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S./01 2/I0(# .3( "(RI40I5 .67L( 4, (L()(N.S

The Periodic Table is a very important tool for chemists. It arranges all the elements in an informative grid that allows the viewer to predict characteristics of the elements based upon their positions in the table. 3i tor8 o* the "eriodi9 .a:le A Russian chemist, 0;itri )endeleev, is known as the ,ather o* the "eriodi9 .a:le o* (le;ent < and is credited with developing this table in !"#. At that time, scientists had identified "$ elements. )endeleev or!ani=ed the e ele;ent a99ordin! to their ato;i9 wei!ht . As he began to place them in order, he discovered a pattern of valence electrons. The first seven elements had valences of , %, $, &, $, %, , and then the pattern repeated. 'hen arranged in columns, he also discovered that all the ele;ent in a 9olu;n had the a;e nu;:er o* valen9e ele9tron . (ince not all elements had been discovered at that time, he left gaps in his table so that the remaining spaces could be used for future elements that would complete his pattern. These gaps were later filled with the elements that appear in )roup (i* in the current table and with the group that+s now called the ,anthanides, or preferably the ,anthanoids. There were no atomic numbers on -endeleev+s first periodic table. 3enr8 )o ele8 *ir t arran!ed the ele;ent a99ordin! to their ato;i9 nu;:er in 187>. This solved a few problems that were apparent in -endeleev+s table, and the current table is still arranged by atomic numbers. ?uliu Lothar )e8er produ9ed a i;ilar ver ion o* the ta:le at a:out the a;e ti;e. .owever, his table was not actually published until !/0, nearly a year after -endeleev published his version.

"a!e @, "(RI40I5 .67L( 2eneral In*or;ation a:out the "eriodi9 .a:le As of 1anuary %/, %00!, 117 9he;i9al ele;ent have :een 9on*ir;ed. 2inety3two of these are found naturally on 4arth and the remaining %5 elements have been produced artificially in particle accelerators. These artificially produced elements are all radioactive and have been created by bombarding uranium atoms with neutrons, carbon nuclei, and other subatomic particles. Although neptunium and plutonium, which appear as elements #% and #$, are listed as synthetic, they have also been found in e*tremely small amounts on the 4arth. 4lement ! is still in debate. It was first isolated in ###, but the official discovery report was retracted. It was again isolated in %000 by ,awrence ,ivermore 2ational ,aboratory and their partners at 6ubna 2uclear Research 7enter, but I8PA7 9International 8nion of Pure and Applied 7hemistry: has not yet accepted it as an official element. "eriod There are 7 hori=ontal row in the table. .he e hori=ontal row are 9alled period . As you move from left to right in a period, the chemical properties of the elements slowly change from metallic to nonmetallic. 4ach period ends with an inert, noble gas. Period contains only two elements, hydrogen and helium. .he nu;:er o* the period reveal the nu;:er o* the outer;o t ener!8 level that the valen9e ele9tron o* an ato; o99up8. ;or e*ample, the valence electrons for every element in period $ are located in the third energy level. Aalen9e ele9tron are the ele9tron that appear in an ato;B outer;o t hell. Two rows of elements are located under the main body of the Periodic Table. The top row includes 5 elements having atomic numbers from 5/ to / . They were initially called the ,anthanides but are now called the Lanthanoid . They should be positioned between barium and hafnium in Period " of the table, and directly beneath yttrium in )roup $. .owever, they are placed at the bottom to avoid a bulge< in the table. The ,anthanoids are all silvery, soft metals that tarnish easily. They have high melting and boiling points. The second row of elements that is located below the main table was initially called the Actinides, but are now more preferably called the 69tinoid . These 5 elements have atomic numbers from !# to 0$ and fit into the table between radium and unnil=uadium and directly under yttrium. All Actinoid elements are radioactive metals with positively charged ions. They often form compounds with nonmetals. They are very dense and form many allotropes. They release hydrogen gas when combined with boiling water or diluted acids and tarnish =uickly in air. The Lanthanoid and the 69tinoid are 9olle9tivel8 9alled the R6R( (6R.3 (L()(N.S or R6R( (6R.3 )(.6LS. They are included in )roup $ on the Periodic Table of 4lements. (ome chemists also include scandium and yttrium as rare earth elements since they are located in the same group.

