TRNG I HC CNG NGHIP TP.

H CH MINH
TRUNG TM CNG NGH HA

GIO TRNH THC HNH

HA L NNG CAO

Thnh ph H Ch Minh, thng 6 nm 2006

Mc lc

Ni dung

Trang

BI 1: XC NH ENTAPY CA QU TRNH HA HI CHT LNG........ 5

BI 2: TNG IM SI .............................................................................. 11
BI 3: XC NH NHIT TO THNH CA NC ..................................... 15
BI 4: CN BNG LNG - HI........................................................................ 20
BI 5: SC K KH............................................................................................. 24
BI 6: XC NH TC PHN NG V NNG LNG HOT HA
CA PHN NG THY PHN CH3COOC2H5 BNG HCl........................... 40
BI 7: VN TC PHN NG TH HALOGEN............................................... 45
BI 8: DN IN TRONG CHT RN ..................................................... 50
BI 9: PHNG TRNH NERST...................................................................... 57
PH LC ........................................................................................................... 100

Li ni u

Ha l l mt mn hc c s khng th thiu c ca ngnh cng

ngh ha hc.
Gio trnh thc hnh Ha l nng cao c bin son da trn cu
trc chng trnh l thuyt ca mn Ha l 1 v Ha l 2 gm c cc
chng nh sau:
-

Nhit ng hc

Cn bng ha hc

ng hc

in ha

C s l thuyt, quy trnh th nghim, tnh ton kt qu v ton b thit

b trong gio trnh ny c trang b t tp on Phywe GMBH (c).
vic thc tp t c kt qu, sinh vin cn phi nghim tc thc hin cc
quy trnh sau:
1.

c v nghin cu k bi, hiu cn k cc nguyn l v nhim v

ca tng bi trc khi vo thc tp.

2.

Kim tra li h thng lp rp thit b ca bi. Khi c thc mc phi

hi li gio vin hng dn.

3.

m bo kt qu o c chnh xc, cc dng c, thit b

trc khi s dng phi c ra sch v sy kh.

4.

Khi tin hnh th nghim phi tun th cc iu kin v nhit ,

p sut, tc dng

5.

Cc kt qu o c ca th nghim phi c gio vin k xc

nhn trc khi lm bo co.

6.

Khng ty sa i cc dy dn, u d hoc s dng my tnh

vo mc ch khc m khng c s ng ca gio vin hng
dn.

7.

H thng bi th nghim c s dng p sut, bnh gas, kh nn

cn phi cn thn khi iu chnh van p sut, trnh va chm
mnh, v cc bnh cha kh c th gy tai nn.

8.

Tc phong lm vic nghim tc, khng gy n o trong phng th

nghim nh hng n hc tp cng nh cc kt qu o.

Mc d gio trnh v thit b u c chuyn giao t nc ngoi

nhng y l ln bin son v ging dy u tin ti Trng i hc Cng
Nghip Tp.HCM nn chc chn s cn nhiu thiu st. Rt mong c nhn
c s gp ca thy c v cc bn sinh vin gio trnh v phng
php ging dy mn Thc hnh Ha l t kt qu tt hn.

Tc gi bin son
1.

L Th Thanh Hng

2.

Nguyn Hong Minh

BI 1: XC NH ENTAPY CA QU TRNH
HA HI CHT LNG

1.

Khi nim lin quan

Entapy ca qu trnh bay hi, ngng t v thng hoa, p sut hi,

entropy ca qu trnh ha hi, phng trnh Clapeyron - Clausius, quy lut

ca Trouton, nh lut ca nhit ng hc.
2.

Nguyn tc
Qu trnh ha hi ca cht lng xy ra khi hp th nhit. xc nh

entapy ca qu trnh ha hi (H) phi bit khi lng ca cht lng ha

hi. Lng nhit hp th tng ng vi qu trnh ha hi c xc nh
bng nhit lng k.
3.

Nhim v
-

Xc nh nhit ha hi C2H5COOC2H5OH v CH3OH.

Tnh ton S ca qu trnh ha hi v ng dng quy lut Trouton

tho lun kt qu.

4.

Dng c, ha cht v thit b

Hnh 1: S h thng th nghim

5

- Cobra3 unit

12150.00

- Ngun 12V/ 2A

12151.99

- Cp truyn d liu

14602.00

- Mn hnh hin th nhit

12102.00

- Software

14503.61

- u d nhit Pt

11759.01

- Dng c o nhit lng

04402.00

- Bnh bay hi

04405.00

- in tr

04450.00

- Ngun cung cp vn nng

13500.93

- Cp ni, l = 500mm

07361.05

- Bp khuy t

35720.93

- C t

35680.04

- Thanh , l = 500mm

02022.20

- Kp gc phi

37697.00

- Kp vn nng

37715.00

- Chn , h = 500mm

37692.00

- Cn 620g

48852.93

- Cn 3200g

48803.93

- ng h bm giy

03071.01

- Bnh an ton v p k

34170.88

- Bm chn khng bng nc

02728.00

- Erlen 250 ml, c rng

36134.00

- ng cao su, chn khng d = 6mm

39286.00

- ng cao su, d = 6mm

39282.00

- Bp cao su

39275.03

- Kp ng, d = 12 .20mm

40995.00

- Van kim sot khng kh

37003.00

- Xylanh 20 ml

02591.03

- Kim tim, 0.9 x 70mm

02597.04

- Bnh tia

33931.00

- Dietyl ete 250 ml

30007.25

- Metanol 500 ml

30142.50

- Nc ct

31246.81

1
6

5.

Lp t v vn hnh
Lp t dng c nh hnh 1 nhng trong thi gian ny ng ni b

phn gia nhit vo ngun in. Ni u d o nhit vo modul o nhit

T1. Khi ng chng trnh Measure trong Windoows v chn
Temperature nh cng c o. Chn cc thng s o nh hnh 2. Trong
Diagram 1 chn Temperature T0a vi phm vi nhit thch hp v trong
X bounds chn auto range. By gi chun li u d nhit ca bn
trong Calibrate bng cch nhp gi tr nhit c o bng nhit k ri
nhn Calibrate. Sau khi thc hin cc ci t ny, nhn Continue
ghi cc gi tr o. Sp xp cc hin th nh bn mong mun.
t bnh ha hi kh v sch trong bnh erlen v dng ng tim
a 15 ml dung dch s c lm bay hi vo bnh thng qua mt ng
thng t nm bn trong bnh. Ni ng kh vo vi van iu khin khng kh
bng ng cao su di 5 cm. ng ng kh thot ra bn phi bng nt cao su
trnh tht thot cht trong qu trnh bay hi. xc nh khi lng ca
bnh ha hi cn chun b cn c chnh xc 0,0001g. Bnh erlen ch n
thun l dng c h tr cho bnh ha hi.
Cho 900g nc ct ( nhit phng, cn chnh xc 0,1g) vo bnh o
nhit lng, cho c t hnh oval vo bnh sau bt bp khuy t nh hnh
1 (khng c bt ngun gia nhit).
Cho b phn gia nhit, u d nhit v bnh bay hi vo trong bnh
o nhit lng, c nh v tr ca chng. Tho nt cao su ra v ni bnh ha
hi vi bm chn khng bng nc thng qua bnh an ton. Ch n khi
nhit cn bng khong 10 pht. Bt u o bng cch nhn nt <Start
measurement>. Ch nhit trong bnh o nhit lng n nh hoc giao
ng khng ng k, m bm chn khng v cn thn m van iu khin
khng kh qu trnh bay hi xy ra. Tuy nhin khng nn m qu ln to
ra qu trnh sc kh mnh lit l nguyn nhn tr hon qu trnh si. Khi
nhit ca nc gim xp x 10C (qu trnh bay hi cn phi c thc
hin hon ton) ng van iu khin khng kh v tt bm chn khng.
Ngay lp tc tho ng cao su ca bm u ca bnh bay hi v thay vo
l nt cao su.
7

Tip tc o v ghi li nhit ca h thng cho n khi cn bng mi

c thit lp hay nhit ch dao ng xung quanh mt gi tr.
Tip theo xc nh tng nhit lng ca nhit lng k. lm iu
ny ta phi cung cp ngun mt chiu 10V. Nhn nt <Reset> sau cm
u t do ca ng xon gia nhit vo ngun cung cp in. Lc ny h
thng lin tc b t nng v lng nhit cung cp c o. Khi nhit
ca nc tng tr li v xp x nhit ban u trc khi bay hi (ng h
hin th gi tr nng lng khng nn vt qu 9000 Ws), tt nhit bng
cch nhn nt <Stop> trn b ngun, nng lng in c hin th chnh
xc trn mn hnh b ngun. Tip tc o thm 3 pht na, sau ngng
lu nhit bng cch nhn nt <Stop measurement>.
Hnh 3, biu din th ca qu trnh o bng chng trnh
measurement khi ngng vic o lng. Nu bn s dng chc nng
<survey> t thanh cng c bn c th c c nhng s liu nhit
khc nhau. Lun lun lm sch v kh bnh cha cht bay hi trc khi
thc hin mt qu trnh o lng mi.

Hnh 2: Thng s o lng <measurement parameters>

Hnh 3: ng cong thi gian v nhit

6.

L thuyt
Khi cht lng c gia nhit p sut khng i (ng p) n nhit

no vt cht s chuyn t pha lng sang pha hi. Nhit si vn

khng thay i khi c s b sung thm nhit cho n khi cht lng chuyn
ht thnh hi. Nu 1 mol cht lng bay hi, th entapy H tng ln do qu
trnh hp th nhit Qv. S chnh lch entapy ny c nh ngha l entapy
ca qu trnh bay hi (H) v c gii thch bng nng lng cn ph
v cc lin kt trong phn t ca cht lng. S thay i lin tc ca p sut
hi s c tc dng chng li p sut bn ngoi. Nu hi c lm lnh, qu
trnh ngng t xy ra cng nhit , gi l qu trnh thun nghch. Do ,
vic tng ln ca entropy S v s ph thuc ca nhit ha hi c th p
dng cng thc tnh theo nguyn l 2 ca nhit ng hc:
S =

H
Tv

(1)

i vi hu ht cc cht lng th ha hi (S) thng nm trong phm

vi t 80 n 90 J.mol-1.K-1. Nguyn tc ny c t tn l Trouton c gi tr
c bit cho nhng cht lng khng lin kt.
Trong th nghim ny th nhit ha hi ca cht lng thp hn nhit
si ca n. Trong cch lm ny, cn bng gia pha lng v pha hi b
xo trn bng cch loi b lin tc thnh phn ca pha kh. Nhit ha hi
c tnh theo cc cng thc sau :
9

H = S.Tv
H =

(1.1)

h
n

(h = - Qv)

(2)

h = - Ck. Tv

(3)

Wel= Ck. Tel

(4)

Ck =

Wel
Tel

(4.1)

H = C k .Tv

H = Wel

M
m

Tv M

Tel m

(5)
(5.1)

Trong :
TV: Chnh lch nhit ca nc trong sut qu trnh bay hi.
Tel : Chnh lch nhit ca nc trong qu trnh cung cp in th.
Wel : Nhit lng cung cp to ra chnh lch nhit Tel.
Ck: Nhit dung ring ca dng c o nhit lng.
n : s mol cht bay hi.

10

BI 2: TNG IM SI

1.

Khi nim lin quan

nh lut Raoults, Henrys, hng s nghim si, phng trinh Gibbs -

Hemholtz,
2.

Nguyn l
Nhit si ca dung dch lun lun cao hn nhit si ca dung

mi nguyn cht. Nhit si ca dung dch ph thuc nng ca cht

tan. Vic o tng im si ca nc c th xc nh c khi lng
phn t ca cht tan.
3.

