CHAPTER 3 - Latest PDF

3/31/2013
sanizah@tmsk.uitm.edu.my
CHAPTER 3
LEARNING OUTCOMES
Construct a frequency table from raw data Organize and graph qualitative data using pie, bar and component bar charts Use information contained in various charts to make decisions Organize and graph quantitative data such as stem-and-leaf plot, histogram, ogive and use these graphs to understand the problem and make decisions
1 2
DATA PRESENTATION
SEEING IS BELIEVING!
PREPARED BY SANIZAH AHMAD
INTRODUCTION
ORGANIZING AND GRAPHING DATA

QUALITATIVE DATA

Data can be summarized in tabular forms and presented in pictorial form using graphs so that important features can be grasped quickly and effectively.
QUANTITATIVE DATA

Frequency distribution Pie chart Bar chart
Vertical (or horizontal) bar chart Cluster bar chart Stacked bar chart
Contingency table
Stem-and Leaf plots Frequency distribution for ungrouped data Frequency distribution for grouped data Histogram/polygon Cumulative frequency distribution and Ogive
4
3/31/2013
ORGANIZING & GRAPHING QUALITATIVE DATA
ORGANIZING & GRAPHING QUALITATIVE DATA

Nominal and Ordinal Data
5
After data is collected, it will be processed, organized and presented. In order to enhance the presentation, some charts, tables and graphs can be used. Some considerations in drawing charts/graphs:
a. b. c. d.
Indicate the title Draw the axes properly Use proper size and scale Use colours/shading if needed
6
1. FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION (TABLE) Table consisting of columns and rows. Example 1

Twenty-five army inductees were given a blood test to determine their blood type. The data set is
PROCEDURE FOR CONSTRUCTING FREQUENCY TABLE
Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4
Make a table with four columns ( Column A = Class, Column B = Tally, Column C = Frequency, D = Percent). Tally the data and place the result in column B. Count the tallies and place the results in column C. Find the percentage of values in each class by using the formula
A O B A AB
B O B O A
B B O O O
AB AB A O B
O B O AB A
7
f 100% n
where
f = frequency of the class and n = total number of values.
Step 5
Construct a frequency distribution for the data
Find the totals for columns C (frequency) and D (percent).

8
3/31/2013
2. PIE CHART
Class A B O AB Tally Frequency Percent
Pie chart can be used to represent categorical data. It is a circle that is divided into sectors. The sectors show the percentage of frequencies of each category of the distribution.
10
PROCEDURE FOR CONSTRUCTING A PIE CHART
Pie Chart using data in Example 1
Step 1: Find the number of degrees for each class, using formula
Step 2 : Find the percentages. Step 3: Using a protractor, graph each section and write its name and corresponding percentage.
Note: If possible, construct the pie chart so that %s are either in ascending or descending order (helps in the interpretation of the data).
11 12
degrees
f 360 n
3/31/2013
3. BAR CHART
I) BAR CHART

A graph of bars whose heights represent the frequencies of respective categories. Types of Bar Charts: i) Vertical/horizontal bar chart (single/simple) ii) Cluster bar chart (multiple) iii) Stacked bar chart (component)
One chart present only one subject Using the data in Example 1
13
14
II) CLUSTER BAR CHART

One graph presents more than one subject Colour/shading needed
16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Urban Suburban Rural
III) STACKED BAR CHART

Each bar contains more than one information Shading is needed
40 35 30 25 20 15 10 Rural Suburban Urban
No College 15 8 6
Four-year degree 12 15 8
Advanced Degree 8 9 7
5 0 No College
15
Four-year degree
Advanced Degree
16
3/31/2013
EXAMPLE 2
From the following table, construct:
i. ii. iii. iv.
4. CROSS TABULATION/CONTINGENCY TABLE

A cross tabulation (often abbreviated as cross tab) or cross-classification table is often used to examine the categorical response in terms of two qualitative variables simultaneously. Some data can be grouped according to two or more criteria of classification or variables.
Single(simple) bar chart for the year 2000 Cluster(multiple) bar chart for the year 2000 and 2001 Stacked(component) bar chart for the year 2000 and 2001 Pie chart for the year 2001
Program A B C D E Number of Students Year 2000 450 1200 800 300 650 Year 2001 600 1500 1100 400 800
17
18
EXAMPLE 3
Cross tabs are frequently used because: They are easy to understand. They appeal to people who do not want to use more sophisticated measures. They can be used with any level of data: nominal, ordinal, interval, or ratio - cross tabs treat all data as if it is nominal. A table can provide greater insight than single statistic. It solves the problem of empty or sparse cells They are simple to conduct.
19
Location Urban Suburban Rural Total
No College 5 8 6 29
Four-year degree 12 15 8 35
Advanced Degree 8 9 7 24
Total 35 32 21 88
Cross tabulation between location and education level
20
3/31/2013
EXAMPLE 4
A group of researchers surveyed 530 staff working with Company Y. Out of 145 professional staff, 40 are women whereas 140 non-professional staff are men. Present this data in the form of a 2 x 2 table.
ORGANIZING & GRAPHING QUANTITATIVE DATA

Interval and Ratio Data
21
22
ORGANIZING AND GRAPHING QUANTITATIVE DATA

Normally
1. STEM-AND-LEAF PLOTS
A stem-and-leaf plot is a data plot that uses part of a data value as the stem and part of the data value as the leaf to form groups or classes.
summarized in tabular forms. Quantitative data can be divided into ungrouped and grouped data. Display of data:
Stem-and leaf plot Frequency Distribution (table) Histogram Frequency polygon Ogive
23
It has the advantage over grouped frequency distribution of retaining the actual data while showing them in graphic form.
24
3/31/2013
PROCEDURE OF CONSTRUCTING STEM-ANDLEAF PLOT

STEP 1
Split each score or value into two sets of digits. The first (or leading) set of digits is the stem, and the second (or trailing) set of digits is the leaf. STEP 2 List all the possible stem digits from the lowest to highest. STEP 3 For each score in the dataset, write down the leaf numbers on the line labeled by the appropriate number.
25
EXAMPLE 5 (UNGROUPED DATA)
At an outpatient testing center, the number of cardiograms performed each day for 20 days is shown. Construct a stem-and-leaf plot for the data. 25 14 36 32 31 43 32 52 20 02 33 44 32 57 32 51 13 23 44 45
26
EXAMPLE 6 (GROUPED DATA)

An insurance company researcher conducted a survey on the number of car theft in a large city for a period of 30 days last summer. The raw data are shown. Construct a stem-and-leaf plot by using classes 50-54, 55-59, 60-64, 65-69, 70-74 and 75-79.
EXAMPLE 7
The IQs of 30 students are listed below. Construct a stem-and-leaf plot, using two lines per stem and stems of 11, 12 and 13.
122 130 120 131 117 132 119 138 114 117 114 137 114 124 128 128 132 117 135 127 125 116 128 126
28
52 58 75 79 57 65
62 77 56 59 51 53
51 66 55 68 63 78
50 53 67 65 69 66
69 57 73 72 75 55
27
110 134 123 113 123 121
3/31/2013
2. UNGROUPED FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION

2. GROUPED FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
The frequency distribution is a table that contains a list of data values and its frequency. Frequency is the number of times a value occurs. Example 8: The following data record the number of children in 20 families chosen at random.
When the data set contains many different and repetitive values, the data can be grouped into class intervals before the frequency distribution is constructed.
TERMINOLOGIES OF FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
1 3 5 1
4 3 2 2
2 2 1 3
0 1 2 1
2 4 0 2
This set of ungrouped data can be summarized in tabular form known as the frequency distribution.
i. Class limit The end values of each class interval. Example: 80 90 Lower limit is 80 and upper limit is 90 ii. Class boundary Value that falls mid/half way between the upper limit of one class and the lower limit of the next class.
30
29
CLASS BOUNDARY
Class interval/class limit 30 <50 50 <70 70 - <90 Type 1 or 30 50 70 Class boundary 30 50 50 70 70 90 30 50 50 70 70 90 29.5 49.5 49.5 69.5 69.5 89.5 30 50 50 70 70 90
31
TERMINOLOGIES OF FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION iii. Class midpoint

The middle value of a class interval; averaging the upper limit and lower limit or upper boundary and class boundary.
30 and less than 50 50 and less than 70 70 and less than 90 30 49 50 69 70 89 30 50 50 70 70 90
Type 2
30 49 29.5 49.5 39.5 or 39.5 2 2 iv. Cumulative frequency

e.g.
Total frequency for the particular class and all the prior classes.
32
Type 3
3/31/2013
QMT412 Business Statistics
CONSTRUCTING A FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION TABLE
Step 1 Determine the classes
a) Find the highest value, H and lowest value, L.

b) Find the range, R. R=HL c) Find the number of classes, k. k = 1 + 3.3 log n d) Find the class width:
Width
CONSTRUCTING A FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION TABLECONT. Step 2 Tally the data
Step 3 Find the numerical frequencies from the tallies Step 4 Find the cumulative frequencies
e) Select a starting point for the lowest class limit f) Add the width to the lowest class limit. Keep adding until k classes. g) Find the class boundaries.
33
R Number of classes
(Extra step for cumulative frequency distribution/ogive)

34
EXAMPLE 9:
SOLUTION
Range : R = H L = 134 100 = 34 Number of class interval: k = 1 + 3.3 log n = 1 + 3.3 log 50 = 6.6 7 Width = R/k = 34/7 = 4.9 5
QMT412 Business Statistics 35 36
These data represent the record of high temperatures in F for each of the 50 states in the United States. Construct a grouped frequency distribution for the data. 112 100 127 120 134 118 105 110 109 112 110 118 117 116 118 122 114 114 105 109 107 112 114 115 118 117 118 122 106 110 116 108 110 121 113 120 119 111 104 111 120 113 120 117 105 110 118 112 114 114
3/31/2013
TABLE: FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF TEMPERATURE

Temperature in F (Class interval) 100 104 105 109 110 114 115 119 120 124 Frequency (No of States) Class frequency
GRAPHIC PRESENTATION OF FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
Refer textbook pg. 5356. i. Histogram
Y-axis: frequency X-axis: class boundary

Y-axis: frequency X-axis: class midpoint Y-axis: cumulative frequency X-axis: less than class boundary
38
ii. Frequency polygon

125 129
130 134
NOTE:
iii. Ogive/Cumulative frequency curve(less than)

37
1. Both the smallest and largest observations must be included in a class interval. 2. Each observation must be assigned to one and only one class.
3. HISTOGRAM
Frequency
PROCEDURE FOR CONSTRUCTING HISTOGRAM

8 6 4 2 0 0 10.5 20.5 30.5 40.5 50.5 60.5 70.5 80.5
Histogram graph
that displays the data by using continuous vertical bars (unless the frequency of a class is 0) of various heights to represent the frequencies of the classes.
Class Boundaries
Step 1 Draw and label the x-axis(horizontal) and y-axis (vertical). Step 2 Represent the frequency on the y-axis and the class boundaries on the x-axis. Step 3 Using the frequencies as the heights, draw vertical bars for each class. ****Exercises: i) Example 7 pg. 53 ii) pg. 58 Q1 & Q2
40
39
10
3/31/2013
4. FREQUENCY POLYGON
PROCEDURE FOR CONSTRUCTING FREQUENCY POLYGON
Frequency Polygon graph that displays the data by using lines that connect points plotted for the frequencies at the midpoints of the classes.
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0.5 10.5 20.5 30.5 40.5 50.5 60.5 70.5 80.5
Class Midpoints
Step 1 Find the midpoints of each class. Step 2 Draw the x and y axis. Label the x axis with the midpoint of each class and then use a suitable scale on the y axis for the frequencies. Step 3 Using the midpoints for the x values and the frequencies as the y values, plot the points Step 4 Connect adjacent points with line segments. Draw a line back to the x axis at the beginning and end of the graph, at the same distance that the previous and next midpoints would be located.
42
Frequency
41
5. CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION & OGIVE
PROCEDURE FOR CONSTRUCTING OGIVE

Ogive graph that represents the cumulative frequencies for the classes in a frequency distribution
Cumulative Frequency
30 20 10 0 0 10.5 21 31.5 42 52.5 63 73.5 84 94.5
Class Boundaries
Step 1 Find the cumulative frequency for each class. Step 2 Draw the x- and y-axis. Label the x-axis with the class boundaries. Use an appropriate scale for the y-axis to represent the cumulative frequencies. Step 3 Plot the cumulative frequency at each upper class boundary. Upper boundaries are used since the cumulative frequencies represent the number of data values accumulated up to the upper boundary of each class. Step 4 Starting from the first upper class boundary, connect adjacent points with line segments. Then extend the graph to the first lower class boundary on the x-axis.
44
43
11
3/31/2013
Frequency
8 6 4 2 0 0
TABLE: CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION

Histogram
10.5 20.5 30.5 40.5 50.5 60.5 70.5 80.5
Class Boundaries
Class Limit (Temp, F)
Frequency
Class Boundary
Class Midpoint (X)
Cumulative frequency
8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0.5 10.5 20.5 30.5 40.5 50.5 60.5 70.5 80.5
Frequency
Frequency polygon
Class Midpoints
100 - 104 105 - 109 110 - 114 115 - 119 120 - 124 125 - 129 130 - 134
46
Cumulative Frequency
30 20 10 0 0 10.5 21 31.5 42 52.5 63 73.5 84 94.5

45
Ogive
Class Boundaries
EXAMPLE 10
i. ii. iii.
EXAMPLE 10: HISTOGRAM & FREQUENCY POLYGON
Given the following data, construct the: Histogram Frequency Polygon Less than Ogive Amount received (RM) by 50 children for Hari Raya. 95 101 126 114 134 117 148 103 110 125 144 112 83 136 116 129 114 132 105 118 122 110 136 124 91 148 125 89 133 95 105 135 108 123 108 137 114 124 118 119 117 93 115 117 100 106 104 115 128 105
47 48
12
3/31/2013
EXAMPLE 10: HISTOGRAM & FREQUENCY POLYGON

Amount received (RM) (class limit) 80 and less than 90 90 and less than 100 No. of children Class boundary (frequency, f) Class midpoint (x) Cumulative frequency
LESS THAN OGIVE

Amount received (RM) Less than 79.5 Less than 89.5 Less than 99.5 Less than 109.5 Less than 119.5 Less than 129.5 Less than 139.5 Less than 149.5 Cumulative frequency 0
Total
49 50
HOMEWORK
Do
Review Questions 3 pg. 61-64
51
13

CHAPTER 3 - Latest PDF

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

CHAPTER 3 - Latest PDF

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

3/31/2013

PREPARED BY SANIZAH AHMAD

ORGANIZING AND GRAPHING DATA

Frequency distribution Pie chart Bar chart

ORGANIZING & GRAPHING QUALITATIVE DATA

ORGANIZING & GRAPHING QUALITATIVE DATA

1. FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION (TABLE) Table consisting of columns and rows. Example 1

PROCEDURE FOR CONSTRUCTING FREQUENCY TABLE

Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4

f = frequency of the class and n = total number of values.

Construct a frequency distribution for the data

Find the totals for columns C (frequency) and D (percent).

PROCEDURE FOR CONSTRUCTING A PIE CHART

Pie Chart using data in Example 1

II) CLUSTER BAR CHART

16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 Urban Suburban Rural

III) STACKED BAR CHART

40 35 30 25 20 15 10 Rural Suburban Urban

4. CROSS TABULATION/CONTINGENCY TABLE

Location Urban Suburban Rural Total

Cross tabulation between location and education level

ORGANIZING & GRAPHING QUANTITATIVE DATA

ORGANIZING AND GRAPHING QUANTITATIVE DATA

PROCEDURE OF CONSTRUCTING STEM-ANDLEAF PLOT

EXAMPLE 5 (UNGROUPED DATA)

EXAMPLE 6 (GROUPED DATA)

110 134 123 113 123 121

2. UNGROUPED FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION

2. GROUPED FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION

TERMINOLOGIES OF FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION

TERMINOLOGIES OF FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION iii. Class midpoint

30 and less than 50 50 and less than 70 70 and less than 90 30 49 50 69 70 89 30 50 50 70 70 90

30 49 29.5 49.5 39.5 or 39.5 2 2 iv. Cumulative frequency

QMT412 Business Statistics

QMT412 Business Statistics

CONSTRUCTING A FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION TABLE

Step 1 Determine the classes

a) Find the highest value, H and lowest value, L.

CONSTRUCTING A FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION TABLECONT. Step 2 Tally the data

(Extra step for cumulative frequency distribution/ogive)

QMT412 Business Statistics 35 36

QMT412 Business Statistics

TABLE: FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF TEMPERATURE

GRAPHIC PRESENTATION OF FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION

Refer textbook pg. 5356. i. Histogram

Y-axis: frequency X-axis: class boundary

ii. Frequency polygon

iii. Ogive/Cumulative frequency curve(less than)

PROCEDURE FOR CONSTRUCTING HISTOGRAM

PROCEDURE FOR CONSTRUCTING FREQUENCY POLYGON

8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0.5 10.5 20.5 30.5 40.5 50.5 60.5 70.5 80.5

5. CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION & OGIVE

PROCEDURE FOR CONSTRUCTING OGIVE

30 20 10 0 0 10.5 21 31.5 42 52.5 63 73.5 84 94.5

TABLE: CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION

Class Limit (Temp, F)

Class Midpoint (X)

8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0.5 10.5 20.5 30.5 40.5 50.5 60.5 70.5 80.5

30 20 10 0 0 10.5 21 31.5 42 52.5 63 73.5 84 94.5

QMT412 Business Statistics

EXAMPLE 10: HISTOGRAM & FREQUENCY POLYGON

EXAMPLE 10: HISTOGRAM & FREQUENCY POLYGON

LESS THAN OGIVE