Basic math symbols Symbol = > < () [] + * / mod .

ab a^b a a a n a % ppm ppb ppt

3 4

Symbol Name equals sign not equal sign strict inequality strict inequality inequality inequality parentheses brackets plus sign minus sign plus - minus minus - plus asterisk times sign multiplication dot division sign / obelus division slash horizontal line modulo period power caret square root cube root forth root n-th root (radical) percent per-mille per-million per-billion per-trillion

Meaning / definition equality inequality greater than less than greater than or equal to less than or equal to calculate expression inside first calculate expression inside first addition subtraction both plus and minus operations both minus and plus operations multiplication multiplication multiplication division division division / fraction remainder calculation decimal point, decimal separator exponent exponent a a = a 7 mod 2 = 1 5 = 2+3 54 5>4 4<5 54 45 2 (3+5) = 16

Example

[(1+2)*(1+5)] = 18 1+1=2 21=1 3 5 = 8 and -2 3 5 = -2 and 8 2*3=6 23=6 23=6 62=3 6/2=3

2.56 = 2+56/100 23 = 8 2 ^ 3= 8 9 = 3 8 = 2 16 = 2 for n=3, n8 = 2 10% 30 = 3 10 30 = 0.3 10ppm 30 = 0.0003 10ppb 30 = 310-7 10ppb 30 = 310-10
3 4

1% = 1/100 1 = 1/1000 = 0.1% 1ppm = 1/1000000 1ppb = 1/1000000000 1ppb = 10-12

Geometry symbols Symbol AB Symbol Name angle measured angle spherical angle right angle degree arcminute arcsecond line ray | || ~ | x-y | rad grad perpendicular parallel congruent to similarity triangle distance = 90 1 turn = 360 1 = 60 1 = 60 line from point A to point B line that start from point A perpendicular lines (90angle) parallel lines equivalence of geometric shapes and size same shapes, not same size triangle shape distance between points x and y = 3.141592654... is the ratio between the circumference and diameter of a circle radians angle unit grads angle unit AC |BC AB || CD ABC XYZ ABC ~ XYZ ABC BCD | x-y | = 5 Meaning / definition formed by two rays ABC = 30 ABC = 30 AOB = 30 = 90 = 60 = 6059' = 6059'59'' Example

pi constant radians grads

c = d = 2r 360 = 2 rad 360 = 400 grad

Algebra symbols Symbol x := ~ Symbol Name x variable equivalence equal by definition equal by definition Meaning / definition unknown value to find identical to equal by definition equal by definition 11 ~ 10 sin(0.01) 0.01 f(x) g(x) Example when 2x = 4, then x = 2

approximately equal weak approximation approximately equal approximation proportional to lemniscate proportional to infinity symbol

 () [] {} x x x! |x| f (x) (f g) (a,b) [a,b] e

much less than much greater than parentheses brackets braces floor brackets ceiling brackets exclamation mark single vertical bar function of x

much less than much greater than calculate expression inside first calculate expression inside first set rounds number to lower integer rounds number to upper integer factorial absolute value maps values of x to f(x) (a,b) {x | a < x < b} [a,b] {x | a x b} change / difference = b2 - 4ac summation - sum of all values in range of series double summation product - product of all values in range of series e = 2.718281828... = 0.527721566... golden ratio constant

1 1000000 1000000 1 2 * (3+5) = 16 [(1+2)*(1+5)] = 18 4.34 4.35 4! = 1*2*3*4 = 24 | -5 | = 5 f (x) = 3x+5 f (x)=3x, g(x)=x-1 (f g)(x)=3(x-1) x (2,6) x [2,6] t = t1 - t0 xi= x1+x2+...+xn

function composition (f g) (x) = f (g(x)) open interval closed interval delta discriminant sigma sigma capital pi e constant / Euler's number Euler-Mascheroni constant golden ratio

xi=x1x2...xn e = lim (1+1/x)x , x

Linear Algebra Symbols Symbol AB dot cross tensor product inner product [] () |A| det(A) brackets parentheses determinant determinant matrix of numbers matrix of numbers determinant of matrix A determinant of matrix A Symbol Name Meaning / definition scalar product vector product tensor product of A and B ab ab AB Example

|| x || AT A A* A -1 rank(A) dim(U)

double vertical bars transpose Hermitian matrix Hermitian matrix inverse matrix matrix rank dimension

norm matrix transpose matrix conjugate transpose matrix conjugate transpose A A-1 = I rank of matrix A dimension of matrix A (AT)ij = (A)ji (A)ij = (A)ji (A*)ij = (A)ji rank(A) = 3 rank(U) = 3