Nhim v
-

Lp bng o s gia tng nhit si ca nc ph thuc v nng

ca mui, ur v hydroquinone.

Thit lp mi quan h gia tng im si v s vin cht tan cho

vo.

Xc nh phn t lng ca cht tan thng qua mi lin h gia s

tng nhit si v nng .

4.

Dng c, ha cht v thit b

11

Hnh 1: S h thng th nghim

5.

- Dng c o tng im si

36820.00

- Mn hnh hin th nhit

13617.93

- u d nhit

11759.04

- B iu khin tc un

47557.01

- Bp un

32247.93

- Bnh cu 250ml

35812.15

- Becher 250ml

36004.00

- u ni, GL 25/8

41242.03

- ng silicon

39296.00

- Chn

37694.00

- Kp gc phi

37697.00

- Ngm kp

37715.00

- Ci v chy

32604.00

- pinchcock

43631.15

- Mung cc nh

33393.00

- Dng c p vin

04403.04

- Cn

48852.93

- Da cn

45019.05

- Phu

34459.00

- Pipet

36590.00

- Bp cao su

39275.03

- NaCl 500g

30155.50

- Ur tinh khit

30086.25

- Hydroquinone 250g

30089.25

- Glycerine, 250ml

30084.25

- Nc ct, 5l

31246.81

Lp t v vn hnh
Lp t dung c nh hnh 1.
Sy kh v cn bnh bn trong, ghi khi lng (m1). t bnh trong vo

trong bnh ngoi sao cho khe h ca ng nh bn trong nm bn di ca

khp ni bng cao su silicon. Trong sut qu trnh o, hi nc i vo bnh
trong thng qua l bn di, nhng khng c ph ln bnh trong.
12

Cho vo bnh cu 150 - 200 ml nc, ri ni chng vi cc b phn

lp rp. Ni hai ng silicon vo hai li ra ca bnh ngoi v t 2 u ng
vo gia beacher 250 ml. Gn kp (pinchcock) vo ng thp hn dn ra t
bnh ngoi nhng lc ny cha kha li.
Cho vo bnh trong 40ml nc. ng bnh pha bn trn bng cch
t c nh u d nhit . Cht tan phi c kim tra v nn thnh vin
truc khi cho vo bnh trong (trnh chng dnh vo thnh bnh). Cn 5
mu mi cht (NaCl, Ur, Hydroquinone), mi mu xp x 700mg. u tin
nghin cc cht thnh bt bng chy v ci. Dng b nn, nn chng thnh
vin. Cn vin va nn vi chnh xc 1mg. Gia nhit cho dung mi trong
bnh cu si ln. Hi dung mi i vo bnh ngoi v gia nhit cho bnh trong.
iu chnh tc gia nhit bng b phn iu chnh ngun. Nhit ca
bnh trong c hin th trn mn hnh (oC). Sau vi pht khi m nhit
trong bnh trong gn t n nhit si v khng cn tng c na, h
thp bp un cho n khi ngng si v bt u s ngng t hi t bnh
ngoi vo tr li bnh cu. Sau nng bp un ln li. Khi m qu trnh si
tr li ban u th ng pinchcock. Ci t nhit bng cch nhn nt
<Set 0,00> o s thay i nhit . vic o c tt hn th s
chnh lch gia hai ga tr trn mn hnh khng qu 0,01K. Ch cho gi tr
hin th n nh. Cn thn m np bnh trong, thm vin u tin ca cht
tan ri ng li ngay lp tc. Ban u nhit gim nh sau tng tr li
trong lc cht tan s tan ra. Khi gi tr hin th tr li n nh, ghi li kt
qu v lp li qu trnh trn cho nhng vin k tip, qu trnh kt thc sau 5
ln o. Th nghim kt thc, u tin m pinchcock, tt bp un. iu quan
trng trnh cho dung dch bnh trong b tro xung bnh cu trong khi nhit
h xung. Ly bnh trong ra, lm kh b mt ngoi, ly u d nhit
ra khi bnh trong v cn li n (m2). Khi lng ca nc lc ny s bng
vi gi tr ca ln o c cui cng tr i khi lng ca bnh trng (m1)
v khi lng ca 5 vin cht tan. th th hin tng im si theo t
s khi lng ca cht tan v khi lng ca nc nh hnh 2.
6.

L thuyt

13

Dung dch l cht lng bao gm dung mi v cht tan. Ch c dung mi

c th bay hi, p sut hi ca cht tan thc t l bng khng. Vo nm
1886, Raoul a ra nh lut ly chnh tn ng ta: p sut hi ca dung
dch chnh l p sut hi ca dung mi nguyn cht vi phn mol ca dung
mi.
n2
P 0
n1 + n 2

Ps =

Trong :
PS :p sut hi ca dung dch.
P0: p sut hi ca dung mi nguyn cht.
n1,n2: s mol ca dung mi v cht tan.

Hnh 2: tng im si ph thuc vo nng

TS = TS T0

Trong :
TS: nhit si dung dch.
T0: nhit si dung mi.
T =

K S .m ct .1000
M ct .m dm

mct: khi lng dung mi nguyn cht.

mdm: khi lng cht tan.
Mct: khi lng mol cht tan.
Ks: hng s nghim si

14

BI 3: XC NH NHIT TO THNH CA NC

1.

Khi nim lin quan

Nguyn l 1 nhit ng hc, nhit ha hc, nhit lng, entapy to

thnh, entapy ca phn ng.

2.

Nguyn l
Entapy to thnh iu kin tiu chun c lp thnh bng tnh

ton entapy ca phn ng. Chng c nh ngha nh l nhit phn ng

to thnh mt mol cht t cc n cht p sut khng i.
phn ng to thnh din ra mt cch t nhin v nh lng c
th entapy tiu chun c th o c trc tip bng nhit lng k. V d
s to thnh nc t oxy v hydro.
3.

Nhim v
Xc nh entapy to thnh ca nc bng cch t 100ml H2 trong

dng c o nhit lng bng thy tinh c ng kn.

4.

Dng c, ha cht v thit b

- Ngun cung cp in th 0 10 KV

13670.93

- Dy ni 1m

07367.00

- ng bao thy tinh

02615.00

- Clorimeter

02615.01

- Xy lanh 100 ml (3 ci)

02617.00

- ng Silicon

39296.00

- hnh ch H

02009.55

- Thanh thp 250mm

02031.00

- Thanh thp 500mm

02032.00

- Thanh thp 750mm

02033.00

- Dng c o nhit v p sut

87997.01

- Nhit k -10.+500C (2 ci)

38034.00

2
15

- Knh lp

64598.00

- C t

64598.00

- Thanh nam chm

46299.02

- Phu

34457.00

- Ca nha 1 lit

36640.00

- Cn

48852.93

- Bnh kh hydro

41775.00

- Bnh kh Oxy

41778.00

- Van gim p cho kh oxy

33482.00

- Hai ng thp hnh tr

41774.00

- ng cao su

39282.00

- Nc ct

31246.81

5.

Lp t v vn hnh
Lp t dng c nh hnh v:
t dng c o nhit lng vo ng bc thy tinh nh c m t

trong ti liu hng dn. t np dng c o nhit lng vo khp ni. Np

ca dng c o nhit lng c hai ng mao dn c b cong cc gc
bn phi ging nh cc ng dn kh, mt trong hai ng mao dn c
lp kht bng hai in cc platin. ng mao dn c in cc platin lun lun
phi nm bn di khi dng c o nhit lng lp t xong.
Cho nc vo ng ong xp x 500g, ri xc nh khi lng ca n
bng cn (m1). Cn thn nc vo ng bao ca dng c o nhit lng
thng qua 1 trong 2 ng ng pha trn ca dng c o nhit lng (bng
phu), ri cn li khi lng ca ng ong (m2). Tnh khi lng mH2O = m1
- m 2.
Cho c t vo ng bc bn ngoi ca dng c o nhit lng, cm
nhit k vo 2 ng ng ca ng ny. Ni dng c o nhit lng vi 3 xi
lanh kh bng van ba chiu v cn thn ni 2 u ng thy tinh bng ng
cao su silicon ngn. iu chnh cc nt dng ca gi xylanh sao cho th
tch ca n l 100ml.
Ni in cc ca dng c o nhit lng n b phn cung cp in
th bng cp ni. Bt ngun ca thit b cung cp in th, chc chn rng
16

cc tia in lin tc phng ra ti cc in cc. Bc kim tra ny rt quan

trng v trong sut qu trnh chy ca hydro cc tia la lin tc lm tng
nguy c n do hnh thnh hn hp n ca kh oxyhydrogen.

Hnh 1: S h thng th nghim

Xoay kha ba chiu v tr m, lm y xi lanh kh n 100ml kh oxy
t bnh cha kh (ch xylanh cha oxy nm pha trn bn phi ca dng
c o nhit lng). Xoay kha ba chiu sao cho xi lanh ni trc tip vi
xylanh bn tay tri nm bn kia ca dng c o nhit lng ri bm kh
ti lui vi ln. Trong sut giai on ny oxy c trn ln vi khng kh
trong dng c o nhit lng cng lc s kn ca dng c o nhit
lng s c kim tra (bng cch kim tra th tch kh ca xylanh bn tay
tri v tay phi phi bng nhau). Rt tr li 100ml hn hp kh oxy v khng
kh vo xylanh pha trn bn tay phi t dng c o nhit lng v m bnh
o nhit lng. Lm y xylanh pha di bn tay phi bng 100ml kh
hydro ri ng van li.
Ghi nhit ban u ca nc (T1). Bt ngun cung cp in th, m
kho ba chiu ca xylanh cha kh hydro v n cng lc hai pittng ca 2
xylanh trn v di a kh oxy v hydro vo dng c o nhit lng (trong
khong thi gian 4 - 5 giy) cho n khi c hai xylanh u ht kh hon
ton.
17

Kh hydro vo trong dng c o nhit lng c t chy bng cc

tia la v chy to thnh nc. Hn hp kh oxy v khng kh cn d s
thu c trong xylanh bn pha tay tri. Sau khi chy, ng ngay lp tc
van ca xylanh cha hydro v tt ngun in. Khuy nc trong ng bc
bng cch di chuyn thanh nam chm qua li cho n khi nhit cn bng
(nhit trn hai nhit k nh nhau). Ghi li nhit ny (T2), T2 nn cao
hn nhit T1 khong 0,5 . Ch ghi nhit phng (T0), p sut kh
quyn (P) trn mn hnh LCD.
6.

L thuyt
Nhit to thnh ca nc (H) c nh ngha nh s thay i

entapy h ca mt mol cht v chuyn ha theo phn ng.

H2O + 1/2O2 = H2O
h

H =

p,T

S thay i entapy (h) ca h thng phn ng xy ra y tng

ng vi nhit c hp th bi dng c o nhit lng (Qcal) ta c phng
trnh:

- h = Q cal = m i c i T = m H 2O .c H 2O + C cal T
Trong :
m H 2O : khi lng ca nc trong dng c o nhit lng
-1

-1

C H 2O : nhit dung ring ca nc (= 4,1868 J.g .K )

Ccal: nhit dung ca dng c o nhit lng (= 410 J.K-1)

T = T2 - T1 (K)
Mt khc ta c:
n (H 2 ) =
n (H 2 ) : s mol H2

p dng phng trnh trng thi kh l tng:

n (H 2 ) =

PV
RT

Trong :
P: l p sut kh quyn (N.m2)
18

V: l th tch kh H2 (m3)
T: nhit phng
R: l hng s kh (= 8,314 J.mol-1.K-1)
S mol H2 trong 100ml kh (n = 4,065 mol) nhit T = 296,5K v p
sut l P = 100,1 KPa, T = 0,45K. Kt qu l nhit to thnh ca phn
ng l -277,1 KJ.mol-1 (gi tr = - 286 KJ.mol-1).

