trong mch pht iu bin cng c thc hin bng cch thay i dng in kch thch t mc phn cc n mc cao nht (xem hnh 3.21). Mch iu ch tn hiu c biu din trn hnh 3.39. Trong , qu trnh iu ch c iu khin bi dng phn cc qua Laser. Chc nng chnh ca mch l cung cp dng phn cc cc i cho Laser. Trong mch iu ch hnh 3.39, d liu pht c a vo cc B transistor Q1, cc B transistor Q2 c c nh bi ngun phn cc VBB. Khi tn hiu ng vo ln hn VBB, Q1 dn, Q2 tt, dng qua LD gim lm LD ngng pht sng. Ngc li, khi tn hiu ng vo nh hn VBB, Q1 tt, Q2 dn, dng qua LD tng lm LD pht sng. Q3 ng vai tr cung cp ngun dng n nh cho mch vi sai Q1 v Q2. Q4 kt hp vi mch hi tip dng khuch i thut ton (Op-Amp) n nh dng qua LD di tc ng ca nhit cng nh cung cp tn hiu cho vic gim st nhit lm vic ca LD phc v cng vic cnh bo v bo dng cho b pht quang. Trong kiu iu ch trn, tn hiu iu ch c thc hin bng cch thay i dng in kch thch chy qua laser. Kiu iu ch ny c gi l iu ch ni (internal modulation) hay iu ch trc tip (direct modulation). u im ca kiu iu ch ny l n gin. Tuy nhin, hn ch ca k thut iu ch ny l: Bng thng iu ch b gii hn bi tn s dao ng tt dn ca laser diode. Hin tng chirp xy ra i vi tn hiu quang tng rng ph ca xung nh sng. Hin tng ny xy ra i vi laser DFB v v vy l yu t hn ch nghim trng i vi cc h thng truyn dn quang tc cao (ch yu s dng laser DFB lm ngun quang). Khng p dng c trong cc h thng thng tin quang i hi cng sut pht quang ln (>30mW) nh cc mng truyn dn c ly xa hay mng truyn hnh cp v vic ch to cc mch pht quang iu ch trc tip hot ng n nh khi iu ch tc cao vi dng in kch thch ln (>100mA) tr nn phc tp v kh khn hn nhiu.

Nhng hn ch trn c th c khc phc c khi s dng k thut iu ch ngai (External Modulation).

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Chng 3 B pht quang

3.6.3. B iu ch ngoi S khi ca k thut iu ch ngai c biu din trn hnh 3.40. Theo , iu ch tn hiu quang khng thc hin bn trong laser m c thc hin bi mt linh kin quang bn ngai gi l b iu ch ngai (external modulator). nh sng do laser pht ra di dng sng lin tc CW (continuous wave). Vi cu trc nh vy, k thut iu ch ngai khc phc c cc nhc im ca k thut iu ch trc tip: Bng thng iu ch: do b iu ch ngai quyt nh, v vy, khng b gii hn bi tn s dao ng tt dn ca laser diode. nh sng laser trong trng hp ny ng vai tr nh sng mang. Khng xy ra hin tng chirp i vi tn hiu quang v laser c kch thch bi dng in n nh nn nh sng pht l sng lin tc c tn s v rng ph n nh. c im ny rt quan trng i vi h thng ghp knh theo bc sng WDM v yu cu v n nh ca bc sng nh sng ti cc knh rt cn thit. Khng b gii hn bi cng sut pht quang v c tnh iu ch do b iu ch ngai quyt nh.

Hnh 3.40. S khi b iu ch ngai C hai loi b iu ch ngai c s dng hin nay: Mach-Zehnder Modulator (MZM) v Electroabsorption Modulator (EA) Mach-Zehnder Modulator (MZM) hay cn gi l Lithium niobate (LiNbO3) modulator c ch to bng vt liu Lithium niobate c cu trc Mach-Zehnder nh hnh 3.41. Chit sut ca lithium niobate ph thuc vo in p phn cc. nh sng do laser pht ra khi i vo ng dn sng c chia lm hai phn bng nhau. Khi khng c in p phn cc, c hai na sng nh sng ti khng b dch pha. V vy, ng ra ca b iu ch sng nh sng kt hp c dng ca sng nh sng ban u. Khi c in p phn cc, mt na ca sng ti b dch pha +90o v chit sut ca mt nhnh ca ng dn sng gim, lm tng vn tc truyn nh sng v lm gim tr. Mt na kia ca sng ti nhnh cn li ca ng dn sng b dch pha -90o v chit sut tng, lm vn tc truyn nh sng gim v lm tng tr. Kt qu l, hai na sng nh sng ng ra ca MZM b lch pha 180o v trit tiu ln nhau. Qua cho thy, cng tn hiu nh sng ng ra ca MZM c th c iu khin bng cch hiu chnh in p phn cc. Bng cch ny, bt k dch pha ca sng nh sng ti hai nhnh ca ng dn sng cng c th c hiu chnh.

123

Chng 3 B pht quang

Hnh 3.41. Nguyn l hot ng ca b iu ch ngai MZM: (a). Khng c in p phn cc (b). C in p phn cc iu ch ngai MZM ch yu uc s dng trong mng quang truyn hnh. MZM c mt s hn ch nh: suy hao xen cao (ln n 5dB) v in p iu ch tng i cao (ln n 10V). Ngai ra, s dng MZM cn c mt hn ch na l MZM l mt linh kin quang tch bit. Do MZM c ch to bi LiNbO3 khng phi cht bn dn nn khng th tch hp vi laser DFB trong mt chip. Nhng hn ch ny cua MZM c th c khc phc bi mt loi iu ch ngai khc: electroabsorption modulator (EA). B iu ch ngai EA c cu to l mt ng dn sng lm bng cht bn dn. Khi khng c in p phn cc, nh sng do laser DFB pht ra c truyn qua ng dn sng ny v buc sng ct C ca ng dn sng ngn hn so vi bc sng ca nh sng ti. Khi c in p iu ch, rng di cm Eg ca vt liu ng dn sng gim. Hin tng ny c gi l hiu ng Franz-Keldysh v l nguyn l hot ng ca EA. Khi rng di cm gim, bc sng ct s tng ln (do C = 1024/Eg) v vt liu ng dn sng s hp th sng nh sng ti. V vy, bng cch hiu chnh in p iu ch, c th thay i cc c tnh hp th ca ng dn sng. So vi MZM, EA c cc u im sau: in p iu ch, khang 2V, nh hn so vi MZM (ln n 10V) Co th tch hp vi laser DFB to thnh cc b pht quang c dng chip.

Vi nhng u im nh trn, EA c s dng trong cc h thng WDM.

124

Chng 3 B pht quang

CU HI N TP
3.1. Trnh by khi nim v mc nng lng v vng nng lng? 3.2. 3.3. 3.4. 3.5. 3.6. 3.7. 3.8. 3.9. 3.10. 3.11. 3.12. 3.13. 3.14. 3.15. 3.16. Trong thng tin quang, qu trnh bin i nh sng thnh dng in uc thc hin da trn hin tng g? nh sng kt hp l g? Loi ngun quang no c th pht ra nh sng kt hp? Hin tng pht x kch thch l g? iu kin xy ra hin tng ny? rng ph ngun quang l g? rng ph ngun quang nh hng nh th no n cht lng ca h thng thng tin quang? Ti sao nh sng do ngun quang pht ra trong thng tin quang khng phi ti mt bc sng m trong mt khang bc sng? Trnh by cu to v nguyn l hat ng ca LED? Trnh by cu to v nguyn l hat ng ca laser Fabry-Perot? Ti sao ngun quang bn dn c s dng trong thng tin quang? iu kin mt laser c th hat ng c ch pht x laser? Trnh by nh hng ca nhit i vi cht lng ca laser? So snh cu to v c tnh k thut ca k thut iu ch ngai v iu ch trc tip? So snh cu to, nguyn l hat ng v ng dng ca hai b iu ch ngai MZM v EA? Phn tch nhng hn ch ca k thut iu ch trc tip? Chirp l g? Nguyn nhn v nh hng ca chirp? Lai ngun quang no c rng ph hp nht: a. SLED c. laser DFB 3.17. a. kh nng bin i quang in c. chn lc tn s 3.18. Hiu sut ghp quang ph thuc vo : a. Bc sng nh sng c. Gc pht quang 3.19. a. Vt liu ch to ngun quang c. Cu trc ca ngun quang 3.20. a. Laser FP c. Laser hc cng hung ngai b. Khu s ca si quang d. a,b v c u ng b. Dng in kch thch ngun quang d. a,b v c u ng b. Laser DFB d. Laser hc cng hng ghp b. laser Fabry-Perot d. ELED b. s suy hao d. s khuch i

Trong hc cng hng Fabry Perot, s hp th (absorption) biu din cho:

Bc sng nh sng do ngun quang pht ra ph thuc vo:

Lai ngun quang no l ngun quang a mode:

125

Chng 3 B pht quang

3.7 Ti liu tham kho: [1] D. K. Mynbaev and L. L. Scheiner, Fiber-Optic Communications Technology, PrenticeHall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, 2001. [2] C.Breck Hitz, Understanding Laser Technology: An Intuitive Introduction to Basic and Advanced Laser Concept, Second Edition, PennWell Publishing Company, Oklahoma, 1991. [3] John M.Senior, Optical Fiber Communications Principles and Practice, Prentice Hall, Hertfordshire, UK, 1993. [4] Govind P.Agrawal, Fiber-Optic Communications Systems, John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 2002. [5 ]V Vn San, H Thng Thng Tin Quang, tp 1, Nh Xut Bn Bu in, 2008. [6] Ng Thanh Ngc, Bi Ging Truyn Dn Si Quang, Trung Tm o To Bu Chnh Vin Thng 2, TP.HCM, 1996.

126

Chng 4: B Thu Quang

CHNG 4 B THU QUANG

GII THIU
B thu c chc nng nhn tn hiu quang, chuyn tn hiu quang thnh in, x l v khi phc dng tn hiu. Trong chng ny s trnh ny cu trc tng qut ca b thu quang s, cc mch tin khuch i, kho st nhiu trong b thu quang, v nh gi cht lng ca h thng quang.

4.1
4.1.1

KHI NIM C BN
Nguyn l chung

Cc linh kin thu quang c nhim v n nhn bc x quang (hay nng lng photon) v chuyn i thnh tn hiu in. Chng c chia thnh hai nhm: Nhm 1: Nng lng photon u tin c bin i thnh nhit, sau mi bin i nhit thnh in. Nguyn l ny hu nh khng c ng dng trong vin thng. Nhm 2: Bin i trc tip t nng photon sang in, c gi l linh kin tch quang lng t gi tc l linh kin tch sng quang. Linh kin tch sng quang c chia lm hai loi (theo c ch): hiu ng quang ngoi (external photoelectric effect) v hiu ng quang ni (internal photoelectric effect). Hiu ng quang ngoi: ngha l cc in t c phng thch ra khi b mt kim loi bng cch hp th nng lng t lung photon ti. Photodiode chn khng v n nhn quang in (photo-multiplier tube) da vo hiu ng ny. Hiu ng quang ni: l qu trnh to ra cc ht mang in t do (in t v l trng) t cc mi ni bn dn bng vic hp th cc photon ti. C 3 linh kin s dng hin tng ny: photodiode mi ni PN, photodiode PIN v photodiode thc l ADP (Avalanch PhotoDiode). Ngoi ra cn c phototransistor, nhng phototransistor c thi gian p ng chm nn t c s dng. Nu c ch xut hin trong cc h thng c c ly ngn v tc chm.

Cc linh kin tch sng quang hot ng theo nguyn tc: mi ni P-N phn cc ngc. Khi c nng lng photon E = hf chiu vo. Nng lng ny b hp th v mt electron s vt qua vng cm i t vng ha tr ln vng dn. Electron ny by gi l dng t do. V li vng ha tr mt l trng cng dng t do. Electron ny s di chuyn xung vng him v l trng s di chuyn ln vng him. S di chuyn ny gy nn dng chy mch ngoi.

127

Chng 4: B Thu Quang

Hnh 4.1 Mi ni P-N phn cc ngc

M hnh vt l n gin m t hot ng ca mt photodiode

N Khng c nh sng Vng him P

hf Iph

Hnh 4.2 M hnh vt l ca mt photodiode

128

Chng 4: B Thu Quang

S lng ht mang in to ra ph thuc vo nng lng photon ti nn quy lut bin thin ca Iph do cng nh sng quyt nh.

4.1.2. Nhng thng s c bn ca linh kin tch sng quang

4.1.2.1.Hiu sut lng t (Quantum Efficiency)

Hiu sut lng t c nh ngha bng t s gia s lng in t c to ra vi s photon ti.

=
T suy ra:

so ien c ra n e t tao = so photonti np

(4.1)

re rp

(4.2)

re: tc photon ti (n v: s photon/ giy) re: tc electron tng ng (n v: s electron/ giy)

Mt trong nhng nhn t chnh xc nh hiu s lng t l h s hp th 0 (absorption coefficient) ca vt liu bn dn s dng cho photodetector. mt bc sng xc nh, dng photon Ip c to ra bi nh sng ti vi cng sut P0 c xc nh bi:

Ip =

P0 e(1 r ) 1 e d hf
0

(4.3)

e: in tch electron r: h s phn x Fresnel mt bn dn khng kh d: rng vng hp th Tng qut, < 1, v khng phi ton b photon ti c hp th to ra cp electron l trng. thng c biu din dng phn trm. Tc l nu = 75%, iu ny tng ng vi 75 electron c to ra trn 100 photon ti. Cui cng, hiu sut lng t l mt hm bc sng ca photon v do khi ni phi km theo bc sng.

4.1.2.2.p ng (Responsivity)
Biu thc hiu sut lng t khng lin quan n nng lng photon. Do p ng R thng c s dng hn khi biu th c trng ch tiu mt photodetector. p ng c nh ngha nh sau:

R=

Ip P0

( A/ W)

(4.4)

Ip: dng photon ng ra, n v l Ampere (A) P0: cng sut quang ti, n v l W p ng l mt thng s hu ch, n cho bit c trng chuyn i ca detector (tc l dng photon trn mt n v cng sut ti) 129

Chng 4: B Thu Quang

Ta biu din R theo : Ta c: Eg = hf

Do tc photon ti rp c xc nh:

rp =

P0 hf

(4.5)

P0: cng sut quang ti hf: nng lng photon

T phng trnh (4.2) suy ra: re = rp Thay phng trnh (4.5) vo (4.6) ta c: (4.6)

re =
Do dng photon ra l:

P0 hf

(4.7)

Ip =

P0 e hf

(4.8)

Do phng trnh (4.4) c vit li:

R=
Ta c quan h:

Ip P0

e hf

(4.9)

f =
R=

C0

(4.10)

Suy ra:

e hC 0

(4.11)

Hay

R=

1,24

(4.12)

nu : m th R: A/W h = 6,62.10-34 Js: hng s Planck

Nhn xt: T phng trnh (4.9) ta thy R t l vi mt bc sng c th.

130

Chng 4: B Thu Quang

R (A/W)

0,88 Photodiode l tng 0,44 Photodiode in hnh

0 0,5 1
c

(mm)

c: bc sng ct (long wavelength cut-off)

Hnh 4.3 th biu din gia R v ca phhotodiode Si

V d 1 Khi 3.1011 photon c bc sng 0,85m ti photodiode, trung bnh c 1,2.1011 electron c to ra. Hy xc nh hiu sut lng t v p ng ca photodiode bc sng 0,85m. Gii

ne 1,2.1011 = = 0,4 np 3.1011

Nh vy hiu sut lng t ca phtodiode bc sng 0,85m l 40%.

R=

1,24

0,4.0,85 = 0,274( A / W ) 1,24

Vy p ng ca phtodiode bc sng 0,85m l 0,274A/W. V d 2 Mt phpotodiode c = 65% khi cc photon c nng lng 1,5.10-19J ti n. (a) Photodiode ny ang hot ng bc sng no? (b) Tnh cht quang ti cn thit t c dng photon 2,5 A khi phhotodiode hot ng iu kin trn. Gii (a) Ta c

E = hf =

hC 0

Suy ra 131

Chng 4: B Thu Quang

Vy photodiode ny ang hot ng bc sng = 1,32m. (b) Ta c

=
Mt khc: R =

hC 0 6 ,626 .10 34 3 .10 8 = = 1,32 m E 1,5 .10 19

Ip P0
R= e 0,65.1,602.10 19 = = 0,694 A / W hf 1,5.10 19

Suy ra:

Vy cng sut quang ti i hi l 3,6W.

Qu trnh hp th bn trong m nng lng photon ti ln hn hoc bng Eg ca vt liu s dng ch to photodetector. Do

hC 0 Eg
Suy ra:

(4.13) (4.14)

c =

hC 0 Eg hC 0 Eg

(4.15)

c c gi l im ct ca bc sng di (long wavelength cut off point) Phng trnh (4.15) cho php tnh ton bc sng di nht ca nh sng cho php cc detector tch sng quang. V d 3 GaAs c Eg = 1,43eV 300oK. Hy xc nh c Gii

c =

hC 0 1,24 = = 0,867 m Eg 1,43

Nh vy, photodetector GaAs s khng lm vic cc bc sng >c = 0,867m.

4.1.2.3. nhy (Sensitivity)

nhy l mc cng sut quang nh nht yu cu u thu t c mc cht lng cho trc. Thng mc cht lng c th l S/N hoc BER. nhy thng k hiu l S, c n v o l dBm. V d mt my thu quang c nhy S = -25dBm vi BER = 10-9 c ngha l mc cng sut quang cn thit n b thu phi ln hn hoc bng -25dBm (chng hn -20dBm) th my thu

132

Chng 4: B Thu Quang

mi c th thu v hot ng vi mc cht lng BER = 10-9. Nu tn hiu c mc cng sut n my thu nh hn -25dBm (chng hn -30dBm) th my thu cng c th nhn c nhng khng m bo BER = 10-9, BER c th ln hn nh BER = 10-6.

4.1.2.4.Di ng (Dynamic Range)

Di ng ca mt linh kin thu quang l khong chnh lch gia mc cng sut cao nht v mc cng sut thp nht m linh kin c th thu nhn c trong mt gii hn t s li nht nh. Di ng ca mt linh kin thu quang c minh ha hnh 4.4.

Iph

Popt Di ng Vng bo ha

Hnh 4.4 Linh kin thu quang hot ng trong vng tuyn tnh ca di ng.

Trong nhng tuyn truyn dn quang c ly gn c th dng thm b suy hao quang (optical attenuator) gii hn mc cng sut thu quang trong phm vi di ng ca linh kin thu quang.

4.1.2.5. Nhiu (Noise)

Trong h tng thu quang,nhiu thng c th hin di dng dng, gi l dng nhiu. Cc ngun nhiu: a. Nhiu nhit Nhiu nhit l nhiu gy ra do in tr ti ca diode thu quang cng nh tr khng u vo ca b tin khuch i. Nhiu nhit It ph thuc vo nhit , b rng bng nhiu v in tr ti theo cng thc:

< I t2 >=

4 KT

.B

(4.16)

K = 1,38.10-23J/oK: hng s Boltzman T: nhit tuyt i, oK B: b rng bng, Hz R: in tr ti,

133

Chng 4: B Thu Quang

b. Nhiu lng t Nhiu lng t sinh ra do s bin ng ngu nhin nng lng ca cc photon p vo diode thu quang. Dng nhiu lng t c xc nh theo biu thc sau:

< I q2 >= 2 e . R . P 0 . B = 2 e . I p . B
c. Nhiu dng ti

(4.17)

Khi cha c cng sut quang a ti photodetector nhng vn c mt lng dng in nh chy trong mch. Dng ny c gi l dng ti. N phn phi n nhiu ton h thng v cho s dao ng ngu nhin. Nhiu do dng ti c xc nh:

< I d2 >= 2 e . I d . B
Id: dng ti e: in tch ca electron.

