CHAPTER 1 WAVES 1.1 Understanding Waves #earning $%t&'(es A student is able to : Describe what is meant by wave motion.

otion. Recognise that waves transfer energy without transferring matter. Compare transverse and longitudinal waves and give examples of each. State what is meant by a wavefront. State the direction of propagation of waves in relation to wavefronts .define i. amplitude ii. period, iii. fre uency, iv. wavelength, v. wave speed. S!etch and interpret a displacement"time graph for a wave. S!etch and interpret a displacement"distance graph for a wave, Clarify the relationship between speed, wavelength and fre uency .Solve problems involving speed, wavelength and fre uency. Describe damping in a oscillating system. Describe resonance in a oscillating system. ( / 25 X 100 ! "

#. $ill in the blan!s by choosing a words given. parallel perpendicular rarefraction trough compression crest

a% &he wave that travels along the spring consists of a series '#%(((((((..and ')%((((((((((. b% A longitudinal wave is a wave in which the vibration of the medium is '*%((((((((.to the direction of propagation of the wave. c% A transverse wave is produced when the vibration of the medium is '+%(((((((.to the direction of propagation of wave. d% &he wavelength is the distance between two ad,acent '-%((((((((((or two ad,acent'.%(((((((((..

). /atch the following terms with the meaning given. &erms '1% 0avefront # '2% 0avelength ) '3% Amplitude * '#4% $re uency + '##% 0avespeed '#)% 6eriod *. a% . /eaning &he displacement of a crest or a trough from the e uilibrium position of a wave. &he number of waves produced by a source in one unit time. &he distance between two ad,acent points of the same phase on wave. 5ines ,oining all points of the same phase. &he measurement of how a crest is moving from a fixed point. &ime ta!en for an oscillation to complete one cycle.

Complete the sentence and chart given below with suitable words. 7n a damping oscillation,'#*%........................and '#+%((((((.( remain constant while '#-%(((... decreases.

E)a(*+es ', -a(*ing in 's&i++ating s.ste(

'#.,#1,#2,#3%

b%

State two causes of damping in an oscillating system: i. ii. (((((((((((((')4% (((((((((((((')#%

*. $igure shows the displacement"distance and displacement 8time graphs of an oscillating system.

$rom the graphs determine the((. a% b% c% d% 6eriod $re uency 0avelength :((((((((((((((.'))% :((((((((((((((..')*% :(((((((((((((.(')+%

Speed of the waves.:((((((((((((((')-%

1.2 / Ana+.sing re,+e&ti'n ', 0aves #earning $%t&'(es A student is able to / #.

( / 10 X 100

! "

Describe reflection of waves in terms of the angle of incidence, angle of reflection, wavelength, fre uency, speed and direction of propagation. Draw a diagram to show reflection of waves. Diagram #.# and #.) shows water waves and sound waves propagating towards a reflector.

Diagram #.#

Diagram #.) a% ' i% 0hat is meant by reflected waves9 (((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((('#% ' ii% Complete the diagrams #.# and #.) to show the phenomena of reflection of waves.

')%,'*%,'+%,'-% 'iii% 0ith reference to diagram #.# and #.),compare the incident and reflected angle, wavelenght, fre uency, speed and direction of propagation of the reflected wave with the incident wave. Complete the table with a suitable word.. Angle of reflection((((((((..the angle of incidence '.% 0avelength $re uency (.'1% Speed (.'2% Direction of the propagation ((((((((((( (.'3% ((((((((((( remains unchanged (((((((((((

'iv% State the principle of the reflection of waves. ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((.'#4%

1.1 Ana+.sing re,ra&ti'n ', 0aves ( / 12 X 100 #earning $%t&'(es A student is able to :

! "

describe refraction of waves in terms angle of incidence, angle of refraction, wavelength, fre uency , speed and direction of propagation. Draw a diagram to show refraction of waves.

#. $igure below shows the plane waves approaching a convex"shaped shallow area.

'a% Complete the diagram by drawing the wavefronts of the waves entering the shallow area. 5abel clearly the wavelength in a shallow area with :# and in deep area with :). '#%,')%,'*% 'b% Complete the table below, to show what happen to wavelength, fre uency, speed and direction of the propagation of wave after the phenomena of refraction. 0avelength $re uency Speed Direction of the propagation '+% '-% '.% '1%

). Diagram below shows the phenomena of re,ra&ti'n ', 0ater 0ave ', t2e sea 0ater

#.

0hy are the speed and wavelength of waves in the middle of the sea almost uniform9 ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((.'2%

).

0hy do the distances between the wavefronts decrease as the waves approach the beach9 ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((('3%

*.

0hy is the water in the bay stationary compared to the water at the cape9 i.((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( ii((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( iii((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((.. '#4%,'##%,'#)%

1.3 Ana+.sing di,,ra&ti'n ', 0aves

( / 14 X 100

! . "

#earning $%t&'(es A student is able to describe diffraction of waves in terms of wavelength, fre uency, speed, direction of propagation and shape of waves, draw a diagram to show diffraction of waves. #. Diagram # shows a listener who is able to hear the sound of the radio behind the wall of a building.

Diagram #. ;ame the wave phenomenon shown in the diagram above <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<'#% ). <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<')% of waves is a phenomenon in which waves <<<<<<<<<<<<<'*% as they pass through a <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<'+% or round an <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<'-%. *. Diagram *a and *b shows water waves passing through a narrow gap and a wider gap respectively.