19

BI 4: CN BNG LNG - HI

1.

Khi nim lin quan

Entropy v entanpy ca qu trnh ha hi, p sut hi, phng trnh

Clapeyron-Clausius, qui tc Trouton - Pictec, nguyn l nhit ng hc.

2.

Nguyn l
cc nhit khc nhau, p sut ring phn ca pha kh c to ra

do cht lng bay hi cng khc nhau. Nu p sut trn b mt cht lng
gim, cn bng lng hi c thit lp li bi s bay hi mt phn ca pha
lng.
3.

Nhim v
Xc nh nhit ha hi ca aceton bng cch o p sut hi ti cc

nhit khc nhau.

4.

Dng c, ha cht v thit b

Hnh 1: S h thng th nghim

- Dng c o nhit lng

04402.00

- Mn hnh hin th nhit

13617.93

1
20

5.

- u d nhit Pt

11759.01

- ng bo v u d

11762.05

- Barometer

07136.00

- u d p sut

07136.01

- Vng m silicon d = 7mm

39296.00

- Vng m silicon d = 2mm

39298.00

- Chn ng h = 750mm

37694.00

- Kp gc phi

37697.00

- Bnh cu 3 c

35677.15

- ng thy tinh thng l = 80mm

36701.65

- Van mt chiu

36705.00

- Bnh an ton v manometer

34170.88

- Bm chn khng bng nc

02728.00

- ng cao su, chn khng d = 6mm

39286.00

- ng ong 50 ml

36632.00

- Phu

34457.00

- Ca nha 1 lit

36640.00

Pipet

36590.00

Bp cao su

39275.03

Acetone 250 ml

30004.25

Gyxrin 250 ml

30084.25

Mui 500g

30155.50

Nc

Lp t v vn hnh
Lp t dng c nh hnh v. Lp vo bnh cu 3 c mt van mt

chiu, mt ng thy tinh ngn, thng v ng bc ngoi bo v u d nhit

nh sau: thay 2 ming m GL 25/12 bng 2 ming m GL 25/8. C
nh ng thy tinh ngn gia c ca bnh cu. Ni ng thy tinh ny vi
adapter bng mt ng silicon nh (d = 7 mm), sau ln lt ni vi u
d p sut ca thit b o vi mt ng mng ( d = 2 mm). Ni van mt chiu
vi ng cao su n bnh an ton c ni vi bm. Cho 3 git aceton

21

vo bnh bo v bc ngoi tn dng s truyn nhit sau nhng u

d nhit ngp trong ng bc ngoi.
Cho vo dng c o nhit lng hn hp sinh hn (nc + mui),
o nhit ca hn hp sinh hn bng u d nhit . Cho vo bnh cu
ba c 50ml aceton, nhng khng nhng chm vo hn hp sinh hn. Lp
bm chn khng bng nc v vn hnh to chn khng trong bnh
cu cho n khi aceton bt u si. ng van trn bnh cu, h bnh cu
ngm vo hn hp sinh hn. Ngay khi nhit h di -50C, m li van
mt chiu lng kh tha di chuyn khi bnh cu. Khi p sut xp x 50
hPa (5000 Pa), kha van mt chiu v cn thn m van ba chiu trn bnh
an ton khng kh t t i vo. Tt bm chn khng, c p sut trong
bnh cu c hin th trn p k. Trong vng 10 pht n c th tng ti a
l 2 hPa. (Nn kim tra li cc ch ni). Gia tng nhit trong bnh cu
tng bc t 2 - 30C bng cch thm nc vo hn hp sinh hn (dng
a khuy u hn hp) hoc ly bt nc mui ra khi bnh o nhit
lng. Sau mi ln tng nhit , ch cho n khi cn bng lng hi
c thit lp tr li, ghi nhn nhit v p sut hi tng ng ca
aceton trong bnh cu. Tip tc th nghim cho n khi nhit t 200C v
cho cn thn khng kh vo bng cch m t t kha van mt chiu trn
bnh cu.
6.

L thuyt
p sut hi ph thuc vo nhit v c m t bng phng trnh

Clapeyron - Clausius:
H V
dP
=
dT T(Vg Vl )

Trong :
P: p sut hi
HV: entapy ca qu trnh bay hi
Vg, Vl: th tch ca pha kh v pha lng
T: nhit (0K)
Kt hp vi phng trnh trng thi kh l tng ta c:

22

1 dP H V
=
P dT RT 2

dP H V dT
=
R T2
P
lnP =

H V
+C
RT

C: hng s tch phn

Hoc:

ln

H V
P2
=
P1
R

1
1

T2 T1

1
Hnh 2: th hm s lnP = f
T

23

BI 5: SC K KH

1.

Khi nim lin quan

Sc k, sc ph, phng trnh Nernsts v s phn b (s lng a l

thuyt), u d dn nhit.
2.

Nguyn tc
Qui trnh sc k cho php tch mt hn hp cc cht vi s c mt

ca pha tnh v pha ng.Trong sc k kh pha ng l kh. Pha ng s

chuyn hn hp cc cht qua ct tch vi tc dng khng i. Cn bng
c thit lp gia pha tnh v cc cht khc nhau do vn tc di chuyn
khc nhau ca cc cu t (cn bng ca s phn b, qu trnh hp th, gii
hp th).
cui ct c mt u d, u d ny c th xc nh c nhng
cht khc nhau da trn s khc nhau v tnh dn nhit. Tn hiu ca u
d pht ra l hm s theo thi gian (sc ph)
S dn nhit khc nhau ca kh mang v cc cht gy ra s bin i
ca u d, u d ny c t ti mch cu Wheatstone. Tn hiu in i
ra c ghi li ra giy v l mt hm theo thi gian (sc ph).
3.

Nhim v
-

Xc nh thi gian lu ca nhng cht khc nhau v biu din s

tch sc k ca hn hp kh butane.

Tch v nhn bit thnh phn ca hn hp 2 thnh phn gm

ethanol v ethylacetat.

4.

Dng c, ha cht v thit b

-

Cobra3 unit
Ngun cung cp 12V/2A
Cp truyn d liu
Software
Dy ni, l = 250mm mu

12153.00
12151.99
14602.00
14520.61
07360.01

1
1
1
1
1
24

Dy ni, l = 250mm mu xanh

B phn iu khin sc k
u d sc k
ng bao bng thy tinh
Ct tch sc k
Nt cao su
o lu lng bng bt x phng
Chn hnh ch H
Thanh , l = 750mm
Kp gc phi
Kp vn nng
Xylanh 10 l
Xylanh 1 ml
Kim tim, 0.45 x 12mm
ng thy tinh, thng l = 80 mm
Nhit k -101000C
ng h bm giy
Bnh kh Heli
Chn bnh kh He
Van gim p
B phn gia nhit, 1000C
B phn ci t ca b iu nhit
B iu nhit dung tch 6l
ng cao su, chn khng
ng cao su
Kp ng d = 812mm
Kp ng d = 1220mm
Cn
Bnh cu 500ml
Bm chn khng bng nc
Bnh bo v vi p k
Mung
Phu thy tinh
Bp cao su
Becher 150ml
Van chnh tinh
Kh nn n-butan
Kh nn iso-butan
Bng thy tinh
Chromosorb
Dinonylphthalate

07360.04
36670.99
36670.10
02615.00
36670.00
02615.03
36675.00
02009.55
37692.00
37697.00
37715.00
02607.00
02593.03
02598.04
36701.65
38056.00
03071.01
41776.00
41774.00
33481.00
08492.93
08492.01
08487.02
39286.00
39282.00
40995.01
40996.01
48852.93
35862.00
02728.00
34170.88
33398.00
34457.00
39275.03
36003.00
33499.00
41773.11
41773.12
31773.03
31514.04
31276.10

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
6
6
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
6
7
2
1

25

Acetone 250ml
Ru etylic tuyt i 500ml
Etylacetat 250ml
Nc ct 5l
Dung dch x phng

30004.25
30008.50
30075.25
31246.81

Hnh 1: S h thng th nghim

5.

Lp t v vn hnh
Chun b th nghim nh hnh 1.
Chun b pha tnh cho ct tch kh bng cch rt aceton vo 10g

Chromosorb trong bnh y trn cho ti khi c mt lp mng cht lng

pha trn Chromosorb. Thm vo bnh cu trn mt dung dch gm 1,11g
dinonylphthalate v 10ml dung dch acetone, lc mnh hn hp trong vi
pht. t bnh trong mt a ng nc m v s dng bm chn khng
bng nc lm gim p sut trong bnh, lc ny acetone bt u si
nh. Ch , gn tephlon xung quanh c bnh cu.
thu hi acetone, ta t thm mt bnh an ton vo gia bnh cu v
bm chn khng bng nc. Trong sut qu trnh bay hi ca aceton, ta
thng xuyn lc bnh cu cho n khi Chromosorb kh li v chuyn mu
sng ln ging vi mu Chromosorb ban u. Khi acetone bay hi ht,
thu gom acetone t bnh an ton vo bnh thu hi cha cc dung mi hu
c. Sau sy Chromosorb 1000C trong vng t 5 - 6 gi. Mt iu ht
26

sc quan trng l pha tnh trong ct sc k phi kh ro hon ton v khng

c bt k d l mt lng nh dung mi.
pha tnh chun b vo ct bng cch s dng phu v bm chn
khng bng nc. lm c iu ngi ta dng mt que nh y
bng thy tinh vo mt u ca ct tch. Sau , ni u ng thy tinh vo
bm chn khng bng ng cao su v ht kh t ct. Lc ny mt tay gi ct
v nghing sao cho phu c gi u ni thy tinh GL18 (u cn li).
pha tnh chun b v chia thnh nhiu phn cho vo phu, ngay lp
tc n s c ht ngay vo trong ct bng lung khng kh. Cn thn gi
ng thy tinh bng tay kia.Ta phi chc chn rng ct phi c u.
Khi ct y ta ng u cn li bng bng thy tinh nhng thc hin cho
u kia. Tuy nhin khng c n qu cht, nu khng tr lc ca dng kh
vn chuyn trong ct tch qu cao khi ct i vo hot ng. Mt khc chng
phi chc chn ngn khng kh mang to p lc y pha tnh ra
khi ct.