(4.18)

4.1.3. S khi b thu quang

B thu quang l s t hp ca b tch sng quang, b tin khuch i in, v cc phn t x l tn hiu in. S khi ca b thu quang s c minh ha hnh 4.5. B tch sng quang thc hin chc nng chuyn i tn hiu quang ng vo thnh tn hiu in. Do tn hiu quang ng vo b suy yu do truyn trn ng truyn nn tn hiu ng ra b tch sng quang cn a n b tin khuch i. Yu cu ca b tin khuch i phi c nhiu thp. Chng ta thng thy b tin khuch i nhiu thp c bng thng khng p ng tn hiu s tc cao trong thng tin quang, do cn b equalizer cn bng li bng thng nh yu cu. Ngoi ra b equalizer cn c s dng lm gim bt s chng lp xung do tri rng xung. Sau , tn hiu c tip qua b khuch i lm cho tn hiu mch x l tip. B khuch i ny thng s dng b AGC (Automatic Gain Control) iu chnh li cho ph hp. B lc t sau b khuch i loi b cc thnh phn tn s khng mong mun sinh ra do qu trnh x l tn hiu. Trong cc b thu quang tc thp, ngi ta thng s dng tch sng bt ng b, s dng b so sng quyt nh xung c hin din hay khng, tc l xc nh xem bit l 1 hay 0. Loi d liu khi phc ny c gi s l cc xung c dng cnh ln v xung. i vi tuyn thng tin quang tc cao, t c cht lng ti u, xung ng h d liu c m ho vo trong tn hiu pht v c khi phc b thu thng quang mch khi phc xung ng h. Xung ng h khi phc c a ti mch quyt nh bit quyt nh xem mc in p hin ti l mc 1 hay mc 0. Da vo kt qu quyt nh, ng ra ca mch quyt nh bit chnh l lung d liu c khi phc, c th cha mt s bit li trong .

134

Chng 4: B Thu Quang

Tn hiu quang vo B tch sng quang B tin khuch i B khuch i

Equalizer

B lc Mch khi phc xung ng h

Mch quyt nh bit

D liu c khi phc

Hnh 4.5 S khi ca b thu quang s.

4.1.4 p ng phn t chuyn i quang-in

Photodiode cn phi c tc p ng nhanh c th hot ng vi tn hiu tc cao. Nu ng ra ca photodiode khng theo kp vi s thay i ca dng tn hiu quang ng vo th dng xung ng ra s b mo.iu ny s nh hng n cht lng ca tuyn do li bit. Tc p ng ca photodiode c th o theo thi gian ln ca tn hiu ng ra, t 10% n 90% gi tr nh tn hiu ng ra khi ng vo ca photodiode chuyn sang va chuyn trng thi on. Tng t nh vy khi tn hiu ng ra chuyn xung t 90% n 10% gi tr nh, gi l thi giang xung. Thi gian ln v thi gian xung c minh ha hnh 4.6. Thi gian ln v thi gian xung ph thuc vo cc nhn t nh mc hp th nh sng mt sng no , rng vng him, s thay i gi tr in dung, s thay i gi tr in tr ca photodiode.

90%

50%

10% tr tr: thi gian ln tf: thi gian xung tf t

Hnh 4.6 p ng ca photodiode vi xung nh sng biu din thi gian ln 10 % n 90% v thi gian xung 90% n 10%.
4.1.5 Thi gian p ng phn t chuyn i quang-in
Tc p ng hay bng thng ca photodiode ph thuc vo ba yu t: thi gian vt ra khi vng him (gi l thi gian tri) ca cc ht mang in to ra t cc photon ti vng ny, p ng tn s c xc nh bi thi hng RC (ph thuc vo in dung ca diode), v s khuch tn cc ht mang in ra khi vng him. 135

Chng 4: B Thu Quang

Thi gian ht mang in vt khi vng him c chiu di w c xc nh theo biu thc sau:

t =

w vd

(4.18)

vi vd l vn tc tri ca ht mang in. w cng nh th t cng nh v s cng t b gii hn n thi gian tri. Ngc li, w nh s lm gii hn hiu sut lng t. Chng ta xt v d i vi photodiode PIN Si c rng lp I l 20m, vn tc tri ca cc ht electron l 105m/s. Do , thi gian vt qua vng I l 200ps. Cn nu vt liu ch to PIN l InGaAs c rng lp I l 5m th thi gian tri l 50ps. Cc gi tr tnh c trn tng ng vi thi gian chuyn ln ca photodiode. Bn cnh , in dung ca photodiode cng ng vai tr ng k. Nu din tch ca diode l A v vng him c rng l w th in dung mi ni l

Cd =

A w

(4.19)

Trong l hng s in mi ca cht bn dn. Trong mch hnh 4.6, tc p ng c xc nh bi thi hng RC. Do thi gian ln (10%-90%) l

A (4.20) w Trong cng thc trn, gim w gim thi gian tri th s lm tng thi gian ln do in
t r = 2,19 RLC d = 2,19 RL
dung. Chng ta c th cn bng hai i lng ny bng cch gim in tr ti RL. Bng thng ca photodiode c xc nh bi RL v Cd nh sau:

B=

1 2RL C d

(4.21)

R rng c c thi gian ln nh, photodiode phi c din tch A nh, rng vng him w ln v in tr ti RL nh. V d: Xt mt PIN Si c ng knh 500m v w = 20m. S dng = 10,510-13F/cm. Ta c

Cd =

A 4 pF w

Do nu RL = 1000 th tr = 8,8ns. Bng thng s l B = 40MHz. Gim RL = 100 th tr gim cn 0,88ns v bng thng tng ln n 400MHz.

4.2 CC LINH (PHOTODIODE)

KIN

BIN

QUANG-IN

BN

DN

Linh kin bin i quang in thng c gi l photodiode hay photodetector thc hin chc nng bin i cng sut quang vo thnh dng in ng ra.

4.2.1 Photodiode P-N

Photodiodde P-N l mi ni P-N hot ng ch dng phn cc ngc, c minh ha nh hnh 4.6. nh sng ti phi lt vo vng him ca mi ni P-N. nh sng ny s c hp th trong vng him v phn phi nng lng cho vt liu. Nu nng lng hp th ln. 136

Chng 4: B Thu Quang

mt cp in t -l trng c to ra. S phn cc ngc mi ni P-N to ra mt in trng ln trn vng him, in trng ny s lm cho cp in t-l trng ny di chuyn ra khi vng him v ra mch ngoi to thnh dng in. Dng in ny say khi qua in tr ti RL chuyn thnh in pVout. Tn hiu ny s c qua cc tn tip theo x l. S lng cp in t-l trng c to ra trong mt giy ph thuc tuyn tnh vi cng sut trng nh sng ti, do cng dng in mch ngoi t l vi cng sut nh sng ti.

Hnh 4.7 S photodiode P-N

4.2.2 Photodiode PIN

Cu to ca diode PIN gm ba lp bn dn, trong lp I (Intrinsic) l lp bn dn khng pha tp cht hoc pha tp cht rt t nn khng c in t t do nn c din tr rt ln. V lp ny nm gia hai lp P v N. Lp I ng vai tr ging vng him trong mi ni P-N nhng c chiu di ln hn nhm tng hiu sut hp th photon ti.

Hnh 4.8 Cu trc PIN gm ba lp: P-type - I-Intrinsic - N-type

Bi v lp I rt rng nn xc sut tip nhn photon lp ny cao hn v do s hp th photon lp ny nhiu hn so vi hai lp P v N. Nh vy khi lp I cng dy th hiu sut lng t cng cao. Tuy nhin khi thi gian tri ca in t ln nn lm gim kh nng hot ng tc cao ca PIN.

137

Chng 4: B Thu Quang

Trng in E
P

VS

Vng him hay cn gi vng hp th

RL

Hnh 4.9 S phn b nng lng in trng trong cc lp bn dn ca PIN

Cu to bn trong ca PIN:

Hnh 4.10 Cu to bn trong ca PIN

Kh nng thm nhp nh sng ph thuc vo b dy lp P. nh sng c bc sng cng di cng d thm nhp vo bn dn. Vt liu. Silicon l vt liu cho photodetector thng s dng ca s th nht, khng th s dng trong ca s th hai (v silicon c Eg = 1,1eV; c = 1,1m). Ge v InGaAs c nhiu nhiu hn silicon nhng chng p ng trong ca s th hai. Bng 4.1 tng kt cc khong hu dng nht ca cc vt liu PIN diode.

138

Chng 4: B Thu Quang

Vt liu Silicon Germanium InGaAs Khong bc sng (m) 0,3 1,1 0,5 1,8 1,0 1,7 Bc sng ca p ng (m) 0,8 1,55 1,7 p ng (A/W) 0,5 0,7 1,1

Cc ph p ng ca Si v InGaAs nh hnh 4.9.

R tng i 1,0 0,8 0,6 0,4 0,2 0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1,0 1,2 (m) Si 1,0 0,8 0,6 0,4 0,2 0 0,9 1,1 1,3 1,5 1,7 1,9 (m) InGaAs R tng i

Hnh 4.11 Ph p ng ca Si v InGaAs

Si v InGaAs c max = 0,8. T suy ra, = 0,8 m, R = 0,5 A/W i vi InGaAs bc sng 1,7m, = 80%. Suy ra R = 1,1 A/W i vi InGaAs bc sng 1,3m, = 70%. Suy ra R = 0,77 A/W c tuyn V-I. c tuyn V-I ca photodiode Si c R = 0,5 A/W c v nh hnh 4.10.

ID: dng ti

Hnh 4.12 c tuyn V-I ca photodiode Si vi R = 0,5 A/W.

139

Chng 4: B Thu Quang

Dng ti sinh ra do nhit to ra cc ht mang in, do n cn c tn gi l dng r phn cc ngc. Nu tn hiu quang nh th dng photon nh nn c th khng pht hin c tn hiu ny v dng photon nh b dng ti che lp mt. V d 4 Hy xc nh cng sut nh nht c th pht hin c ca PIN diode, c R = 0,5A/W v ID =1nA Gii Gi s chng ta c th phn bit c s hin din ca cng sut quang khi dng tn hiu to ra bng vi dng ti. Do : P = Ip /R = 2nA

B bin i dng sang p. Mch PIN n gin:

Hnh 4.13 (a) Mch phn cc n gin cho PIN. (b) th phn tch mch

p ng ra c xc nh: V = R.P.RL (4.22)

Chng ta c th cho diode hot ng cng sut cao hn v tng di ng ca b thu bng cch tng gi tr tr ti.

V d 4.1:
Cho RL = 10K. Gi s Vs = 20V. Bin dng cc i l VS/VL = 20/104 = 2mA. Cng sut ng ra cc i tng ng vi dng cc i ny l:

Pmax =
140

VS RL PL

(v i = RP)

(4.23)

Chng 4: B Thu Quang

Khi RL thay i th Pmax thay i, do di ng ph thuc vo RL. C mt mch c th c di ng rng hn khng ph thuc vo tr ti.
id id Rf

VS

Vd = -idRf

Hnh 4.14 Mch bin i dng sang p s dng op-amp

Khng c p ri trn ng vo ca op-amp nn Vd = -VS Khng c dng chy vo ng vo ca op-amp nn ton b dng chy qua diode u chy qua Rf v p ri trn Rf l Rf id Rf c th ln nu cn, do to ra p ra ln m khng nh hng tnh tuyn tnh ca p ng.

4.2.3 Photodiode APD

APD l b tch sng mi ni bn dn, c li ni (internal gain) v li ni ny lm tng p ng so vi PN photodiode hay PIN photodiode. Ngi ta ch to ADP gm bn lp: P+ P N+
P+ P N+

VS

V0

Hnh 4.15 Cu trc bn dn ca APD

P+ N+ l hai lp bn dn c nng tp cht cao, nn in tr ca hai vng ny nh, do p ri rt nh. l vng c nng tp cht rt t v gn nh tinh khit. N ging nh lp I ca PIN. Hu nh tt c cc photon b hp thu trong vng ny, v to ra cc cp l trng - in t t do.

141

Chng 4: B Thu Quang

Hnh 4.16 S phn b nng lng in trng trong cc lp bn dn.

S nhn dng theo c ch thc l din ra nh sau: Di tc dng ca ngun phn cc ngc, s phn b cng in trng trong cc lp bn dn nh hnh 4.16. Trong trng vng tip gip PN+ cao nht, qu trnh nhn in t xy ra vng ny. Vng ny cn c gi l vng thc l. Khi c nh sng chiu vo, cc photon b hp th trong lp , to cc cp e-p (electron-l trng). Di s nh hng ca in trng ngoi, cc l trng di chuyn v pha P+ (ni cc m ca ngun) cn cc in t di chuyn v pha tip gip PN+. in trng cao trong vng tip gip PN+ s tng tc cho in t. Khi nhng in t ny p vo cc nguyn t tinh th bn dn to ra thm cc cp in t v l trng mi. Nhng ht mang in mi ny c gi l nhng ht mang in th cp (secondary charge). Nhng ht mang in th cp ny bn thn n c tng tc v to ra nhiu hn mang in th cp khc. Qu trnh c tip din v s lng ht mang in c to ra rt nhiu. Qu trnh ny c gi l qu trnh nhn thc l.

Lc tng tc phi mnh, v t c iu ny khi p phn cc ngc ln, c khi ln n vi trm volt. Vi p phn cc ngc vd, h s nhn thc l tng ng vi vd gn bng:

M=

1 1 (vd / VBR ) n
VBR = 20 500V

(4.24)

Vi VBR l p nh thng phn cc ngc ca diode. n l thng s c xc nh theo thc nghim n >1.

Dng c to ra ca ADP vi h s nhn M (M cn c gi l li):

Ip =

MeP0 MeP0 = hf hC 0

(4.25)

: h sut lng t khi M = 1.

T y suy ra: 142

Chng 4: B Thu Quang

R=

Ip P0

Me Me = hC 0 hf

(4.26)

Gi tr in hnh ca R = 20 80 A/W

M ca ADP ph thuc vo nhit , thng M gim khi nhit tng. ng thi M cng thay i khi p phn cc ngc thay i.

Hnh 4.17 H s nhn M thay i theo nhit v p phn cc ngc

Nguyn nhn: ng i trung bnh t do gia nhng ln va chm s nh hn khi nhit cao hn. Nhng ht mang in khng c c hi t c vn tc cao cn thit to ra nhng ht th cp.

4.3

C TNH K THUT CA PHOTODIODE

4.3.1 Nhy
nhy c nh ngha mc trn. Theo nguyn l hot ng ca PIN v APD th ADP nhy hn PIN. nhy ca ADP ln hn PIN t 5 n 15 dB. Tuy nhin nu dng PIN-FET th nhy ca PIN-FET v ADP l xp x nhau. Bng di y trnh by nhy ca mt s linh kin cc bc sng hot ng: Loi photodiode ADP Vt liu Si Ge InGaAs PIN - FET Si InGaAs (nm) 800 900 1300 1550 1300 1550 800 900 1300 1550 S (dBm) -55 -54 -57 -50 -54

143

Chng 4: B Thu Quang

4.3.2 Hiu Sut Lng T

Theo nh ngha hiu sut lng t th i lng ny thng c gi tr nh hn 1. Tuy nhin, trong APD c c ch thc l, v vy hiu sut lng t ca APD c nhn ln M ln. PIN ADP M

4.3.3 p ng
V c c ch thc l trong APD nn p ng R ca APD rt cao, v cao hn p ng ca PIN hng trm ln. PIN ADP

R=

Ip P0

e e = hC 0 hf

R=

I p Me Me = = P0 hC 0 hf

Gi tr in hnh: R = 0,5 0,7 A/W

Gi tr in hnh: R = 20 80 A/W

4.3.4 Di ng
Di ng ca ADP rng hn PIN. C th: on tuyn tnh ca ADP c mc cng sut quang thay i t vi phn nW n vi W (tc di ng thay i vi h s >1000), cn PIN c di ng vi h s 100.

4.3.5 Dng Ti.

Dng ti l nhiu do linh kin kin tch sng quang to ra. Do APD c c ch nhn thc l nn dng ti ca APD cng c nhn ln. V vy dng nhiu ca APD ln hn so vi PIN rt nhiu. PIN Id c i t vi phn nA nvi trm nA Si c dng ti nh nht, InGaAs ln nhn v Ge c Id max ADP Id ln hn

4.3.6 n nh.
V h s nhn thc l ca APD ph thuc vo nhit v in p phn cc ngc nn n nh ca APD kn hn PIN rt nhiu. PIN t nhy vi nhit ADP H s nhn M thay i theo nhit v p phn cc ngc.

144

Chng 4: B Thu Quang

4.3.7 in p Phn Cc.

APD c th hot ng c th pphn cc ngc cho APD rt cao. PIN p phn cc thp thng 20V ADP p phn cc cao, ln n vi trm volt

4.3.8 Tm Tt

Bng cc c tnh c bn ca cc photodiode

Vt liu Si Ge InGaAs Si Ge Cu trc PIN PIN PIN ADP ADP tr (ns) 0,5 0,1 0,3 0,5 1 (nm) 300 1100 500 1800 1000 1700 400 1000 1000 1600 R (A/W) 0,5 0,7 0,6 77 33 Id (nA) 1 200 10 15 700 M 1 1 1 150 15

4.4

CC B TIN KHUCH I

Ng vo ca b thu bao gm b tin khuch i v photodiode. Tn hiu quang c ghp vo photodiode v photodiode s bin i chui bit quang thnh tn hiu in. Vai tr ca b tin khuch i l khuch i tn hiu in trc khi x l. Vic thit k tng ny yu cu s tr gi gia tc hot ng v nhy. Trong s cc b tin khuch i nh b tin khuch i tr khng thp, b tin khuch i tr khng cao, b tin khuch i hi tip,v b tin khuch i tc cao th b tin khuch i tr khng cao thng c s dng.

4.4.1 B tin khuch i tr khng thp

i vi b tin khuch i tr khng thp, in tr in hnh l 50, cn i vi b tin khuch i tr khng cao th gi tr ny phi ln hn 50. Xt b tin khuch i tr khng thp, in tr 50 bin i dng in photon ng ra ca photodiode IP thnh p V0 theo nh lut Ohm: V0 = RIp = 50Ip. Lu rng mch th ng n gin ny lm tr khng ng vo ca b khuch i. Nhc im d thy ca mch tin khuch i tr khng thp l cp gi r tr khng ng vo cho b khuch i thp, do in p c ra s nh. Mt nhc im na l dng nhiu s nh hng ng k trn in tr R nh, v nhiu nhit t l nghch vi in tr.

145

Chng 4: B Thu Quang

V+ nh sng Photodiode

AMP Tn hiu ra

Hnh 4.18 Khuch i tr khng thp

khc phc nhc im ny chng ta s dng b tin khuch i tr khng cao.

4.4.2 B tin khuch i tr khng cao

Phng php thng s dng chuyn i dng c cng yu thnh p c minh ha hnh 4.19. K thut tr khng cao s dng mt in tr tng p t l vi dng in ng ra ca photodidoe. Tuy nhin, mch ny c nhiu nhc im. Nu in tr ca mch tr khng cao qu ln th dng ti ca photodidoe c th gy cho photodiode bo ho, cn tr qu trnh tch sng ca photodiode. S bo ho xy ra khi p ri trn in tr bng p phn cc cho photodiode. trch s bo ho, PIN phi duy tr p phn cc t nht vi vn.
V+ nh sng Photodiode

AMP Tn hiu ra

Hnh 4.19 Khuch i tr khng cao.

Xt v d sau. Gi s PIN c dng ti vi mA. Nu p phn cc l 12V, in tr ca photodiode s phi nh hn 10k trnh bo ho. Vi in tr 10k, n c th chuyn 1A dng ti thnh 10mV. Nhng vi tn hiu c th yu hn mc dng ti vi triu ln, nn in tr ny phi cao c th chuyn i dng thnh p tt nht. Hai iu ny tranh chp nhau trong k thut tr khng cao. Mch tng ng ca b tin khuch i tr khng cao c trnh by hnh 4.20.

146

Chng 4: B Thu Quang

G

Tin khuch i Ip RL CT

Hnh 4.20: Mch tng ng b tin khuch i tr khng cao.

Trong RL l in tr ti, l gi tr in tr tng ng ca R v in tr ni ca photodiode, CT =Cp + CA l in dung tng cng bao gm in dungca photodiode Cp v in dung ca b khuch i. Bng thng ca b tin khuch i ny l f = 1/(2RLCT). B tin khuch i tr khng cao s khng c s dng nu bng thng ca n nh hn tc bit. Nhc im ca loi khuch i ny l bng thng nh. tng bng thng, chng ta c th s dng kt hp vi b equalizer. ng thi nu khng quan tm n nhy chng ta c th gim RL tng bng thng.

