Continuous-Phase Frequency-Shift Keying (CPFSK) & Continuous-Phase Modulation (CPM)

Dr. Ali Muqaibel

Dr. Ali Muqaibel

Continuous Phase Frequency Shift Keying (CPFSK)

CPM :the phase of the signal is constrained to be continuous Memory. For FSK, there are two options
Frequency Control

f1 f2

T = k/R seconds.

F tunable

Output signal

fM m f, 1 m M, M=2k
Large spectral side lobes outside of the main spectral band of the signal (bandwidth requirements)

The information-bearing signal frequency modulates a single carrier whose frequency is changed continuously. The resulting frequency modulated signal is phase-continuous, (CPFSK)

Dr. Ali Muqaibel

Representation of CPFSK
{an} information sequence 001010111101 {In} sequence of amplitudes obtained by mapping k-bit blocks of binary digits from the information sequence {an} into the amplitude levels 1,3, . . . , (M 1). g(t) pulse shape. Example: rectangular pulse of amplitude 1/2T and duration T seconds. d(t) is used to frequency-modulate the carrier v(t) the equivalent lowpass waveform fd is the peak frequency deviation and 0 is the initial phase of the carrier The carrier-modulated signal corresponding
(t; I) represents the time-varying phase of the carrier

Dr. Ali Muqaibel

CPFSK
Although d(t) contains discontinuities, the integral of d(t) is continuous. The phase of the carrier in the interval nT t (n + 1)T
(t ; I ) = 4 f d T d ( )d =4 f d T I n g ( nT ) d
I g ( kT ) k d + 4 f d T I n g ( nT )d k = Note that the g(t) is assumed to be rectangular pulse of amplitude 1/2T and t duration T seconds. n 1 (t ; I ) = 2 f d T I k d + 2 f d Tq( nT ) I n = n + 2 hI n q( nT ) k = h=2fdT ,The parameter h is called the modulation index.
t t

(t ; I ) 4 f d T

n 1

We observe that n represents the accumulation (memory) of all symbols up to time (n 1)T .

Dr. Ali Muqaibel

Continuous-Phase Modulation (CPM)

CPFSK is a special case of CPM

When hk = h for all k, the modulation index is fixed for all symbols. When the modulation index varies from one symbol to another, the signal is called multi-h CPM. If g(t) = 0 for t > T , the signal is called fullresponse CPM. If g(t) >< 0 for t > T , the modulated signal is called partial-response CPM.

Dr. Ali Muqaibel

Pulse Shapes for CPM

Pulse shapes for full response CPM

REC=Rectangle RC=Raised Cosine For L > 1, additional memory is introduced in the CPM signal by the pulse g(t)

Pulse shapes for partial response CPM.

Dr. Ali Muqaibel

Gaussian minimum-shift keying (GMSK)

GMSK with BT = 0.3 is used in the European digital cellular communication system, called GSM. We observe that when BT = 0.3, the GMSK pulse may be truncated at |t| = 1.5T with a relatively small error incurred for t > 1.5T
B, which represents the 3-dB bandwidth of the Gaussian pulse

Dr. Ali Muqaibel

Phase trajectory for CPFSK.

Phase trajectory for binary CPFSK

Dr. Ali Muqaibel

Phase trajectory for quaternary CPFSK

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Piecewise vs. smooth phase tree

Phase trajectories for binary CPFSK (dashed) and binary, partial response CPM based on raised cosine pulse of length 3T (solid). [From Sundberg (1986), 1986 IEEE.]

Dr. Ali Muqaibel

Phase cylinder

Phase cylinder for binary CPM with h = and a raised cosine pulse of length 3T. [From Sundberg (1986), 1986 IEEE.
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State Trellis & State diagram

The phase transitions from one state to another are not true phase trajectories. They represent phase transitions for the (terminal) states at the time instants t = nT .

State trellis for binary CPFSK with h =

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Minimum Shift Keying (MSK)

MSK is a special form of binary CPFSK (and, therefore, CPM) in which the modulation index h = and g(t) is a rectangular pulse of duration T
CPM CPFSK

GMSK

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Offset QPSK (OQPSK)

A possible mapping for QPSK

The in-phase and quadrature components for QPSK

Dr. Ali Muqaibel

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Possible phase transitions in OQPSK signaling Possible phase transitions in QPSK signaling

Dr. Ali Muqaibel

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MSK may also be represented as a form of OQPSK. Specifically, we may express the equivalent lowpass digitally modulated MSK signal

Dr. Ali Muqaibel

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Comparing MSK, OQPSK, and QPSK

Dr. Ali Muqaibel

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