Hnh 2: Cu to ca h thng sc k
Lp t ct tch vo trong ng bao thy tinh iu nhit v t chng
v tr thng ng bng hai kp thng nm bn tri thanh . Sau ni
vi b iu nhit tun hon nm trong b ln bng nha v c th tch l 6l
(b iu nhit ), vi ng bao thy tinh bn ngoi bng ng cao su sao cho
nc vo ng bao thy tinh bn ngoi t pha di. Dng nc chy xung
quanh ct tch v ra ngoi bng mt ng gn nh ct tch.
27

t mt nhit k vo ng thy tinh hnh ng ca ng bao thy tinh bn

ngoi kim tra nhit . Trc khi ci t, cn phi kim tra h thng
tun hon nc (t b phn iu nhit n ct sc k v ngc li) kim
tra h thng ng thi lm y nc trong ng bao thy tinh bn ngoi
(trnh to thnh nhiu bt kh). Trong khi lm vic ny, ta kim tra cc l r
r trong h thng nc tun hon v loi chng ra nu cn thit. Nu ci t
phn ny hot ng ng ta ci t phn cn li ca thit b th nghim theo
chui sau y:
Ni ng chu p lc t bnh kh He n ng ni thy tinh (1). Do ng
ny phi chu p lc cao trong sut qu trnh th nghim nn hai u phi
c sit cht bng bng cc kp ng.
t u d (5) vo bn trong u ni thy tinh (2) v gi cht bng kp
ng. Kt ni u d thng qua ng thy tinh hnh ng (6) c ni vi dng c
o bt x phng, trong c sn 1 n 2 ml dung dch x phng. Ta c
th thng xuyn thm mt lng nh dung dch x phng vo lu lng
kh thng qua bp cao su. Bt x phng c to thnh theo cch ny c
th d dng quan st cho vic o vn tc dng kh.
Ni u d vi b phn iu khin sc k kh, m n ng vai tr cung
cp ngun in v hiu chnh u d thng qua dy cp ng trc.
Cn thn: Ch m b phn iu khin khi c kh di chuyn qua
trnh lm h u d do qu nhit.
Ni Cobra3 Chem - Unit vo cm ca b iu khin. lm iu
ny, s dng hai cp ni ni b phn ghi ca thit b iu khin vo thit
b Chem - Unit chanel Analog In. Ni Chem - Unit vo u vo ca my tnh
bng si dy truyn d liu.
Lp mt np cao su kn trn ming ng tim ca ct tch thy tinh nh
l septum. Bt h thng iu nhit vi bm tun hon. nhit phng th
va tch kh, nhng ni chung ta cn nhit cao hn khi tch hn
hp cht lng.
Khi nhit t n ngng cn thit lc ny ta mi cho kh (He)
t t vo ct tch. iu chnh tc dng kh bng van gim p trn bnh
cha He khong 30 ml/pht (o bng dng c o bt x phng). o vn tc
ca bt x phng nh sau:
28

Hnh 3: Dng c ly kh
n vo bu cao su c cha 2 ml dung dch x phng to mt t bt
x phng phn trn ca ng thy tinh. Kh i vo mang theo bong bng
ln trn ng. o thi gian mt bt bong bng i t im mc 0 n mc 5
hoc mc 10ml bng ng h bm giy. Tnh vn tc dng kh (ml/pht) t
gi tr ny. V d khi mt bt x phng ti mc 10 ml trong 15 giy, ta o
vn tc kh trong ct tch l 40 ml/pht.
y nc vo erlen c nhm. Ni ng thy tinh trn erlen vi bnh
kh (n-butane, iso butane, camping gas) bng ng cao su di. M van
kh i vo erlen, n to p lc y nc i vo phu nha gn pha trn
erlen. Sau khi y, ng ng vi nt y cao su. ngn khng cho kh b
p ra ngoi erlen do p sut ca nc tc ng ln n y phu bng nt
cao su. Nt ny s c ly ra sau .
6.

Qui trnh

6.1. Tch v xc nh ng phn ca butan

Qu trnh tch hn hp butan c thc hin nhit phng. Bt b
iu nhit tun hon, nhng khng lm nng nc (ci t nhit
300C).
Khi ng chng trnh Measure v chn Cobra 3 Chem - Unit. Ci
t s la chn nh sau: Get value every 300 ms trong X - data chn
Time bt u v kt thc chng trnh bng bn phm, v trong du
Channel chn Voltage (nh hnh 4). Chn hp Preferences chn
Voltage v chn ch in th hot ng ch o 3V v cng
29

chn Average over 1 valuve (nh hnh 5). Sau khi ng ca s ny chn
ch Displays. Ci t t -0,2 n 1V (nh hnh 6). Trong menu Digital
ci hin th Digital 1 l Voltage cc phn khc th off. Mn hnh hin th
ny ch ng vai tr iu khin.
Trong phn <Analog> chn <off> cho tt c cc hin th, trong khi
trong <Diagrams> chn <Line diagram> trong Diagram 1, chn <Voltage>
trong Diagram 1a v chn <off> trong Diagram 1b v 1c. Ci t ch <0 300s> v chn <Scroll> (nh hnh 7). ng ca s ny. Kt thc ci t
bng <Continue>.
Sau mn hnh hin th o c m. M rng s sao cho chim
khong 2/3 din tch mn hnh. hin th s din tch bn di ca mn
hnh. Cc gi tr o c kim sot ti y.
Bt cng tc iu khin vi pht trc khi bt u o (nh, ch bt khi
kh mang chy qua, trnh trng hp qu nhit u d). Gi nt Grob
v tr mt lt, sau iu chnh n gi tr ng nn 0V. Sau 3 pht,
kim tra li mn hnh hin th. Nu cc gi tr o thay i nhiu, th nhn nt
Grob 1 ln na. Nu vn cha t ta vn nt Fein t gi tr xp x 0
(V).
M van Heli v s dng dng c o bt x phng (vi bu cao su cha
1-2 ml dung dch x phng) iu chnh tc dng Heli 30 ml/ph
(10ml/20s). n vo bu cao su to v nh v bt x phng.

Hnh 4
30

 thc hin qu trnh tch sc k kh, trn n-butance v iso-butan

trong ng tim 1ml bng kim tim, ht 0,5 ml mi cht t erlen cha kh
chun b vo ng tim.
Bt u thu thp d liu t my tnh, sau cn thn a su u ng
tim vo septum v nhanh chng nhn ng pittong (nu c th hy thc
hin ng tc ny vi ln, m bo ton b mu c a vo). Rt
ng tim ra khi septum. Ch im bt u tch - thi gian tim - my
tnh s bt u ghi li.
nhn bit cc peak ring l, chun b trn mt hn hp khc gm 2
kh, nh trong ln u nhng dng 0,2 ml iso-butane v 0,8 ml n-butane,
ln sau l 0,8 ml iso-butane v 0,2 ml n-butan. So snh kt qu ca sc
k kh vi mng sc ph ban u (pha trn 1:1).
Hn hp kh butan trong bnh kh c th tch ra theo cch tng t.
Thm vo hn hp kh trn l 2 ng phn n - butane v iso-butan, c
tim vo ct tch. Thay i np cao su (septum) sau mt vi ln tim, v
n s r r sau vi ln tim. Ngng lu thng kh li trc khi thay i
septum.

Hnh 5

31

Hnh 6

Hnh 7
6.2. Tch hn hp etanol v etyl acetat
Dng 2 ng tim (1 ml) ly mi cht etanol v etylacetat 1ml cho vo l
nh c np. Hn hp ny c cha trong l nh c th bo qun c
mt thi gian ngn dng sau ny. Thc hin qu trnh tch kh 800C.
Ci t b iu chnh nhit n nhit ny v i cho n khi cp nhit
cm trong v ngoi bng thy tinh (glass jacket) n nh 800C. Qui
trnh tch sc k kh tip theo hon ton tng t nh m t trong phn 1.
Ht 5l hn hp, khng c bong bng, vo trong ng tim 10l. Bt u o,
cn thn a kim tim vo su xuyn qua septum, dng tay cn li p

32

nhanh pittng. Ly ng tim ra khi ct nhanh chng (nhng cn thn, kim

rt d gy).
i vi qu trnh xc nh ester, tim mt hn hp u gm 4l hn
hp v 2l tyl acetat.
7.

L thuyt:
Qu trnh tch sc k ca hn hp cc cht xy ra gia pha tnh l pha

m ct sc k c nhi y v pha ng l pha di chuyn vi tc

dng kh qua ct tch khng i. Trong sc k kh, pha ng l kh: n c
gi l kh mang. i vi qu trnh tch cc cht, cc hm c trng c th
c s dng (v d: hp th, phn b, trao i ion, gel thm thu). Sc k
kh thng c s dng nh l php ghi sc phn phi. Trong trng hp
ny pha tnh bao gm cht rn nn m trn b mt c mt lp cht lng
mng m pha tnh c xc nh chnh xc. Trong cc iu kin v ng
nhit, ng p quy lut phn b Nernst di y l c s cho vic thit lp
cn bng v phn b:
K=

a IA
a IIA

K: h s phn b Nernst

a IA : hot ca nguyn liu A pha 1

a IIA : hot ca nguyn liu A pha 2
Khi mt cht chuyn n ct tch, phn ln cn bng c thit lp
cho ph hp vi nguyn tc chn lc hay phn b Craig. Cht hot ng
mnh trong pha tnh th s di chuyn qua ct tch chm, ngc li cht ha
tan km trong pha tnh th di chuyn nhanh qua ct.
Tng t i vi s chng ct, kh nng tch ca mt ct c biu
din qua s mm l thuyt. S mm l thuyt cng ln th kh nng tch
cng tt hn. S a l thuyt N c th tnh l thng s ca chiu di ct
v chiu cao ca a mm l thuyt H:
N =

L
H

Trong :
N: S mm l thuyt
33

L: chiu di ct
H: chiu cao tng ng mi mm l thuyt.
Chiu cao mm l thuyt c tnh ton trc tip t sc k . Hnh 9
miu t c im v s lng ci m c th c t sc k . Cng
ca tn hiu l mt hm theo thi gian. Thi gian ng l thi gian m kh
khng c ct gi li cn i qua ct. T sc k chiu cao tng ng
ca mm l thuyt c th xc nh c. chnh l kh nng tch ca ct.
H=

b2L
16t2 R

Hnh 8

Hnh 9

Thi gian lu th dng xc nh cc cht (nh tnh). Thi gian lu l

tnh cht c trng cho mt cht c th nhng iu kin nht nh.
Khu vc di mi peak ca mi cht cung cp thng tin nh tnh. Vi
nhng mi (peak) nhn, chiu cao mi c th dng tnh trc tip cho
vic nh lng.
I:

Cng ca tn hiu

t0:

thi gian bt u

tm:

thi gian ng (thi gian cht)

tRA: thi gian lu ca cht A

tRB: thi gian lu ca cht B
ba: b rng mt y ca cht A
bb: b rng mt y ca cht B
8.

L thuyt v kt qu
34

Nhng kt qu s khc nhau vi nhng ct tch khc nhau. Vi nhng

iu kin c a ra nh trn th kt qu t c nh sau:

8.1 Qu trnh tch cc ng phn ca butane

Hai ng phn ca butane c th tch bi sc k kh, v c v trn
sc k (hnh 10 - 16). Khi t l gia cc ng phn l 1:1 th sc k ny
(hnh10) c so snh vi nhng sc k khc m trong hn hp kh
gm mt kh c thnh phn nhiu hn (hnh11 - 12), c th thy rng thay
i lin quan n chiu cao peak. S tng ln ca mi c cho l lin
quan n t l 1:1 vi cc ng phn c phn chia vt mc, v gim
ca mi cng l do lin quan n s phn chia (gim xung).