4.4.3 B tin khuch i hi tip

S ci tin ca khuch i tr khng cao l khuch i hi tip hnh 4.21. B tin khuch i hi tip c c im l nhy cao v bng thng ln.
V+ nh sng Photodiode R

Tn hiu ra AMP

Hnh 4.21 Khuch i hi tip in tr R ng vai tr chuyn i dng thnh p, n c ni t ng ra n ng vo ca b khuch i. B khuch i nh th ny thc hin m v to p ng ra t l vi dng photon. S ci tin quang trng nht ca b khuch i phi hp tr khng l loi b nh hng in dung k sinh ca dy dn v ca diode. Mch tng ng ca b tin khuch i hi tip c trnh by hnh 4.22.

147

Chng 4: B Thu Quang

RL

Tin khuch i Ip CT

Hnh 4.22 S tng ng ca b tin khuch i hi tip.

4.5

NHIU TRONG B THU QUANG

Trong c tnh k thut v cht lng nhiu ca b thu quang, ngi ta thng s dng t s tn hiu trn nhiu SNR (signal-to-noise). Tn hiu y l cng sut tn hiu, nhiu y l cng sut nhiu, c hai i lng ny gi s dng ca chng cng chy trn gi tr in tr chun. SNR c th c biu din nh sau:
2 2 S PSignal < iS > R / 4 < iS > = = 2 = 2 N PNoise < i N > R / 4 < i N >

(4.27)

Nh vy SNR c lp vi gi tr in tr, v chng ta ch cn tnh gi trdng trung bnh bnh phng. C hai c ch gy nhiu trn photodiode: nhiu n (shot noise) v nhiu nhit (thermal noise).

4.5.1 Nhiu n
Nhiu n c xem l tng hp ca nhiu lng t (quantum noise) v nhiu dng ti (dark current noise) Nhiu lng t sinh ra do s va p gia cc ht photon trong qu trnh to ra dng photon (dng in ng ng ra ca photodiode ng vi cng sut quang ti). i vi photodiode, nu gi Iq l dng nhiu lng t th gi tr trung bnh bnh phng dng nhiu lng t c xc nh nh sau:
2 < I q >= 2eI p BM 2 F ( M )

(4.28)

Dng ti l dng sinh ra khi khng c nh sng ti, v dng nysinh ra nhiu. Nu gi ID l gi tr dng ti th nhiu dng ti c xc nh nh sau:
2 < I d >= 2eI d BM 2 F ( M )

(4.29)

Trong : IP l dng photon trung bnh, tc l dng in ng ra ca photodiode; e l in tch ca in t; B l bng thng ca b thu;

148

Chng 4: B Thu Quang

M l h s nhn thc l ca APD F(M) l h s nhiu ca APD v c xc nh theo biu thc:

F(M) = Mx

(4.30)

X thng c gi tr t 0,3 n 0,5 i vi APD silicon v t 0,7 n 1 i vi APD germanium. i vi photodiode PIN th M v F(M) bng 1.

4.5.2 Nhiu nhit

Nhiu nhit sinh ra do s chuyn ng ngu nhin ca cc electron, n lun tn ti bt k nhit xc nh no. Xt mt in tr c gi tr RL nhit T. Nu gi It l dng nhiu nhit trn in tr RL ny th gi tr trung bnh bnh phng dng nhiu nhit trong bng thng B l:

< I t2 >=

4 KTB

RL

(4.31)

K = 1,38.10-23J/K: hng s Boltzmann T (K) = C + 273 (4.32)

Nh vy nhiu nhit sinh ra trn in tr ti. Thc t, b thu cn cha nhiu linh kin in t khc, v n cng sinh ra nhiu. V d nhiu sinh ra trn b khuch i. Lng nhiu ny thng xut hin tng tin khuch i. Nu gi Fn l h s nhiu ca b khuch i th nhiu nhit cng thc c sa i nh sau:

< I t2 >=

4 KTFnB

RL

(4.33)

4.5.3 T s tn hiu trn nhiu

Tng dng nhiu bnh phng trung bnh ng ra ca photodiode c biu din nh sau:
2 2 2 < I N >=< I q > + < I d > + < I t2 >

(4.34)

Cn dng tn hiu bnh phng trung bnh c xc nh nh sau:

( I p ) 2 = ( RP0 ) 2 M 2
Trong R l p ng ca photodidode, P0 l cng sut quang ng vo. Do , t s tn hiu trn nhiu c nh gi thng qua biu thc sau:

(4.35)

SNR =

(I p ) 2
2 < IN >

( RP0 ) 2 M 2 2e( I p + I d ) BM 2 F ( M ) + 4 KTFnB / RL

(4.36)

Nu b thu s dng PIN, t s tn hiu trn nhiu s c xc nh theo biu thc sau:

SNR =
4.5.4

( RP0 ) 2 2e( I p + I D ) B + 4 KTFnB / RL

(4.37)

Cng sut nhiu tng ng

149

Chng 4: B Thu Quang

Trong mt s trng hp thc t, nhiu nhit nh hng ch yu n cht lng b thu, tc nhiu n l rt b so vi nhiu nhit. Lc ny, t s tn hiu trn nhiu, nh hng ch yu do nhiu nhit, c vit li nh sau:

RL ( RP0 ) 2 SNR = 4 KTFnB

(4.38)

Nh vy, SNR thay i theo (P0)2. Chng ta c th ci thin SNR bng cch tng in tr ti, y l l do ti sao hu ht cc b thu s dng b tin khuch i c tr khng ng vo cao. nh hng ca nhiu nhit thng c c trng bi i lng c gi l cng sut nhiu tng ng NEP (Noise Equivalent Power). Cng sut nhiu tng ng c nh ngha l mc cng sut ti thiu trn mt n v bng thng cn thit to ra SNR =1 v c cho bi biu thc sau:

NEP =

4 KTFn P0 = RL R 2 B

(4.39)

NEP c th c s dng xc nh cng sut quang cn thit t c gi tr SNR cn thit nu bng thng B bit trc. Gi tr in hnh ca NEP l t 1 10 pW/(Hz)1/2.

4.5.4. Mt s v d:

a. V d 4.2:
Mt photo diode PIN c s dng trong b thu quang c hiu sut lng t 60% khi hot ng bc sng 0,9m. Dng ti ca linh kin hot ng iu kin ny l 3nA v in tr ti l 4k. Cng sut quang ti bc sng hot ng l 200nW v bng thng ca b thu 5MHz. So snh nhiu n sinh ra trong photodiode vi nhiu nhit sinh ra trong in tr 200C.

Gii:
T cng thc (4.8), dng photon c xc nh nh sau:

Ip =
Th s vo:

P0 e P0 e = hf hC

Ip =

0,6 200.10 9 1,6.10 19 0,9.10 6 = 87,1 nA 6,625.10 34 3.10 8

T phng trnh (4.17), (4.18) suy ra nhiu n trong PIN l:

2 2 2 < I TS >=< I q > + < I d >= 2eB( I d + I p )

(4.40)

Th s vo (4.37), ta c:
2 < I TS >= 2 1,6.10 19 5.10 6 (3 + 87,1).10 9 = 1,44.10 19

A2

Gi tr hiu dng (rms) ca dng nhiu n:

2 < I TS > = 1,44.10 19

A2 = 3,79.10 10

Nhiu nhit sinh ra t in tr ti c tnh t biu thc (4.28): 150

Chng 4: B Thu Quang

< I t2 >=

4 KTB

RL

4 1,38.10 23 (273 + 20) 5.10 6 = 2,02.10 17 4.10 3

A2

Do dng nhiu nhit rms l:

< I t2 > = 2,02.10 17

A2 = 4,49.10 9

Nh vy trong v d ny, dng nhiu nhit rms ln hn dng nhiu n rms v ln hn 12 ln.

b. V d 4.3:
Nu b thu v d 4.2c b khuch i vi h s nhiu 3dB. Xc nh SNR ng ra ca b thu di cng iu kin nh v d 4.2.

Gii:
T v d 4.2 ta c:

I p = 87,1.10 9 A
2 < I TS >= 1,44.10 19 A2

< I t2 >= 2,02.10 17 A2 B khuch i c h s nhiu Fn = 3 dB hay Fn = 2. T phng trnh (4.37), SNR ng ra ca bt thu s dng PIN l :
2 2 Ip Ip SNR = = 2 2e( I p + I D ) B + 4 KTFnB / RL < I TS > +(< I t2 > Fn )

Th s vo, ta c:

SNR =
Hay:

(87,1.10 9 ) 2 = 1,87.10 2 19 17 1,44.10 + 2,02.10 2

SNR(dB) = 10lg(1,87.102) = 22,72 dB

c. V d 4.4:
Mt APD silicon (x = 0,3) c in dung 5 pF, b qua dng ti v hot ng bng thng 50MHz. Dng photon trc khi khuch i l 10-7 A nhit 180C. Xc nh SNR cc i khi M=1 v M=Mop (gi tr ti u), gi s cc iu kin hot ng khng thay i.

Gii:
Xc nh gi tr cc i ca in tr ti theo phng trnh (4.21):

RL = Khi M = 1:

1 2C d B

1 = 635,5 2 5.10 12 50.10 6

151

Chng 4: B Thu Quang

T phng trnh (4.36) SNR s l:

SNR =

(I p ) 2
2 < IN >

2 Ip 2eBI p + 4 KTB/ RL

V Id =0 v Fn = 1 Nhiu n c gi tr l:
2eBI p = 2 1,6.10 19 50.10 6 10 7 = 1,602.10 18 A2

V nhiu nhit c gi tr l:
4 KTB

RL
Do :

4 1,38.10 23 (273 + 18) 50.10 6 = 1,253.10 15 A2 635,5

SNR =
V

10 14 = 7,91 1,602.10 18 + 1,253.10 15

SNR(dB) = 8,98 dB

Vy khi M=1 th SNR = 9dB

Khi M = Mop v x = 0,3:

Mop c xc nh t phng trnh :
2 M op+ x =

4 KTFn xeRL ( I p + I d )

(4.41)

Th s vo ta tnh c Mop = 41,54 T phng trnh (4.36) SNR s l:

SNR =

(I p ) 2
2 < IN >

2 M 2I p

2eBI p M 2 F ( M ) + 4 KTFnB / RL

Th s vo, tnh ton ta c:

SNR =1,78.103
Hay:

SNR (dB) = 32,5dB

Nh vy SNR khi M=Mop l 32,5dB, ci thin hn 23,5 dB so vi khi M=1.

4.6
4.6.1

CC THAM S TRONG B THU QUANG

T s li bit

S tn hiu bin i ng vo b quyt nh bit c minh ho hnh 4.23, trong tD l thi im ly mu quyt nh bit, thi im ny c thc hin bi mch ti to xung ng h. Gi

152

Chng 4: B Thu Quang

tr mu ny dao ng xung quang gi tr I0 i vi bit 0 v gi tr I1 i vi bit 1. Mch quyt nh bit s so snh gi tr mu I vi gi tr ngng ID, nu I> ID th quyt nh l bit 1 v nu I < ID th quyt nh l bit 0. Li xy ra nu I < ID trong trng hp bit 1, v li ny l do nhiu tc ng vo bin tn hiu nhn c. Tng t li cng xy ra nu I > ID trong trng hp bit 0. C hai ngun li ny c nh ngha bi xc sut li nh sau:

BER = p(1)P(0/1) + p(0)P(1/0)

Trong : p(0) v p(1) l xc sut nhn bit 0 v bit 1. P(0/1) l xc sut quyt nh bit 0 khi nhn bit 1 P(1/0) l xc sut quyt nh bit 1 khi nhn bit 0

(4.42)

Gi s h thng c p(1) = p(0), tc xc sut nhn bit 1 v 0 bng nhau, BER c th vit li nh sau:

BER = [P(0/1) + P(1/0)]

Tn hiu

(4.43)

I1 P (1/0) ID Tn hiu P (0/1) I0

tD Thi gian Xc sut (a) (b)

Hnh 4.23 (a) tn hiu ti to c b thu; (b) Mt phn b xc sut Gaussian ca bit 1 v 0. Phn gch cho cho bit xc sut nhn dng sai bit.

Hnh 4.23 (b) cho thy gi tr P(0/1) v P(1/0) ph thuc vo hm mt xc sut p(I) ca gi tr mu I. Dng hm p(I) ph thuc vo thng k ngun nhiu tc ng ln dng tn hiu. Nhiu nhit It thng c thng k dng Gaussian c tr trung bnh bng 0 v phng sai 2t. Thng k ca nhiu n Is cng xp x dng Gaussian i vi photodiode PIN vi phng sai 2s. V tng hai bin ngu nhin Gaussian cng l bin ngu nhin Gaussian nn gi tr mu I c hm mt phn b xc sut Gaussian vi phng sai 2 = 2t + 2s. Tuy nhin gi tr trung bnh v phng sai ca bit 1 v bit 0 l khc nhau v Ip ph thuc vo bit nhn c. Nu gi 20 v 21 ln lc l phng sai dng tn hiu nhn c ng vi bit 0 v bit 1, ta c: 153

Chng 4: B Thu Quang

P (0 / 1) =

1 0

( I I1 ) 2 exp 2 12 2 (I I 0 ) 2 exp 2 02 2 I D

ID

I ID 1 dI = erfc 1 2 2 1 I I0 1 dI = erfc D 2 2 0

(4.44)

P (1 / 0) =

(4.45)

Trong erfc l hm li b c nh ngha nh sau:

erfc( x) =

exp( z x

)dz

(4.46)

Th vo ta c:

BER =

I ID 1 erfc 1 2 4 1

I I0 + erfc D 2 0

(4.47)

Nh vy BER ph thuc vo ngng quyt nh ID. Trong thc t ta phi chn ID sao cho BER l nh nht. BER nh nht khi ID tha mn phng trnh:

( I D I 0 ) 2 ( I1 I D ) 2 = + ln 1 2 2 2 0 2 1 0

(4.48)

n gin, gi s nhiu tc ng ln dng bit 1 v 0 l xp x nhau, tc 0 = 1 = ; gi tr trung bnh ca bit 0 l I0 = 0; v chn gi tr ngng nm gia dng ca bit 1 v 0, tc ID = I1/2 T (4.47) v th cc gi tr gi s vo ta c:

BER = erfc

1 2

I1 2 2

(4.49)

4.6.2

Mi quan h gia BER v SNR

Theo nh ngha, SNR in b thu quang c th c vit di dng t s gi cng sut tn hiu nh vi cng sut nhiu hiu dng:

SNR =

I 12 2

(4.50)

So snh (4.49) vi (4.50), ta c th biu din t s li bit BER theo t s tn hiu trn nhiu SNR nh sau:

SNR 1 BER = erfc 2 2 2

(4.51)

Theo biu thc(4.51), t s li bit BER c mi quan h vi t s SNR. Nh vy ng vi mi gi SNR ca tn hiu u thu chng ta s c c cht lng ca h thng tng ng c nh gi qua thng s BER. iu ny s c phn tch chi tit mc di y. 4.6.3 154 Hm xc sut li Hm xc sut li c nh ngha nh sau:

Chng 4: B Thu Quang

Q( x) =

1 2

exp(
x

u2
2

)du

(4.52)

T (4.40) v (4.48) suy ra quan h gia Q(x) v erfc(x) nh sau:

Q( x) = erfc(
hay

1 2

x
2

(4.53)

erfc( x) = 2Q( x 2 )
Phng trnh (4.51) c th c biu din theo hm Q(x) nh sau:

(4.54)

BER = Q

SNR 2

(4.55)

Gi tr ca hm xc sut li c th xc nh di dng bng hoc th. Hnh 4.28 l dng th ca hm xc sut li. Ta nhn thy, nu SNR cng cao th t s li bit cng nh, tc h thng c cht lng cng cao.

BER 100 10-2 10-4 10-6 10-8 10-10 10-12

11

13

15

17

19

21

23

SNR (dB)

Hnh 4.24 BER thay i theo SNR.

Ngoi ra, gi tr ca hm xc sut li cng c th c xc nh di dng bng. Chng ta c th s dng bng 4.1 xc nh gi tr Q(x) khi bit x hoc tm x khi bit gi tr ca Q(x). Cc v d di y minh ha cch s dng bng 4.1.

155

Chng 4: B Thu Quang

Bng 4.1 Bng xc sut li ca hm Q(x)

Q(x) x 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.8 3.9 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 0.00 0.5000 0.4602 0.4207 0.3821 0.3446 0.3085 0.2743 0.2420 0.2119 0.1841 0.1587 0.1357 0.1151 0.0968 0.0808 0.0668 0.0548 0.0446 0.0359 0.0287 0.0228 0.0179 0.0139 0.0107 0.0082 0.0062 0.0047 0.0035 0.0026 0.0019 0.0013 0.9676 0.6871 0.4834 0.3369 0.2326 0.1591 0.1078 0.7235 0.4810 0.3167 0.2066 0.1335 0.8540 0.5413 0.01 0.4960 0.4562 0.4168 0.3783 0.3409 0.3050 0.2709 0.2389 0.2090 0.1814 0.1562 0.1335 0.1131 0.0951 0.0793 0.0655 0.0537 0.0436 0.0351 0.0281 0.0222 0.0174 0.0136 0.0104 0.0080 0.0060 0.0045 0.0034 0.0025 0.0018 0.0013 0.9354 0.6637 0.4665 0.3248 0.2241 0.1531 0.1036 0.6948 0.4615 0.3036 0.1978 0.1277 0.8163 0.5169 0.02 0.4920 0.4522 0.4129 0.3745 0.3372 0.3015 0.2676 0.2358 0.2061 0.1788 0.1539 0.1314 0.1112 0.0934 0.0778 0.0643 0.0526 0.0427 0.0344 0.0274 0.0217 0.0170 0.0132 0.0102 0.0078 0.0059 0.0044 0.0033 0.0024 0.0018 0.0013 0.9043 0.6410 0.4501 0.3131 0.2158 0.1473 0.0996 0.6673 0.4427 0.2910 0.1894 0.1222 0.7801 0.4935 0.03 0.4880 0.4483 0.4090 0.3707 0.3336 0.2981 0.2643 0.2327 0.2033 0.1762 0.1515 0.1292 0.1093 0.0918 0.0764 0.0630 0.0516 0.0418 0.0336 0.0268 0.0212 0.0166 0.0129 0.0099 0.0075 0.0057 0.0043 0.0032 0.0023 0.0017 0.0012 0.8740 0.6190 0.4342 0.3018 0.2078 0.1417 0.0957 0.6407 0.4247 0.2789 0.1814 0.1168 0.7455 0.4712 0.04 0.4840 0.4443 0.4052 0.3669 0.3300 0.2946 0.2611 0.2296 0.2005 0.1736 0.1492 0.1271 0.1075 0.0901 0.0749 0.0618 0.0505 0.0409 0.0329 0.0262 0.0207 0.0162 0.0125 0.0096 0.0073 0.0055 0.0041 0.0031 0.0023 0.0016 0.0012 0.8447 0.5976 0.4189 0.2909 0.2001 0.1363 0.0920 0.6152 0.4074 0.2673 0.1737 0.1118 0.7124 0.4498 0.05 0.4801 0.4404 0.4013 0.3632 0.3264 0.2912 0.2578 0.2266 0.1977 0.1711 0.1469 0.1251 0.1056 0.0885 0.0735 0.0606 0.0495 0.0401 0.0322 0.0256 0.0202 0.0158 0.0122 0.0094 0.0071 0.0054 0.0040 0.0030 0.0022 0.0016 0.0011 0.8164 0.5770 0.4041 0.2803 0.1926 0.1311 0.0884 0.5906 0.3908 0.2561 0.1662 0.1069 0.6807 0.4294 0.06 0.4761 0.4364 0.3974 0.3594 0.3228 0.2877 0.2546 0.2236 0.1949 0.1685 0.1446 0.1230 0.1038 0.0869 0.0721 0.0594 0.0485 0.0392 0.0314 0.0250 0.0197 0.0154 0.0119 0.0091 0.0069 0.0052 0.0039 0.0029 0.0021 0.0015 0.0011 0.7888 0.5571 0.3897 0.2701 0.1854 0.1261 0.0850 0.5669 0.3747 0.2454 0.1591 0.1022 0.6503 0.4098 0.07 0.4721 0.4325 0.3936 0.3557 0.3192 0.2843 0.2514 0.2206 0.1922 0.1660 0.1423 0.1210 0.1020 0.0853 0.0708 0.0582 0.0475 0.0384 0.0307 0.0244 0.0192 0.0150 0.0116 0.0089 0.0068 0.0051 0.0038 0.0028 0.0021 0.0015 0.0011 0.7622 0.5377 0.3758 0.2602 0.1785 0.1213 0.0816 0.5442 0.3594 0.2351 0.1523 0.0977 0.6212 0.3911 0.08 0.4681 0.4286 0.3897 0.3520 0.3156 0.2810 0.2483 0.2177 0.1894 0.1635 0.1401 0.1190 0.1003 0.0838 0.0694 0.0571 0.0465 0.0375 0.0301 0.0239 0.0188 0.0146 0.0113 0.0087 0.0066 0.0049 0.0037 0.0027 0.0020 0.0014 0.0010 0.7364 0.5190 0.3624 0.2507 0.1718 0.1166 0.0784 0.5223 0.3446 0.2252 0.1458 0.0934 0.5934 0.3732 0.09 0.4641 0.4247 0.3859 0.3483 0.3121 0.2776 0.2451 0.2148 0.1867 0.1611 0.1379 0.1170 0.0985 0.0823 0.0681 0.0559 0.0455 0.0367 0.0294 0.0233 0.0183 0.0143 0.0110 0.0084 0.0064 0.0048 0.0036 0.0026 0.0019 0.0014 0.0010 0.7114 0.5009 0.3495 0.2415 0.1653 0.1121 0.0753 0.5012 0.3304 0.2157 0.1395 0.0893 0.5668 0.3561 *1.0e-03 *1.0e-03 *1.0e-03 *1.0e-03 *1.0e-03 *1.0e-03 *1.0e-03 *1.0e-04 *1.0e-04 *1.0e-04 *1.0e-04 *1.0e-04 *1.0e-05 *1.0e-05 Multifactor