"a!e 3, "(RI40I5 .67L( 2roup The table is divided into 18 verti9al 9olu;n 9alled !roup . 9A few te*ts still refer to them as families, but groups is the preferred name.: The elements in each group share many similarities and have the same number of valence electrons in their outer orbit. If an atom has only one electron in its outer shell, it has a valence of > . )roup is located on the left side of the table, and )roup ! is the last group located on the right side of the table. 2R4/" 1 $*or;erl8 Cnown a 2roup I6%D.6lCali )etal 2roup ;e;:er # lithiu;, odiu;, pota iu;, ru:idiu;, 9e iu;, *ran9iu; Although hydrogen appears at the top of this group, it is not considered an alkali metal. 536R65.(RIS.I5S? @ery reactive metals with reactivity increasing from lithium to cesium 6o not occur freely in nature .ave one electron in the outer shell 9one valence electron: ,ose this electron during ionic bonding with other elements to create molecules -etals React easily with nonmetals, especially the halogens (oft and can be cut with a knife -alleable 6uctile )ood conductors of electricity and heat 7an e*plode if e*posed to water so they+re stored in mineral oil in the laboratory .ave the properties of an acid .ave low melting points and boiling temperatures 2R4/" @ $*or;all8 Cnown a 2roup II6%D. 6lCaline (arth )etal 2roup ;e;:er # :er8lliu;, ;a!ne iu;, 9al9iu;, trontiu;, :ariu;, radiu; 536R65.(RIS.I5S 2ot found freely in natureA found only in compounds in the 4arth+s crust .ave two electrons in their outer shell -ost often form ionic bonds by losing these two electrons when bonding 9Beryllium and magnesium do form both ionic and covalent bonds.: @ery reactive .ave the properties of a base React with water but not as e*plosively as the Alkali -etals (ofter than most metals, but harder than the Alkali -etals (hiny .ave a white or silvery color

"a!e >, "(RI40I5 .67L( 2R4/"S 3 E 1@C. .ran ition )etal $*or;erl8 9alled# 2roup 3# III7, 2roup ># IA7, 2roup &# A7, 2roup 6# AI7, 2roup 7# AII7, 2roup 8# AIII7, 2roup 9# AIII7, 2roup 10# AIII7, 2roup 11# I7, 2roup 1@# II7% .here are 38 transition metals# 9andiu;, titaniu;, vanadiu;, 9hro;iu;, ;an!ane e, iron, 9o:alt, ni9Cel, 9opper, =in9, 8ttriu;, =ir9oniu;, nio:iu;, ;ol8:denu;, te9hnetiu;, rutheniu;, rhodiu;, palladiu;, ilver, 9ad;iu;, ha*niu;, tantalu;, tun! ten, rheniu;, o ;iu;, iridiu;, platinu;, !old, ;er9ur8, ruther*ordiu;, du:niu;, ea:or!iu;, :ohriu;, ha iu;, ;eitneriu;, ununniliu;, unununiu;, unun:iu; 536R65.(RIS.I5S )ood conductors of electricity and heat .ard, brittle metals 9e*cept for li=uid mercury: .ave high melting points 8sually have or % valence electrons, which they lose upon bonding .ave valence electrons that are present in more than one shell 6uctile -alleable 4*hibit common o*idation states 2R4/" 13 $*or;erl8 Cnown a 2roup III6%C7oron 2roup 2roup ;e;:er # :oron, alu;inu;, !alliu;, indiu;, thalliu; 536R65.(RIS.I5S .ave $ valence electrons (oft, silvery metals 9with the e*ception of boron: 2ot found free in nature but are present in minerals and ores 2R4/" 1> $*or;erl8 Cnown a 2roup IA6%..5ar:on 2roup 2roup ;e;:er # 9ar:on, ili9on, !er;aniu;, tin, lead 536R65.(RIS.I5S .ave & valence electrons which they usually share when bonding. ;orm tetrahalides Are important for life and computer functions

"a!e &, "(RI40I5 .67L( 2R4/" 1& $*or;erl8 9alled 2roup A6%C"ni9to!en or Nitro!en 2roup 2roup ;e;:er # nitro!en, pho phoru , ar eni9, anti;on8, :i ;uth 536R65.(RIS.I5S .ave 5 valence electrons which they tend to share when bonding .ave % valence electrons in the s sub3shell and $ in the p sub3shell. 2R4/" 16 9formerly called )roup @IB or @IA: 5hal9o!en or 4-8!en 2roup 2roup ;e;:er # o-8!en, ul*ur, eleniu;, telluriu;, poloniu; 536R65.(RIS.I5S .ave " valence electrons 8sually have an o*idation level of 3% 2R4/" 17 $,or;erl8 9alled 2roup AII6% .he 3alo!en 2roup ;e;:er # *luorine, 9hlorine, :ro;ine, iodine, a tatine 536R65.(RIS.I5S 2eed only one electron to complete their outer shell 8sually ac=uire the needed electron during bonding ;orm acids with hydrogen ;orm salts when chemically combined with a metal Are nonmetals Are not found freely in nature due to high reactivity levels 4*ist as diatomic molecules at room temperature Able to o*idiDe .ave / electrons in their outer shells .ave an o*idation number of 3 The most active of the nonmetals React easily with the alkali metals 2R4/" 18 $*or;erl8 9alled 2roup AIII6 or inert !a e % No:le 2a e 2roup ;e;:er # heliu;, neon, ar!on, Cr8pton, -enon, radon 536R65.(RIS.I5S# )ases Euter shells are completely filled with electrons 2ot reactiveA do not readily form compounds .ave low boiling temperatures ;ound in minute =uantities in the atmosphere -onatomic atoms 6iscovered by 'illiam Ramsey in !#&