Hnh10

Hnh 11

Hnh 12

Hnh 13
35

C th xc nh c rng trong s tch ny iso-butane (mi 2) ra khi

ct tch trc n-butane (mi 3) (hnh 11 v 12). Mi 1 ca sc k kh c
to ra l do mt lng vt ca kh c tim vo vi mu.
Kt qu ca s tch hn hp kh t burner cartidge l sc k vi 5
mi (hnh 13). Mi u tin c th c quy l khng kh. S so snh sc k
t hnh 10 n 12 cho php kt lun mi 3 l iso-butane v mi 4 l nbutane. Mi 2 l propane cng c mt trong hn hp kh t.
Tnh ng n ca s phn chia ny c th c gii thch bi s di
chuyn ca s tch sc k, mi loi hn hp kh t c ha trn vi mt
lng nh kh nguyn cht (hnh 14 - 16). Propane khng c dng
y nhng v nguyn tc c th tham gia vo qu trnh tch ri. Mt mi
sc k na c tm thy trong sc ph t hnh 13 ti 16 (mi 5). l kt
qu ca mt lng nh 1,3-butadien, iu ny ph hp vi nhn trn bnh
kh, n c cha trong hn hp kh.
Kt qu xc nh c trong thc nghim c th gii thch nh sau.
Cc ng phn ca butane khc nhau v nhi si. Isobutane l phn t
hnh cu c lc tng tc phn t yu v c im si ti -11,70C trong khi
n-butane l phn t thng v v vy n c n ra vi lc bm dnh ln
hn, kt qu l im si ca n cao hn -0,50C. V vy iso-butane s ra
khi ct trc n-butane.
S tch ca hn hp kh miu t di y di nhng iu kin nh
sau:
Nhit ct tch

220C

Tc dng kh mang

30 ml/pht,He

Tng lng kh bm vo

1 ml kh/ hn hp kh

Thnh phn ca hn hp kh:

Hnh 10: 0,5 ml iso-butane + 0,5 ml n-butane
Hnh 11: 0,2 ml iso-butane + 0,8 ml n-butane
Hnh 12: 0,8 ml iso-butane + 0,2 ml n-butane
Hnh 13: 1,0 ml camping gas
Hnh 14: 0,6 ml camping gas + 0,4 ml n-butane
Hnh 15: 0,6 ml camping gas + 0,4 ml iso-butane
Hnh 16: 0,7 ml camping gas + 0,3 ml khng kh
36

Hnh14

Hnh 15

Hnh 16

8.2 Qu trnh tch hn hp ethanol v ethylacetat

S tch hn hp ethanol v ethylacetat (t l v th tch 1:1) cung cp
mt sc k vi hai mi (hnh17). Mi 1 trong sc k ny l ethanol v
mi 2 l ester. iu ny c th gii thch n gin bng ln tch th hai
dng 4l ca hn hp v ht 2l ca ester cho vo xy lanh microlite. Sc k
ca qu trnh tch ny miu t mt s khc bit kh ln, ph thuc vo
ln ca mi 2 vi mi 1 (hnh18), iu a n mt nhn xt rng
mi 2 chnh xc l ester. Php tch sc k ca hn hp ethanol v
ethylacetat c din ra di iu kin nh sau:
-

Nhit ct tch

Tc dng kh mang:

800C
30ml/pht, He
37

Thnh phn ca hn hp phn tch:

-

Hnh 17: 5l hn hp (ethanol/ester = 1/1)

Hnh 18: 4l hn hp + 2l ester

Nu nh qu trnh tch sc k kh tch chnh xc theo nhit si th

cht c im si thp s c tch ra khi ct trc mt cht c im si
cao. C th thy iu trong v d ny, tuy nhin r rng l ethylacetat ra
khi ct mun hn ethanol d n c im si nh hn ethanol l 1,44K
(im si ca ethylacetat l 77,060C; ethanol l 78,50C).
V vy sc k kh cho php tch hn hp ra nhng thnh phn ring l,
nhng thnh phn ny khng th tch ri bi qu trnh chng ct, nh l
hn hp ng ph hay l hn hp nhng cht c im si tng t nhau.
c tnh ca s tch c th c ci thin tt hn bng vic thay i cc
ch .
9.

Nhng iu cn ch
Vic s dng sc k tch cc cht c chng minh l mt

phng php tt trong phn tch. Phng php ny c th tch c mt

lng rt nh ca hn hp thnh cc thnh phn, v chng c th c
nhn bit bi nhng u d thch hp. Trong th nghim c miu t
y sc ph c th c tp hp d dng t nhng thnh phn ring bit,
v v vy n c nhng li ch ring, l cu trc v cng thc l nhng
yu t cn thit ca sc k th sinh vin c th hiu c. Ch pht hin
c thc hin bng cch s dng u d da vo mt in tr NST. N
nhn bit c mt lng nh kh da vo s khc nhau v dn nhit.
Tn hiu pht ra i qua b iu khin vi b khuych i n u vo ca
giao din Cobra 3, v sau v th v nh gi. Ct tch kh dng trong
sc k kh th c y vi dinonylphthalate, nh c hng dn
trn. Mc d ch c ct tch c s dng tch hn hp cc cht,
nhng vn s dng glass jacket, n gi cho nhit n nh thng qua
b iu nhit tun hon.
iu ny rt quan trng v v tr ca cc mi ca cc cht (thi gian
lu) ph thuc rt nhiu vo nhit , trong cc yu t th nhit thay
i tht thng lm cho ng nn khng c n nh. Heli c th c
38

dng lm kh mang (pha ng) trong php sc k ny. Tc dng kh c

th c iu chnh v quan st bng dng c o tc bt x phng.
Thnh phn ca kh t c th thay i tht thng. Trong c th
khng c propane, hoc c th ch c n-butane. Thnh phn ca kh trong
bnh cn phi kim tra trc khi dng kh thc nghim.
y chng ta khng tho lun v l thuyt ca phng php sc k.
Th nghim ny ch n thun l minh ha r nt cho nhng nguyn tc.
Nhng miu t chnh xc hn v bao qut hn s c tm thy trong cc
ti liu k thut.

Hnh 17

Hnh 18

39

BI 6: XC NH TC PHN NG V NNG LNG

HOT HA CA PHN NG THY PHN
CH3COOC2H5 BNG HCl

1.

Khi nim lin quan

Tc phn ng, hng s tc phn ng, phn ng bc 1, phn

ng bc 2, phng trnh Arrhenius, nng lng hot ho.

2.

Nguyn l
Trong dung dch axit, CH3COOC2H5 thy phn thnh C2H5OH v

CH3COOH theo bc gi nh l 1. Lng axit to thnh c chun

bng phng php chun kim, t phng php ny c th rt ra kt
lun nng ca este ph thuc vo thi gian.
3.

Nhim v

Xc nh hng s tc phn ng cho phn ng thy phn

CH3COOC2H5 bng acid HCl 2 nhit khc nhau (hay nhiu hn).

Tnh ton nng lng hot ha ca phn ng theo nhit t cc

hng s tc o c.

4.

Dng c, ha cht v thit b

Hnh 1: S h thng th nghim

40

- ng xon gia nhit

08492.93

- B iu khin ng xon gia nhit

08492.01

- B iu nhit, 6l

08487.02

- ng cao su d = 6mm

39282.00

- Mn hnh hin th nhit

07050.00

- u d nhit NiCr-Ni

13615.03

- ng h bm giy

03071.01

- Bp iu nhit c khuy t

35720.93

- C t l = 15mm

46299.01

- C t l = 30mm

462.99.02

- Thanh l = 500mm

02022.05

- Thanh l = 750mm

37694.00

- Buret, 50ml

37720.00

- Kp gc phi

37697.00

- Kp vn nng

37715.00

- ng ong 100 ml

36629.00

- Bnh nh mc, 1000ml

36552.00

- Pipet 5ml

36577.00

- Pipet 100ml

36582.00

- Bp cao su

39275.03

- a thy tinh, 1000ml

46245.00

- Erlen, 250ml, c rng

36134.00

- Erlen, 250ml, c cht

36424.00

- Nt cao su 17/22mm

39258.00

- Becher 250 ml

36013.00

- Phu thy tinh

34457.00

- Bnh tia 500ml

33931.00

- CH3COOH, 250ml

30075.25

- HCl 1M, 1000ml

48454.70

- Dung dch NaOH 1M, 1000ml

48329.70

- Dung dch phenolphtalein 1%

31714.10

- Nc tinh khit 5l

31246.81

1
41

5.

Lp t v vn hnh
Lp t dng c nh hnh v.
Chun b dung dch NaOH 0,2M bng cch ly 200 ml dung dch NaOH

1M cho vo bnh nh mc 1000ml, cho nc ti vch chun. Cho dung

dch NaOH 0,2M vo buret.
Dng pipet ly 100ml dung dch HCl 0,1M cho vo bnh erlen, y np
cho vo b n nh nhit khong 15 pht 350C (T1 ).
Cho 5ml dung dch CH3COOC2H5 vo bnh erlen cha HCl, lc vi ln
ri t vo b n nhit. C sau cc khong thi gian 10, 20, 30, 40, 50
pht, ly 5ml hn hp cho vo cc erlen c rng cha sn 100 ml nc ct
lnh (5 bnh), phn ng s dng ngay lp tc. Chun bng dung dch
NaOH 0,2M vi ch th phenolphtalin. Sau khi kt thc chui th nghim th
lp li qu trnh trn nhit 450C (T2).
Th tch ca NaOH ti thi im t0 ( VNaOH,0 : th tch cn trung ha
lng HCl lc ban u) c th c tnh theo l thuyt hoc da vo kt
qu th nghim. Xc nh VNaOH,0 chun ht 5ml HCl 0,1M.
Xc nh th tch NaOH thi v cng (phn ng chuyn h hon
ton) bng cch. em bnh nn cha hn hp cn li cho ln bp, un cch
thy (c khuy t) nhit khong 700C trong vng 30 pht. Lm ngui
hn hp ri chun bng dung dch NaOH 0,2M nh trn.
6.

L thuyt
CH3COOC2H5 + H2O

CH3COOH + C2H5 OH

Tc phn ng:

vR =

dCE
= k.CE .CW.CK
dt

Vi:
k: hng s tc phn ng.
CE, C W, CK: nng ca este, nc v xc tc ti thi im t.
V nng H2O v H3O+ l khng i, v vy ta c:

dC E
= k 'C E
dt

Ly tch phn 2 v, ta c:
42

ln

C E,0
CE

= k't

Nng ca este CE,0 v CE ti thi im t0 v t c th thay bng th

tch dung dch NaOH cn cho qu trnh trung ha ca cc mu ti thi im
bt u (VNaOH;0 ) , trong qu trnh phn ng (VNaOH ) v sau qu trnh chuyn
ha hon ton (VNaOH; ) .
ln

VNaOH, VNaOH,0
VNaOH, VNaOH

= lnQ = k , t

Trong :
VNaOH, : th tch NaOH dng chun thi im t =
VNaOH,0 : th tch NaOH dng chun thi im bt u
VNaOH : th tch NaOH dng chun thi im t.
Th tch VNaOH, 0 v VNaOH, c th c xc nh bng th nghim
hoc c tnh bng cch s dng cc phng trnh sau:
VNaOH,0 =

C HCl .V1 100

C NaOH 105

Trong :
V1: th tch mu (= 5ml)
CHCl: nng dung dch HCl (= 1M)
CNaOH: nng dung dch NaOH (= 0,2M)
VNaOH, =

E .VE .V1
+ VNaOH,0
M E .VS .C NaOH

Trong :
E: khi lng ring ca este
ME: phn t lng este
VE: th tch dung dch este
VS: th tch ca dung dch (= 105ml) ti thi im t0.

43

Hnh 2: th lnQ theo thi gian t, h s gc ng thng l k

Nng lng hot ha c xc nh theo phng trnh Arrhenius:
k = k 0 .e
'

Trong :

EA
RT

R: Hng s kh (= 8,31441 J.mol-1.K-1)

kmax : Hng s trc ly tha
i vi 2 cp gi tr bit c hng s vn tc k1 v k2 tng ng vi
nhit T1 v T2.
lnk ' =

EA
+ lnk 0
RT

lnk 1' =

EA
+ lnk 0
RT1

lnk '2 =

EA
+ lnk 0
RT2

Ta c:

Suy ra:
T1 .T2
k ,2
EA = R
ln '
T2 T1
k1

44

BI 7: VN TC PHN NG TH HALOGEN

1.

Khi nim lin quan

Tc phn ng, quy lut phn ng bc 1 v 2, dn in.

2.

Nguyn tc
Cc nhm halogen alkyl phn ng trao i halogen nhanh trong dung

mi thch hp. Phn ng thay th ny xy ra theo c ch SN2. Vn tc ca

chng c th c xc nh mt cch thun li thng qua cc ln o dn
in.
3.

Nhim v
-

o dn in ca cc dung dch vi cc nng khc nhau ca

NaI trong acetone.