156

Chng 4: B Thu Quang

4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 4.9 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 6.7 6.8 6.9 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 0.3398 0.2112 0.1301 0.7933 0.4792 0.2867 0.1698 0.9964 0.5790 0.3332 0.1899 0.1072 0.5990 0.3316 0.1818 0.9866 0.5303 0.2823 0.1488 0.7769 0.4016 0.2056 0.1042 0.5231 0.2600 0.1280 0.6238 0.3011 0.1439 0.6809 0.3191 0.3241 0.2013 0.1239 0.7547 0.4554 0.2722 0.1611 0.9442 0.5481 0.3151 0.1794 0.1012 0.5649 0.3124 0.1711 0.9276 0.4982 0.2649 0.1395 0.7276 0.3758 0.1922 0.0973 0.4880 0.2423 0.1192 0.5802 0.2798 0.1336 0.6315 0.2956 0.3092 0.1919 0.1179 0.7178 0.4327 0.2584 0.1528 0.8946 0.5188 0.2980 0.1695 0.0955 0.5326 0.2942 0.1610 0.8721 0.4679 0.2486 0.1308 0.6814 0.3515 0.1796 0.0909 0.4552 0.2258 0.1109 0.5396 0.2599 0.1240 0.5856 0.2739 0.2949 0.1828 0.1123 0.6827 0.4111 0.2452 0.1449 0.8476 0.4911 0.2818 0.1601 0.0901 0.5022 0.2771 0.1515 0.8198 0.4394 0.2332 0.1226 0.6380 0.3288 0.1678 0.0848 0.4246 0.2104 0.1033 0.5018 0.2415 0.1151 0.5430 0.2537 0.2813 0.1742 0.1069 0.6492 0.3906 0.2328 0.1374 0.8029 0.4647 0.2664 0.1512 0.0850 0.4734 0.2610 0.1425 0.7706 0.4126 0.2188 0.1149 0.5974 0.3076 0.1568 0.0792 0.3960 0.1960 0.0961 0.4667 0.2243 0.1068 0.5034 0.2350 0.2682 0.1660 0.1017 0.6173 0.3711 0.2209 0.1302 0.7605 0.4398 0.2518 0.1428 0.0802 0.4462 0.2458 0.1341 0.7242 0.3874 0.2052 0.1077 0.5593 0.2877 0.1465 0.0739 0.3692 0.1826 0.0895 0.4339 0.2084 0.0991 0.4667 0.2176 0.2558 0.1581 0.0968 0.5869 0.3525 0.2096 0.1235 0.7203 0.4161 0.2381 0.1349 0.0757 0.4206 0.2314 0.1261 0.6806 0.3637 0.1925 0.1009 0.5235 0.2690 0.1369 0.0690 0.3443 0.1701 0.0833 0.4034 0.1935 0.0920 0.4326 0.2015 0.2439 0.1506 0.0921 0.5580 0.3348 0.1989 0.1170 0.6821 0.3937 0.2250 0.1274 0.0714 0.3964 0.2179 0.1186 0.6396 0.3414 0.1805 0.0945 0.4900 0.2516 0.1279 0.0644 0.3210 0.1585 0.0775 0.3750 0.1797 0.0853 0.4010 0.1866 0.2325 0.1434 0.0876 0.5304 0.3179 0.1887 0.1109 0.6459 0.3724 0.2127 0.1203 0.0673 0.3735 0.2051 0.1116 0.6009 0.3205 0.1693 0.0885 0.4586 0.2352 0.1195 0.0601 0.2993 0.1476 0.0721 0.3486 0.1669 0.0791 0.3716 0.1728 0.2216 0.1366 0.0834 0.5042 0.3019 0.1790 0.1051 0.6116 0.3523 0.2010 0.1135 0.0635 0.3519 0.1931 0.1049 0.5646 0.3008 0.1587 0.0829 0.4292 0.2199 0.1116 0.0561 0.2790 0.1374 0.0671 0.3240 0.1550 0.0734 0.3444 0.1600 *1.0e-05 *1.0e-05 *1.0e-05 *1.0e-06 *1.0e-06 *1.0e-06 *1.0e-06 *1.0e-07 *1.0e-07 *1.0e-07 *1.0e-07 *1.0e-07 *1.0e-08 *1.0e-08 *1.0e-08 *1.0e-09 *1.0e-09 *1.0e-09 *1.0e-09 *1.0e-10 *1.0e-10 *1.0e-10 *1.0e-10 *1.0e-11 *1.0e-11 *1.0e-11 *1.0e-12 *1.0e-12 *1.0e-12 *1.0e-13 *1.0e-13

V d 4.5:
Hy xc nh x BER = 10-9.

Gii:
Theo v d ny, y l bi ton bit Q(x) tm gi tr x. Theo bi, BER = 10-9 tc l Q(x) = 10-9. Ta tm trong bng 4.1 xem no c gi tr bng hoc gn bng 10-9. Mun vy ta thc hin nh sau: tm ct bn phi (Multi-factor) hng no c h s bng 1.0e-9. D trn hng tm gi tr bng 1 hoc gn bng 1. Nu d trn cc dng c h s 1.0e-9 m khng tm ra c gi tr 1 hoc gn bng 1 th chng ta chuyn sang d trn cc hng c h s 1.0e-8 v tm gi tr 0,1 hoc gn bng 0,1. Chng ta thc hin u ny v Q(x) = 10-9 = 110-9 = 0,110-8. Tra bng ta tm c c gi tr 0,9866*1.0e-9. Vi ny l tng ng vi x = 6.0 + 0.00. Vy x = 6. 157

Chng 4: B Thu Quang

Ta xt mt v d khc.

V d 4.6:
Hy xc nh x BER = 10-12.

Gii:
BER = 10-12 tc l Q(x) = 10-12. Ta tm trong bng 4.1 xem no c gi tr gn bng 1 ng vi dng c h s (Multi-factor) bng 1.0e-12 hoc no c gi tr gn bng 0,1 ng vi dng c h s bng 1.0e-11 v Q(x) = 10-12 = 110-12 = 0,110-11. Tra bng ta thy c gi tr l: 0,1033*1.0e-11.V suy ra: x = 7.0 + 0.03. Hay x = 7,03.

Lu l chn no c sai s l nh nht, tc l sai lch gia Q(x) bit vi gi tr mnh chn l nh nht. Ngc li, khi c x chng ta c th xc nh BER.

V d 4.7:
Hy xc nh Q(x) nu x =5.

Gii:
y l bi ton ngc vi v d 4.1 v 4.2, tc l tm Q(x) khi bit x. Vic xc nh Q(x) d dng hn l tm x. Theo bi: x = 5 tc l x = 5.0 + 0.00 T bng 4.1, ta xc nh giao gia hng x = 5.0 v ct x = 0.00 v kt qu c c l Q(5) = 0,286710-6 (v dng ny c h s (Multi-factor) l 1.0e-6)

4.6.4

nhy ca b thu

a. B thu s dng PIN

Gi s h thng ch c nh hng ca nhiu lng t, ta c th biu din SNR b thu quang s dng PIN nh sau:

SNR =

2 Ip Ip = 2eBI p 2eB

(4.56)

Trong B l bng thng ca b tch sng. Nu gi zm l s photon trung bnh ti PIN trong khong thi gian , v l hiu sut lng t ca linh kin th dng Ip c tnh nh sau: 158

Chng 4: B Thu Quang

Ip =

zm e
zm 2 B

(4.57)

Th (4.57) vo (4.56) ta c:

SNR =

(4.58)

Suy ra s photon trung bnh cn thit ti b thu s dng PIN t c SNR cho trc l:

zm =

2 B

SNR

(4.59)

b. B thu s dng APD

Mt b thu s dng APD tt v c gi tr M (h s nhn thc l) ln th chng ta c th gi s b thu ch b nh hng bi nhiu lng t. Lc ny SNR ca b thu s dng APD c th c vit li nh sau:

SNR =

( MI p ) 2 2eBI p M F ( M )
2

Ip 2eBF ( M )

(4.60)

vi F(M) c xc nh nh sau:

F ( M ) = kM + (2

)(1 k )

(4.61)

k c gi l t s tc ion ho sng mang.

Th (4.57) vo (4.60), chng ta c:

SNR =

zm 2 BF ( M )

(4.62)

T (4.62) ta s c biu thc xc nh s photon trung bnh cn thit n b thu trong khong thi gian tch bit 1 khi c SNR ca b thu APD:

zm =

2 BF ( M )

SNR

(4.63)

Khi tnh ton, tch B thng ly gn bng 0,6 i vi tn hiu c ph dng cosin (hnh 4.25).

Hnh 4.25: (a) Ph dng cosine. (b) Ng ra ca h thng c ph ng ra dng cosine ca 1 xung ng vo 159

Chng 4: B Thu Quang

Mi quan h gia cng sut vi s photon trung bnh c din gii nh sau:
Nng lng quang E0 c th nhn trc tip t s photon trung bnh cn thit duy tr BER nh sau:

E 0 = zm hf

(4.64)

bit 1 c nhn dng b thu th nng lng ny phi n trong khong thi gian rng bit . Chng ta gi s h thng c mt bit 1 v bit 0 l bng nhau nn cng sut quang ti b thu c tnh trn chu k bng rng 2 bit:

P0 =

E0 2 zm hf 2

(4.65)

Th (4.64) vo(4.65), ta c:

P0 =

(4.66)

Gi BT l tc bit ca h thng, suy ra:

P0 =

zm hfBT
2

(4.67)

P0 y chnh l nhy ca my thu. Tmli, xc nh nhy ca my thu, trc tin chng ta xc nh s photon trung bnh cn thit n b thu quang ng vi SRN cho trc (hoc BER cho trc). Sau s dng phng trnh (4.67) tnh cng sut quang ti thiu cn thit ng vi s photon trung bnh trn. Di y l mt s v d minh ha vic p dng cc cng thc trn.

4.6.5

Mt s v d

a. V d 4.8:
S dng xp x Gaussian hy xc nh t s tn hiu trn nhiu (quang v in) cn thit duy tr BER = 10-9 trn tuyn si quang s nh phn di nn. Gi s rng ngng quyt nh c chn gia mc 1 v 0.

Gii:
Theo bi, xc sut li bit l BER = 10-9. T phng trnh (4.55), ta c:

BER = Q

SNR =10-9 2

Tra bng 4.1 (xem theo v d 4.5), ta c kt qu:

SNR
2

= 6. Suy ra : SNR = 12

SNR quang c nh ngha l t s gia dng tn hiu nh vi dng nhiu hiu dng rms, tc l:

160

Chng 4: B Thu Quang

SNROptical =

I1 = SNR = 12 hay 10,8 dB

SNR in c nh ngha theo phng trnh (4.50), do :

SNRElectrical =

I 12 = SNR = 144 hay 21,6 dB 2

b. V d 4.9:
Mt APD c s dng tch sng quang trong b thu PCM c thit k truyn tn hiu di nn c ngng quyt nh nm gia mc 1 v 0. APD c hiu sut lng t 80%, t s tc ion ho 0,02 v h s nhn thc l 1000. Gi s ph tn hiu c dng cosine. Xc nh s photon trung bnh phi ti APD c th nhn dng c bit 1 vi t s li bit l 10-9.

Gii
S photon trung bnh phi ti APD c tnh theo cng thc (4.63). Theo biu thc ny chng ta cn xc nh SNR v F(M). Trc ht chng ta tnh SNR. SNR c tnh nh v d 4.8. p dng kt qu v d 4.8, t s tn hiu trn nhiu in cn thit duy tr BER = 10-9 b thu l: SNR =144 hay 21,6 dB. K tip chng ta xc nh h s nhiu thc l F(M). F(M) c tnh theo biu thc (4.61):

F ( M ) = kM + (2

)(1 k ) = 0,02 100 + ( 2

1 )(1 0,02) = 3,95 100

By gi th s vo biu thc (4.63) tnh s photon trung bnh:

zm =

2 BF ( M )

SNR =

2 0,6 3,95 144 = 864 0,8

photon

(gi s B = 0,6) Vy s photon trung bnh phi ti APD b thu duy tr BER = 10-9 l 864.

c. V d 4.10:
B thu ca v d 4.9 hot ng bc sng 1 m. Xc nh cng sut quang ti thiu n b thu ( nhy) h thng c th nhn dng bit 1 vi t s BER = 10-9 tc 10Mbit/s v 140Mbit/s. Gi s h thng s dng m nh phn c t l bit 1 v 0 l bng nhau.

Gii
Theo iu kin trn, cng sut quang cn thit c tnh theo biu thc (4.67):

P0 =

zm hfBT
2

zm hCBT 2

tc 10Mbit/s:

161

Chng 4: B Thu Quang

P0 =

864 6,625.10 34 3.10 8 10.10 6 = 858,2 pW 2 1.10 6

Hay P0 = -60,7 dBm tc 140Mbit/s:

P0 =

864 6,625.10 34 3.10 8 140.10 6 = 12,015 nW 2 1.10 6

Hay P0 = -49,2 dBm Nhn xt: qua v d ny ta thy duy tr BER khng i th khi tc hot ng ca h thng tng ln th i hi mc cng sut ti b thu phi ln hn. Hay ni cch khc nhy ca b thu ph thuc vo BER v tc hot ng ca h thng.

4.7
4.6.1

MT S VN KHC TRONG THIT K B THU QUANG

B lc

Cc kho st thit k h thng phi k n p ng ca linh kin. y l trng hp c bit ca tn sc trn tuyn quang. Tc l p ng ca linh kin c nh hng n tri rng xung v s chng lp xung b thu. Tng thi gian chuyn trng thi c xc nh t cc thi gian chuyn trng thi thnh phn trong h thng, bao gm ngun quang, cp si quang v b thu quang. Cc thi gian ny c nh ngha di dng Gaussian i vi cc linh kin. Cn si quang th tnh theo tn sc. Tng thi gian chuyn trng thi ca h thng c tnh nh sau:
2 Tsys = 1,1 (TS2 + Tn2 + Tc2 + TD )

(4.68)

Trong TS l thi gian chuyn ca ngun quang, TD l thi gian chuyn ca linh kin tch sng quang, TC l thi gian chuyn tnh theo tn sc sc th, Tn l thi gian chuyn tnh theo tn sc mode. Tt c u tnh theo n v ns. Tc bit cc i ca h thng BT thng c nh ngha theo Tsys bng cch kho st thi gian chuyn trng thi ca b lc RC (hnh 4.25). Vi p ng vo c dng bc thang vi bin V, p ng ra c dng vout(t) nh sau:

vout (t ) = V[1 e ( t / RC) ]

T suy ra thi gian chuyn trng thi t 10% n 90% ca mch ny l: tr = 2,2RC
in p ng vo V C t t vout (t) R

(4.69)

(4.70)

Hnh 4.26. p ng ca b lc thng thp RC vi p ng vo c dng bc thang

162

Chng 4: B Thu Quang

Hm truyn ca mch hnh 4.26 l:

H ( ) =

1 (1 + 2 C 2 R 2 )

(4.71)

Dng hm truyn ca (4.71) nh hnh 4.27. Do bng thng 3dB ca mch ny l:

B=

1 2RC

(4.72)

H( )

-B

Tn s ( )

Hnh 4.27. Dng hm truyn ca mch lc RC hnh 4.30

Kt hp hai phng trnh (4.70) vi (4.72) ta c:

tr =

2,2 0,35 = 2B B

(4.73)

Kt qu ny c s dng trong trng hp tng qut, nhng hng s s khc cho cc mch lc khc nhau. Tuy nhin tnh thi gian chuyn trng thi cho h thng thng tin quang, hng s 0,35 thng c s dng, tc tr = Tsys. Nu b lc l tng th hng s trong phng trnh (4.73) s l 0,44. Cho d hng s no i na th dng xung ph hp vi mch RC th bng thng 3dB phi ln tha iu kin B =1, vi l rng xung. Th iu kin ny vo (4.73), ta c:

Tsys = t r = 0,35
Vi dng xung RZ, th tc bit bng bng thng ca tn hiu, tc l:

(4.74)

BT = B =

(4.75)

Th (4.75) vo (4.74) ta c quan h:

BT (max) =

0,35

Tsys

(4.76)

Cn i vi dng xung NRZ thi:

163

Chng 4: B Thu Quang

BT = B / 2 =

1 2

(4.77)

V tc bit cc i s l :

BT (max) =

0,7

Tsys

(4.78)

Nh vy gii hn trn ca Tsys phi nh hn 35% rng bit i vi xung RZ v nh hn 70% rng bit i vi xung NRZ.

V d 4.11 :
Mt h thng quang si c thit k hot ng c ly 8Km khng c trm lp. Thi gian chuyn trng thi ca cc thnh phn ca h thng nh sau : Ngun quang (LED) : Si quang: tn sc mode: 8 ns 5 ns/Km

tn sc sc th : 1 ns/Km B thu quang (PIN) : 6 ns

T cc iu kin trn, hy xc nh tc bit cc i ca h thng khi dng xung l NRZ.

Gii :
Tng thi gian chuyn trng thi ca h thng l:
2 Tsys = 1,1 (TS2 + Tn2 + Tc2 + TD ) = 1,1 8 2 + (8 5) 2 + (8 1) 2 + 6 2 = 46,2 ns

T y suy ra tc bit cc i ca tuyn s dng m NRZ l:

BT (max) =

0,7

Tsys

0,7 = 15,2 Mbit / s 46,2.10 9

4.6.2

Mch quyt nh

Phn khi phc d liu ca b thu quang bao gm mch quyt nh v mch khi phc xung ng h. Mc tiu sau cng l cch ly thnh phn ph f = B ca tn hiu thu c. Thnh phn ny cung cp thng tin trong khe thi gian bit (TB = 1/B) mch quyt nh v ng b vi qu trnh quyt nh. i vi m RZ, thnh phn ph f = B hin din trong tn hiu thu; b lc thng di hp c th cch ly thnh phn ny mt cch d dng. Khi phc xung ng h kh thc hin hn i vi m NRZ v tn hiu thu c khng hin din thnh phn ph f = B. K thut thng s dng to thnh phn ny l cu phng v chnh lu thnh phn ph f = B/2, sau cho qua b lc thng thp. Mch quyt nh thc hin so snh ng ra ca knh tuyn tnh (d liu) vi mc ngng nhng thi im ly mu do mch khi phc xung ng h xc nh, v quyt nh xem tn hiu khi phc l bit 1 hay bit 0. thi im ly mu tt nht l ti v tr mc tn hiu gia bit 1 v 0 l chnh lch nhau ln nht. N c xc nh thng qua biu mt (eye diagram). Hnh 4.28 biu 164

Chng 4: B Thu Quang

din biu mt l tng v biu mt i vi tn hiu c nhiu v suy hao. Thi im ly mu tt nht l ti im mt m to nht.

Khe bit

Hnh 4.28 Biu mt ca tn hiu dng NRZ

TM TT
Hai linh kin thng s dng b thu quang l PIN v APD. Mi linh kin u c u nhc im ca mnh. u im ca PIN l n nh cao, dng ti nh (gy nhiu thp). u im ca APD l di ng rng, nhy cao, p ng ln. Ty theo mc ch s dng ca h thng m chng ta s la chn linh kin s dng ph hp. Cc thng s ca b thu cn xem xt l nhy, dng ti, di ng, in p phn cc, p ng v n nh. i lng nhy l mt torng cc thng s c nh hng n c ly truyn dn. B thu c nhy cng cao th c ly truyn dn cng di. Mt thng s nh gi cht lng h thng truyn dn s l t s li bit BER. H thng c cht lng tt nu BER thp. i vi h thng truyn dn quang, t s BER thng l 10-9 v c th t c gi tr BER thp hn, c th t n mc 10-12. T s SNR ca tn hiu n b thu s quyt nh BER theo quan h:

BER =

SNR 1 = Q SNR erfc 2 2 2 2

H thng quang m chng ta kho st trong mn hc ny l h thng quang IM/DD. y l h thng iu ch cng v tch sng trc tip. Th hin ca iu ch cng l tn hiu quang s l tn hiu nh phn c hai trng thi l sng (1) v ti (0) v phn bit hai trng thi ny, bit 1 c iu ch c cng sut quang ln cn bit 0 c ch vi mc cng sut ti thiu. Tn hiu c cng sut cng ln th c ly truyn dn cng xa. duy tr h thng quang hot ng mc t s li bit BER khng i mc no th tn hiu ti b thu cn c mc cng sut quang ti thiu, c bit vi tn l nhy. Mi h thng quang s hot ng tc bit xc nh, duy tr BER cho trc th nhy ca b thu s c xc nh theo quan h:

P0 =

zm hfBT
2

Trong zm l s photon trung bnh cn thit phn bit bit 1 u thu. Hay ni cch khc, nhy ca b thu quang s phi gn lin vi tc hot ng v cht lng ca h thng. 165

Chng 4: B Thu Quang

CU HI N TP V BI TP
4.1. Photodiode PIN trung bnh to ra 1 cp l trng electron trn 3 photon ti bc sng 0,8m. Gi s tt c cc electron ny u nhu nhn c. Tnh: (a) Hiu sut lng t ca linh kin; (b) Nng lng vng cm cc i c th ca PIN; (c) Dng photon trung bnh ng ra khi thu c cng sut quang 10-7W. 4.2. Mt photodiode p-n c hiu sut lng t 50% bc sng 0,9m. Tnh: (a) p ng ca linh kin bc sng 0,9m; (b) Cng sut quang thu c nu dng photon trung bnh l 10-6A. (c) S photon thu c tng ng vi bc sng ny. 4.3. 4.4. Khi 800 photon/s ti photodiode PIN ang hot ng bc 1,3m, chng to ra trung bnh 550 electron/s. Tnh p ng ca linh kin. Mt APD c h s nhn thc l l 20 hot ng bc sng 1,5m. Tnh hiu sut lng t v dng photon ng ra ca APD nu p ng ca linh kin bc sng ny l 0,6A/W v 1010 photon/s bc sng ny ti linh kin. Cho trc cc thng s ca APD. Tnh h s nhn thc l. Cng sut quang thu c bc sng 1,35m = 0,2 W Dng photon ng ra (sau khi c li ca c ch nhn thc l) = 4,9 A Hiu sut lng t bc sng 1,35m = 40% 4.6. Mt APD c hiu sut lng t 45% 0,85W. Khi th nghim pht x bc sng ny, n to ra dng photon 10A (sau li thc l) vi h s nhn 250. Tnh cng sut quang thu c ca linh kin. C bao nhiu photon n trong mt giy? Mt photodiode silicon c p ng 0,5 A/W bc sng 850nm. Xc nh cng sut quang ti thiu cn thit ti photodidoe bc sng ny duy tr BER = 10-7, gi s t1n hiu nh phn l l tng v c tc 35Mbit/s. Mt photodiode PIN silicon c hiu sut lng t 65% bc sng 800nm. Xc nh: (a) dng photon trung bnh khi cng sut quang 5W c bc sng 800nm ti b tch sng; (b) dng nhiu lng t hiu dng rms vi bng thng sau b tch sng l 20MHz; (c) SNR theo dB khi dng photon trung bnh l dng tn hiu. 4.9. Photodiode bi 4.8 c in dung 8pF. Tnh: (a) in tr ti ti thiu tng ng vi bng thng sau b tch sng l 20MHz; (b) dng nhiu nhit hiu dng rms trong in tr trn nhit 250C; (c) SNR (theo dB) khi dng ti ca photodiode l 1 nA. 166

4.5.

4.7.

4.8.

Chng 4: B Thu Quang

4.10. Photodiode bi tp 4.8 v 4.9 c s dng b thu vi b khuch i c h s nhiu 2dB v in dung ng vo l 7pF. Xc nh: (a) in tr ng vo cc i ca b khuch i duy tr bng thng sau b tch sng l 20MHz (khng c cn bng); (b) Cng sut quang ti thiu cn thit ti b thu c SNR = 50dB. 4.11. Photodiode germanium c s dng trong b thu quang lm vic bc sng 1550nm c dng ti 500nA. Khi cng sut quang n bc sng lm vic l 10-6W v p ng ca linh kin l 0,6 A/W, nhiu n chim u th. Xc nh SNR (theo dB) b thu khi bng thng sau tch sng l 100MHz. Mt APD silicon c hiu sut lng t 95% bc sng 0,9m, c h s nhiu thc l M0,3 v in dung 2pF. Gi s bng thng sau tch sng (cha cn bng) l 25MHz, dng ti khng ng k nhit 2900K. Xc nh cng sut quang ti thiu ti APD t SNR = 23dB. Vi linh kin v cc iu kin bi tp 4.12, tnh: (a) SNR t c khi h s nhn thc l ca APD ch cn mt na gi tr ti u tnh c; (b) Cng sut quang cn thit khi phc SNR = 23 dB vi M=0,5Mopt. 4.14. Mt APD germanium (c x =1) hot ng bc sng 1,35m vi p ng 0,45A/W. Dng ti 200nA nhit hot ng 250K v in dung ca linh kin 3pF. Xc nh SNR max c th khi cng sut quang ti l 8.10-7W v bng thng sau tch sng khi cha cn bng l 560MHz. Photodiode bi tp 4.14 c s dng b khuch i vi h s nhiu 3dB v in dung ng vo 3pF. Xc nh gi tr mi SNR khi hot ng di cng iu kin. Mt b tch sng quang APD silicon c s dng trong b thu PCM nh phn di nn c ngng quyt nh nm gia mc 1 v 0. Linh kin c hiu sut lng t 70% v t s tc ion ho 0,05 v h s nhn thc l khi hot ng l 65. Gi s ph tn hiu c dng cosine v t l bit 1 v 0 l bng nhau. (a) Xc nh s photon cn thit b thu nhn dng bit 1 vi BER = 10-10; (b) Tnh cng sut quang cn thit ti APD khi h thng hot ng bc sng c tc truyn dn 34Mbit/s; (c) Gi tr cu (b) s l bao nhiu nu m ng truyn ca h thng l 3B4B. 4.17. Mt photodiode PIN cn 2.104 photon ti b thu nhn dng bit 1 vi BER = 10-9. Linh kin c hiu sut lng t 65%. Hy xc nh (theo dB) mc vt tri ca tn hiu so vi nhiu gii hn lng t ca photodiode duy tr BER = 10-9. Mt h thng quang s dng LED b pht c cng sut quang trung bnh 300W bc sng 800nm c ghp vo si quang. Si quang c suy hao trung bnh 4dB/Km (bao gm c mi ni). B thu APD yu cu 1200 photon ti nhn dng bit 1 vi BER = 10-10. Hy xc nh khong cch truyn dn ln nht (khng s dng trm lp) ca h thng trong cc trng hp tc hot ng sau: 167

4.12.

4.13.

4.15. 4.16.

4.18.

Chng 4: B Thu Quang

(a) 1 Mbit/s; (b) 1 Gbit/s Nhn xt kt qu

CU HI TRC NGHIM
4.19.
APD so vi PIN c u im g?

a. Tc hot ng chm hn c. Gi thnh thp hn 4.20.

Linh kin tch sng quang c nhim v g?

b. nhy cao hn d. Dng ti nh hn

a. Khuch i nh sng c. Sa dng tn hiu quang 4.21.

b. Bin i tn hiu quang thnh tn hiu in d. Bin i tn hiu in thnh tn hiu quang

APD thng c s dng trong cc h thng quang no? a. Tc truyn dn cao v rt cao c. H thng cht lng thp b. C ly truyn dn ngn d. C a v b u ng

4.22.

APD so vi PIN c nhc im g?

a. Tc hot ng chm hn c. Gi thnh thp hn 4.23.

b. Dng ti ln hn d. nhy thp hn

Chn p n sai:Yu cu i vi mt linh kin tch sng quang l g?

a. Nhy vi bc sng ca h thng c. Di ng cng hp cng tt 4.24.

b. nhy cng cao cng tt d. p ng phi nhanh

PIN c cc thng s sau: cng sut quang thu cc i cho php 20 dBm v di ng 25 dB. Vy PIN ny c nhy bng bao nhiu a. -25 dBm c. -5 dBm b. -20 dBm d. -45 dBm

4.25.

Hin tng nhn thc l ht mang in xut hin trong cu trc ca linh kin no a. LED c. PIN b. LD d. APD

4.26.

PIN l linh kin bn dn hot ng theo nguyn l no? a. Pht x t pht c. Hp th photon b. Pht x kch thch d. Bc x nhit

TI LIU THAM KHO

168

Chng 4: B Thu Quang

[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] J. M. Senior. Optical Fiber Communications: Principles and Practice. Second edition, Prentice Hall, 1993. G. Keiser. Optical Fiber Communications . Third edition, McGraw-Hill, 2000. J. Gowar. Optical Communication Systems. Second edition, Prentice-Hall, 1993. G. P. Agrawal. Fiber-Optic Communication Systems. Second edition, John Wiley & Sons, 1997. Max Ming Kang Liu. Principles and Applications of Optical Communications, 2001. V Vn San. H thng Thng Tin Quang, tp 1. Nh xut bn Bu in, 7-2003. John G. Proakis. Digital Communications. Third edition, McGrawHill, 1995. Herbert Taub, Donald L. Schilling. Principles of Communications Systems. McGraw-Hill, 1986. Fuqin Xiong. Digital Modulation Techniques. Artech HouseBostonLondon.2000

169

Chng 5: H Thng Thng TinQuang

CHNG 5 H THNG THNG TIN QUANG

Trong cc chng trc, chng ta cp n ba thnh phn chnh ca h thng thng tin quang si quang, cc b pht quang v cc b thu quang. Trong chng ny, chng ta xem xt cc yu t lin quan n thit k v cht lng h thng khi ba thnh phn ni trn c gn vi nhau hnh thnh mt h thng thng tin quang thc t. Phn 5.1 trnh by tng quan v cc kin trc h thng thng tin quang. Phn hng dn thit k h thng thng tin quang, bao gm vic xem xt nh hng ca suy hao v tn sc c cp trong phn 5.2. Qu cng sut v qu thi gian ln cng c gii thiu trong phn 5.2. Phn 5.3 xem xt cc vn lin quan n cht lng h thng, c bit l s suy gim cht lng khi tn hiu lan truyn qua si quang. Phn cui ca chng ny s trnh by tng quan v cc loi h thng thng tin quang chng ta c ci nhn tng qut v h thng.

5.1

CC KIN TRC H THNG THNG TIN QUANG

T quan im kin trc, cc h thng truyn thng cp si quang c th c phn loi thnh 3 loi cc tuyn kt im- im, cc mng phn b v mng cc b. Trong phn ny chng ta s tp trung xem xt nhng c im chnh ca 3 kin trc ny.

5.1.1

Tuyn im ni im

Tuyn im ni im l loi kin trc n gin nht ca h thng thng tin quang. Vai tr ca chng l chuyn ti thng tin trong dng lung s bit t mt ni ny n mt ni khc mt cch chnh xc nht c th c. Chiu di tuyn c th thay i t nh hn 1 km (c ly ngn) n hng ngn km (c ly di), ph thuc vo ng dng. Khi chiu di tuyn vt qu mt gi tr no , nm trong khong t 20-100 km ph thuc vo bc sng cng tc, cn thit phi b p cc suy hao trong si quang, ngc li tn hiu s tr nn qu yu c th tch ra pha thu.

Hnh 5.1 Cc tuyn im ni im c b suy hao nh k bng cch, (a) s dng cc trm ti to v (b) s dng khuch i quang. Cc trm lp gm b thu theo sau l b pht.

170

Chng 5: H Thng Thng TinQuang

Hnh 5.1 trnh by hai s thng s dng b suy hao quang. Cc b lp quang in, cn c gi l trm ti to bi v chng ti to li cc tn hiu quang, duy nht c s dng cho n nhng nm 1990. Nh trn hnh 5.1 (a) b ti to chng qua l mt cp thu pht tch tn hiu quang n, khi phc li bit in, ri chuyn i ngc li thnh tn hiu quang bng cch iu ch mt ngun quang. S tin b trong cng ngh khuch i quang sau lm mt cch mng trong s pht trin cc h thng thng tin quang [8]-[10]. Cc b khuch i quang c bit c gi tr cho cc h thng ghp knh phn chia theo bc sng (WDM) bi v chng c th khuch i nhiu knh ng thi. Cc b khuch i c cp n trong cun sch H thng

thng tin quang Tp 2.

Cc b khuch i quang gii quyt vn suy hao nhng chng li b xung thm nhiu v lm trm trng thm nh hng ca tn sc v cc hiu ng phi tuyn bi v s suy gim tn hiu s c tch ly cc tng khuch i. Thc t, cc h thng thng tin quang c khuch i mt cch nh k thng b gii hn bi tn sc tr khi cc k thut b tn sc c s dng. Cc b lp quang in khng b nh hng bi vn ny bi v chng ti to li cc lung bit ban u v do b tr hiu qu tt c cc ngun suy gim tn hiu mt cch t ng. thay th cho b lp quang in t, b ti to quang phi thc hin ba chc nng tng t ti to (regeneration), sa dng (reshaping), v nh thi li (retiming) tn hiu (v th cn c gi l b lp 3R). Mc d c nhng n lc ng k trong vic nghin cu pht trin cc khuc i ton quang (b khuch i quang), hu ht h thng mt t hin nay s dng mt kt hp hai k thut trong hnh 5.1 v t mt b ti to quang in sau mt s lng nht nh cc b khuch i quang. Cho n nm 2000, khong cch b lp 3R trong tm 600-800 km. Cng k t cc h thng ng cc di c pht trin c th truyn tn hiu quang xa hn 3000 km m khng cn s dng b lp 3R [12]. Khong cch L gia cc b ti to hoc b khuch i quang (hnh 5.1) thng c c gi l khong lp (repeater spacing), l mt tham s thit k ch yu bi v gi thnh h thng gim khi L tng. Tuy nhin, nh tho lun trong mc 2.4, do tn sc khong cch L ph thuc vo tc bt B. Tch tc bit - khong cch, BL, thng thng c s dng nh l thc o cht lng ca cc tuyn im ni im. Tch BL ph thuc bc sng hot ng, bi v c suy hao v tn sc trong si quang iu ph thuc vo bc sng.

5.1.2

Mng qung b v phn b

Nhiu ng dng ca h thng thng tin quang i hi thng tin khng ch c truyn i m cn phi c phn b n mt nhm thu bao. V d nh phn b mch vng thu bao ca dch v in thoi v qung b a knh video trn truyn hnh cp. Cc mng phn b c khong cch truyn l ngn ( < 50km) nhng tc bit c th cao (n 10Gb/s v hn na) [1].

171

Chng 5: H Thng Thng TinQuang

Hnh 5.2: (a) Tp hub v (b) tp bus dnh cho mng phn b.

Hnh 5.2 ch ra hai tp ca mng phn b. Trong trng hp tp hub, phn b knh t v tr trung tm (hay cc hub), ni m thit b kt ni cho t ng chuyn mch cc knh trong min in. Nhng mng nh vy c gi l mng th (MAN) bi v cc hub thng c t cc thnh ph ln [13]. Vai tr ca si quang tng t nh trong trng hp i vi tuyn im ni im. Bi v bng thng ca si thng thng ln hn yu cu bi mt trm hub ring bit, mt vi trm c th chia s mt cng mt si quang c xut pht cho hub chnh. Cc mng in thoi dng m hnh hub phn b cc knh m thanh bn trong thnh ph. Vn cn quan tm i vi m hnh hub l s gin on cp quang c th nh hng n dch v i vi phn ln mng. C th s dng cc tuyn ni im ni im b xung ni cc hub quan trng trc tip vi nhau bo v chng li s c ny. Trong trng hp tp bus, mt si quang mang tn hiu quang a knh sut c vng dch v. S phn b c c thc hin bng cch s dng cc ni phn nhnh quang (optical tap), c tc dng lm trch hng mt phn nh cng sut quang n mi thu bao. Mt ng dng CATV n gin ca tp bus l vic phn b a knh video trong thnh ph. Vic s dng cc si quang hc cho php phn b mt s lng ln cc knh (100 hoc hn ) bi v bng thng ln ca n ln hn rt nhiu so vi cp ng trc. Mt vn vi tp bus l suy hao tn hiu tng theo hm m vi s lng ni phn nhnh v gii hn s lng thu bao c phc v bi mt bus quang. Thm ch khi suy hao si quang c th b qua, cng sut c ni phn nhnh th N c cho bi [1]

PN = PT C[(1 )(1 C )] N 1
172

(5.1)

Chng 5: H Thng Thng TinQuang

Trong PN l cng sut pht, C l phn cng sut c tch ra trn mi ni phn nhnh, v l suy hao xen, c gi nh l nh nhau ti mi ni phn nhnh. Nu ta ly =0.05, C=0.05, PT=1mW, v PN =0.1mW nh l gi tr minh ha, N khng c vt qu 60. Mt gii php cho vn ny l s dng cc b khuch i quang c th lm tng cng sut quang mt cch nh k v do s cho php phn b n mt s lng ln cc thu bao di cho n khi nh hng ca tn sc cn c th b qua.

5.1.3

Mng cc b LAN

Nhiu ng dng ca cng ngh truyn dn quang i hi cc mng trong phn ln ngi dng trong mng cc b ( v d nh khun vin trng i hc) c kt ni vi nhau theo cch m bt k ngi dng no cng c th truy cp mng mt cch ngu nhin truyn d liu n nhng dng khc[14]- [16]. Cc mng ny c gi l cc mng cc b (LAN). Cc mng truy nhp quang c s dng trong vng thu bao nt ht cng thuc loi ny [17]. Bi v khong cch truyn dn tng i ngn (<10Km), suy hao trn si quang l ng quan tm i vi cc ng dng trn mng LAN. ng c chnh thc y vic s dng si quang chnh l bng thng rng. S khc bit chnh gia mng LAN v MAN l c ch truy cp ngu nhin dnh cho nhiu ngi dng ca mng LAN. Kin trc h thng ng vai tr quan trng trong mng LAN, bi v vic thit lp giao thc xc nh trc l cn thit trong mt mi trng nh vy. Ba tp thng c s dng l bus, vng v hnh sao. Tp bus ging nh hnh 5.2b. Mt v d ca ph bin ca tp bus l Ethernet, mt giao thc mng c s dng kt ni nhiu my tnh v c Internet s dng. Ethernet hot ng vi tc ln n 1Gb/s s dng giao thc da trn CSMA ( carrier-sense multiple access) vi vic pht hin ng . Mc d kin trc mng LAN Ethernet hon ton thnh cng khi s dng cp ng trc cho bus, nhng khi s dng cp quang cn phi gii quyt mt s kh khn pht sinh. Vn chnh l suy hao trn mi ni phn nhnh gii hn s lng ngi dng [xem cng thc (5.1)].