Probability and statistics symbols Symbol P(A) P(A B) P(A B) P(A | B) f (x) Symbol Name probability function probability of events intersection probability of events union conditional probability function probability density function (pdf) Meaning / definition probability of event A P(A) = 0.5 probability that of events A and P(AB) = 0.5 B probability that of events A or B probability of event A given event B occured P(a x b) = f (x) dx P(AB) = 0.5 P(A | B) = 0.3 Example

F(x) E(X) E(X | Y) var(X)

2

cumulative distribution function F(x) = P(X x) (cdf) population mean expectation value conditional expectation variance variance standard deviation standard deviation median mean of population values expected value of random variable X expected value of random variable X given Y variance of random variable X variance of population values standard deviation of random variable X standard deviation value of random variable X middle value of random variable x covariance of random variables X and Y cov(X,Y) = 4 = 10 E(X) = 10 E(X | Y=2) = 5 var(X) = 4 2 = 4 std(X) = 2 X = 2

std(X) X

cov(X,Y) corr(X,Y)

covariance correlation

correlation of random variables corr(X,Y) = 3

X and Y X,Y correlation summation correlation of random variables X,Y = 3 X and Y summation - sum of all values in range of series double summation value that occurs most frequently in population MR = (xmax+xmin)/2 half the population is below this value 25% of population are below this value 50% of population are below this value = median of samples 75% of population are below this value average / arithmetic mean population samples variance estimator population samples standard deviation estimator zx = (x-x) / sx

Mo MR Md Q1 Q2 Q3 x s2 s zx X~ N(,2) U(a,b) exp() gamma(c, ) 2(k) F (k1, k2) Bin(n,p) Poisson() Geom(p) HG(N,K,n)

double summation mode mid-range sample median lower / first quartile median / second quartile upper / third quartile sample mean sample variance sample standard deviation standard score distribution of X

x = (2+5+9) / 3 = 5.333 s2 = 4 s=2

distribution of random variable X normal distribution gaussian distribution uniform distribution equal probability in range a,b exponential f (x) = e-x , x0 distribution gamma distribution f (x) = c xc-1e-x / (c),x0 chi-square distribution F distribution binomial distribution Poisson distribution geometric distribution hyper-geometric distribution f (x) = xk/2-1e-x/2 / ( 2k/2(k/2) )

X ~ N(0,3) X ~ N(0,3) X ~ U(0,3)

f (k) = nCk pk(1-p)n-k f (k) = ke- / k! f (k) = p (1-p) k

Bern(p)

Bernoulli distribution

Combinatorics Symbols Symbol n!

nPk nCk

Symbol Name factorial permutation

Meaning / definition n! = 123...n

Example 5! = 12345 = 120

5P3

= 5! / (5-3)! = 60

combination

5C3

= 5!/[3!(5-3)!]=10

Set theory symbols Symbol {} AB AB AB AB AB AB AB AB 2A Symbol Name set intersection union subset Meaning / definition a collection of elements objects that belong to set A and set B objects that belong to set A or set B Example A={3,7,9,14}, B={9,14,28} A B = {9,14} A B = {3,7,9,14,28}

subset has less elements or {9,14,28} {9,14,28} equal to the set {9,14} {9,14,28} {9,66} {9,14,28}

proper subset / strict subset has less elements subset than the set not subset superset proper superset / strict superset not superset power set power set equality complement left set not a subset of right set

set A has more elements or {9,14,28} {9,14,28} equal to the set B set A has more elements than set B set A is not a superset of set B all subsets of A all subsets of A both sets have the same members all the objects that do not belong to set A A={3,9,14}, B={3,9,14}, A=B {9,14,28} {9,14} {9,14,28} {9,66}

(A)
A=B Ac

A\B A-B AB

relative complement relative complement symmetric difference symmetric difference element of not element of ordered pair cartesian product cardinality cardinality aleph empty set universal set

objects that belong to A and A={3,9,14}, not to B objects that belong to A and A={3,9,14}, not to B objects that belong to A or B but not to their intersection objects that belong to A or B but not to their intersection set membership no set membership collection of 2 elements set of all ordered pairs from A and B the number of elements of set A the number of elements of set A infinite cardinality ={} set of all possible values 0 0 6 1 -6 2/6 6.343434 6+2i C = {}

B={1,2,3}, A-B={9,14} B={1,2,3}, A-B={9,14}

A={3,9,14}, B={1,2,3}, A B={1,2,9,14} A={3,9,14}, B={1,2,3},

AB aA xA (a,b) AB |A| #A U 0 1

A B={1,2,9,14} A={3,9,14}, 3 A A={3,9,14}, 1 A

A={3,9,14}, |A|=3 A={3,9,14}, #A=3

natural numbers set 0 = {0,1,2,3,4,...} (with zero) natural numbers set 1 = {1,2,3,4,5,...} (without zero) integer numbers set = {...-3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3,...} rational numbers set = {x | x=a/b, a,b} real numbers set complex numbers set = {x | - < x <} = {z | z=a+bi, -<a<, <b<}

Logic symbols Symbol ^ & Symbol Name and caret / circumflex ampersand and and and Meaning / definition xy x^y x&y Example

+ | x' x ! ~

plus reversed caret vertical line single quote bar not exclamation mark circled plus / oplus tilde implies equivalent for all there exists there does not exists therefore because / since

or or or not - negation not - negation not - negation not - negation exclusive or - xor negation if and only if

x+y xy x|y x' x x !x xy ~x

Calculus & analysis symbols Symbol limit e y' y '' y(n) epsilon e constant / Euler's number derivative second derivative nth derivative derivative second derivative nth derivative time derivative Symbol Name Meaning / definition limit value of a function represents a very small number, near zero e = 2.718281828... derivative - Leibniz's notation derivative of derivative n times derivation derivative - Lagrange's notation derivative of derivative n times derivation derivative by time - Newton notation 0 e = lim (1+1/x)x , x (3x3)' = 9x2 (3x3)'' = 18x (3x3)(3) = 18 d(3x3)/dx = 9x2 d2(3x3)/dx2 = 18x Example

time second derivative partial derivative [a,b] (a,b) i z* z integral double integral triple integral closed contour / line integral closed surface integral closed volume integral closed interval open interval imaginary unit complex conjugate complex conjugate nabla / del vector unit vector x*y convolution Laplace transform Fourier transform delta function

derivative of derivative (x2+y2)/x = 2x opposite to derivation integration of function of 2 variables integration of function of 3 variables

[a,b] = {x | a x b} (a,b) = {x | a < x < b} i -1 z = a+bi z*=a-bi z = a+bi z = a-bi gradient / divergence operator

z = 3 + 2i z* = 3 + 2i z = 3 + 2i f (x,y,z)

y(t) = x(t) * h(t) F(s) = {f (t)} X() = {f (t)}

Numeral symbols Name zero one two three four five six seven eight nine 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX European Roman Hindu Arabic Hebrew

ten eleven twelve thirteen fourteen fifteen sixteen seventeen eighteen nineteen twenty thirty fourty fifty sixty seventy eighty ninety one hundred

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX XXX XL L LX LXX LXXX XC C

Greek alphabet letters Greek Symbol Upper Case Lower Case Greek Letter Name Alpha Beta Gamma Delta Epsilon Zeta Eta Theta Iota Kappa English Equivalent a b g d e z h th i k Pronunciation al-fa be-ta ga-ma del-ta ep-si-lon ze-ta eh-ta te-ta io-ta ka-pa

 Roman numerals Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

Lambda Mu Nu Xi Omicron Pi Rho Sigma Tau Upsilon Phi Chi Psi Omega

l m n x o p r s t u ph ch ps o

lam-da m-yoo noo x-ee o-mee-c-ron pa-yee row sig-ma ta-oo oo-psi-lon f-ee kh-ee p-see o-me-ga

Roman numeral I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII

18 19 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 5000 10000 50000 100000 500000 1000000

XVIII XIX XX XXX XL L LX LXX LXXX XC C CC CCC CD D DC DCC DCCC CM M V X L C D M