Xc nh nng ca cc cht ng phn ng ca phn ng propyl

bromua vi NaI trong aceton 300C.

4.

Xc nh hng s tc phn ng.

Dng c, ha cht v thit b

Hnh 1: S h thng th nghim

45

5.

- Thit b o dn

13701.93

- u d nhit v dn

13701.01

- Bp khuy t

35720.93

- Dng c ci t nhit

35721.00

- C t, l = 25mm

46300.01

- C t, l = 50mm

46299.03

- ng h bm giy

03071.01

- Da cn

03065.20

- Thanh , l = 750mm

02023.20

- Kp gc phi

37697.00

- Kp vn nng

37715.00

- Da thy tinh, 1000ml

46245.00

- Bnh cu 3 c

35677.15

- ng sinh hn

35815.15

- ng thy tinh thng, l = 80mm

36701.65

- Septum

02615.03

- Cn

48852.93

- ng ong 100ml

36629.00

- Xylanh 1ml

02593.03

- Kim tim, 0.6 x 60 mm

02599.04

- Pipet

36590.00

- Bp cao su

39275.03

- Phu

34472.00

- Beaker 50 ml

36001.00

- Mung

33398.00

- ng cao su, d = 6mm

39282.00

- Kp ng, d = 812mm

40996.01

- n - propyl bromide 250ml

31756.25

- NaI 50g

31634.05

- Aceton 250ml

30004.25

Lp t v vn hnh
Th nghim c lp t nh hnh 1. Rt 100ml aceton vo bnh cu

y trn c nhng chm vo b cha nc. t c t thch hp bnh

cu y trn v b cha nc, bt u khuy. t in cc o dn in
46

vo 1 ci c ca bnh cu, ni in cc vi thit b o dn, la chn

chc nng o dn in ring. Ci t b cm bin in t ca my
khuy t 350C v bt ngun gia nhit. Khi t n nhit ci t,
o dn in ca dung mi nguyn cht m gi tr c th l vi mS/cm.
Thm chnh xc 6,805g (4,54.10-2 mol) NaI, chia lm 7 phn, mi phn
0,97g cho vo ci c cn trng ca bnh cu. Sau mi phn cho vo ch
mui phn hy hon ton v nhit c thit lp (khng thay i),
trc khi o dn in. Ghi li khi lng NaI sau mi ln thm vo v o
dn in ri v ng cong dn in theo nng NaI.
Khi ton b khi lng NaI c thm vo, bt u thc hin php o.
C th ba ca bnh cu c gn ng thy tinh ngn v y cht bng nt
cao su. Tim 4,2ml propyl bromua (4,54.10-2 mol 300C) xuyn qua ci nt
cao su v ngay lp tc o dn ca dung dch (ti thi im t0). Tip tc
o dn trong khong thi gian 5 pht mt ln. Kt thc qu trnh o sau
90 pht.
6.

L thuyt
Phn ng Finkelstein tin hnh theo c ch phn ng SN2
C3H7Br + I- =

C3H7I + Br-

Vn tc ca phn ng ny l 1 hm s ph thuc vo nng ca 2

cht phn ng v n tun theo quy lut phn ng bc 2.

Trong :

dC PrBr
= kC PrBr C I
dt

(1)

k l hng s tc phn ng
CPrBr, CI- l nng propyl bromide v ion I- ti thi

gian t
V nng u ca C3H7Br v NaI bng nhau (CPrBr,0 = CNaI,0), nn
phng trnh c th c vit nh sau:

dC PrBr
= kC 2I = kC 2PrBr
dt

(2)

Sau khi ly tch phn 2 v ca phng (2) ta c:

1
C PrBr

= kt +

1
C PrBr,0

(3)

47

Hnh 2: S ph thuc ca dn in vo nng ca NaI

Nng ca NaI cn li trong qu trnh phn ng ti thi im (t)
c xc nh bng ng cong chun (hnh 2). T xc nh nng
propyl bromide (CPrBr) theo phng trnh sau:
CPrBr = CI- = CNaI

(4)

Ri th v th nng propyl bromide theo thi gian CPrBr - t

Hnh 3: th nng theo thi gian (CPrBr = CI- = CNaI) ca phn ng gia
propyl bromide vi I xc nh bc phn ng, v th

1
C PrBr

- t

48

Hnh 4: Xc nh bc phn ng v hng s tc ca phn ng propyl

bromide vi I-

Mi quan h tuyn tnh gia

1
C PrBr

v t c minh ha hnh 4 ti

y c s hin din ca phn ng bc 2. Vi h s gc ca ng thng l

hng s tc k = 1,5.10-3 l.mol-1.s-1 (v gi tr k = 1,37.10-3l.mol-1.s-1
2980K)
Vn tc ca phn ng Finkelstein ph thuc vo c tnh ca dung mi
ban u. V l do ny, nhng chch lch ca cc gi tr o xy ra ty theo
tinh khit ca aceton c s dng.

49

BI 8: DN IN TRONG CHT RN

1.

Khi nim lin quan

S dn in ca electron v ca ion.

2.

Nguyn tc
Xc nh in tr ca cht rn ph thuc vo nhit , n cho bit c

ch v s dn in v thay i in tch trong cht rn.

3.

Nhim v
Xc nh h s nhit in tr i vi dy st, ng v dy

Constantan trong gii hn t nhit phng n 950C.

4.

Dng c, ha cht v thit b

Hnh 1: S h thng th nghim

50

Nt
mu
trng
Nt mu
vng

sensor

dy mu

dy mu
dy mu xanh

Hnh 2: S lp mch in
- Cobra3 Unit

12150.00

- Ngun cung cp 12V/ 2A

12151.99

- Cp truyn d liu, RS232

14602.00

- Phn mm Cobra3 Universal writer

14504.61

- Mn hnh hin th nhit

07050.00

- u d nhit NiCr-Ni

13615.05

- Ngun cung cp vn nng

13500.93

- Bp khuy t

35720.93

- C t, l = 30mm

46299.02

- Thanh , l = 500mm

02022.20

- Thanh , l = 250mm

02031.00

- Kp gc phi

37697.00

- Kp vn nng

37715.00

- Pin cch in

07807.00

- Dy ni, l = 500mm, mu

07361.01

- Dy ni, l = 750mm, mu

07362.01

- Dy ni, l = 750mm, mu xanh

07362.04

- Becher 1000ml

36017.00

1
51

5.

- Ko

64798.00

- Dy ng

06106.00

- Dy st

06104.00

- Dy constantan

06100.00

- Nc ct

31246.81

Lp t v vn hnh
Lp t thit b th nghim nh hnh 1 v hnh 2.
Chun b 3 mu dy kim loi. Tip theo ct mu dy th nht di 30cm

v qun mu dy vng quanh cy bt ch, lp li qu trnh trn cho 2

mu cn li. Phi m bo tng vng xon ring l khng c chm vo
nhau. Ni mu th nht vo hai kim o cch in v nhng chm n vo
trong beaker c cha sn c t v nc ct. Phi chc chn rng mu
hon ton ngp trong nc.
Ni u d S2 v hai kim cch in vo hai l nh bn di Analog ln
1 ca thit b cobra3 basic unit.
Khi ng chng trnh Measure trong windows v chn <Universal
writer>. Ci t cc thng s o nh trong hnh 3.

Hnh 3
Di diagram 1 chn <Calculated Channel> t 0 - 5 Ohm, gii hn X:
0 - 15 v <no auto range>. Sau khi thc hin nhng bc trn nhn
<Continue> chp nhn cc gi tr c ci t. Sp xp cc hin th
nh bn mong mun.
52

 ghi li cc ln o ring bit, ci t in th ca dy ng xp x

0,25V v 1,2V cho dy st v Constantan. Chn tc khuy ca c t va
phi. Ghi li im o u tin ti nhit phng bng cch nhp vo <Save
value>. o 20 ln ti nhit ny ly gi tr Rc trung bnh. Sau ta tng
nhit mi trng bng cch un nng nc di s khuy lin tc. Ghi
gi tr o sau mi ln tng 50C. Ta ngng o khi nhit t n 950C v
ghi li d liu vi ng dn <File> < Save the measurement as >.
th biu din s ph thuc vo nhit ca in tr c th c
chun b bng cch nhp vo <Channel modification> trong menu
<Analysis>. Ci t cc thng s nh hnh 4.

Hnh 4
Hnh 5 - 7 cho thy in tr ca 3 thanh kim loi ph thuc vo nhit
. Di <Display options> ta c th chn <Hide curve> v thay vo s
xut hin ng thng hi quy.
6.

L thuyt
dn in trong cht rn ph thuc vo kiu lin kt cc thnh phn

ca cht rn, m ch yu l lin kt kim loi v lin kt ion. Do chng ta

phi quan tm n dn electron v dn ion.
dn in c quan st trong cc kim loi, hp kim v nhng
nguyn liu khc c nh kim nh: graphite, mt vi oxit kim loi, sulfit kim
loi Hu ht cc cht bn dn c s dng trong cng ngh in v
53

in t v cc cht c lp cng l cc cht dn in. Tnh dn in ny th

lin quan n lin kt kim loi. Trong vn ny, cc electron ngoi cng
ca li kim loi th c lin kt yu v c th chuyn ng gia cc ht
nhn nguyn t. Tuy nhin cc electron lin kt khng thuc v nguyn t
ring bit no, nhng thuc v tt c, lin kt ca chng th khng c nh
hng khng gian. Nhng ion linh ng trong li kim loi gy ra s dn
in. Thuyt lin kt v s di chuyn ca cc electron trong cht rn gii
thch hin tng da trn cc trng thi nng lng khc nhau ca cc
electron trong cht rn.
Di o dn in c trn 30 bc, t cc cht c lp c dn in
bng 1022 1 .cm-1 n 10-8 1 .cm-1 ca cc kim loi tinh khit.
dn ion l kh nng dn in ca mt cht bi dng chuyn di
ca cc ion. Tt c cc dung dch in phn, mui nng chy v nhng
mui rn l cc hp cht ion in hnh u l cc cht dn in ion. Do lin
kt bn trong mng li tinh th ion ca cc mui rn, linh ng ca cc
ion, do dn in rt nh nhit phng. Bng s gia tng nhit
th cc lin kt dn dn yu i, v cc ion tr nn cng ngy cng linh ng
hn. Hin tng ny tip tc tng ln ti im nng chy v hn na. S
gia tng ca nhit s lm gim in tr sut. iu ny th tri ngc s
ph thuc ca dn in vo nhit . Vi cc kim loi th s gia tng ca
nhit s khng lm tng s lng hoc linh ng ca cc electron.
linh ng gim cng nh vic tng nng lng nhit ca cc ion kim loi
s lm tng cc dao ng nhit xung quanh v tr ca n trong mng li
tinh th. Kt qu l, c s tng ln tng ng v s va chm ca electron
v cc ion kim loi, lm gim chiu di qu o chuyn ng ca cc
electron. iu ny s lm gim dn in.
T cc gi tr thc nghim ca dng in v hiu in th, in tr R
c th c tnh ton theo cng thc:
R=

U
I

(1)

Trong :
U: hiu in th (V)
I: Cng dng in (A)
54

Hnh 5: S ph thuc ca in tr vo nhit trong dy st

H s dn nhit theo nhit c nh ngha nh l dc ca
ng cong ca in tr sut theo nhit .
=

R T2 R T1

R T1 (T2 T1 )

(2)

Hnh 6: S ph thuc ca in tr vo nhit trong dy ng

Hnh 7: S ph thuc ca in tr vo nhit trong dy Constantan

55

iu ny ch ng nu ng cong biu din in tr sut so vi nhit

l mt ng thng, m ng thng th khng vt qua gii hn
ln nht ca nhit .
Sau y l cng thc ph hp hn ca s khc nhau v thng s c
th c dng. Cng thc sau y ch ra rng s ph thuc ca in tr
mi cht ph thuc vo nhit :
=

1 dR

R dT

(3)

Nhit tr sut c th tnh ton t gi tr thc nghim:

=

1 R

R C T

(4)

Trong :
RC : in tr nhit phng
R
: dc ca ng thng
T

: H s nhit ca in tr

Da vo phng trnh (4) chng ta c, Fe = 4,6.10-3 K-1 v Cu = 4.10-3

K-1.