173

Chng 5: H Thng Thng TinQuang

Hnh 5.3 Cu trc mng vng v mng hnh sao trong mng LAN

Hnh 5.3 ch ra tp vng v sao cho cc ng dng mng LAN. Trong tp vng [18] cc node lin k c kt ni bng cc tuyn im ni im hnh thnh mt vng khp kn. Mi node c truyn hoc nhn d liu bng cch s dng mt cp my pht-thu, c th hot ng nh mt trm lp. Mt th (token: mt chui cc bit c nh ngha trc) c truyn quanh vng. Mi node s gim st lung bit lng nghe a ch ring v nhn d liu. N cng c th truyn bng cch ni vo mt th rng. Vic s dng cu hnh vng cho mng LAN quang c thng mi ho vi giao tip c chun ho FDDI [18] dnh cho giao tip d liu c phn phi trn si quang. Trong cu hnh sao, tt c cc node c kt ni n node trung tm gi l hub, hay n gin l hnh sao bng cc lin kt im ni im. Cc mng LAN nh vy tip tc phn loi nh hn thnh cc mng hnh sao tch cc hay th ng, ph thuc vo node trung tm l thit b tch cc hay th ng. Trong cu hnh hnh sao tch cc, tt c cc tn hiu quang n u c chuyn i thnh tn hiu in bng cc b thu quang. Cc tn hiu in sau c phn b iu khin cc node my pht ring bit. Cc hot ng chuyn mch cng c th c thc hin node trung tm bi v s phn b xy ra trong min in. Trong cu hnh hnh sao th ng, s phn b c thc hin trong min quang bng cc thit b nh cc b coupler nh hng. Bi v ng vo t mt node c phn b n nhiu node ng ra, cng sut c truyn n mi node ph thuc vo s ngi dng. Ging nh trong trng hp tp bus, s lng ngi dng c h tr bi mng LAN hnh sao b gii hn bi suy hao phn b. i vi b coupler hnh sao NxN l tng, cng sut n mi node n gin l PT/N( nu ta b qua suy hao truyn dn) bi v cng sut pht PT chia u cho N ngi dng. i vi cu hnh hnh sao c hnh thnh t cc b coupler nh hng, cng sut cn gim hn na do suy hao xen v c th c xc nh nh sau:

PN = ( PT / N )(1 ) log 2 N

(5.2)

Trong l suy hao xen ca mi coupler nh hng. Nu cho =0.05,

=1mW, v

=1W

minh ha, N c th t n 500. Hy so snh gi tr N ny gi tr N=60 trong trng hp tp bus (5.1). Gi tr tng i ln ca N lm cho tp hnh sao hp dn i vi cc ng dng mng LAN. Phn cn li trong chng ny s tp trung n thit k v cht lng cc tuyn im ni im, phn to nn phn t c bn ca tt c h thng truyn dn bao gm LAN, MANs v cc mng phn b khc.

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5.2 MT S VN TRONG THIT K H THNG THNG TIN QUANG

Vic thit k h thng thng tin quang i hi phi hiu r v cc gii hn do suy hao, tn sc v cc hin tng phi tuyn trong si quang to ra. Do cc tnh cht ca si quang ph thuc vo bc sng, vic chn la bc sng hot ng l mt vn quan trng trong thit k. Trong phn ny chng ta s tho lun xem suy hao v tn sc trong si quang nh hng ln tc bit v khong cch truyn dn ca mt h thng n knh nh th no. Chng ta cng s xem xt n qu cng sut v qu thi gian ln v minh ha chng qua v d c th. Qu cng sut cn c gi l qu tuyn, v qu thi gian ln i khi xem nh l qu bng thng.

Hnh 5.4: Suy hao (cc ng lin nt) v tn sc (cc ng khng lin tc) gii hn c ly truyn dn L l hm ca tc bit v bc sng. [1]

5.2.1

nh hng ca suy hao

Ngoi tr cc tuyn c ly ngn, s suy hao si quang c vai tr quan trng trong thit k h thng. Xt mt my pht quang l c kh nng pht mt cng sut trung bnh Pt. Nu my thu c kh nng pht hin tn hiu vi cng sut trung bnh nh nht ti tc bit BT l Pr, khong cch truyn dn ln nht c gii hn bi:

L=

10

P log10 t P af r

(5.3)

Trong a f l suy hao trung bnh ca si quang (dB/Km) bao gm c suy hao cc mi hn v cc cc connector. S ph thuc ca L vo tc bit l do s ph thuc tuyn tnh ca Pr theo tc bit BT. Ch rng Pr= NphfB trong hf l nng lng photon Np l s lng photon trung bnh /bit i hi bi my thu, khong cch L gim i theo lgarit khi BT tng ti mt bc sng hot ng cho trc. Cc ng lin trn hnh 5.4 ch ra s ph thuc ca L theo BT cho cc sng hot ng ph bin l 0,85m; 1,3m v 1.55 m vi a f =2,5dB/km ; 0,4dB/km v 0,25 dB/km tng ng.
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Cng sut pht l Pt =1mW c ba bc sng, trong khi NP=300 ti =0.85 m v Np=500 1,3 v 1,55 m. Gi tr L l nh nht i vi cc h thng th h th nht hot ng bc sng 0,85 m do suy hao si quang tng i ln xung quanh bc sng ny. Khong cch trm lp ca cc h thng ny gii hn t 10 n 25 km, ph thuc vo tc v gi tr chnh xc ca suy hao. Ngc li, khong cch trm lp c th hn 100km i vi h thng hot ng vng ca s 1,55 m. Tht th v so snh gii hn suy hao h thng thng tin quang hot ng bc sng 0,85 m vi h thng thng tin da trn cp ng trc. ng chm chm trong hnh 5.4 ch ra s ph ca L thuc tc bit cho cho cp ng trc khi gi nh suy hao tng t l vi

BT . Khong

cch truyn dn l ln hn i vi cp ng trc tc bit nh (BT < 5Mb/s), nhng h thng cp quang li vt tri khi tc bit ln 5Mb/s. Cc yu cu ca h thng thng c xc nh truc l tc bit B v khong cch truyn dn L. Tiu chun cht lng c xc nh thng qua t l bit li (BER), m mt yu cu tiu biu l BER < 10-9. Vn u tin cn gii quyt i vi ngi thit k h thng l la chn bc sng hot ng. Bi v trn thc t, gi thnh ca cc lin kin l thp nht gn 0,85 m v tng khi bc sng dch v 1,3 v 1,55 m. Hnh 5.4 hon ton c ch khi xc nh bc sng hot ng thch hp. Ni chung, mt tuyn si quang c th hot ng gn 0,85 m nu B <200 Mb/s v L< 20km. y l trng hp cho nhiu ng dng LAN. Mt khc, i vi h thng c ly di hot ng tc bit ln hn 2 Gb/s bc sng hot ng nn ca s 1,55 m. Cc ng cong trn hnh 5.4 ch cung cp hng dn trong thit k h thng. Nhiu vn khc cn phi c cp khi thit k mt h thng thng tin quang thc t. Trong s l s la chn bc sng, la chn cc my pht, cc my thu thch hp, v si quang, s tng thch cacc thnh phn khc nhau, vn gi c i vi cht lng, tin cy ca h thng v kh nng nng cp.

5.2.2

nh hng ca tn sc

Trong mc 2.4.2 chng ta tho lun do s tri rng xung tn sc gii hn tch BTL nh th no. Khi khong cch truyn dn b gii hn bi tn sc ngn hn khong cch b gii hn theo cng thc (5.3), th h thng c xem l b gii hn bi tn sc. Cc ng gch ngang trn hnh 5.4 ch ra khong cch truyn dn b gii hn bi tn sc nh l mt hm theo tc bit. Bi v cc nguyn nhn gy ra tn sc l khc nhau i vi cc bc sng hot ng khc nhau, chng ta s xem xt mi trng hp mt cch ring bit. Xt trng hp u tin i vi h thng bc sng 0,85 m, thng s dng cp a mode c gi thnh ti thiu. Nh tho lun trong mc 2.4.2, tn sc ch yu trong si a mode l tn sc mode. Trong trng hp si a mode chit sut bc, t cng thc (2.73) v (2.79) ta c BTL = C/(2n1). iu kin ny c biu th trong hnh 5.4 s dng cc gi tr tiu biu l n1=1.46 v =0.01. Ngay c khi tc bit thp 1Mb/s, h thng a mode b gii hn bi tn sc, v khong cch truyn dn ca chng b gii hn di 10km. V l do ny, cc si quang a mode chit sut bc t khi c s dng trong thit k h thng thng tin quang. S dng. S dng si quang chit sut gim dn c gii tn sc mode theo cng thc (2.81) s cho s ci thin ng k. iu kin BTL=2C/(n12) c biu th trn hnh 5.4 v ch ra rng h thng thng tin quang 0.85 m b gii hn bi suy hao, hn l b gii hn bi tn sc, tc bit ln n100 Mb/s khi s dng si quang chit sut gim dn.

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H thng thng tin quang th h th hai s dng si n mode vng bc sng c tn sc nh nht 1,31 m. Nh tho lun trong mc 2.4.3, tn sc ch yu l tn sc mu, m ln ca n ph thuc vo rng ph ca ngun quang. Tch BL b gii hn bi [2]

BT L (4 M )

(5.4)

Vi l rng ph hiu dng ca ngun quang (RMS). Gi tr tiu biu ca |M| vng gn tn sc bng khng l ~ 1ps/(nm.km). Hnh 5.4 cho thy, khi |M| = 2ps/km, tn sc gii hn BL 125 (Gb/s).km. Ni chung, cc h thng nh vy l b gii hn bi suy hao khi tc bit ln n 1Gb/s, nhng b gii hn bi tn sc i vi tc bit cao hn. Cc h thng thng tin quang tip theo hot ng ca s 1,55 m, vng c suy hao nh nht. Tuy nhin tn sc ln trong vng ny (16 ps/nm.km) tr nn vn ln cho h thng s dng si quang tiu chun. khc phc vn ny cn s dng cc laser bn dn n mode [2]. Hnh 5.4 cho thy h thng 1.55 m b gii hn bi tn sc khi B > 5Gb/s. S dng cng thc (5.4) vi M = 16 ps/(nm.km) v = 0.1 nm, ta c BL 150(Gb/s)-km. Mt gii php cho vn tn sc l s dng si quang tn sc dch chuyn, si c c suy hao v tn sc nh nht ca s1.55 m. Cc h thng ny c th hot ng tc 20 Gb/s vi khong khuch i khong 80km [2]. Truyn dn vi khong cch di hn i hi phi s dng cc k thut qun l tn sc.

5.2.3

Qu cng sut

Mc ch ca qy cng sut l bo m cng sut n my thu ln duy tr hot ng tin cy trong sut thi gian sng ca h thng. Cng sut trung bnh nh nht i hi bi my thu c gi l nhy ca my thu, k hiu l Pr. Thng ta lun bit c cng sut pht trung bnh Pt ca my pht. Qy cng sut thng c tnh theo n v decibel (dB), cn cng sut quang c biu th theo n v dBm. C th hn,

Pt = Pr + AL + M s

(5.5)

Trong AL suy hao knh tng cng, MS l d phng h thng. Mc ch ca d phng h thng l dnh mt lng cng sut nht nh cho trng hp cc ngun suy gim cng sut c th gia tng trong thi gian sng ca h thng do s xung cp ca linh kin hoc cc s kin khng bit trc c. Khi thit k ngi ta thng cho d phng khong 4-6 dB. Suy hao knh AL tnh n tt c cc ngun suy hao c th c, bao gm c suy hao cc connector v suy hao cc mi hn. Nu af l suy hao trung bnh ca si quang (dB/km), AL c th vit nh:

AL = f L + con + splice
Vi con v splice l suy hao cc connector v suy hao cc mi hn dc theo tuyn si quang.

(5.6)

S dng cc cng thc (5.5) v (5.6) d dng c lng khong cch truyn ln nht tng ng vi cc linh kin cho trc.

5.2.4

Qu thi gian ln

Mc ch ca qu ca thi gian ln l bo m rng h thng c kh nng hot ng ng tc bit mong mun. Thm ch nu di thng ca cc thnh phn ring l ca h thng vt qu tc bit, vn c th xy ra trng hp ton h thng c th khng hot ng c tc
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bit . Khi nim thi gian ln c s dng phn b di thng gia cc thnh phn khc nhau. Thi gian ln Tr ca mt h thng tuyn tnh c nh ngha l thi gian trong khong p ng tng t 10 n 90% ca gi tr ng ra cui cng khi ng vo b thay i t ngt. th 5.5 minh ha khi nim ny.

Hnh 5.5 Thi gian ln Tr trong vi h thng tuyn tnh b gii hn di thng

Trong mt h thng tuyn tnh, gia di thng f v thi gian ln Tr c mi quan h nghch o. C th hiu d dng mi quan h ny thng qua vic phn tch mt h thng tuyn tnh n gin l mt mch RC. Khi in p ng vo trong mch RC thay i t ngt t 0 n mt gi tr V0 no , in p ng ra s thay i nh sau:

Vout (t ) = V0 [1 exp(t / RC)]

Vi R l in tr v C l in dung ca mch RC. Thi gian ln c tnh theo cng thc:

(5.7)

Tr = (ln 9) Rc 2.2 RC
Hm truyn t H(f) ca mch RC c xc nh bng cch bin i cng thc (5.7)

(5.8)

H ( f ) = (1 + fRC) 1

(5.9)

Di thng ca mch RC tng ng vi tn s ti |H(f)|2 = v c xc nh theo cng thc quen thuc B = (2RC)-1. p dng cng thc (5.8), ta c mi quan h gia B v Tr nh sau:

Tr =

2.2 0.35 = 2B B

(5.10)

Mi quan h nghch o gia thi gian ln v di thng xy ra trong tt c cc h thng tuyn tnh. Tuy nhin, tch TrB c th khc 0.35. Ta c th s dng TrB = 0.35 trong thit k h thng thng tinquang. Quan h gia di thng B v tc bit BT ph thuc vo m c s dng. Trng hp m tr v khng (RZ), B = BT v BTTr = 0.35. Ngc li, trong trng hp m khng tr v khng (NRZ) B = BT/2 v BTTr = 0.7. Trong c 2 trng hp, tc bit c th quyt nh gii hn trn ln nht cho thi gian ln m h thng c th chp nhn c. Khi thit k h thng phi m bo Tr nh hn gi tr ti a, tc l:

Tr

0.35 / BT cho RZ 0.7 / BT cho NRZ

(5.11)

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Ba thnh phn ca h thng thng tin quang c cc thi gian ln ring. Thi gian ln tng cng ca tan h thng c th ly gn ng nh sau [1]:
2 2 Tr2 = (Ttr2 + Tfiber + Trec )1 / 2

(5.12)

Trong Ttr, Tfiber v Trec l cc thi gian ln tng ng vi my pht, si quang v my thu. Thi gian ln ca my pht v my thu thng c c bit khi thit k h thng. Thi gian ln ca my pht Ttr c xc nh ch yu bi cc thnh phn in t ca mch iu khin v cc phn t k sinh in lin quan n ngun quang. Thng Ttr khong vi nano giy i vi my pht s dng LED, nhng c th nh hn 0.1 ns i vi my pht s dng laser. Thi gian ln ca my thu Trec c xc nh ch yu bi di thng in 3 dB sau tch quang. Cng thc (5.10) c th dng dng tnh Trec nu di thng sau tch quang c xc nh. Thi gian ln ca si quang Tfiber c tnh theo cng thc [1]:
2 2 2 Tfiber = Tmod e + Tchr

(5.13)

Trong T mode l tn sc mode v Tchr l tn sc mu trong si quang i vi si n mode T mode = 0 v Tfiber = Tchr. i vi si quang chit sut bc (SI), theo cng thc (2.73), Tmod e (n1 / c) L . i vi si chit sut gim dn (GI), theo cng thc (2.81), Tmod e (n12 / 8c) L . Tn sc mu c th tnh theo cng thc (2.98), Tmod e M L vi l rng ph ca ngun quang ( rng na cng sut). Ta xt mt v d minh ha qy thi gian ln. Xt h thng hot ng bc sng1,3 m c thit k hot ng tc 1Gb/s trn si n mode vi khong trm lp l 50km. Thi gian ln cho my pht v my thu c xc nh l Ttr = 0,25 ns v Trec = 0,35 ns. rng ph ca ngun quang l = 3nm, h s tn sc mu l 2ps/(nm.km) ti bc sng cng tc. T (2.98) Tchr = 0,3 ns cho chiu di tuyn L=50 km. Tn sc mode trong si n mode Tmode = 0. Suy ra Tfiber = 0,3 ns. Thi gian ln ca h thng c tnh theo cng thc (5.12) v bng Tr = 0,524 ns. Cng thc (5.11) cho thy h thng ny khng th hot ng tc 1Gb/s khi s dng m RZ cho tn hiu quang. Tuy nhin nu s dng m NRZ, h thng s hot ng c. Nu m RZ c yu cu trc, ngi thit k phi chn my pht v my thu khc p ng qy thi gian ln. M NRZ thng c s dng v n cho php qy thi gian ln ln hn cng mt tc bit.

5.3

CC YU T NH HNG N CHT LNG H THNG THNG TIN QUANG

nhy ca my thu quang hc trong h thng thng tin quang thc t b nh hng bi mt s hin tng vt l m khi kt hp cng vi tn sc trong si quang, s lm suy gim SNR ti mch quyt nh. Nhng hin tng lm gim nhy ca my thu l: nhiu mode, dn xung do tn sc v giao thoa gia cc k t, nhiu phn chia mode, chirp tn s, hi tip phn x. Trong phn ny, chng ta s tho lun xem cht lng h thng b nh hng nh th no bi tn sc trong si quang khi c thm cc ngun gim tr cng sut do cc hin tng trn.

5.3.1

Nhiu mode

Nhiu mode lin quan ti si a mode v c nghin cu su trong nhng nm 1980. Ngun gc ca n c th c hiu nh sau. Giao thoa gia cc mode lan truyn khc nhau trong 179

Chng 5: H Thng Thng TinQuang

si quang a mode to ra mt mu m ti b tch quang. S phn b cng khng u lin quan ti mu m ny s v hi cho chnh n bi v cht lng ca my thu c quyt nh bi cng sut tng cng ly trn ton b vng tch quang. Tuy nhin, nu mu m dao ng theo thi gian, n s dn n s dao ng trong cng sut thu v th lm gim SNR. S dao ng nh th c xem nh l nhiu mode. Chng lun xy ra trong si a mode do cc ri lon c hc nh dao ng v ung cong nh. Hn na, cc mi hn v connector hot ng nh cc b lc khng gian. Bt k s thay i theo thi gian no trong b lc khng gian c c chuyn thnh cc dao ng m v s tng ln ca nhiu mode. Nhiu mode b nh hng mnh bi rng ph ngun quang v k bi v giao thoa mode ch xut hin ch nu thi gian coherence (Tc 1/v) ln hn thi gian tr gia cc mode T c cho bi phng trnh 2.73. i vi cc my pht s dng LED m v ln (v 5THz) th iu kin ny khng cc tha mn. Phn ln cc h thng thng tin quang s dng si a mode cng s dng LED trnh cc vn nhiu mode. Nhiu mode tr nn nghim trng khi cc laser bn dn c s dng cng vi si a mode. Hnh 5.6 cho thy s gim tr cng sut ng vi BER = 10-12 c tnh cho h thng thng tin quang 1.3 m tc 140 Mb/s. Si chit sut gim dn c ng knh li 50 m v h tr 146 mode. S gim tr cng sut ph thuc vo suy hao ghp chn la mode xy ra ti cc mi hn v connector. N cng ph thuc ph mode dc ca laser bn dn. D thy, s gim tr cng sut gim khi s lng mode dc tng thi gian coherence ca nh sng pht ra gim. Nhiu mode cng c th xut hin trong cc h thng n mode nu c cc on nh si quang gia hai connector hay mi hn trong khi qu trnh sa cha hoc bo dng thng thng [2]. Mt mode bc cao c th c kch thch ti im gin on si cp xut hin ti mi hn u tin v sau c chuyn i tr li mode c bn ti connector hay mi hn th hai.

Hnh 5-6: S gim tr cng sut do nhiu mode theo suy hao chn la mode. Tham s M l tng s mode dc khi m cng sut ca n vt qu 10% cng sut nh [2]. 180

Chng 5: H Thng Thng TinQuang

Bi v mt mode bc cao khng th truyn i xa t im kch thch, nn vn ny c th khc phc bng cch bo m khong cch gia hai connector hai mi hn phi ln hn 2m. Ni chung, nhiu mode khng phi l mt vn i vi cc h thng giao thng tin quang s dng si n mode c thit k v bo dng hp l.

5.3.2

Dn xung do tn sc

Vic s dng si n mode trong h thng thng tin quang gip chng ta trnh gn ht cc vn ca tn sc mode v nhiu mode tng ng. Tuy nhin, tn sc mu vn lm dn xung v do lm gim nhy ca my thu. Trong phn ny, chng ta s tho lun s gim tr cng sut lin quan ti s suy gim trong nhy ca my thu. Dn xung do tn sc nh hng ti cht lng my thu theo hai cch. Th nht, mt phn nng lng xung phn tn khi cc khe bit v gy ra giao thoa gia cc k t (ISI). Trong thc t, h thng c thit k cc tiu ha cc nh hng ca ISI [2]. Th hai, nng lng xung trong cc khe bit b gim khi cc xung quang b dn ra. S suy gim nng lng nh th lm gim SNR ti mch quyt nh. Bi v SNR cn c duy tr n nh duy tr cht lng ca h thng, my thu yu cu cng sut trung bnh phi ln hn. y chnh l ngun gc ca s gim tr cng sut do gin xung d. Gi s xung quang pht i c dng Gausse, d (tnh theo dB) c tnh bng cng thc [2]: d =10log10fb (5.14)

trong fb l h s dn xung. Khi s dn xung ch yu l do rng ph ca my pht pht, th fb c cho bi [2]: Fb=/0 =[1+(DL/0)2]1/2 (5.15)

vi 0 l rng ph hiu dng (rms) ca my pht quang v l rng ph hiu dng (rms) ca ngun quang c gi nh l phn b Gausse. Cc phng trnh (5.14) v (5.15) c th c s dng c lng s gim tr cng sut do tn sc mu trong h thng thng tin quang s dng si n mode cng vi laser a mode hoc LED.

5.3.3

Nhiu phn chia mode ( Mode-Partition Noise MNP )

Trong chng 3 cp, cc laser a mode to ra nhiu phn chia mode (MPN). Hin tng ny xy ra do s tng tc gia cc cp mode phn cc dc. C th, cc mode dc khc nhau dao ng theo cch cc mode ring bit to ra dao ng v cng ln mc d tng cng l khng thay i. MPN l v hi khi khng tn sc trong si quang, bi v tt c cc mode vn c duy tr ng b trong sut qu trnh truyn dn v tch sng. Trong thc t, cc ch khc nhau s khng ng b khi chng di chuyn nh cc tc khc nhau bn trong si cp do tn sc vn tc nhm. Do kt qu ca s ti ng b ha ny, cng b cha to thm s dao ng,v SNR mch quyt nh tr nn ti t hn khi khng c nhiu ch tng phn . Mt cng sut pht cn phi cung cp ci thin SNR t c cng gi tr m cn thit t c BER nh yu cu. nh hng ca MPN n qu trnh hot ng ca h thng c nghin cu rng ri cho c lade bn dn a ch ln lase bn dn n mode.

5.3.4

Nhiu phn x

Trong hu ht cc h thng thng tin quang, mt vi tia sng c un ngc tr li bi hin tng khc x. Hiu ng ca cc hin tng ny c nghin cu rng ri v n c th lm gim 181

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hiu nng ca h thng. Thm ch mt lng tng i nh ca hiu ng c th nh hng n hot ng ca h thng laser bn dn v s gy gia tng nhiu trong tn hiu u pht. Thm ch khi ta phn cch gia b phn pht v si quang, hiu ng a khc x s xy ra mt ct v cc mi ni, gy ra nhiu ni v hn ch qu trnh nhn tn hiu. Phn ny c vit ni v hiu ng nhiu gy nn do phn x u thu. Hu ht mi hin tng phn x trong si quang u c ngun gc t b mt thy tinh v khng kh, h s khc x ca cc mi trng ny c tnh theo cng thc: Rf = (nf 1)2/(nf+1)2 trong nf l chit sut ca vt liu lm nn si quang. Vi silicat, Rf = 3.6% (-14.4 dB) nu ta s dng nf =1.47. Gi tr ny c th tng ln 5.3% i vi si c y trn v trn c th to ra b mt mng hn vi chit sut khong 1.6. Trong trng hp a phn x xy ra gia hai mt ct v mi ni, hi tip phn x c th tng ln mt cch ng ng v hai b mt phng hot ng nh mt ci gng thuc loi giao thoa Fabry-Perot. Khi hin tng cng hng xy ra, s phn x tng ln n 14% i vi b mt khng trn lng v trn 22% vi b mt trn lng. R rng, mt phn nh tn hiu truyn c th c phn x tr li tr phi cn phi cn nhc trong vic lm gim hi p quang. Mt k thut ph bin dng lm suy gim hi p phn x l s dng du hay gel c chit sut tuyt i gn vi chit sut tuyt i ca thy tinh khng kh. Thnh thong nh ca si quang c un cong hoc ct mt gc s phn x nh sng lch khi trc quang. S dng cng ngh ny c th lm hi p phn x gim cn 0.1%. Bn dn laser c bit nhy cm vi hi tip quang [133], Cng sut hot ng ca n c th b nh hng bi hi tip c 80dB [126]. Yu t nh hng nghim trng nht trong vic phn x hi p l b rng ca ng truyn laser, n c th thu hp hoc m rng bi cc yu t c sp t trc, n ph thuc vo xc ca v tr b mt, ngun gc ca s phn hi tn hiu [122]. L do gin tip c th l s lin quan gia nhy v pha phn x ca nh sng c th lm o ln han ton phase ca tia laser mc d mc hi p yu. Nhng thay i ca pha phn x bt li cho cc h thng truyn thng tin c kt ni cht ch vi nhau. H thng sng nh thng b nh hng ca nhiu ni hn l nhiu phase.

5.4
5.4.1

CC H THNG THNG TIN QUANG

Phn chia h thng theo dng tn hiu

Trong h thng thng tin quang, tn hiu c truyn c th l dng analog hoc dng s. Tng ng chng ta s c h thng quang analog hoc h thng quang s. Trong trng hp analog, tn hiu bin i lin tc theo thi gian (hnh 5.7-a). V d tn hiu analog nh tn hiu ting ni c chuyn i t micro hoc tn hiu hnh nh c chuyn i t camera. Ngc li, tn hiu s l tn hiu c gi tr ri rc. Vi tn hiu s nh phn ch c biu din 2 gi tr. Trng hp n gin nht ca tn hiu s nh phn c minh ha hnh 5.7-b, hai gi tr thng c gi l bit 0 v bit 1 (cc bit ny c gi l s nh phn). Mi bit tn ti trong khong thi gian TB c gi l chu k bit. Trong h thng s, tc bit BT c nh ngha l s bit trong mt giy : BT =1/TB (5.16)

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Hnh 5.7 : Biu din tn hiu analog (a) v tn hiu s (b)

Cc linh kin nguyn l ca h thng thng tin quang tng qut cho truyn dn s hay analog c minh ha di dng s khi nh hnh 5.8. Pha u pht bao gm b m ho (encoder) hoc b nh dng tnh hiu (signal shaping) trc khi a qua tng iu ch hay khuch i kch hot ng cho ngun quang (optical source). nh sng pht ra t ngun quang c ghp vo si quang, ng vai tr mi trng truyn dn ca h thng. nh sng n u bn kia ca si quang c chuyn i tr li thnh tn hiu in bng b tch sng quang (optical detector) c t ng vo ca thit b thu. Tn hiu in ny sau c khuch i trc khi a quan b gii m (decoder) hay b gii iu ch (demodulator) khi phc li tn hiu gc ban u.

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Hnh 5.8 Cc linh kin nguyn l ca h thng thng tin quang tng qut cho truyn dn s hoc analog.

5.4.2

Phn loi theo chun ghp knh

V l thuyt, dung lng ca h thng thng tin quang c th t hn 10Tbit/s v sng mang l nh sng c tn s ln. Tuy nhin, thc t tc bit b gii hn gi tr 10Gbit/s do tn sc, hiu ng phi tuyn, v tc hot ng ca linh kin in t. Cho n nm 1995, vic truyn dn nhiu knh nh sng trn cng mt si quang c th thc hin cho php m rng dung lng h thng n 1Tbit/s. Vic ghp knh c th thc hin trong min thi gian hoc trong min tn s. C th, trong min thi gian chng ta c ghp knh phn chia theo thi gian TDM (time division multiplexing) v trong min tn s chng ta c ghp knh phn chia theo tn s FDM (frequency division multiplexing). K thut TDM v FDM c s dng trong min in. Tuy nhin cng c th thc hin ghp knh TDM v FDM trong min quang vi tn gi l OTDM (optical TDM) v WDM (wavelength division multiplexing) phn bit vi ghp knh trong min in. Di y chng ta s kho st mt s h thng c phn loi theo phng php ghp knh.

a) Ghp knh theo bc sng WDM

Ghp knh theo bc sng l thc hin truyn nhiu bc sng (sng mang quang) trn cng mt si quang, m mi bc sng c iu ch t cc chui bit (di dng in) khc nhau. Tn hiu quang b thu s c phn ra thnh cc knh ring bit bng k thut quang. Chi tit v h thng WDM chng ta s c nghin cu trong hc phn thng tin quang nng cao, trong phn ny chng ta ch khi qut v ghp knh theo bc sng.

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WDM c kh nng khai thc bng thng rng ln tim nng ca si quang. Chng hn, hng trm knh 10Gbit/s c th truyn trn cng si quang khi khong cch knh nh hn 100GHz. i vi tuyn ng trc (backbone) ca mng vin thng s dng cp si quang, ghp knh theo bc sng l gii php n gin tng tc bit. Hnh 5.9 minh ha s ca mng WDM n gin, mng im-im, c dung lng cao, s dng ghp knh theo bc sng. Ng ra ca cc b pht s dng bc sng (hay tn s sng mang) khc nhau s c ghp li. Tn hiu ghp ny c a vo si quang truyn n u bn kia ca tuyn truyn dn, y tn hiu s c phn ra v gi tng knh ti tng b thu tng ng.

Hnh 5.9: Tuyn cp quang im - im s dng WDM. Mi cp pht thu c s dng gi v nhn tn hiu cc bc sng khc nhau.
Gi s h thng ny ghp N knh, mi knh c tc bit tng ng l BT,1, BT,2, BT,N c truyn cng lc trn si quang c chiu di L th tch BTL tng cng ca tuyn l: BTL = (BT,1 + BT,2 + + BT,N )L (5.17) Nu N knh ny c tc bng nhau th dung lng ca h thng tng ln N ln. Th nhim u tin vo nm 1985 c kt qu l BTL =1,37(Tbit/s).km ca h thng truyn 10 knh vi tc mi knh 2Gbit/s trn tuyn di 68,3Km s dng si quang chun c khong cch knh 1,35nm. Dung lng ti u ca tuyn si quang WDM ph thuc vo khong cch knh. Khong cch knh ti thiu b gii hn bi nhiu xuyn knh. Khong cch knh f phi ln hn 2BT vi BT l tc bit ca knh. iu kin ny gy lng ph bng thng ng k. Thng s hiu sut ph c s dng o hiu qu s dng bng thng ca h thng WDM. Hiu sut ph c nh ngha nh sau:

s =

BT f

(5.18)

Trong B l tc ca knh v f l khong cch knh. s cng ln cng tt. Tn s knh ca h thng WDM c ITU chun ho trn li 100GHz trong bng C v L ( c tn s t 186 196 THz). Nh vy, nu h thng WDM s dng khong cch knh 100GHz (tng ng 0,8nm 1552nm), tc mt knh l 10Gbit/s th hiu sut ph ca h thng l 10%. Gn y ITU a ra chun khong cch knh 50GHz vi tc 40Gbit/s mi knh nn nng hiu sut ph ln n 80%. Bng 5.1 lit k cc th nghim h thng WDM dung lng cao. [1] 185

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Bng 5.1: Cc th nghim ca h thng WDM dung lng ln.

S knh N 120 132 160 82 256 273 Tc bit BT (Gbit/s) 20 20 20 40 40 40 Dung lng NBT (Tbit/s) 2,40 2,64 3,20 3,28 10,24 10,92 Khong cch L (km) 6200 120 1500 300 100 17 Tch NBTL [(Pb/s).km] 14,88 0,317 4,80 0,984 1,024 1,278

b) Ghp knh phn chia theo thi gian TDM

Ghp knh phn chia theo thi gian chng ta kho st trong hc phn k thut gho knh s. TDM thng thc hin trong min in. Theo cch ny, h thng quang n knh mang nhiu knh TDM. TDM trong min in tr nn kh khn thc hin tc cao hn Gbit/s do gii hn ca linh kin in t tc cao. gii php OTDM c a ra tng tc bit ca mt sng mang quang. K thut OTDM c nghin cu trong nhng nm 1990. Trong h thng OTDM, nhiu tn hiu quang c tc bit BT chia s cng tn s sng mang v c ghp trong min quang to chui bit c tc NB, vi N l s knh. Hnh 5.10 m t cu trc b pht OTDM da trn k thut delay-line (cc si dy trn quang). Mt laser c th to ra chui xung m cch c chu k tc bng vi tc bit BT ca mt knh. Tuy nhin, laser s to ra cc xung c rng Tp sao cho Tp < TB = 1/NBT m bo mi xung va vi v tr ca n khe thi gian TB. Ng ra ca laser c chia thnh N nhnh bng nhau, sau c khuch i nu cn thit. B iu ch mi nhnh chn cc xung ca bit 0 v to N chui bit c lp tc bit BT

Hnh 5.10: Cu trc b pht OTDM da trn cc si dy tr quang.

Ghp N chui bit c thc hin bng k thut lm tr. Theo s ny, chui bit ca nhnh th n c lm tr mt lng (n-1)/(NBT), n = 1, 2, , N. Ng ra ca tt c cc nhnh c t hp li to tn hiu ghp. R rng rng, chui bit c ghp thc hin theo c ch ny c rng bit tng ng vi tc bit NBT. Hn na, N bit k tip nhau trong mi khong thi gian 1/BT l ca N knh khc nhau, ging nh trong TDM trong min in. 186

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Ton b b ghp OTDM (tr b iu ch c th l LiNbO3 hoc l cht bn dn) c th c xy dng t cc si quang n mode. Vic chia v t hp cc tn hiu trong N nhnh c th c thc hin bng cc coupler quang 1N. Cc dy tr quang cng c ch to t cc on si, vi tr c iu khin thng qua chiu di si. V d: 1mm si tng ng tr 5ps (gi s si c chit sut 1,5). Lu l cc dy tr c chiu di tng i (10cm hoc hn) bi v s khc nhau v chiu di phi tht s chnh xc. i vi tn hiu OTDM 40Gbit/s th chnh xc i hi l 0,1ps, cc chiu di ca dy tr phi c iu khin trong khong 20m. chnh xc nh vy tht s kh khn thc hin khi s dng si quang. Vic tch cc knh t tn hiu OTDM s dng k thut quang - in hoc k thut ton quang. C nhiu c ch tch knh c pht trin, mi c ch c u im v nhc im ca n.

Hnh 5.11: S tch knh tn hiu OTDM da vo (a) Cc b iu ch LiNbO3 mc lin tip, (b) XPM trong gng vng quang phi tuyn, (c) FWM trong mi trng phi tuyn
Hnh 5.11 biu din ba c ch tch knh. Tt c cc k thut tch knh yu cu tn hiu ng h c tn s trng vi tc mt knh. Tn hiu ng h ny l dng in s dng cho c ch quang - in, nhng tn hiu ng h phi l cc xung quang nu tch sng theo c ch ton quang. K thut quang - in s dng nhiu b iu ch LiNbO3 loi MZ (Mach Zehnder) mc 187

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ni tip nhau. Mi b iu ch, phn na tc bit b loi b (theo cch lun phin cc bit ca tn hiu vo). Do , h thng OTDM 8 knh cn 3 b iu ch, c iu khin cng tn hiu xung ng h di dng in, nhng khc nhau v in p 4V0, 2V0, v V0 (xem hnh 5.11-a); y V0 l in p cn cho dch pha trong mt nhnh ca b giao thoa MZ. Cc knh khc nhau c la chn bng cch thay i pha ca tn hiu ng h. u im chnh ca k thut ny l s dng cc linh kin sn c. Tuy nhin n c nhiu nhc im, trong quan trng nht l b gii hn tc ca cc b iu ch. K thut quang in cn yu cu mt lng ln cc linh kin t tin, mt s linh kin ny cn in p hot ng cao. K thut ton quang s dng gng vng quang phi tuyn NOLM c cu trc bng vng si s dng coupler 3dB ni ng vo vi ng ra (thnh vng trn) nh hnh 5.11-b. Thit b ny c gi l b giao thoa Sagnac. NOLM c gi l gng bi v n phn x ton b ng vo ca n khi hai sng truyn ngc nhau trong vng cng pha vi nhau. Tuy nhin, nu tnh i xng b gy bng cch to ra s lch pha nhau l , th NOLM s truyn ton b tn hiu ny i. Hot ng tch knh ca NOLM da trn nguyn l XPM, ging nh hin tng phi tuyn gy nhiu xuyn knh trong h thng WDM. Tch knh tn hiu OTDM bng NOLM c hiu nh sau. Tn hiu ng h l mt chui cc xung quang c tc bng vi tc bit ca mt knh c a vo vng sao cho n ch truyn theo chiu quay kim ng h. Tn hiu OTDM i vo NOLM sau khi c chia lm hai phn bng nhau truyn theo hai hng ngc nhau bng coupler 3dB.Tn hiu ng h gy dch pha cc xung mt knh no trong tn hiu OTDM XPM. Trong trng hp n gin nht, bn thn si quang cng c th lm XPM. Cng sut tn hiu quang v chiu di vng c ch to ln to ra s dch pha l . Kt qu l mt knh c tch ra bi NOLM. Trong trng hp ny, NOLM ging nh b OADM trong h thng WDM. Tt c cc knh c th c tch cng lc bng cch s dng nhiu NOLM mc song song nhau. Tnh phi tuyn ca si nhanh thit b c th p ng tm thi gian fs (femtosecond). C ch th ba tch knh OTDM (xem hnh 5.11-c) l s dng hiu ng phi tuyn trn bn sng FWM v hot ng ging nh c ch chuyn i bc sng. Tn hiu OTDM c ghp vo mi trng phi tuyn cng vi tn hiu ng h ( bc sng khc). Tn hiu ng h ng vai tr ngun bm to ra FWM. Trong cc khe thi gian m xung ng h chng lp vi bit 1 ca knh cn tch, th WFM sinh ra xung bc sng mi. Kt qu l chui xung bc sng mi trng khp vi knh cn tch. B lc quang c s dng ly knh c tch ra khi tn hiu OTDM v tn hiu ng h.

c) Ghp knh sng mang ph SCM

Trong mt s ng dng mng LAN v MAN, tc bit mi knh phi tng i thp nhng s lng knh li tr nn rt ln (nh mng CATV). Khi nim ghp knh sng mang ph SCM (subcarrier multiplexing) y l mn t trong cng ngh vi ba, n s dng nhiu sng mang viba truyn nhiu knh (ghp knh theo tn s FDM trong min in). Bng thng tng cng b gii hn khong 1GHz khi cp ng trc c s dng truyn nhiu tn hiu viba. Tuy nhin, nu tn hiu viba c truyn trn si quang th bng thng ca tn hiu c th d dng vt qua 10GHz trn mt sng mang quang. C ch nh vy c gi l SCM, v vic ghp knh c thc hin bng cch s dng nhiu sng mang ph viba hn l sng mang quang. N c s dng trong cng nghip CATV t nm 1992 v c th kt hp vi TDM v WDM. S kt hp gia SCM v WDM c th tng bng thng ln n 1THz.

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Hnh 5.12: S minh ha ghp knh sng mang ph. Nhiu sng mang ph viba (SC) c iu ch, v tn hiu ghp trong min in c s dng iu ch quang b pht (Tx)
Hnh 5.12 biu din s h thng quang SCM c thit k cho mt bc sng. u im chnh ca SCM l linh hot v c th nng cp thnh mng bng rng. C th s dng iu ch s hoc analog, hoc kt hp c hai truyn cc tn hiu nh ting ni, d liu, hnh nh cho mt s lng ln ngi s dng (user). Mi ngi s dng c cp mt snh mang ph, hoc tn hiu a knh c phn phi cho tt c cc khch hng nh trong CATV. K thut SCM c nghin cu pht trin v c th ng dng thc t mt cch rng ri. Ghp knh SCM c th p dng v trin khai cho h thng analog, h thng s, v h thng WDM. [1]

d) Ghp knh phn chia theo m CDM

Ghp knh theo m CDM (Code-Division Multiplexing) cng ging nh k thut tri ph trong h thng v tuyn, tuy nhin trong h thng quang mi knh c m theo cch tri ph trong vng rng hn so vi vng ca tn hiu gc.

(i)

M ho chui trc tip:

Cc linh kin mi cn thit cho h thng CDM l cc b m ho v gii m s c t b pht v b thu. B m ho s tri ph tn hiu trn vng rng hn bng thng ti thiu cn thit truyn dn. Vic tri ph c thc hin bi ngha ca mt m, n c lp vi tn hiu. B gii m s dng m nh vy nn ph ca tn hiu v khi phc d liu. M tri ph c gi l chui nhn dng (signature sequence). u im ca phng php tri ph ny l kh ph hoc chn tn hiu do tn t nhin ca m.K thut CDM c bit hu dng khi bo mt d liu quan trng.

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Hnh 5.13: Minh ha m ho d liu trong h thng CDM s dng chui nhn dng 7 chip.
Hnh 5.13 Minh ha v d phng php m ho chui trc tip trong h thng OCDM (optical CDM). Mi bit d liu c m ho s dng chui nhn dng gm c M bit (cn c gi l chip). Trong v d ny l M = 7. Sau khi m ho, tc bit (hay tc chip) tng theo h s M. Ph ca tn hiu s tri trong vng rng hn so vi bng thng ca cc chip, rng theo h s M. V d, ph ca tn hiu tr nn rng hn 64 ln nu M = 64. Hin nhin l bng thng ph nh nhau c s dng cho cc user c cc chui nhn dng khc nhau. B m ho cho phng php m ho chui trc tip s dng s delay-line ging nh hnh 5.10 ca h thng OTDM. S khc bit c bn y l mt b iu ch, c t sau laser, tc ng d liu ln chui xung. Chui xung kt qu c phn ra thnh nhiu nhnh (bng vi s chip M), v cc ng delay quang c s dng m ho mt knh. b thu, b gii m gm cc ng delay theo th t ngc li to nh ng ra tng quan mi khi m ca user ph hp vi chui chip m n thu c. Cc mu chip ca cc user khc cng c to ra nh tng quan cho nhng bin ca nh ny thp hn nh c to ra do s t tng quan khi mu chip ph hp chnh xc. Mt dy cc cch t Bragg si, c thit k ging nhau v stop band nhng khc nhau v tnh phn x, cng c th thc hin nh b m ho v gii m.

(ii)

M ho ph:

Tri ph cn c th thc hin bng phng php nhy tn. Tn s sng mang c dch i mt cch c chu k tng ng vi m c gn trc. im khc bit vi WDM l tn s c c nh khng gn cho mt knh no c. Thay vo , tt c cc knh chia s ton b bng thng bng cch s dng cc tn s sng mang khc nhau cc thi im khc nhau tng ng vi mt m. Tn hiu c m ph c th c trnh by di dng ma trn nh hnh 5.14.

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Hnh 5.14: Nhy tn trong h thng OCDM. vung c t cho bit cc tn s cc khe thi gian khc nhau. Chui nhy tn ny l (3, 2, 0, 5, 1, 4).

Cc hng ca ma trn tng ng vi cc tn s c gn v cc ct tng ng vi cc khe thi gian. Phn t ca ma trn mij bng 1 khi v ch khi tn s i c pht trong khong thi gian tj. Cc user khc nhau s c gn cc mu (m) nhy tn khc nhau m bo hai user khng truyn cng tn s trong cng khe thi gian. Cc chui m tha mn c tnh ny c gi l m trc giao. H thng ny thc hin s dng cc m gi trc giao (cc i t tng quan v cc tiu tng quan cho) m bo BER thp c th c. Tng qut, BER ca h thng CDMA tng i cao ( ln hn 10-6) nhng c th ci thin bng cch s dng c ch sa li FEC (forworderror correction).

5.4.3

Phn loi theo phng php iu ch

Nu phn loi theo phng php iu ch th c bn chng ta c loi h thng, l h thng IM/DD (iu ch cng ) v h thng Coherent.

a) H thng IM/DD:
S khi ca h thng IM/DD (iu ch cng v tch sng trc tip) c m t hnh 5.15. Vi k thut ny khng cn phi iu ch hay gii iu ch tn hiu in trc khi chuyn i thnh tn hiu nh sng, do thc hin d dng.

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Hnh 5.15: (a) H thng quang analog s dng iu ch cng trc tip. (b) Biu din tn hiu iu ch trong min thi gian vi sng mang l nh sng v tn hiu di nn l tn hiu analog.

Dng sng cng sut quang l hm theo thi gian Popt(t) c biu din nh hnh 5.15-b c dng:

Popt(t) = Pi(1+m(t))

(5.19)

vi Pi l cng sut quang trung bnh pht ra ca ngun quang (tc cng sut sng mang cha iu ch) v m(t) l tn hiu iu ch cng , n t l vi thng tin ngun a(t). i vi tn hiu iu ch cosin:

m(t) = ma.cos(mt)

(5.20)

ma l h s iu ch, c xc nh bng t s gia cng sut nh (so vi gi tr trung bnh) vi cng sut trung bnh (xem hnh 5.15-b) ; m l tn s gc ca tn hiu iu ch. Kt hp phng trnh (5.19) v (5.20), chng ta c :

Popt(t) = Pi(1+macos(mt))

(5.21)

Gi s mi trng truyn c tn sc bng khng, cng sut quang n u thu s c dng ging phng trnh (5.21) nhng c cng sut quang trung bnh thu c l P0. Do dng in photon I(t) th cp c to ra b thu s dng APD s l :

I(t) =IPM(1+macos(mt))
Trong IP l dng in photon s cp (c ti to t sng mang cha iu ch):

(5.22)

Ip =

eP0 hf

(5.23)

Dng tn hiu bnh phng trung bnh t phng trnh (5.22) c xc nh nh sau:
2 < isig >=

1 (ma MI p ) 2 2

(5.24)

b) H thng Coherent:
i vi h thng IM/DD, tn hiu iu ch cng trc tip c dng ging iu bin AM i vi h thng analog hoc iu ch OOK i h thng s. Tuy nhin i vi h thng Coherent, tn hiu pht chng ta c th s dng cc kiu iu ch sau: ASK, FSK, PSK, hoc

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PolSK. V s dng kiu tch sng c th l Homodyne hoc Heterodyne. Cc k thut iu ch v tach sng ny chng ta s kho st chi tit trong hc phn Thng tin quang 2.

TM TT
Nh vy trong chng ny chng ta c ci nhn tng qut v cc loi h thng thng tin quang. Trong thng quang 1, cc cng thc v kin thc chng ta c c cc chng trc l dnh cho h thng mt bc sng, s dng kiu iu ch v tch sng l IM/DD. Khi thit k mt tuyn cp quang, chng ta n qu cng sut, quyt nh c ly thng tin; v qu thi gian, quyt nh c ly v tc c truyn dn.

CU HI N TP V BI TP
5.1. 5.2. 5.3. 5.4. 5.5. 5.6. 5.7. 5.8. 5.9. 5.10. 5.11. Trnh by cu trc ca tuyn cp quang im-im. Trn tuyn gm c nhng thit b g? Tm tc nh hng ca suy hao v tn sc n qu trnh thit tuyn. Khi thit k tuyn theo qu cng sut, chng ta cn thu thp nhng thng tin hoc i lng g? Khi thit k tuyn theo qu thi gian, chng ta cn thu thp nhng thng tin hoc i lng no? T s tng qut hnh 5.8, hy v s h thng thng quang analog. T s tng qut hnh 5.8, hy v s h thng thng quang s. Tch i lng BTL ca h thng gho knh theo bc sng, bit rng h thng ghp 20 bc sng, mi bc sng mang tn hiu STM-16, v h thng di 80Km. xc nh hiu sut ph ca h thng cu 5.7 nu khong cch knh l 100GHz (tng ng 0,8nm 1552nm). Trong h thng WDM, tng hiu sut ph chng ta c nhng cch no? Xc nh tr ca si dy tr s dng si quang c chit sut 1,5 v di 20m. H thng IM/DD l g? N c u nhc im g?

TI LIU THAM KHO

[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] J. M. Senior. Optical Fiber Communications: Principles and Practice. Second edition, Prentice Hall, 1993. G. Keiser. Optical Fiber Communications . Third edition, McGraw-Hill, 2000. J. Gowar. Optical Communication Systems. Second edition, Prentice-Hall, 1993. G. P. Agrawal. Fiber-Optic Communication Systems. Second edition, John Wiley & Sons, 1997. Max Ming Kang Liu. Principles and Applications of Optical Communications, 2001. V Vn San. H thng Thng Tin Quang, tp 1. Nh xut bn Bu in, 7-2003. 193

Chng 5: H Thng Thng TinQuang

[7] [8] [9] John G. Proakis. Digital Communications. Third edition, McGrawHill, 1995. Herbert Taub, Donald L. Schilling. Principles of Communications Systems. McGraw-Hill, 1986. Fuqin Xiong. Digital Modulation Techniques. Artech HouseBostonLondon.2000

194

p n cc cu hi

P N V GI TR LI MT S CU HI N TP V BI TP CHNG 1
1.6. 1.12. c a 1.7. 1.13. c b 1.8. b 1.9. a 1.10. c 1.11. b

CHNG 2
Cu hi n tp
2.1. 2.7. 2.13. 2.19. 2.25. a c a c b 2.2. 2.8. 2.14. 2.20. c a d d 2.3. 2.9. 2.15. 2.21. a b b a 2.4. 2.10. 2.16. 2.22. d c d d 2.5. 2.11. 2.17. 2.23. b a d a 2.6. 2.12. 2.18. 2.24. a b d d

Bi tp
2.1. 2.2. 2.3. 2.4. 2.5. 2.6. 2.7. 2.8. 2.9. 2.10. 2.11. 2.12. 2.13. 2.14. 2.15. 2.16. 2.17. 2.18. 2.19. 2.20. mode(SI) /L = 14.4 ns/km, mode(GI)/L = 14.4 ps/km. 195 c = 78.5o, NA=0.30, a = 17.4O NA=0.21, c = 81.9o V=75.8, N=2873 N = 247 c = 1.2124 m. a = 4.95 m. 2a = 92m. 100 W. A = 16 dB, = 2 dB/km, A = 29 dB, Pin/Pout = 794.3 57.5 km 703 W 5.2 dB/km, 0.8 dB/km, 0.3 dB/km n1 = 1.49 = 0.47% 9 m v 34 mm Bopt = 5MHz, dt = 6.67 ns/km, BoptL = 75 MHzkm M = 98.1 ps.nm/km, m = 1.9 ns/km. m = 0.10 ns/km.

p n cc cu hi
2.21. 2.22. 2.23. 2.24. 2.25. t = 32.4 ns/km, BoptxL = 6.2 MHz.km 13.2 MHz.km 800 ps = 0.47% (a) 10 ns ; (b) 4 ns

CHNG 3
3.25. 3.31. 3.26. 3.27. 3.28. 3.29. 3.30.

CHNG 4
4.1. 4.2. 4.3. 4.4. 4.5. 4.6. 4.7. 4.8. 4.9. 4.10. 4.11. 4.12. 4.13. 4.14. 4.15. 4.16. 4.17. 4.18. 4.19. 4.25. 4.31. (a) 33%; (b) 24,8.10-20J; (c) 21,3 nA. (a) 0,36A/W; (b) 2,78 W; (c) 1,26.1013 photon/s 0,72 A/W 50% ; 15,9 nA. 24,1 77,8 nW; 3,33.1011photon/s. -70,4 dBm (a) 2,01 A; (b) 3,59 nA; (c) 55,0 dB (a) 994,7 ; (b) 18,19 nA; 39,3 dB (a) 1,137k; (b) 19,58 W 40,1 dB 50,3dBm. (a) 14,2 dB; (b) -49,6dBm 23,9dB 21,9dB a) 1400; b) -52,8dBm;c) -51,8dBm 27,9 dB (a) 15,76km; (b) 8,26 km b d 4.20. 4.26. 4.32. b c 4.21. 4.27. 4.33. a 4.22. 4.28. 4.34. b 4.23. 4.29. 4.35. c 4.24. 4.30. d

196

MC LC
CHNG 1 TNG QUAN V K THUT THNG TIN QUANG ........................................1 Gii thiu ................................................................................................................................. 1 1.1.
1.2. LCH S PHT TRIN H THNG THNG TIN QUANG .......................................... 1 GII THIU H THNG THNG TIN QUANG IN HNH........................................ 2

1.2.1. S khi c bn ca h thng thng tin quang ................................................................. 2 1.2.2. u nhc im ca h thng thng tin quang ..................................................................... 4 1.3. NG DNG V XU TH PHT TRIN .......................................................................... 5 Tm tt ........................................................................................................................................... 7 Bi tp chng 1 ............................................................................................................................. 8 CHNG 2 SI QUANG ......................................................................................................... 10 2.1. MT S V C BN V NH SNG ................................................................... 10 2.1.1. Sng in t ....................................................................................................................... 10 2.1.2. Quang hnh ........................................................................................................................ 12 2.1.3. Lng t ............................................................................................................................ 15 2.2. M T QUANG HNH QU TRNH TRUYN NH SNG TRONG SI QUANG.. 16 2.2.1. Cu to c bn ca si quang............................................................................................. 16 2.2.2. Khu s ......................................................................................................................... 17 2.2.3. Phn loi si quang ............................................................................................................ 19 2.3. TRUYN SNG NH SNG TRONG SI QUANG .................................................... 23 2.3.1. H phng trnh Maxwell ................................................................................................. 23 2.3.2. Phng trnh sng c trng ca sng EM trong mi trng suy hao ............................. 27 2.3.3. Phng trnh sng c trng trong ng dn sng hnh ch nht ....................................... 28 2.3.4. Phng trnh sng c trng cho si quang....................................................................... 32 2.3.5. Hiu thm v mode ............................................................................................................ 33 2.4. CC C TNH TRUYN DN CA SI QUANG .................................................... 42 2.4.1. Suy hao .............................................................................................................................. 43 2.4.2. Tn sc .............................................................................................................................. 47 2.4.3. Cc hiu ng phi tuyn....................................................................................................... 59 2.5. 2.6. CC LOI SI QUANG MI ........................................................................................ 60 CP SI QUANG ............................................................................................................ 65

2.6.1. Sn xut si quang ............................................................................................................. 65 2.6.2. Cu trc cp si quang ....................................................................................................... 76 Cu hi n tp chng 2 ............................................................................................................... 82

ii

CHNG 3 B PHT QUANG ................................................................................................89 3.1. NGUYN L CHUNG V BIN I QUANG IN ................................................... 89 3.1.1. Mc nng lng ................................................................................................................. 89 3.1.2. Cc nguyn l v bin i quang in................................................................................ 91 3.1.3. Vng nng lng ................................................................................................................ 92 3.1.4. Ngun quang bn dn......................................................................................................... 93 3.2. LED .................................................................................................................................... 96 3.2.1. Cu to v nguyn l hot ng ......................................................................................... 96 3.2.2. c tuyn P-I ca LED ...................................................................................................... 97 3.2.3. c tnh ph ca LED ........................................................................................................ 98 3.2.4. Cu trc ca LED ............................................................................................................... 99 3.3. LASER ............................................................................................................................. 101 3.3.1. Cu to v nguyn l hot ng ca Laser....................................................................... 101 3.3.2. Hc cng hng Fabry-Perot .......................................................................................... 102 3.3.3. khuch i quang ....................................................................................................... 103 3.3.4. c tnh ph ca Laser Fabry-Perot................................................................................. 104 3.3.5. c tnh ca Laser ............................................................................................................ 105 3.3.6. Nhiu trong Laser ............................................................................................................. 109 3.4. CC C TNH K THUT CA NGUN QUANG ................................................ 111 3.4.1. c tuyn P-I ca ngun quang ...................................................................................... 111 3.4.2. Gc pht quang ................................................................................................................ 112 3.4.3. Hiu sut ghp quang ....................................................................................................... 113 3.4.4. rng ph...................................................................................................................... 114 3.4.5. Thi gian ln..................................................................................................................... 114 3.4.6. nh hng ca nhit ................................................................................................... 115 3.5. CC NGUN LASER BN DN N MODE ........................................................... 116 3.5.1. Laser hi tip phn b DFB.............................................................................................. 116 3.5.2. Laser phn x Bragg phn b DBR.................................................................................. 117 3.5.3. Laser bn dn hc cng hng ghp ................................................................................ 117 3.6. B PHT QUANG ......................................................................................................... 119 3.6.1. S khi b pht quang ................................................................................................. 119 3.6.2. Mch pht iu bin cng trc tip .......................................................................... 120 3.6.3. B iu ch ngoi ............................................................................................................ 123 Cu hi n tp chng 3.............................................................................................................. 125 CHNG 4 B THU QUANG ...............................................................................................127 4.1. KHI NIM C BN .................................................................................................... 127 4.1.1. Nguyn l chung .............................................................................................................. 127

iii

4.1.2. Nhng thng s c bn ca linh kin tch sng quang .................................................... 129 4.1.3. S khi b thu quang .................................................................................................. 134 4.1.4. p ng phn t chuyn i quang - in .................................................................. 135 4.1.5. Thi gian p ng phn t chuyn i quang-in.......................................................... 136 4.2. LINH KIN BIN I QUANG - IN BN DN ................................................... 137 4.2.1. Photodiode P-N ................................................................................................................ 137 4.2.2. Photodiode PIN ................................................................................................................ 137 4.2.3. Photodiode APD............................................................................................................... 142 4.3. C TNH K THUT CA PHOTODIODE ............................................................. 144 4.3.1. nhy ........................................................................................................................... 144 4.3.2. Hiu sut lng t ............................................................................................................ 144 4.3.3. p ng ........................................................................................................................... 145 4.3.4. Di ng .......................................................................................................................... 145 4.3.5. Dng ti .......................................................................................................................... 145 4.3.6. n nh ....................................................................................................................... 145 4.3.7. in p phn cc ............................................................................................................. 145 4.3.8. Tm tc............................................................................................................................. 146 4.4. CC B TIN KHUCH I ...................................................................................... 146 4.4.1. B tin khuch i tr khng thp ................................................................................... 146 4.4.2. B tin khuch i tr khng cao ..................................................................................... 146 4.4.3. B tin khuch i hi tip............................................................................................... 147 4.5. NHIU TRONG B THU QUANG ............................................................................... 148 4.5.1. Nhiu n .......................................................................................................................... 148 4.5.2. Nhiu nhit ...................................................................................................................... 149 4.5.3. T s tn hiu trn nhiu ................................................................................................... 149 4.5.4. Cng sut nhiu tng ng .......................................................................................... 150 4.5.5. Mt sv d....................................................................................................................... 150 4.6. CC THAM S TRONG B THU QUANG................................................................. 153 4.6.1. T s li bit BER............................................................................................................... 153 4.6.2. Mi quan h gia BER v SNR ....................................................................................... 155 4.6.3. Hm xc sut li............................................................................................................... 155 4.6.4. nhy ca b thu........................................................................................................... 159 4.6.5. Mt s v d...................................................................................................................... 161 4.7. MT S V KHC TRONG THIT K B THU ................................................ 163 4.7.1. B lc ............................................................................................................................... 163 4.7.2. Mch quyt nh............................................................................................................... 165 Tm tt ........................................................................................................................................ 166 Cu hi n tp v bi tp chng 4............................................................................................. 166

iv

CHNG 5 H THNG THNG TIN QUANG ....................................................................171 5.1. CC KIN TRC H THNG THNG TIN QUANG ............................................... 171 5.1.1. Tuynim ni im......................................................................................................... 171 5.1.2. Mng qung b v phn b............................................................................................... 172 5.1.3. Mng cc b LAN ........................................................................................................... 174 5.2. MT S VN TRONG THIT K H THNG THNG TIN QUANG ............. 176 5.2.1. nh hng ca suy hao .................................................................................................... 176 5.2.2. nh hng ca tn sc ..................................................................................................... 177 5.2.3. Qu cng sut................................................................................................................... 178 5.2.4. Qu thi gian ln .............................................................................................................. 178 5.3. CC YU T NH HNG N CHT LNG H THNG THNG TIN QUANG ..................................................................................................... 180 5.3.1. Nhiu mode ..................................................................................................................... 180 5.3.2. Dn xung do tn sc ......................................................................................................... 182 5.3.3. Nhiu phn chia mode ..................................................................................................... 182 5.3.4. Nhiu phn x .................................................................................................................. 183 5.4. CC H THNG THNG TIN QUANG ..................................................................... 183 5.4.1. Phn chia h thng theo dng tn hiu ............................................................................. 183 5.4.2. Phn loi theo chun ghp knh ....................................................................................... 185 5.4.3. Phn loi theo phng php iu ch............................................................................... 192 Cu hi n tp v bi tp chng 5 ............................................................................................. 194