'.% Diagram *a Diagram *b

'1%

'a% Complete diagrams *a and *b above to show the wave pattern after passing through the gaps. 'b% =ased on your answer in 'a% state the relationship between the wavelength , si>e of the gaps and the wave pattern formed. <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<

<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< '2%,'3% 'c% Compare the water waves before and after passing through the gap in terms of 'i% wavelength :<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<'#4% 'ii% 'iii% 'iv% $re uency :<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<'##% Speed :<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<'#)% Amplitude :<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<'#*%

). Diagram + shows light from a laser pen is diffracted if it passes through a narrow slit comparable in si>e to its wavelength.

'a%

7n the space below , draw and label the diffraction pattern of light through a narrow slit. '#+%

'b% 'c% 'd%

As the light passes through the single slit , it is diffracted to produce a wide <<<<<<<<<< '#-% fringe at the centre. After diffraction , interference also occur to produce alternate bright and <<<<<<<< '#.% fringes at the side of the middle bright fringe. &he bright fringe is caused by <<<<<<<<<<<<'#1% interference and the dar! fringe is produced by <<<<<<<<<<< '#2% interference.

1.5 5nter,eren&e ', Waves #earning $%t&'(es A student is able to :

( .../ 20 ) 100

! ... "

state the principle of superposition explain the interference of waves draw interference patterns interpret interference patterns apply the following formula in problem solving

=
#.

ax D

State the 6rinciple of Superposition of waves.

'#% ). 7nterference is the superposition of two coherent waves. &wo waves are coherent if they have the same wavelength , same <<<<<<<<<<<<<<')% and constant <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<'*%.

*. Complete the table below (a" S%*er*'siti'n ', t0' &rests Constructive interference (6" S%*er*'siti'n ', t0' tr'%g2s '+% (&" S%*er*'siti'n ', a &rest and a tr'%g2 '-%

10

'.%

'1%

+. Diagram + shows an interference pattern produced by two coherent sources 6 and ?

6 ? Diagram + 7n the diagram above , draw and label 'ne antinodal and 'ne nodal line. '2%, '3% -. Complete the table below to compare sound and light waves. Constructive interference Destructive interference .. 5ight =right fringes '##% Sound '#4% '#)%

Diagram . shows an experiment to study the interference of light waves.

Diagram . 'a% 0hat is meant by monochromatic light 9 <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<'#*%

11

'b% 7n the boxes above , label a , x and D where a @ distance<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<'#+% x @ distance<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<'#-% D @ distance <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< '#.% 'c % 0hat is the relationship between a, x, D and :9 '#1% 'd % Calculate the wavelength of light used if a @ 4. ) mm , x @ * mm , and D is + m. ax A = B '#2% D

&wo loud spea!ers placed ) m apart are connected to an audio signal generator that is ad,usted to produce sound waves of fre uency --4 C>. &he detection of loud and soft sounds as a person moves along a line is at +.4 m from the loudspea!ers. &he distance between ) consecutive loud sounds is 4.- m. Calculate the 'a% 0avelength of the sound waves. 'b% speed of the sound waves. '#3% ')4%

12

1.7 S'%nd Waves #earning $%t&'(es

( ./ 20 ) 100

! .

"

A student is able to : describe sound waves explain how the loudness relates to amplitude. explain how the pitch relates to fre uency. describe applications of reflection of sound waves. calculate distances using the reflection of sound waves. #. $ill in the blan!s. 'a% Sound waves are <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<'#% waves . 'b% Sound waves are produced when a vibrating ob,ect causes air molecules around it to <<<<<<<<<<')% and producing a series of <<<<<<<<<<<'*% and <<<<<<<<<<<'+% ). Diagram ) shows a tuning for! producing sound waves.

Diagram ) 'a% 'b% 5abel the wavelength '-% 5abel areas of compression '.% and rarefaction '1%

13

*. Complete the concept map below. 5ow pitch, loud sound, soft sound, high pitch

'2%,'3%,'#4%,'##%,'#)%,'#*% +. Diagram + shows a submarine transmitting ultrasonic waves directed at a big roc! on the sea bed. After sometime, the submarine detects the wave again. D7ADRA/ +.

14

'a%

State the wave phenomenon involved. <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<'#+%

'b%

State ) reasons why the submarine used ultrasonic wave but not ordinary sound wave. #.........................................................................................................................'#-% ).........................................................................................................................'#.%

'c%

Calculate the distance of the submarine from the big roc! if the submarine detects the second wave after #.- seconds. AEelocity of ultrasonic wave @ #-.4 m s"#B '#1%,'#2% State ) other applications of sound waves. #. ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((.. ). ((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((( '#3%,')4%

'd%

1.8 Ana+.sing e+e&tr'(agneti& s*e&tr%(

( .... / 20 ) 100

! .."

#earning $%t&'(es #. Diagram # show the electromagnetic spectrum. 0rite the names of the electromagnetic waves in the boxes provided.

Diagram # '#%,')%,'*% ). Flectromagnetic waves are <<<<<<<<<<'+% waves ,consisting of<<<<<<<<< '-% fields and netic fields vibrating <<<<<<<<<<<<<'.% to each other. *. <<<<<<<<<<<<<'1% has the highest fre uency and the <<<<<<<<<'2% wavelength. +. 5ist + properties of electromagnetic waves. 'i% <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< '77% <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< '777%<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<

15

'7E% <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<< '3%,'#4%,'##%,'#)% -. Diagram ) show electromagnetic waves. /atch the correct source by drawing lines from the boxes to the respective sources.

'#*%,'#+%,'#-%,'#.% .. ;ame the electromagnetic wave which is used in the following appliance:

'i% $/ Radio

<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<'#1%

'ii% Gven <<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<'#2%

'iii% Communication Satellite<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<'#3%

'iv% &a!ing pictures of bones<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<')4%

16