56

BI 9: PHNG TRNH NERST

1.

Khi nim lin quan

S ph thuc ca th in cc vo nng ca dung dch in cc,

in cc oxi ha kh, pin in ha.

2.

Nguyn tc
Phng trnh Nernst pht biu th in cc ca pin ph thuc vo

dung dch v nng (hot ) ca ion . Phng trnh ny c minh

ha bng thc nghim khi s dng pin in ha c to thnh t in cc
ch th kt hp vi in cc so snh.
3.

Nhim v
-

o in th ca in cc platium trong dung dch cha nng

bit ca Fe(II) v Fe(III) v hn hp ion [Fe(CN)6]4- v
[Fe(CN)6]3-.

4.

Tnh th in cc ca in cc so snh nhit th nghim

Tnh th in cc chun ca E 0Fe

3+

, Fe 2 +

ti nhit th nghim.

Dng c, ha cht v thit b

Hnh 1: S h thng th nghim

57

13702.93

18475.00

- ng bo v in cc platin

45206.00

- Dy ni, l = 500mm, en

07361.05

- in cc Pt

13702.01

- My khuy t

47334.93

- C t

46299.02

- Chn , h = 750mm

37694.00

- Kp gc phi

37697.00

- Kp vn nng

37715.00

- Thanh 2 in cc

45284.01

- Kp gi buret

03065.20

- Buret 50ml

36517.01

- Cn phn tch

48802.93

- Da cn

45019.05

- Becher 100ml

36002.00

- Becher 150ml

36003.00

- Bnh nh mc 1000ml

36552.00

- Pipette 50ml

36581.00

- Phu thy tinh, d = 55mm

34457.00

- Phu thy tinh, d = 80mm

34459.00

- Mung

33398.00

- Bp cao su

39275.03

- Bnh tia

33931.00

- K4 [Fe(CN)6]: 250g

30101.25

- K3 [Fe(CN)4]: 100g

30100.10

- Nc ct

31246.81

- pH - meter
-

5.

in cc so snh Ag/AgCl/Cl-

Lp t v vn hnh
Lp t th nghim nh hnh 1.
Chun b dung dch cho th nghim nh sau:

58

Pha dung dch K4[Fe(CN)6] 0,01M: cn chnh xc 4,2239g mui

K4[Fe(CN)6].3H2O. Cho K4[Fe(CN)6].3H2O vo bnh nh mc 1lit.
Ha tan bng nc ct, sau nh mc n vch chun.

Pha dung dch K4[Fe(CN)6] 0,001M: dng pipet ly 100ml dung

dch K4[Fe(CN)6] 0,01M cho vo bnh nh mc 1l, sau nh
mc n vch chun bng nc ct.

Pha dung dch K3[Fe(CN)6] 0,01M: cn 3,2925g K3[Fe(CN)6] cho

vo bnh nh mc 1l, ha tan bng nc ct, sau nh mc
n vch chun.

Pha dung dch K3[Fe(CN)6] 0,001M: dng pipet ly 100ml dung

dch K3[Fe(CN)6] 0,01M cho vo bnh nh mc 1l, sau nh
mc n vch chun bng nc ct.

S dng 2 ci burette, mt dng cho dung dch Fe(II) 0,001M v mt

dng cho dung dch Fe(III) 0,001M, t vo chn gi , trng 2 ln bng
dung dch tng ng nh trn v cho dung dch tng ng vo n vch
mc. Chun b dung dch mu theo bng 1.
t becher cha dung dch mu u tin vo my khuy t v cho c
t vo becher. Sau , ni in cc Platin, in cc so snh v u d
nhit vo my o pH v nhng chng ngp trong dung dch. Ghi nhit
v sc in ng ca pin. Ra sch in cc bng nc ct, lm kh v
t chng vo trong dung dch mu k tip, qu trnh ny phi c lm
nhanh. Khng nn in cc so snh ngoi dung dch qu lu. Tip tc
o cho n ht cc mu. Lp li quy trnh trn vi dung dch 0,01M. Tnh
sc in ng ca pin nh l mt hm s:
3
[
Fe(CN )6 ]
ln
[Fe(CN )6 ]4

Bng 1: Chun b cc dung dch mu

Dung dch Fe (II)

Dung dch Fe (III) Dung dch Fe (II)

Dung dch Fe (III)

(ml)

( ml)

(ml)

( ml)

49

20

30

48

12

38

46

43
59

Dung dch Fe (II)

6.

Dung dch Fe (III) Dung dch Fe (II)

Dung dch Fe (III)

(ml)

( ml)

(ml)

( ml)

43

46

38

12

48

30

20

49

25

25

L thuyt
Pin in ha c s dng y, in cc Ag /AgCl/ Cl- c dng

lm in cc so snh cung cp mt in th c nh xc nh th ca
in cc oxy ha kh.
in cc bc clorua gm c mt si dy Ag c bao ph bi AgCl v
c nhng trong dung dch KCl c nng xc nh.
in cc oxi ho - kh l cp Fe(III)/ Fe(II):
[Fe(CN)6]3- + e-

[Fe(CN)6]4-

Thng thng, mt phn ng oxi ho - kh m ion Xz+ nhn n electron

thnh ion Y c in tch (z - n)+ c th c th hin nh sau:
Xz+(dd) + ne- = Y (zn)

Trong h thng ny, trng thi cn bng t c khi tng ha th ca

mi v phn ng cn bng nhau:
x(dd) + n.e (kl) = Y(dd)

(1)

T nh ngha v ha th, ta c phng trnh sau:

x(dd) = x + zFdd

(2a)

e(kl) = e + Fdd

(2b)

Y(dd) = Y + (z-n)Fdd

(2c)

Vi:
dd: in th ca dung dch
(kl): in th ca in cc kim loi tr
i: ha th ca cu t i
Kt hp phng trnh (1) v (2), ta c:

X z + Y(z n)+ + n e = nF dd nF kl

(3)
60

S chch lch in th gia dung dch v kim loi c biu din:

= dd kl =

1
( Z + Y (z -n) + + n e )
nF x

(4)

in th ion ph thuc vo hot ca ion trong dung dch:

Xz + = 0Xz + + RT.lna X Z+

(5a)

Y(z-n)+ = 0Y(z-n)+ + RT.lna Y(Z n)+

(5b)

Phng trnh (4) c th c vit di dng

a z+
1 0
RT
X z + 0Y(z n) + + n e +
ln X
nF
nF a Y(z n) +

(6)

Phng trnh Nernst cho in cc oxi ha kh:

E Fe3+ ,Fe2 + = E 0Fe3+ ,Fe2 + +

RT a X z +
ln
nF a Y (z n) +

(7)

Pin c s dng trong th nghim ny l:

(-) Ag/ AgCl/ KCl (3M)/ Fe3+, Fe2+/ Pt (+)
Th in cc ca in cc dng:
E Fe3+ ,Fe2 + = E 0Fe3+ ,Fe2 + +

[
[

RT Fe 3+
ln
nF
Fe 2+

]
]

Th in cc ca in cc m:
E Ag/AgCl/Cl = E 0Ag/AgCl/Cl

E 0t = E 025 +

[ ]

RT
ln Cl nF

dE
(t 25)
dt

Sut in ng ca pin (Epin) l:

E pin = E Fe3+ ,Fe2 + E Ag/AgCl/Cl
E pin = E 0Fe3+ ,Fe 2 + +

[
[

]
]

RT Fe 3+
ln
E Ag/AgCl/Cl
nF
Fe 2+

(8)

i vi dung dch long s dng y, hot c thay th bng

nng mol.
Sc in ng Epin ph thuc vo ln([FeIII]/[FeII]) theo phng trnh
ng thng dng (y = ax + b) c h s gc RT/F v tung gc
E 0Fe3+ ,Fe 2 + E Ag/AgCl/Cl (hnh 2). Nu bit c th ca in cc so snh s dng
61

th th ca in cc chun ca cp oxi ha kh FeIII,FeII c th xc nh

c.
H s gc ca ng thng (xc nh bi ng hi quy n gin) l
25,2 mV (gi tr RT/F = 25,4mV ti 22oC)
T gi tr ca Epin ti giao im trc Y ta c E 0Fe

3+

, Fe 2 +

E Ag/AgCl/Cl = 172

mV. Ti 200C Ag/ AgCl/ Cl in cc so snh c th 210 mV. T , th oxi

ha kh ca in cc chun E0[Fe(CN)6]3-,[Fe(CN)6]4- l 38mV (ti liu:
36mV theo R. Parsons, s tay in ha, Butterworth, London, 1959).

62

BI 1: XC NH ENTAPY CA QU TRNH
HA HI CHT LNG

Ngy thc hnh

H v tn sinh vin :
im

1.

Li ph

Khi lng mol ca CH3OH: 32,04 g.mol-1

Khi lng mol ca C2H5OC2H5: 74,12 g.mol-1

Nhit si ca CH3OH: 337,7 K

Nhit si ca C2H5OC2H5: 307,7 K

Kt qu o:
Cht bay hi

Khi lng cht

bay hi (m)

Nhit lng
Wel (J)

TV

Tel

Dietyl eter
Metanol

2.

Xc nh nhit ha hi C2H5OC2H5

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------63

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3.

Xc nh nhit ha hi CH3OH.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4.

Tnh ton S ca qu trnh ha hi v ng dng quy lut Trouton

phn tch kt qu.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5.

Hy trnh by nguyn tc ca th nghim

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------64

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------6.

Ti sao nhit si ca cc cht trong th nghim trn li thay i

trong sut qu trnh bay hi?

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------7.

Ti sao cc lin kt ha hc nh lin kt hydro lm tng entapy ca

qu trnh bay hi cht lng?

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------8.

Hy gii thch ti sao khi m bm chn khng th cht lng mi bt

u bay hi?

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------65

9.

Gii thch ti sao khi m van kh qu ln s lm tr hon qu trnh si?

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------10. Hy cho bit cc yu t nh hng n sai s ca kt qu th nghim.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

66

BI 2: TNG IM SI

Ngy thc hnh

H v tn sinh vin :
im

1.

Li ph

Kt qu o:
-

m1

m2

Khi lng ca nc (dung mi nguyn cht):

Mu

Khi lng
cht tan (mg)

m ct
m dm

TS

TS
KS

1
2
3
4
5

2.

V th TS m ct
K m
S dm

67

3.

Ti sao phi nn cc vin cht tan?

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4.

Ti sao khng un si trc tip dung dch cha cht tan trn bp in

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5.

Ti sao phi kha van pinchcock sau khi qu trnh si tr li?

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------68

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------6.

Ti sao khi cho cht tan vo th nhit si li gim sau mt thi gian
mi tng tr li?

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

7.

Ti sao nhit si ca dung dch cao hn nhit si ca dung mi

nguyn cht?

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------8.

Hy cho bit nhit si thc t ca dung mi trong th nghim ny v

gii thch ti sao?

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------69

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------9.

Xc nh phn t lng ca cc cht tan: mui, ur v hydroquinone.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

70

BI 3: XC NH NHIT TO THNH CA NC

Ngy thc hnh

H v tn sinh vin :
im

1.