"a!e 6, "(RI40I5 .67L( )(.6LS, N4N)(.6LS, 6N0 )(.6LL4I0S All elements are listed in increasing order of their atomic numbers, with metals appearing on the left side of the table and nonmetals appearing on the right side. The most active metal is located in the lower left corner of the table and the most active nonmetal is located in the upper right3hand corner of the chart. (eventy3five percent of all the elements are metals. "ropertie o* )etal (hiny 9,uster: -alleable 6uctile )ood conductors of heat and electricity 8sually solids at room temperature .igh density 9heavy for their siDe: .igh melting points ,ose electrons easily 7orrode easily 9rust or tarnish: "ropertie o* Non;etal 6ull Brittle Poor conductors of heat and electricity 2ot malleable or ductile 8sually gases at room temperature ,ow density 9light for their siDe: ,ow melting points Tend to gain electrons A bold, stair3step 9Dig3Dag: line on the right side of the table divides the metals from the nonmetals. All elements on the left side of this line are metals, and those to the right of the line are non3metals. 4lements with sides that touch at least one side of this line, with the e*ception of aluminum and sometimes astatine, have characteristics of both metals and non3metals. They are called ;etalloid . 6 li t o* the ele;ent that are ;etalloid # :oron, ili9on, !er;aniu;, ar eni9, anti;on8, telluriu;, poloniu; FFF"lea e note that a *ew our9e do not 9on ider poloniu; a ;etalloid. 4ther our9e in9lude a tatine. "ropertie o* ;etalloid # (olids at room temperature 6uctile -alleable Are often good semi3conductors 7an be shiny or dull

"a!e 7, "(RI40I5 .67L( Individual :o-e on the ta:le Although Period Tables vary slightly in their design, each individual bo* in the standard periodic table includes four basic informational facts about the element. . The element+s name %. The element+s chemical symbol $. The element+s atomic number &. The element+s atomic mass -any periodic tables also indicate the element+s state of matter by color3coding the bo* or the element+s symbol or name. The atomic number appears at the top of each bo*. This indicates the number of protons 9and thus the number of electrons: in one atom of the element. The atomic mass appears beneath the element+s name and symbol. (ince electrons have little mass, the atomic mass indicates the mass of the protons and neutrons in the nucleus of the atom and thus reveals the total number of protons and neutrons found in one atom. The atomic mass is given in decimal form because it is an average of the different isotopes of an element. 7lo9C The Periodic Table can also be divided into four blocks, which are sets of adFacent columns on the table. .he e *our :lo9C are na;ed a*ter the u: hell , p, d, and *. The number of columns in each block is e=ual to the number of electrons that can occupy that atom+s subshell. .he ':lo9C The elements in )roups and % plus hydrogen and helium are in the s3block. The s3block consists of two columns. Thus those elements in this block have a ma*imum of % electrons that can occupy the single orbital in an s3subshell. .he d':lo9C The elements in )roups $ to % 9the transition metals: are in the d3block. This block consists of 0 columns, so a ma*imum of 0 electrons can occupy the five orbitals in a d3subshell. .he p':lo9C The elements in )roups $ to ! compose the p3block. (ince there are " columns in this block, a ma*imum of " electrons can occupy the three orbitals in a p3subshell. .he *':lo9C The f block contains the lanthanoids and the actinoids, which e*pand over & columns. These elements have a ma*imum of & electrons that can occupy the seven orbitals in an f3subshell.