Li ph

Tnh nhit to thnh (H) ca nc. So snh kt qu vi s tay ha l.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2.

Ti sao phi dng d oxy?

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------71

3.

Khi no th entapy ca phn ng c gi l nhit to thnh ca phn

ng.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4.

Ti sao phi y ng thi 2 xylanh kh?

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5.

Nu a ln lt tng kh bo bnh phn ng ri mi bt tia la in

th hin tng g s xy ra?

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------72

6.

Ti sao in cc phi t ngay u vo ca ng dn kh hydro?

Nu ta t in cc ti ng dn kh oxy th hin tng g s xy ra?

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------7.

Trnh by phng php kim tra s r r kh trong h thng?

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------8.

Ti sao ta phi di chuyn thanh nam chm qua li nhiu ln?

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

73

BI 4: CN BNG LNG - HI

Ngy thc hnh

H v tn sinh vin :
im

1.

Li ph

Kt qu th nghim:
Stt

p sut P
(hPa)

Nhit T
(0K)

lnP

1
T

74

Stt

p sut P
(hPa)

Nhit T
(0K)

lnP

1
T

1
T

2.

V th: lnP = f

3.

T h s gc (

H V
) ca ng thng hnh 2, xc nh H ca
R

qu trnh bay hi aceton.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------75

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4.

Ti sao phi cho 3 git aceton vo bnh bo v bc ngoi?

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5.

Ti sao sau khi aceton si mi t bnh cu 3 c ngp trong dung dch

sinh hn?

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------6.

Ti sao phi kha van 1 chiu sau khi h bnh cu ngm vo hn hp

sinh hn?

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------7.

Entapy ca qu trnh bay hi ph thuc vo cc yu t no?

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------76

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------8.

Trong lc tin hnh th nghim i khi nhit trong bnh cu khng

i nhng p sut hi o c li tng. Hy gii thch hin tng v
a ra phng n khc phc

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------9.

Ti sao phi m van thng kh trc khi tt bm chn khng?

---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

77

BI 5: SC K KH

Ngy thc hnh

H v tn sinh vin :
im

1.

2.

Li ph

Xc nh sc k ca cc hn hp sau:
-

0,5 ml iso-butane + 0,5 ml n-butane

0,2 ml iso-butane + 0,8 ml n-butane

0,8 ml iso-butane + 0,2 ml n-butane

1,0 ml camping gas

0,6 ml camping gas + 0,4 ml n-butane

0,6 ml camping gas + 0,4 ml iso-butane

0,7 ml camping gas + 0,3 ml khng kh

5l hn hp (ethanol/ester = 1/1)

4l hn hp + 2l ester

Tnh din tch cc peak c trong sc ph ca cc hn hp trn. T

xc nh thnh phn ca cc cht.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------78

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3.

Xy dng biu hnh ct cho tng hn hp.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4.

Ti sao vic bm mu v nhn nt my o phi tin hnh ng thi?

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5.

Vi mi hn hp khc nhau nhit tch c khc nhau khng? Gii

thch ti sao?

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------79

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------6.

Thi gian lu ca cc cu t thnh phn cho bit iu g?

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------7.

Ti sao trc khi bt u d phi cho dng kh mang i vo trc?

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------8.

Ti sao khng c m van iu p ca bnh kh Heli qu ln?

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------9.

Ti sao phi cho nc vo erlen cha kh?

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

80

BI 6: XC NH TC PHN NG V NNG LNG

HOT HA CA PHN NG THY PHN
CH3COOC2H5 BNG HCl

Ngy thc hnh

H v tn sinh vin :
im

1.

Li ph

Chng minh cc cng thc sau:

VNaOH, 0 =

C HCl .V1 100

E .VE .V1
+ VNaOH,0

v VNaOH, =
M E .VS .C NaOH
C NaOH 105

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2.

V th hm s lnQ - t 35 v 450C. T th xc nh hng s tc

phn ng nhng nhit trn.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------81

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------3.

Xc nh nng lng hot ha (EA) ca phn ng.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4.

Ti sao phi un nng hn hp cn li 700C.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5.

Ti sao phi cho 5ml hn hp phn ng vo 100 ml nc ct lm

lnh?

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------82

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------6.

Ti sao phi tin hnh phn ng hai nhit khc nhau?

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

83

BI 7: VN TC PHN NG TH HALOGEN

Ngy thc hnh

H v tn sinh vin :
im

1.

Li ph

Kt qu o dn in ca NaI ph thuc vo nng :

Ln o

Khi lng NaI

(gam)

dn in ring
ca NaI (mS/cm)

Nng ca NaI
(mol/l)

1
2
3
4
5
2.

V th dn in theo nng ca NaI C NaI :

84

3.

Xc nh nng propyl bromide theo thi gian.

Ln
o

Thi
gian (s)

dn in
ring ca NaI
(mS/cm)

Nng cn li
ca NaI (mol/l)

Nng cn li
ca C3H7Br (mol/l)

1
2
3
4
5
4.

V th CPrBr - t.

85

t .

5.

V th

6.

Tnh hng s tc phn ng.

C PrBr

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------7.

Ti sao s mol ca NaI v C3H7Br s dng trong th nghim phi bng

nhau?

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------8.

S phn cn (7 phn) ca NaI c nh hng nh th no n kt qu

th nghim?
86

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------9.

Nu thc hin nhit cao hoc thp hn th vn tc ca phn ng

s thay i nh th no?

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------10. Ti sao ta phi dng kim tim dung dch propyl bromua vo bnh cu?
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

87

BI 8: DN IN TRONG CHT RN

Ngy thc hnh

H v tn sinh vin :
im

1.

Li ph

Kt qu o RC ti nhit phng:
Ln o
(ni)

Ri (St)

Ri (ng)

Ri (Constantan)

1 .cm-1

1 .cm-1

1 .cm-1

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
88

Ln o
(ni)

Ri (St)

Ri (ng)

Ri (Constantan)

1 .cm-1

1 .cm-1

1 .cm-1

13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
RC

2.

Kho st h s nhit ca in tr i vi dy st:

2.1. Kt qu o in tr theo nhit ca dy st :

Ln o
(ni)

Ti

Ri

Ri

Ti

(R2 R1)

(T2 T1)

R
)i
T

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
89

Ln o
(ni)

Ti

Ri

Ri

Ti

(R2 R1)

(T2 T1)

R
)i
T

11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
T

2.2. T nhng kt qu ca bng trn v thi R = f(T)

R

R
2.3. Tnh h s gc ng thng :
=
T

2.4. Tnh nhit tr sut: =

T
n

1 R

=
R C T

90

Hnh 4: th biu din in tr ca st theo nhit (Ri T)

3.

Kho st h s nhit ca in tr i vi dy ng:

3.1. Kt qu o in tr theo nhit ca dy st :

Ln o
(ni)

Ti

Ri

Ri

Ti

(R2 R1)

(T2 T1)

R
)i
T

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
91

Ln o
(ni)

Ti

Ri

Ri

Ti

(R2 R1)

(T2 T1)

R
)i
T

12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
R

3.2. T nhng kt qu ca bng trn v thi R = f(T)

Hnh 5: th biu din in tr ca ng theo nhit (Ri T)

92

3.3. Tnh h s gc ng thng :

R T
=
T
n

3.4. Tnh nhit tr sut: =

4.

1 R

=
R C T

Kho st h s nhit ca in tr i vi dy ng:

4.1. Kt qu o in tr theo nhit ca dy Costantan :

Ln o
(ni)

Ti

Ri

Ri

Ti

(R2 R1)

(T2 T1)

R
)i
T

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
93

Ln o
(ni)

Ti

Ri

Ri

Ti

(R2 R1)

(T2 T1)

R
)i
T

19
20
R

T =

T =

4.2. T nhng kt qu ca bng trn v thi R = f(T)

Hnh 6: th biu din in tr ca Costantan theo nhit (Ri T)

R

R
4.3. Tnh h s gc ng thng :
=
T

4.4. Tnh nhit tr sut: =

5.

T
n

1 R

=
R C T

Ti sao 3 h s nhit ca in tr ng, st v constant khc nhau?

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------94

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------6.

Ti sao phi xc nh Rc trung bnh?

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------7.

Nhit nh hng nh th no n h s nhit ca in tr?

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------8.

So snh v gii thch dn in ca kim loi nguyn cht v kim loi

c ln tp cht.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------9.

T kt qu th nghim rt ra nhn xt g v dn v ng dng thc t

ca 3 loi dy dn trn.

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------95

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

96

BI 9: PHNG TRNH NERST

Ngy thc hnh

H v tn sinh vin :
im

1.

Li ph

Kt qu th nghim
Nhit (0C) th nghim:
Dung dch Fe (II)

Dung dch Fe (III)

(ml)

( ml)

49

48

46

43

38

12

30

20

25

25

20

30

12

38

43

46

48

3
[
Fe(CN )6 ]
ln
[Fe(CN )6 ]4

Sc in ng
(mV)

97

Dung dch Fe (II)

Dung dch Fe (III)

(ml)

( ml)

49

3
[
Fe(CN )6 ]
ln
[Fe(CN )6 ]4

Sc in ng
(mV)

[Fe(CN )6 ]3 :
[Fe(CN )6 ]4

2.

V th Epin - ln

3.

Tnh th in cc ca in cc so snh nhit th nghim.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4.

Xc nh th in cc tiu chun ca E 0Fe

3+

, Fe 2 +

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------98

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------5.

Nu thc hin phn ng nhit khc, hy d kin kt qu o

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------6.

Ti sao cn phi kim tra li nng ca cc dung dch Fe (II) v Fe

(III) trc khi thc hin th nghim?

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------7.

Vit s cu to v phng trnh phn ng xy ra trong pin c to

thnh t 2 in cc trn.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

99

PH LC

Bng 1. Th in cc chun v h s nhit ca th in cc

in cc

Phn ng in cc

E 0298 (V)

dE 0
10 3
dt

(V/)
Li+/ Li

Li+ + e = Li

K+/ K

K+ + e = K

Ca2+/ Ca

Ca2+ + 2e = Ca

Na / Na

Na+ + e = Na

Mg2+/ Mg

Mg2+ + 2e = Mg

Al3+/ Al

Al3+ + 3e = Al

Mn2+/ Mn

Mn2+ + 2e = Mn

2+

Zn / Zn

Zn2+ + 2e = Zn

Cr3+/ Cr

Cr3+ + 3e = Cr

Fe2+/ Fe

Fe2+ + 2e = Fe

Fe3+, Fe2+/ Pt

Fe3+ + e = Fe2+

2+

Ni / Ni

Ni2+ + 2e = Ni

H+/ H2, Pt

H+ + e = 1/2H2

Sn4+, Sn2+/ Pt

Sn4+ + 2e = Sn2+

Cu2+/ Cu

Cu2+ + 2e = Cu

2+

Hg2 / Hg

Hg22+ + 2e = 2Hg

Hg2+/ Hg

Hg2+ + 2e = Hg

Ag+/ Ag

Ag+ + e = Ag

Ag, AgCl, Cl-

AgCl + e = Ag + Cl-

Hg, Hg2Cl2, Cl

Hg, Hg2SO4, SO4

2-

1/2Hg2Cl2 + e = Hg + ClHg2SO4 + 2e = 2Hg + SO42-

-3,045

-0,534

-2,925

-1,080

-2,866

-0,175

-2,714

-0,772

-2,363

+0,103

-1,662

+0,504

-1,180

-0,080

-0,763

+0,091

-0,744

+0,468

-0,440

+0,052

+0,771

+1,188

-0,250

+0,060

+0,000

0,000

+0,150

+0,337

+0,008

+0,788

+0,854

+0,799

+1,000

+0,222

+0,268

+0,615

100