"a!e 8, "(RI40I5 .67L( .he 0i 9over8 o* the (le;ent (everal of the chemical elements were di 9overed durin! prehi tori9 ti;e . The following elements were isolated prior to A.6., and no information on their actual discoveries has been recorded? !old, ilver, 9opper, iron, lead, tin, ;er9ur8, ul*ur, and 9ar:on. The elements ar eni9, anti;on8, :i ;uth and =in9 were also Cnown to hu;an :e*ore 1600 6.0. The following chart lists discovery information about %5 of the more common chemical elements. The recorded year is the year that the element was isolated. (le;entB na;e . hydrogen %. o*ygen $. nitrogen &. chlorine 5. fluorine ". /. !. #. 0. . %. $. &. 5. ". /. !. #. %0. % . %%. sodium potassium barium calcium nickel helium uranium iodine silicon cobalt neon krypton polonium radium radon argon aluminum 0i 9overer .enry 7avendish 1oseph Priestly and Garl (cheele 9independently of each other: 6aniel Rutherford Garl (cheele Garl (cheele 9discovered, // : Isolated by .enri -oissan .umphry 6avy .umphry 6avy .umphry 6avy .umphry 6avy A*el 7ronstedt Pierre 1anssen -artin Glaproth 9discovered, /!#: Isolated by 4ugene Peligot Bernard 7ourtois 1ons BerDelius )eorg Brandt 'illiam Ramsay and -orris Travers 'illiam Ramsay and -orris Travers -arie and Pierre 7urie -arie 7urie ;riedrich 6orn 1ohn Rayleigh and 'illiam Ramsay .ans Eersted Also attributed to ;riedrich 'ohler Isolated by 1uan 1ose 4lhuyar and ;austo 4lhuyar .ennig Brand ,ouis32icols @au=uelin 1ear /"" //& //% //& !!" !0/ !0/ !0! !0! /$0 !"! !& ! !%$ /$0 !#! !#! !#! !#! #00 !#& !%& !%/ /!$ ""# /#!

%$. tungsten %&. phosphorus %5. chromium

"a!e 9, "(RI40I5 .67L( (L()(N. .RIAI6 . 6lu;inu; $6l% is the most abundant metal in the 4arth+s crust. %. Iron $,e% is the most widely used metal in the world. $. 7ro;ine $7r% and )er9ur8 $3!% are the only two elements that are li=uids at room temperature. )er9ur8 $3!% is the only common metal that is a li=uid at room temperature. &. 4-8!en $4% is the most common element found in the human body. 5ar:on $5% is the second most abundant element in the body. 5. 5eriu; $5e% is the most abundant rare earth metal. ". 5hlorine $5l% is a yellowish3green gas that is e*tremely to*ic. /. 2old $6u% is the most malleable and ductile metal. !. (uropiu; $(u% is the most active member of the ,anthanoids. #. ,luorine $,% is the lightest and most active halogen. 0. 5ar:on $5% is found in all living organisms. . 7er8lliu; $7e% is the lightest member of the alkaline earth metals. %. 6lu;inu; $6l% is combined with o*ygen in bau*ite, a common ore. $. 5ar:on $5% has the highest melting point and the highest sublimation point of any element. &. Sodiu; $Na% is a silvery metal that e*plodes when it comes in contact with water. 5. Nitro!en $N% is the most abundant element in the 4arth+s atmosphere, composing about /!H of our air. ". 4-8!en $4% combines with all other elements e*cept the noble gases and fluorine. /. .un! ten $W% has the highest melting point of any metal found on 4arth. It is often used for filaments in light bulbs. !. An iodine $I% deficiency in the human body can result in a goiter. #. .e9hnetiu; $.9% was the first man3made element. 9 #$/: %0. Erganic chemistry specialiDes in the study of 9ar:on $5% and its compounds.

"a!e 10, "(RI40I5 .67L( )4R( (L()(N. .RIAI6 .he & ;o t 9o;;on ele;ent in the (arthB 9ru t# . o*ygen %. silicon $. aluminum &. iron 5. calcium .he > ;o t a:undant ele;ent in the univer e# . hydrogen %. helium $. o*ygen &. carbon .he & ;o t a:undant ele;ent in the hu;an :od8# . o*ygen %. carbon $. hydrogen &. nitrogen 5. calcium .he & !a . %. $. &. 5. (le;ent . %. $. &. 5. ". /. !. #. 0. e that 9o;po e nearl8 all o* the (arthB at;o phere# nitrogen o*ygen argon carbon dio*ide neon that have :een na;ed *or people# curium -arie and Pierre 7urie einsteinium Albert 4instein fermium 4nrico ;ermi lawrencium 4rnest ,awrence seaborgium )lenn (eaborg rutherfordium 4rnest Rutherford nobelium Alfred 2obel roentgenium 'ilhelm Roentgen mendelevium 6mitri -endeleev meitnerium ,isa -eitner

"a!e 11, "(RI40I5 .67L( (le;ent . %. $. &. 5. ". /. !. #. that have :een na;ed a*ter pla9e ? Americium America Berkelium Berkeley 8niversity 7alifornium 7alifornia Polonium Poland 4uropium 4urope )ermanium )ermany .assium .esse, )ermany Itterbium and Ittrium Itterby, (weden 6ubnium 6ubna, Russia

,la;e te t to identi*8 ;etalli9 ele;ent -any metallic elements can be identified by a flame test. The following list indicates the color that these metals will turn when placed in an open flame. . barium green 9pale green: %. calcium red, orange, or red3orange $. sodium yellow &. rubidium purplish3pink 5. potassium lilac or violet ". lithium red 9crimson: /. indium blue !. magnesium white #. lead blue 0. iron gold 9yellow: