NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL Monterey, California

CROSSBOW REPORT
CROSSBOW VOLUME ( by The System Engineering & Integration Curriculum Students December 2001 Project Ad isor! Project Co%ad isor! Distri !tion State"ent A##ro$e% for #! li& release' %istri !tion !nli"ite% "aymond #ranc$ Patric$ Par$er

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REPORT DOCUMENTAT(ON PAGE

Form Approved OMB No. 0704-0188

Public re.orting burden /or this collection o/ in/ormation is estimated to a erage 1 hour .er res.onse0 including the time /or re ie1ing instruction0 searching e2isting data sources0 gathering and maintaining the data needed0 and com.leting and re ie1ing the collection o/ in/ormation3 Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other as.ect o/ this collection o/ in/ormation0 including suggestions /or reducing this burden0 to 4ashington head5uarters Ser ices0 Directorate /or In/ormation ).erations and "e.orts0 1216 7e//erson Da is &igh1ay0 Suite 12080 Arlington0 9A 22202%8:020 and to the )//ice o/ ;anagement and ,udget0 Pa.er1or$ "eduction Project <0=08%01>>? 4ashington DC 2060:3
)* AGENC+ USE ONL+ (Leave blank) ,* REPORT DATE 1> )ctober 2002 -* REPORT T+PE AND DATES COVERED SEI%2 Project "e.ort0 Dec 2000 @ Dec 2001 /* 0UND(NG NUMBERS

.* T(TLE AND SUBT(TLE! Title <;i2 case letters? C")SS,)4 1* AUTHOR2S3 M!l%oon, Ri&4ar% et* al* 5* PER0ORM(NG ORGAN(6AT(ON NAME2S3 AND ADDRESS2ES3 (a al Postgraduate School ;onterey0 CA A:A8:%6000 8* SPONSOR(NG 9 MON(TOR(NG AGENC+ NAME2S3 AND ADDRESS2ES3 (BA

7* PER0ORM(NG ORGAN(6AT(ON REPORT NUMBER SEI2%001 ):* SPONSOR(NG 9 MON(TOR(NG AGENC+ REPORT NUMBER

))* SUPPLEMENTAR+ NOTES The ie1s e2.ressed in this thesis are those o/ the author and do not re/lect the o//icial .olicy or .osition o/ the De.artment o/ De/ense or the C3S3 'o ernment3 ),a* D(STR(BUT(ON 9 AVA(LAB(L(T+ STATEMENT ), * D(STR(BUT(ON CODE Distribution Statement <mi2 case letters?

)-* ABSTRACT (maximum 200 words)

Distributing na al combat .o1er into many small shi.s and unmanned air ehicles that ca.italiDe on emerging technology o//ers a trans/ormational 1ay to thin$ about na al combat in the littorals in the 2020 time/rame3 Project C")SS,)4 is an engineered system o/ systems that .ro.oses to use such distributed /orces to .ro ide /or1ard .resence0 to gain and maintain access0 to .ro ide sea control0 and to .roject combat .o1er in the littoral regions o/ the 1orld3 Project C")SS,)4 is the result o/ a yearlong0 cam.us%1ide0 integrated research systems engineering e//ort in ol ing 80 student researchers and 16 su.er ising /aculty members3 This re.ort <9olume I? summariDes the C")SS,)4 .roject3 It catalogs the major /eatures o/ each o/ the com.onents0 and includes by re/erence a se.arate olume /or each o/ the major systems <shi.s0 aircra/t0 and logistics?3 It also .resents the results o/ the mission and cam.aign analyses that in/ormed the trade% o//s bet1een these com.onents3 It describes certain /unctions o/ C")SS,)4 in detail through s.ecialiDed su..orting studies3 The student 1or$ .resented here is technologically /easible0 integrated0 and imaginati e3 This student .roject cannot by itsel/ .ro ide de/initi e designs or analyses co ering such a broad to.ic3 It does strongly suggest that the underlying conce.ts ha e merit and deser e /urther serious study by the (a y as it trans/orms itsel/3

).* SUB;ECT TERMS< littoral combat0 unmanned ehicles0 na al trans/ormation0 distributed /orces

)/* NUMBER O0 PAGES 18: )1* PR(CE CODE

)5* SECUR(T+ CLASS(0(CAT(ON O0 REPORT Cnclassi/ied

(S( =680%01%2>0%6600

)7* SECUR(T+ CLASS(0(CAT(ON O0 TH(S PAGE Cnclassi/ied

)8* SECUR(T+ ,:* L(M(TAT(ON CLASS(0(CAT(ON O0 O0 ABSTRACT ABSTRACT Cnclassi/ied C* Standard #orm 2A> <"e 3 2%>A?
Prescribed by A(SI Std3 2:A%1>

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CROSSBOW A!t4ors
Ri&4ar% C* M!l%oon, CDR, USN ,3S30 C3S3 (a al Academy =4eeLoon >Ri&4ar%? 0oo, Ma@or, SA0 ,3E30 9ictoria Cni ersity o/ ;anchester Hoi =oA >Daniel? SieB , Ma@or, SA0 ;3,3A30 (anyang Technological Cni ersity C4eoB SianC NC, Ma@or, SA0 ;3E30 Singa.ore (ational De/ense Academy Vi&tor +eo, Ma@or, SA0 ;3E30 ;anchester Institute o/ Science and Technology0 CPa!l C4eB, Ma@or, SA0 ;3E30 ,ristol Cni ersity & Im.erial College o/ Science0 Technology and ;edicine0 CTenC C4ye ?LaBren&e? Li", Ma@or, SA0 ;3E30 Associate o/ City & 'uilds Institute & Im.erial College o/ Science0 Technology and ;edicine0 CC4!n Ho&A SnC, Ma@or, SA0 ,3Eng30 (ational Cni ersity o/ Singa.ore =eit4 ;!%e Ho, Ca#t, SA0 ;3E30 Cambridge Cni ersity0 CDa$i% Ba!er, LT USN ,3S30 )hio State Cni ersity Ste$en, B* Carroll, LT, USN ,3S30 The Cni ersity o/ the State o/ (e1 +or$ Glen, B* D!ast, LT, USN ,3S30 (e1 School /or Social "esearch Lan&e, Lantier, LT, USN ,3S30 C3S3 (a al Academy Br!&e, S&4!ette, LT, USN ,3S30 C3S3 (a al Academy Pa!l, R* DarlinC, LT, USN ,3S30 Cni ersity o/ Central #lorida

Submitted in .artial /ul/illment o/ the re5uirements /or the degree o/

MASTER O0 SC(ENCE (N S+STEMS ENG(NEER(NG E (NTEGRAT(ON E MASTER O0 SC(ENCE (N S+STEMS (NTEGRAT(ON /rom the NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL De&e" er ,::) A..ro ed by! EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE "aymond #ranc$0 Project Ad isor EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE Patric$ Par$er0 Co%Ad isor EEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEEE Phil DePoy0 Chair0 Systems Engineering Academic Committee iii

T&IS PA'E I(TE(TI)(A**+ *E#T ,*A(-

ED(TOR(AL COMMENT

The students 1ho .re.ared the 1or$ in this document graduated in December 20013 The (PS /aculty acce.ted the res.onsibility /or the /inal assembly and editing o/ this re.ort3 The e2tensi e assistance o/ Pro/essors FChi.G #ranc$0 Patric$ Par$er0 and ;i$e So ereign is grate/ully ac$no1ledged3 ;s3 "ena &enderson contributed signi/icant technical editorial assistance0 and her contributions are also grate/ully ac$no1ledged3 Editorial errors that remain are my res.onsibility3 Credit and attendant res.onsibility /or the content remain 1ith the students <and their ad isors?3 An archi e o/ all /i e olumes o/ the /inal C")SS,)4 re.ort is maintained at htt.!BB1113n.s3na y3milBseaBcrossbo1Binde23htm3

Da$i% H* OlBell Syste"s EnCineerinC an% Analysis A&a%e"i& Asso&iate O&to er ,::,

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ABSTRACT

Distributing na al combat .o1er into many small shi.s and unmanned air ehicles that ca.italiDe on emerging technology o//ers a trans/ormational 1ay to thin$ about na al combat in the littorals in the 2020 time/rame3 Project C")SS,)4 is an engineered system o/ systems that .ro.oses to use such distributed /orces to .ro ide /or1ard .resence0 to gain and maintain access0 to .ro ide sea control0 and to .roject combat .o1er in the littoral regions o/ the 1orld3 Project C")SS,)4 is the result o/ a yearlong0 cam.us%1ide0 integrated research systems engineering e//ort in ol ing 80 student researchers and 16 su.er ising /aculty members3 This re.ort <9olume I? summariDes the C")SS,)4 .roject3 It catalogs the major /eatures o/ each o/ the com.onents0 and includes by re/erence a se.arate olume /or each o/ the major systems <shi.s0 aircra/t0 and logistics?3 It also .resents the results o/ the mission and cam.aign analyses that in/ormed the trade%o//s bet1een these com.onents3 It describes certain /unctions o/ C")SS,)4 in detail through s.ecialiDed su..orting studies3 The student 1or$ .resented here is technologically /easible0 integrated0 and imaginati e3 This student .roject cannot by itsel/ .ro ide de/initi e designs or analyses co ering such a broad to.ic3 It does strongly suggest that the underlying conce.ts ha e merit and deser e /urther serious study by the (a y as it trans/orms itsel/3

ii

T&IS PA'E I(TE(TI)(A**+ *E#T ,*A(-

iii

TABLE O0 CONTENTS

ED(TOR(AL COMMENT ABSTRACT TABLE O0 CONTENTS L(ST O0 0(GURES L(ST O0 TABLES L(ST O0 ACRON+MS

$ $ii iF Fi$ F$ F$ii

(* CROSSBOW PROBLEM DE0(N(T(ON AND SCOPE FiF A* BAC=GROUND********************************************************************************************FiF )*CROSSBOW Pro@e&t (n&e#tion *********************************************************FiF ,* Ti"inC***************************************************************************************************FF -* Pro@e&t OrCaniGation***************************************************************************FF .* Constraints ****************************************************************************************FFii B* 0ORCE LEVEL ASSUMPT(ONS AND =E+ CONS(DERAT(ONS****FFiii )* (ntro%!&tion**************************************************************************************FFiii ,* Ass!"#tions Ma%e W4ile DefininC t4e CROSSBOW 0or&e*******FFiii -* =ey Consi%erations ************************************************************************FFi$ C* CROSSBOW M(SS(ON AND CONCEPT O0 OPERAT(ONS***************FF$ )* 0orBar% Presen&e******************************************************************************FF$ ,* T4e Littoral **************************************************************************************FF$i -*A&&ess an% Es&alation ***********************************************************************FF$i .* T4e CROSSBOW A%$antaCe ********************************************************FF$ii /*CROSSBOW Missions an% O#erational Con&e#ts*************************FFiF D* M(L(TAR+ THREAT ASSESSMENT****************************************************FFF$ )* T4reat O$er$ieB******************************************************************************FFF$ ,* C!rrent General T4reat*****************************************************************FFF$i -* Nat!re of 0!t!re T4reats*************************************************************FFF$iii .* (nsiC4ts 0ro" Ca"#aiCn Analyses*****************************************************Fl /* Botto"HLine Assess"ent**********************************************************************Fl (i* CROSSBOW CAMPA(GN ANAL+S(S Fliii A* THE ;O(NT CAMPA(GN ANAL+S(S COURSE************************************Fliii )* W4at is Ca"#aiCn AnalysisI ***********************************************************Fliii ,* Na$al Sal$o Mo%el***********************************************************************Fliii -* Li"itations of Ca"#aiCn Analysis*********************************************Fli$ .*St!%ent MiniHSt!%ies**************************************************************************Fli$ B* CROSSBOW M(N(HSTUD(ES********************************************************************Fli$ )*MiniHSt!%ies O @e&ti$es*********************************************************************Fli$ ,* MiniHst!%y S&enarios of Military O#erations Ot4er t4an War 2MOOTW3 an% S"all S&ale Confli&t 2SSC3*******************************Fl$i i2

-* MiniHst!%y s&enarios of T4eater War 2TW3 an% Ma@or T4eater War 2MTW3******************************************************************************************Fl$ii C* 0(ND(NGS AND RECOMMENDAT(ONS*********************************************Fl$iii )*Uni$ersal 0in%inCs****************************************************************************Fl$iii ,*S#e&ifi& 0in%inCs*********************************************************************************FliF (((* 0(NAL CROSSBOW CON0(GURAT(ON E CAPAB(L(T(ES*************************liii A* SUMMAR+ O0 SEA ARCHER CAPAB(L(T(ES E CHARACTER(ST(CS****************************************************************************liii B* CROSSBOW A(R W(NG CAPAB(L(T(ES E CHARACTER(ST(CS * l$iii )* Ba&ACro!n%****************************************************************************************l$iii ,* SEA ARROW***************************************************************************************liF -* Payloa%s an% Missions S!""ary*******************************************************lFi .* M!ltiH"ission S!##ort UAV********************************************************lFii /* M!ltiH"ission Heli&o#ter MHH1: ***************************************************lFi$ C* SUMMAR+ O0 SEA LANCE (( CAPAB(L(T(ES E CHARACTER(ST(CS *************************************************************************lFi$ )* Ba&ACro!n%***************************************************************************************lFi$ ,* SEA LANCE (( ReJ!ire"ents*******************************************************lF$ -* S!""ary of SEA LANCE ((***********************************************************lF$i D* SUMMAR+ O0 LOG(ST(CS 0(ND(NGS***********************************************lF$iii )* (ntro%!&tion an% P!r#ose***************************************************************lF$iii ,* Met4o%oloCy9A##roa&4*********************************************************************lFiF -* Res!lts< T4e Sele&te% Te&4noloCies *************************************************lFiF (V* CONCLUS(ONS AND RECOMMENDAT(ONS lFF$ A*WHAT WE LEARNED WH(LE DE0(N(NG THE CROSSBOW 0ORCE ****************************************************************************************************************lFF$ B* WHAT WE CONCLUDED A0TER DE0(N(NG THE 0ORCE*************lFF$ C* RECOMMENDAT(ONS 0OR 0URTHER STUD+*******************************lFF$i D* RECOMMENDAT(ONS 0OR TECHN(CAL AND OPERAT(ONAL DEVELOPMENT******************************************************************************lFF$iii

APPEND(CES 7) APPEND(K A* AN ANAL+S(S O0 D(STR(BUTED COMBAT S+STEMS ********************************************************************************************************************7, )* P!r#ose**************************************************************************************************7, ,* Met4o%oloCy9A##roa&4***********************************************************************7, -* Res!lts **************************************************************************************************7, APPEND(K B* AN EST(MAT(ON O0 CROSSBOW ACDU(S(T(ON AND OPERAT(NG AND SUPPORT COSTS************************************************7. )* P!r#ose**************************************************************************************************7. ,* Met4o%oloCy9A##roa&4***********************************************************************7. -* Res!lts **************************************************************************************************7/ APPEND(K C* AUTOMATED 0L(GHT DEC= AND A(RCRA0T HANDL(NG**********************************************************************************************75 )* W4y an a!to"ate% syste"I***************************************************************75 2

,* A!to"ate% syste" o$er$ieB***************************************************************75 .* T4e &ost of an a!to"ate% syste" ******************************************************78 /* A%$antaCes ot4er t4an &ost****************************************************************8: 1* Re&o""en%ations*******************************************************************************8: 8: APPEND(K D* AUTOMATED DAMAGE CONTROL 0OR REDUCED*8) MANN(NG 0OR 0UTURE SH(P DES(GNS*******************************************8) APPEND(K E* REDU(REMENT ANAL+S(S O0 AN A(RBORNE COMMUN(CAT(ONS NODE 2ACN3 (N SUPPORT O0 CROSSBOW OPERAT(ONS*****************************************************************************************8. )* P!r#ose of Resear&4 **************************************************************************8. ,*A##roa&4***********************************************************************************************8. -*Res!lts****************************************************************************************************8/ .*0olloBH!# A&tions*********************************************************************************81 APPEND(K 0* COMMUN(CAT(ON REDU(REMENTS 0OR CROSSBOWLS UAV*******************************************************************************87 )* P!r#ose**************************************************************************************************87 ,* Met4o%oloCy9A##roa&4***********************************************************************87 -* Res!lts **************************************************************************************************87 .* Con&l!sions***************************************************************************************):, APPEND(K G* AN ANAL+S(S O0 MULT(HSENSOR PA+LOADS 0OR THE CROSSBOW UAV***********************************************************************):)* P!r#ose************************************************************************************************):,* Met4o%oloCy9A##roa&4*********************************************************************):-* Res!lts E Con&l!sions***********************************************************************):1 APPEND(K H* CROSSBOW A(R DE0ENSE SU(TE*********************************):7 )* P!r#ose************************************************************************************************):7 ,* A##roa&4*******************************************************************************************):7 -* Res!lts ************************************************************************************************)): APPEND(K (* CROSSBOW M(NE COUNTERMEASURE AND TERM(NAL DE0ENSE WEAPONS **************************************************)))* P!r#ose************************************************************************************************)),* Met4o%oloCy9A##roa&4*********************************************************************))-*Res!lts *************************************************************************************************)). APPEND(K ;* H(GHHSPEED ANT(HSUBMAR(NE WAR0ARE************))8 )* P!r#ose************************************************************************************************))8 ,* Met4o%oloCy9A##roa&4*********************************************************************))8 -* Res!lts ************************************************************************************************),: .* S!""ary********************************************************************************************),APPEND(K =* A CONCEPT 0OR (W SU(TE (N CROSSBOW**************),. )* P!r#ose************************************************************************************************),. ,* Met4o%oloCy9A##roa&4*********************************************************************),. -* Con&e#t De$elo#"ent Pro&ess**********************************************************),/ .* Res!lts ************************************************************************************************),1 /* Con&l!sion******************************************************************************************),7 2i

APPEND(K L* =NOWLEDGE PROCESS AND S+STEM DES(GN 0OR CROSSBOW (SRT********************************************************************************)-: )* P!r#ose************************************************************************************************)-: ,* Met4o%oloCy9A##roa&4*********************************************************************)-: -* Res!lts ************************************************************************************************)-: APPEND(K M* TRA(N(NG**************************************************************************)-/ APPEND(K N* RE0UEL(NG (SSUES AND ALTERNAT(VES 0OR CROSSBOW******************************************************************************************)-5 )* P!r#ose************************************************************************************************)-5 ,* Met4o%oloCy9A##roa&4*********************************************************************)-5 -* Alternati$es ****************************************************************************************)-5 .* Res!lts*************************************************************************************************)-8 /* Con&l!sion******************************************************************************************)-8 (N(T(AL D(STR(BUT(ON L(ST ).)

2ii

T&IS PA'E I(TE(TI)(A**+ *E#T ,*A(-

2iii

L(ST O0 0(GURES

0iC!re )* CROSSBOW Pro@e&t OrCaniGation 0iC!re ,* CROSSBOW Missions 0iC!re -* SEA ARCHER Air WinC Air&raft 0iC!re .* 0o!r VieBs of t4e SEA ARROW 0iC!re /* M!ltiH"ission S!##ort UAV 0iC!re 1* SEA LANCE 0iC!re 5* S&4e"ati& of t4e Co" atant S#a&es 0iC!re 7* Cross oB LoCisti&s 0ra"eBorA 0iC!re 8* Plan VieB of HanCar De&A 0iC!re ):* To# VieB of 0liC4t De&A Test 0iC!re ))* Pro#ose% TCS syste" Ar&4ite&t!re 0iC!re ),* Cost $s* (%entifi&ation Val!e 0iC!re )-* Mo%el of CROSSBOW Air Defense for Bl!e Water 0iC!re ).* Mo%el of Air Defense for Littorals 0iC!re )/* Pro#ose% MCM Ar&4ite&t!re for CROSSBOW 0iC!re )1* Syste" EnCineerinC Pro&ess 0iC!re )5* 0iC!re )8* 0iC!re ,:* Con&e#t De$elo#"ent Pro&ess (OSS netBorA &onfiC!ration Pro#ose% CROSSBOW (SRT Pro&ess 0iC!re )7* Con&e#t!al (W S!ite Mission Pa&AaCes

FFi FFFii l$iii liF lFii lF$ lF$iii lFFi 78 8: ):: ):. ):8 ):8 ))/ ),/ ),1 ),5 ),7 )-) )-.

0iC!re ,)* ("#ro$e% CROSSBOW (SRT Pro&ess

2i

L(ST O0 TABLES

Ta le )* CROSSBOW 0or&e Co"#osition Ta le ,* Notional Cross oB 0or&e Co"#osition

FFFi Fl$i

Ta le -* Layere% StriAe an% Air Defense Con&e#t for CROSSBOW TasAfor&e l$ii Ta le .* Layere% S!rfa&e EnCaCe"ent Con&e#t for CROSSBOW TasAfor&e l$ii Ta le /* Layere% S! HS!rfa&e Defense for CROSSBOW TasAfor&e****l$iii Ta le 1* Co"#lian&e MatriF for Air&raft Ta le 5* Mission Profile for a 0o!rHNo%e ACN ConfiC!ration Ta le 7* Cost $s* Payloa% Perfor"an&e C4ara&teristi&s Ta le 8* Tra%eHoff Analysis Para"eters an% WeiC4tinCs Ta le ):* Baseline M!ltiHSensor Payloa% lFi 81 ):/ ):1 ):1

Ta le ))* Desire% O#erational C4ara&teristi&s of a RAM La!n&4er ranAe% y ))5 %eCree of i"#ortan&e ))5

2 i

L(ST O0 ACRON+MS

AC( AE4 AIT A;C; A;"AA; A"' AS")C ASC; AS; AS4 C8I CAI9 C,; CI(C C*# C)TS CSA" C9,' E)BI" ES; #AT I)C IS"T 7S# *T ;I) ;I4 ;(S ;))T4 ;TI ;TT" ;T4 (E) (PS (4C )A )* )"D P'; P&;S P*A(

Airborne Communication (ode Airborne early 1arning Automatic identi/ication technology Airborne mine counter%measures Ad anced medium range0 air%to%air missile Am.hibious ready grou. Anti%submarine roc$et Anti%shi. cruise missile Anti%shi. missile Anti%submarine 1ar/are Command0 control0 communications0 com.uters0 and intelligence Cost as an inde.endent ariable Condition based maintenance Commander in Chie/ Combat *ogistics #orce Commercial o// the shel/ Combat search and rescue Carrier ,attle grou. Electro%o.ticBIn/ra%red Electronic su..ort measures #ly a1ay team Initial ).erating Ca.ability Intelligence0 Sur eillance0 "econnaissance0 and Targeting 7oint Stri$e #ighter *ong Ton ;C; ;ine counter%measures ;aritime interdiction o.erations ;ine 1ar/are ;ission (eeds Statement ;ilitary ).erations )ther Than 4ar ;o ing Target Indicator ;ean time to re.air ;ajor Theater 4ar (on%combatant e acuation o.erations (a al Postgraduate School (a al 4ar College ).erational Analysis ).erational *ogistics ).erational "e5uirements Documents Precision 'uided Prognostic &ealth ;onitoring System Peo.leHs *iberation Army (a y 2 ii

P*A(A# P"C "CS "#I "#P "&I, SA" SDE SEAD SEI S* S(T SSC SSS TA9 T)C TSSE T4 CA9 CCA9 CC9 9AD; 9)D

Peo.leHs *iberation Army (a y Air #orce Peo.leHs "e.ublic o/ China "adar cross%section "eady /or installation "e5uest /or Pro.osal "igid hull in/latable boat Synthetic A.erture "adar Single de/inition engineering Su..ression o/ Enemy Air De/enses System Engineering and Integration SEA *A(CE Serial number trac$ing Small Scale Con/lict S.ecialiDed su..orting study Total asset isibility Total o1nershi. cost Total Shi. Systems Theater 4ar Cnmanned Aerial 9ehicle Cnmanned Combat Air 9ehicle Cnmanned Cnder1ater 9ehicles 9ice Admiral 9ertical onboard deli ery

2 iii

(*

CROSSBOW PROBLEM DE0(N(T(ON AND SCOPE

CROSSBOW: A hi h!s"eed# ra"idl$ de"lo$able# in%e ra%ed and dis%ribu%ed

naval &or'e wi%h a "rimar$ mission o& &orward "resen'e# li%%oral sea 'on%rol# &or'ed a''ess# and a''ess main%enan'e# in low %o modera%e %hrea% environmen%s around %he lobe( CROSSBOW is 'a"able o& au men%in and enhan'in 'arrier ba%%le rou" o"era%ions in hi h %hrea% environmen%s( The (a al Postgraduate School <(PS? C")SS,)4 "e.ort consists o/ /i e olumes0 o/ 1hich this is the /irst3 9olume I is a .roduct o/ the Systems Engineering and Integration <SEI? curriculum3 It integrates and summariDes C")SS,)4Is elements and missions and .ro ides conclusions and recommendations3 9olume II0 a .roduct o/ the Total Shi. Systems Engineering <TSSE? ca.stone design course0 .ro ides a detailed re.ort o/ the SEA A"C&E" shi. design3 9olume III0 a .roduct o/ the Aeronautics and Astronautics De.artmentIs ca.stone design course0 is a detailed re.ort o/ the SEA A"")4 aircra/t design3 9olume I90 a .roduct o/ the (PS 'raduate School o/ ,usiness and Public Policy0 .ro ides a C")SS,)4 logistics /rame1or$3 #inally0 9olume 9 is a re.ository /or the SEI C")SS,)4 S.ecialiDed Su..orting Studies0 as 1ell as arious bac$ground material and re/erences3

A*

BAC=GROUND )* CROSSBOW Pro@e&t (n&e#tion

The C")SS,)4 .roject too$ sha.e at the (a al Postgraduate School <(PS? in res.onse to an en5uiry by the President o/ the (a al 4ar College <(4C? in )ctober 20003 The central intent 1as to in estigate the e2tent to 1hich ne1 technology and a changing 1orld should cause the (a y to rethin$ the relati e merits o/ dis.ersion ersus concentration and the attendant economies o/ scale 1ith regard to na al /orces3 S.eci/ically0 he .ro.osed that (PS e2amine the /easibility o/0 and .otential /or0 the FC)"SAI"0G a ery small0 high%s.eed aircra/t carrier /or distributed o.erations in littoral 2i2

1aters31 The (4C had de elo.ed the notional conce.t0 1hich /eatured high%s.eed aircra/t carriers as a com.lement to large carriers0 1ith an em.hasis on obtaining access 1hen o..osed in littoral 1aters3 Each C)"SAI" 1ould o.erate a..ro2imately se en 7oint Stri$e #ighters <7S#? and t1o helico.ters3 (PS students and /aculty 1ere gi en 1ide latitude in the conduct o/ the study3 It is im.ortant to note that (4C .ro ided no s.eci/ic mission need3 "ather0 the students 1ere tas$ed 1ith ta$ing a hard%nosed0 s$e.tical loo$ at the .ossible ca.abilities o/ C)"SAI"3 ,rie/ing materials .ro ided by the (4C and inde.endent in/ormal re ie1s o/ the (4C conce.t are .resented in 9olume 9 o/ this re.ort3 ,* Ti"inC

An e2.loratory tas$ o/ this magnitude re5uired a le el o/ interdisci.linary and interde.artmental collaboration not .re iously attem.ted at (PS3 Although recent curriculum and organiDational changes at (PS made it /easible0 .roject .lanning /or the yearlong study 1as constrained by e2isting academic .rogram schedules <shi. and aircra/t ca.stone design classes?0 the .art%time nature o/ the e//ort0 and /aculty a ailability3 There/ore0 some com.romises and academic arti/icialities 1ere una oidable3 -* Pro@e&t OrCaniGation

#igure 1 .resents the (PS organiDational elements contributing to the C")SS,)4 .roject3 The Systems Engineering and Integration <SEI? Curriculum re5uires that a signi/icant .roject be underta$en by the student team in lieu o/ the usual ;asterIs Thesis3 The second grou. o/ students enrolled in the curriculum0 SEI%20 1as assigned C")SS,)4 as its integration .roject3

the study it became e ident that the J0%$not objecti e had serious im.lications on shi. design and cost0 a..arently 1ithout commensurate tactical bene/it3 Additional design iterations loo$ing at a 80%60 $not range 1ere not .ossible0 gi en academic time constraints3

1 A J0%$not s.eed objecti e 1as im.osed u.on the team at the onset o/ the .roject3 In the course o/

22

S4i# S4o&A Pre%i&tions 2ME3

SE(H, (nteCration

0ree Ele&tron Laser 2PH3

TSSE S4i# DesiCn

CROSSBOW

AERO
UCAV DesiCn

Contri !tions

METOC E ECE

LoCisti&s

Tailore% Ca"#aiCn Analysis Co!rse

C!rri&!l!" 0inal Pro@e&t T4esis EJ!i$alent T4esis &ontri !tions , D!arter Ca#stone DesiCn Co!rses De#art"ental Contri !tions

0iC!re )* CROSSBOW Pro@e&t OrCaniGation The Total Shi. Systems Engineering <TSSE? ca.stone shi. design course0 1hich dra1s /rom the ;echanical Engineering0 A..lied Physics0 and Electrical Engineering De.artments0 .ro ided the shi. design team3 The Aeronautics and Astronautics De.artmentIs ca.stone aircra/t design course .ro ided the aircra/t design team3 #our students /rom the 'raduate School o/ ,usiness and Public Policy .roduced a thesis on the re5uirements and cost o/ C")SS,)4 logistics and maintenance3 T1o other su..orting theses0 one on a #ree Electron *aser <#*E? as an FElectric 4arshi.G 1ea.on and the other on shi. shoc$ .redictions /or ulnerability and sur i ability0 1ere contributed by the Physics and ;echanical Engineering De.artments0 res.ecti ely3 The ).erations "esearch <)"? De.artment made a signi/icant contribution by tailoring an e2isting cam.aign analysis course /or the e2.ress .ur.ose o/ e aluating a notional C")SS,)4 /orce in scenarios re.resenting the /ull s.ectrum o/ con/lict3 Ten )" students 1ere joined by the 16 SEI%2 and the /our logistics students /or this uni5ue and .roducti e course3 In addition0 the Electrical and Com.uter Engineering <ECE? De.artment contributed e2.ertise and ad ice in the areas o/ radar cross%section0 integrated antenna 22i

design0 a ionics0 electric dri e0 and electromagnetic inter/erence3 seasonal and geogra.hic e//ects on shi.0 aircra/t0 and sensor .er/ormance3

#inally0 the

;eteorology and )ceanogra.hy De.artment contributed e2.ertise and ad ice on Allied o//icer .artici.ation re.resented an im.ortant contribution to the C")SS,)4 e//ort3 ;ore than 60 .ercent o/ the SEI%2 students 1ere combat o//icers /rom the Singa.ore Armed #orces0 and roughly 20 .ercent o/ the TSSE shi. design class members 1ere na al o//icers /rom Tur$ey3 9aluable insight 1as gained /rom senior (a al leadershi.0 (a y and go ernment laboratories0 and industry isitors 1ho too$ time to .artici.ate in re ie1s and /inal brie/ings3 .* Constraints

Since (PS had been gi en no s.eci/ic mission need /or this e//ort0 some students and se eral isitors belie ed that C")SS,)4 1as a solution loo$ing /or a .roblem3 Instead0 1e considered it as a ne1 o.erational conce.t /or littoral 1ar/are that re5uired e2amination3 In order to conduct an analysis0 a .reliminary notional /orce needed to be 5uic$ly s.eci/ied by the studentB/aculty team3 Due to academic schedules0 much o/ the underlying o.erational analysis had to be done a /ull 5uarter a/ter design e//orts had commenced3 As a result0 our cam.aign analysis /indings did not in/luence the aircra/t design at all0 but they did in/luence the shi.%design e//ort3 Time constraints0 cou.led 1ith /aculty a ailability0 led to the ra.id de elo.ment o/ se eral interim documents3 Aircra/t% and shi.%design teams both needed a /irst loo$ at re5uirements in order to start their design e//ortsK there/ore0 these documents 1ere .re.ared on a tight schedule3 These documents 1ere not true ;ission (eed Statements <;(S?0 although they 1ere labeled as such3 (or 1ere they ).erational "e5uirement Documents <)"D?0 though they had many elements normally /ound in an )"D3 There 1as little /ormal analysis associated 1ith the initial documents3 They 1ere circulated outside (PS /or critical comment0 1hich 1as use/ul0 but0 un/ortunately0 the documents seemed to ha e caused some con/usion regarding the aim o/ the .roject3 The intent o/ the .roject 1as not to generate a C")SS,)4 ;(S or )"D0 but to e2amine the /easibility o/0 and .otential /or0 a student%deri ed conce.tLC")SS,)40 loosely a$in to (4CIs

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FCorsair3G 4e ho.e this re.ort 1ill be hel./ul to those 1ho might de elo. an ;(S or an )"D in line 1ith these conce.ts3 B* 0ORCE LEVEL ASSUMPT(ONS AND =E+ CONS(DERAT(ONS )* (ntro%!&tion

This .roject 1as intended to assess a .articular technological conce.t in a broad o.erational conte2t3 Assum.tions and $ey considerations 1ere either im.osed u.on the design team by higher leadershi. or de elo.ed to .ro ide critical design /actors3 These directly im.acted the C")SS,)4 system3 The $ey considerations re.resent a global ie1 o/ the /uture and ho1 certain technological trends 1ill sha.e the (a y and the C")SS,)4 system0 in .articular3 This section gi es a 5uic$ understanding o/ the rationale behind certain design decisions and the .remises u.on 1hich the initial conce.ts 1ere cra/ted3 A more detailed discussion o/ $ey considerations may be /ound in 9olume 93 ,* Ass!"#tions Ma%e W4ile DefininC t4e CROSSBOW 0or&e a( )o% a Carrier Ba%%le *rou" (C+B*) re"la'emen%

C")SS,)4 is not intended to and cannot re.lace the C9,'3 "ather0 it is a com.lementary /orce0 1hich can relie e C9,' o.erational commitments in lo1% to moderate%threat littoral regions3 C")SS,)4 1ill ha e the ca.ability to o.erate e//ecti ely as an inde.endent /orce only in areas o/ lo1 and moderate threat3 b( Com"osed o& ,'omba%!'onsumable- uni%s# su""or%ed &orward As a grou. o/ many small combatants in a distributed en ironment0 C")SS,)4 is an asset readily de.loyable /or1ard into littoral 1aters3 It can be .ut in harmIs 1ay to ta$e hits as a Fcombat consumableG2 in order to .a e the 1ay /or other /orces3 '( Ca"able o& hi h!s"eed o"era%ions# u" %o .0k%s C")SS,)4 is a high%s.eed0 5uic$%res.onse /orce3 An o.erational s.eed o/ J0 $nots 1as e2ternally im.osed as an o.erational attribute o/ the SEA A"C&E" shi.3

2 A term introduced to us by 9AD; Cebro1s$i3

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4hile the alue o/ a J0%$not to. s.eed < ice0 say0 60? is .robably not 1orth the cost0 high s.eed is critical to the C")SS,)4 conce.t3 d( dis.erse ra.idly3 e( /hrea% "ro0e'%ion is 'ir'a 2020 The enemy used in our analysis is a generic /orce 1ith a military ca.ability set at year 20203 &( 1e$ in&ras%ru'%ure is assumed in "la'e #or C")SS,)4 to o.erate as a distributed /orce0 the $ey in/rastructure /or Command0 Control0 Communications0 Com.uters0 Intelligence0 Sur eillance0 and "econnaissance <C8IS"? and logistics are assumed to be in .lace3 This ser es to /acilitate the analysis o/ distributed systems3 The uni5ue re5uirements o/ C")SS,)4 C8IS" and the logistics system 1ill be addressed subse5uently3 ( /e'hnolo $ &ree2e da%es o& 2032 and 2020 The technology /reeDe date /or (PS Shi. <SEA A"C&E"?0 SEA *A(CE II0 and aircra/t <SEA A"")4? design is set at 20123 The technology /reeDe date /or all other less%integrated subsystems and 1ea.ons is set at 20203 -* =ey Consi%erations a( 4oin%5Coali%ion O"era%ions Cons%rain%s A dis%ribu%ed &or'e able %o 'on'en%ra%e and dis"erse ra"idl$ A dominant /eature o/ C")SS,)4 is its ability to concentrate and

Almost all modern o.erations are 7oint ).erations3 C")SS,)4 1ill ha e to be designed 1ith 7oint or coalition o.erations in mind3 E2am.les include designing inter/aces /or communications 1ith the ;arines0 Army0 Air #orce and other coalition multi%lateral /orces3 b( 6x%ensive use o& Commer'ial O&&!%he!Shel& (CO/S) /e'hnolo $

,udgetary .ressures and the ac5uisition climate 1ill .romote the use o/ C)TS and joint coo.erati e de elo.ment 1ith industry3 '( )eed 7or Au%oma%ion

Since the 1A>0s0 the C3S3 (a y has e2.erienced a do1n1ard trend in manning le els3 &o1e er0 the number o/ tas$s re5uired o/ the military has actually 22i

increased3

The use o/ automation to reduce man.o1er needs is an im.ortant d( 6nvironmen%al Cons%rain%s

C")SS,)4 design consideration3 ).erations in the littorals are characteriDed by a high degree o/ clutter3 The .robability o/ an e//ecti e sur.rise attac$ is greatly increased in the littorals3 There/ore0 sensors onboard the C")SS,)4 system must be able to detect these targets e//iciently3 A study o/ the regions o/ .otential con/lict sho1s that C")SS,)4 must sur i e and o.erate in inclement 1eather3 Increasing concerns /or en ironmental sa/ety im.ose e//iciency re5uirements /or the C")SS,)4 system3 *imited su..lies o/ energy resources re5uire that C")SS,)4 be designed 1ith /uel e//iciency in mind3 Alternati e means o/ energy storage or .o1er .roduction should be in estigated3 e( )a%ure o& 7u%ure War&are As illustrated by the e ents o/ Se.tember 110 20010 /uture 1ar/are 1ill be characteriDed by asymmetric threats3 Similar asymmetric threats could be used against high% alue na al assets3 In addition to asymmetric threats0 results /rom the cam.aign analysis indicate that saturation tactics can o er1helm C")SS,)43 The o.erational tem.late /or C")SS,)4 must address both these issues in the conte2t o/ /uture combat o.erations3 &( Lo is%i'al 8ssues There/ore0 C")SS,)4 must be Due to reduction in C3S3 o erseas bases0 C")SS,)4 /orces 1ill ha e to rely on sel/%sustained logistics andBor Allies3 com.atible 1ith the in/rastructure0 rules0 and regulations o/ o erseas .orts and bases3 *ogistics su..ort o/ C")SS,)4Is sur/ace combatants is a signi/icant concern3 C")SS,)4 should include organic re%su..ly ca.abilities to reduce the burden on e2isting su..ly assets3 C* CROSSBOW M(SS(ON AND CONCEPT O0 OPERAT(ONS )* 0orBar% Presen&e

The changing .olitical climate .laces increased international demands on the Cnited States0 and there has been a gro1ing demand /or na al in ol ement in ;ilitary ).erations )ther Than 4ar <;))T4? and Small%Scale Con/licts <SSC?3 This has 22

increased the (a yIs o.erational tem.o and .laced great strain on na al /orces3 Commanders%in%Chie/s <CI(Cs? o/ the Cni/ied Commands all desire a higher le el o/ .resence in their res.ecti e theaters than the (a y can .ro ide3 C")SS,)4 can be an e//ecti e inde.endent and enabling /orce in areas of low to moderate threat 1here demands /or /ire.o1er and o.erational co erage do not re5uire the /ull%time .resence o/ a carrier battle grou. <C9,'?3 C")SS,)4Is distributed nature and s.eed can su..ort some o/ the un/illed CI(C o.erational commitments0 1hile /urther e2.anding the (a yIs area o/ in/luence to more regions o/ national interest3 ,* T4e Littoral *ittoral o.erations constitute a /undamental tenet in the (a yHs maritime strategy0 as articulated in O"era%ional 9aneuver 7rom /he Sea and 7orward 7rom /he Sea3 The littoral is de/ined in the C")SS,)4 conte2t as a region e2tending /rom 100nm /rom shore to 100nm inland3 This region is o/ten cluttered 1ith! coastal shi..ing and /ishing0 intense air tra//ic0 oil rigs0 small islands0 shallo1 1ater in/luences0 intense electronic radiation /rom land and sea <commercial and military?0 and a 1ide ariety o/ threats /rom land0 sea and air3 All these can ha e ad erse im.lications /or na al o.erations3 ,ut demogra.hic trends indicate that0 by 20260 A0 .ercent o/ the 1orldIs .o.ulation 1ill be concentrated in littoral regions3 #urther0 as numbers o/ C3S3 o erseas bases continue to decrease0 the littorals must become the main access /or the C3S3 military into a crisis area3 -* A&&ess an% Es&alation The notion o/ littoral access can be ie1ed /rom di//erent .ers.ecti es3 The 1arriorIs .ers.ecti e is /orcible access3 This re5uires /ire.o1er and .o1er .rojection su.erior to the o..onentHs denial ca.abilities3 In contrast0 the nearly continuous .resence o/ a credible na al /orce in an area o/ national interest .uts a nation in the more desirable .osition o/ access maintenance0 thus reducing or negating the additional combat .o1er needed to gain access3 Access maintenance has the inherent ad antage o/ deterrence3 I/ necessary0 ho1e er0 it o//ers control o/ escalation 1hen con/lict becomes una oidable3 It is rarely in the national interest to destroy com.letely a belligerentIs de/ensi e ca.ability and communications in/rastructure at the onset o/ con/lict3 I/ this can be 22 i

a oided by measured escalation0 then0 in the end0 .ost1ar rebuilding and stabiliDation tas$s 1ill be less e2.ensi e and /aster3 A small amount o/ combat .o1er 5uic$ly a..lied can eliminate the need /or larger /orces that 1ould arri e later3 Presence0 deterrence and escalation control are missions that re5uire a .roacti e de.loyment o/ /orces3 #orces .er/orming these missions 1ill /ind themsel es in /re5uent small%scale e2ercises 1ith allied nations or o.erating inde.endently near%shore /or days0 1ee$s0 or e en months3 Cnder lo1% to moderate%threat conditions0 a na al /orce such as C")SS,)4 is 1ell suited /or these tas$s3 .* T4e CROSSBOW A%$antaCe The C9,' remains the /orce o/ choice to .ro ide maritime dominance in the o.en oceans o/ the 1orld and .o1er .rojection ashore3 It is also ca.able o/ e//ecti ely o.erating in the littorals0 as are na al A"'s3 ,ut the number and com.le2ity o/ lo1% to moderate%threat littoral regions o/ national interest0 the increasing need to engage and e2ercise 1ith less%ca.able na ies0 and the .rojected threat sha.e an o.erational niche /or a na al /orce oriented s.eci/ically to littoral o.erations3 The .resence o/ this niche0 combined 1ith technological de elo.ments in unmanned ehicles and other /orms o/ automation0 led to the C")SS,)4 conce.t3 This s.ecialiDed0 lo1% to moderate%threat littoral /orce can .otentially account /or ten to 16 .ercent o/ the /uture na al /orce3: The Cnited States (a y has recently begun to e2.lore seriously the conce.t o/ small0 distributed littoral combatants0 /irst re/erred to as Street #ighter and no1 $no1n as SEA *A(CE83 The conce.t currently lac$s organic air co er and a iable scouting ca.ability0 both o/ 1hich are critical /or mission success 63 C")SS,)4 combines a SEA *A(CE ariant0 SEA *A(CE II0 1ith SEA A"C&E"0 a small0 high%s.eed CA9 Tactical Su..ort Shi. <TSS? or F ery small aircra/t carrier0G J and SEA MCI9E"0 a notional high%s.eed su..ort shi.3 A signi/icant synergistic e//ect is realiDed3
: Comments by CAPT 4ayne &ughes CS( <"et?0 > (o 20013

htt.!BB1eb3n.s3na y3milBNmeBtsseB/ilesB20003htm

8 The (PS TSSE .rogram designed SEA *A(CE in A+ 20003 The technical re.ort is a ailable at 6 These issues 1ere disco ered during our cam.aign analyses0 .resented in 9olume 93

.eo.le might 1ell .re/er OCA9 Tactical Su..ort Shi.O0 1hich .erha.s0 better describes the .lat/orm3 &o1e er0 /or the .ur.oses o/ this re.ort0 Fsmall aircra/t carrierG0 Fsmall high%s.eed aircra/t carrierG0 and FCA9 Tactical Su..ort Shi.G are all synonymous descri.tions o/ SEA A"C&E"3

J FSmall aircra/t carrierO may not be an a..ro.riate descri.tion /or SEA A"C&E"3 "easonable

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Although designed to o.erate inde.endently in lo1% to moderate%threat en ironments0 C")SS,)4 can also com.lement the C9,' during theater 1ar3 C")SS,)4 1ill be e2.ected to tac$le many o/ the dull0 dirty0 and dangerous missions in order to hel. .re.are the battle%s.ace /or /ollo1ing o.erations3 It 1ill be used to clear out and identi/y the coastal FclutterG and eliminate signi/icant numbers o/ tactical targets in the littoral0 /reeing C9,' /orces to /ocus on dee. stri$e and more challenging targets3 In short0 C")SS,)4 .ro ides the FstunningG jab0 1hile the C9,' deli ers the F$noc$outG .unch3 a( CROSSBOW S%ra%e i' Advan%a e: 7orward :e"lo$men% Ca"abili%$ The smaller shi.s o/ the C")SS,)4 /orce can be /or1ard de.loyed in .ac$ages siDed /or the regionHs threat and the le el o/ national security interest3 This ca.ability is also im.ortant /or e//ecti e engagement 1ith nations ha ing smaller na ies3 C")SS,)4 o//ers se eral tactical ad antages3 b( 6nhan'ed Survivabili%$ C")SS,)40 as en isioned0 has no Fcenter o/ gra ityG or single .oint o/ /ailure3 This characteristic!= Denies the enemy the ability to de/end 1ith a single maneu er3 Denies the enemy the o..ortunity to concentrate /ire.o1er and e//ort3 ,uilds robustnessLallo1s /leet to retain signi/icant combat .otential e en a/ter sustaining some losses3 Allo1s more continuous o.erations3 '( 9odulari%$ and 7lexibili%$ The /le2ibility and maneu erability resulting /rom the distributed nature o/ the C")SS,)4 /orce0 o.erating in small /orce units0 allo1 it to res.ond simultaneously to multi.le s$irmishes 1ithin an assigned o.erating area3 d( :ivided Asse%s# 8n%e ra%ed 7ire"ower C")SS,)4 consists o/ 20 SEA *A(CE II small combatants and the eight distributed SEA A"C&E"s3 C")SS,)4 conducts coordinated and simultaneous
Su..orting Study0 December 20013
= FAn Analysis o/ Distributed Combat Systems0G -eith0 7ude0 &oK C")SS,)4 S.ecialiDed

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air o.erations and can ra.idly launch one large .ulse o/ airborne combat assets on a 1ide range o/ missions (128 u ma .ac$ages around the cloc$3 The /orce brings the /ollo1ing to the /ight! 1020 2 9*S Tubes <small 16%26nm Standard ;issile ariant? >0 2 Shi. *aunched &A"P))( ;issiles 1028 2 Small Smart ,ombs <.er day @all SEA A"")4S dedicated? > =J> 2 Air%to Sur/ace ;issiles <.er day @all SEA A"")4S dedicated? 612 2 &A"; circa 2020 <.er day @all SEA A"")4S dedicated? 200 2 AS")C <assumes 10 .er SEA *A(CE II? This is a signi/icant lethality0 roughly com.arable to a C9,'0 but /or only a single .ulse3 e( 6nem$ /ar e%in :ilemma C")SS,)4 com.licates the enemyIs in/ormation and target ac5uisition .rocesses0 through its numbers0 siDe0 and indi idual shi. ca.abilities3 /* CROSSBOW Missions an% O#erational Con&e#ts C")SS,)4 is designed to .er/orm a myriad o/ missions and tas$s in order to achie e its .rimary mission3 A summary0 organiDed by con/lict ty.e0 is .resented in #igure 13 #ollo1ing are some C")SS,)4 mission ca.abilities0 also organiDed by con/lict ty.e3 The /inal C")SS,)4 /orce descri.tion is .resented in Table 13 ed veh!"les# 1$ M%-$0s&' or many PsmallI to PmediumI

1ill need to be studied to determine the best mi2ed 1ea.on loads /or a gi en scenario3

> SEA A"C&E" magaDine ca.acity not considered @ these are ma2imum numbers by ty.e3 Trades

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0or&e Co"#onents< SEA ARCHER< Small &igh%s.eed CA9 Carrier <86%J0 $nots NJ00 /t B 18%16- *T? A Terminal De/ense! Candidate Systems o "olling Air/rame ;issile <"A;? o Electro%;agnetic Pulse <E;P? 4ea.ons o #ree Electron *aser <#E*? o Small%caliber stabiliDed gun o Enhanced Shi. Sel/ De/ense System <ESSDS? o S",)C decoy launching system o *aser mine detection and a oidance system SEA A"C&E" Air 4ing! o > 2 SEA A"")4 <J o.erational B 2 s.ares?10 o Designed /or armed reconnaissance o 160000 lbs each o ;odular 1ea.ons .ayload11 13 8 2 260lb small Smart ,ombs 23 2 2 A;"AA; AI;120 <:60lbs ea3? :3 1 2 'un Pod @ 'PC%2A <;1A=? <J00 lbs? 83 2 2 &A"; <Inboard N1000lbs ea3? 63 : 2 7ammer .ods % ne1 design <current A*M%AA N1000lbs ea3? J3 : 2 Anti%Shi. ;issiles <AS;? current Air *aunched &ar.oon InboardN1000lbs ea3 =3 Combinations o/ : ariants o/ air %launched ;C; ")9s N 600lbs each &unter B Processor B (eutraliDer &elico.ter or shi. reco ery >3 *aser mine hunting module <Q2600 lbs? o > 2 ;ulti%mission su..ort CA9s <N600 lb .ayload? o ;ed Altitude B ;ed Endurance <min % >hrs on sta3? o ;odular Payload 13 Airborne Communications (ode <AC(? 23 Intelligence0 Sur eillance0 "econnaissance0 & Targeting <IS"&T? :3 Airborne Early 4arning <AE4? <limited range ca.ability? o Estimated ma2 gross 1eight N>000lbs o 2 2 ;&%J0 ;ulti%mission helico.ters o 9ertical )nboard Deli ery <9)D? o Combat Search And "escue <CSA"? o Anti%Submarine 4ar/are <AS4? o Airborne ;ine Countermeasures <A;C;? o Anti%sur/ace 4ar/are <ASC4? SEA LANCE ((< Small high%s.eed combatant <86%66 $nots N1>0 /t B J00%J60 *T? @ higher s.eed ersion o/ original SEA *A(CE design 1ithout the to1 @ result o/ cam.aign analysis3
A (PS Total Shi. Systems Engineering <TSSE? designed shi. 10 (PS Aeronautical Engineering De.artment designed CCA9 11 At ma2 /uel load <8:00lbs? only 1600lbs o/ ordnance can be carriedK ho1e er0 at 60R /uel0 range

still e2ceeds 800nm and .ayload can be increased to :660lbs3 )nly the 1 st three .ayloads listed 1ere in estigated by the Aero design team0 the remainder0 are .ayloads Sea Arro1 should be able to carry based on its basic .er/ormance characteristics3

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N8>%J0 hours endurance SP+%: "adar ariant circa 2020 : 2 Cnmanned Cnder1ater 9ehicles <CC9s? o 1 /or AS4 o 2 /or ;C; o N1000 lbs ea3 o Armament! o 61 S;%S <S;%S T small0 ertical launched0 multi%.ur.ose0 16 nm 1ea.on? o Anti%Submarine "oc$et System <AS")C? or circa 2020 e5ui alent ;ay re5uire trading S;%S missiles /or s.ace @ de.ends on shi. siDe o 8 2 &ar.oons o 2 2 :0mm 'un Can re/uel /rom SEA A"C&E" or SEA MCI9E" SEA DU(VER< &igh%s.eed C")SS,)4 su..ort shi. <:6%80 $nots N=00 /t B N26- *T @ #ull load? o U A)E%J baseline o N10- tons /uel o Strictly a notional shi. 0or&e Co"#osition y S&enario),< ,y ta$ing a notional /orce structure and conducting a series o/ cam.aign analysis mini%studies0 the C")SS,)4 /orce com.osition 1as tested3 Sensiti ity analysis resulted in the .ro.osed /orce com.osition by scenario <;ilitary ).erations )ther Than 4ar <;))T4?K Small Scale Con/lict <SSC?K ;ajor Theater 4ar? belo13 o o o

Ta le )* CROSSBOW 0or&e Co"#osition

e aluated during studentIs Cam.aign Analysis class <see section II?3 There/ore0 these numbers should be used 1ith caution3

12 #orce com.osition is ery scenario de.endent3 These results are only alid /or the limited scenarios

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a(

9OO/W: ;umani%arian 9issions and Crisis Res"onse and Su""ression

C")SS,)4 could .ro ide the /ollo1ing! Sur eillance o/ littoral area o/ interest through use o/ CA9 and AC( 1: <Airborne Communications (ode?K Su..lemental communications /or local authorities 1here a..ro.riateK Tem.orary emergency trans.ortation 1here necessaryK Physical .rotection 1here necessary through use o/ CCA9 <Cnmanned Combat Aerial 9ehicle? and /ire.o1er 1here a..ro.riate3 Peacetime Search and "escue ).erations3

0iC!re ,* CROSSBOW Missions b( An%i!<ira'$ and :ru 8n%erdi'%ion O"era%ions3=

C")SS,)4 may be used to .ro ide the /ollo1ing! Intelligence through use o/ sur eillance assetsK

1: Cnmanned airborne communications modules acting as communications relay3 "e/er to S.ecialiDed Su..orting Study by #oo -hee *oon in 9olume 93 18 De.ending on the threat in ol ed0 anti%.iracy can be regarded as SSC or ;))T4

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Engagement and0 i/ necessary0 destruction o/ identi/ied o//enders through use o/ CCA9s or SEA *A(CE IIK CA9 trac$ing o/ .irates and drug tra//ic$ersK Conduct o/ o//ensi e o.erations against identi/ied shore bases o/ o//endersK Protection /or .otential ictims o/ .iracy through .resence <deterrence? and s1i/t res.onse3 '( Smaller!S'ale Con%in en'ies (SSCs): b( 9ari%ime 6mbar oes# <ro%e'%ion o& SLOCS and 7as% 9ari%ime 6s'or%s

C")SS,)4 may be used in littoral o.erations to! Pro ide reconnaissance and constant sur eillance through use o/ CA9s0 CCA9s and SEA *A(CE IIK Su..ort Coast 'uard boarding and ins.ection teamsK Engage /orces that contra ene agreements and treatiesK Pro ide subsur/ace sur eillance0 localiDation0 and .rosecution through use o/ helico.ters0 SEA *A(CE II and Cnmanned Cnder1ater 9ehicles <CC9s?K Protect and .ro ide assistance to Allied commercial or military shi..ing3 Accom.any &igh S.eed 9essels <&S9s? carrying ;arine or Army /orces to a scene o/ action and .ro ide combat su..ort in a SSC3 '( An%i!/erroris% O"era%ions C")SS,)4 may be used in anti%terrorist o.erations to! Conduct Intelligence0 Sur eillance0 "econnaissance0 and Targeting <IS"&T? o.erations in su..ort o/ CS &omeland De/ense authoritiesK Cse SEA *A(CE II or CCA9s to .ro ide .hysical security B screening against .otential suicide boats or aircra/tK 4hen directed0 use o//ensi e /ire.o1er to engage and destroy identi/ied terrorist assets at sea0 on the land or in the air3 d( S"e'ial O"era%ions C")SS,)4 1ould .ro ide! IS"&T intelligence /or .lanningK S.ecial ).erations team trans.ortation ia SEA A"C&E"0 SEA *A(CE II0 or combat su..ort helico.ters <;&%J0?K S.ecial ).erations team rescue ca.abilityK 222iii

#ire.o1er to engage and destroy enemy targets0 1here directed0 in su..ort o/ S.ecial ).erationsK Airborne and sea borne logistics su..ort3 e( 9a0or /hea%er War (9/W) > Su""lemen%in a C+B* C")SS,)4 could 1or$ 1ith <su..lement? and com.lement a

con entional /leet in the /ollo1ing manner! <1? Transition Phase3 C")SS,)4 can transit ahead o/ or in com.any 1ith the C9,' using C")SS,)4 assets to assist in! Airborne Early 4arningK IS"T )//ensi e and De/ensi e Counter AirK Anti%Sur/ace 4ar/are <ASC4?K 9ertical )nboard Deli eryK AS4 localiDationK *ayered de/enseK Su..ression o/ Enemy Air De/enses <SEAD?K Destruction o/ Anti%Sur/ace ;issile <AS;? batteries3 <2? Pre%).s Phase3 This includes gathering o/ intelligenceK use o/ CCA9s to .ro ide armed coastal and littoral reconnaissanceK use o/ SEA *A(CE II to .ro ide short range air de/enses /or the C9,'0 i/ necessaryK and clearing the cluttered sur eillance .icture created by small coastal tra//ic and /ishing boats3 <:? ).erations3 The main aim o/ C")SS,)4 1hen o.erating 1ith a C9,' in ;T4 is to /ind and o.en a suitable stretch o/ the littorals /or /ollo1%on /orces to conduct /urther o.erations316 To accom.lish this0 C")SS,)4 may be used in the /ollo1ing manner! ;ulti.le .robes along the littorals to locate suitable areas /or /ollo1% on o.erationsK SEA A"")4s <CCA9? /or SEAD to allo1 /ollo1 on air /orces unrestricted .assage into the area o/ o.erationsK

sea0 or /or the C9,' to a..roach the land to .ro ide dee. stri$es into enemy territory3

16 #ollo1%on o.erations may include landing ground troo.s to e2ecute o.erational maneu er /rom the

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&elico.ters <;&%J0? and other mine clearing assets <CC9s? to allo1 /ollo1%on sea /orces unrestricted .assage into enemy littoral 1atersK CC9s and AS")C /rom SEA *A(CE II /or AS4K SEA A"")4s to engage enemy air assetsK SEA *A(CE II to .ro ide an additional layer o/ air de/ense /or the battle grou.K SEA A"")4s to engage enemy shi.s <ASC4?K SEA A"")4 to deli er o/ ordnance on tactical targets in the littorals to /ree C9 assets /or dee. stri$e missionsK SEA A"")4 to .ro ide additional armed reconnaissance ca.ability to /orces mo ing ashore3

D*

M(L(TAR+ THREAT ASSESSMENT )* T4reat O$er$ieB

In 20200 military threats1J 1ill generally /eature u.graded and im.ro ed ersions o/ e2isting 1ea.on systems3 &o1e er0 1ea.on de elo.ers around the 1orld 1ill e2.loit commercial technology1= to achie e signi/icant im.ro ements in the /ollo1ing areas! Satellite%centered C8IS"K ;issile de/enseK "educed signatures <stealth?K In/ormation 4ar/areK *aser and Directed Energy 4ea.onsK Anti shi. cruise missilesK (,C <(uclear0 biological and chemical? 1ea.ons1>3

such as terrorist organiDations and drug cartels0 can also .ose national security threats3 &o1e er0 as military o.erations /ollo1ing Se.tember 110 2001 illustrate0 strength o/ the coo.erating nation%states can be a major determinant o/ the ca.abilities o/ non%state threats3 They ha e a great deal to do 1ith resources a ailable and security o/ organiDational in/rastructure3 .otential3 ;ost notably are Com.uters <including so/t1are and hard1are research?0 Telecommunications E5ui.ment0 ,iotechnology0 Chemicals0 A iation0 and S.ace3 Cnited States0 and its a..arent di//iculty in co.ing 1ith such an attac$0 1ill ine itably a..eal to .otential ad ersaries and encourage /urther research and de elo.ments into such technologies3
1> Though outla1ed by international agreements and treaties0 the recent s.ate o/ anthra2 attac$s in the 1= A large body o/ literature identi/ies areas o/ commercial technology de elo.ment 1ith military

1J This section /ocuses .rimarily on military threats /rom nation%states3 Certainly non%state actors0

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Also0 ad ances in emerging technologies such as arti/icial intelligence0 robotics0 and su.erconductors can introduce the /ollo1ing ca.abilities! *ong%range0 .recision%guided missiles and unmanned ehiclesK "obots .er/orming rudimentary tas$sLe3g30 clearing and laying o/ mine/ieldsK ;ore e//ecti e use o/ the electromagnetic s.ectrumK Chea. Precision%'uided ;unitions <P';s?K 9ery stealthy submarines 1ith long%range <V600(;? tor.edoes3

'i en the ra.id de elo.ment and .roli/eration o/ technology0 1e can e2.ect that /uture ad ersaries 1ill be able to e2.loit these technologies and em.loy the /ollo1ing strategies0 tactics and 1ea.on systems in /uture military engagements! Saturation and e2haustion o/ de/enses 1ith missiles and other stando// 1ea.onsK Anti%Satellite 4ea.onsK Small0 /ast0 and e2.endable combatantsK So.histicated /orms o/ mine 1ar/are 9iolation o/ e2isting treaties and other international norms3

"esults /rom our Cam.aign Analysis studies and discussions 1ith senior o//icers and members o/ the (a al Postgraduate School /aculty rea//irmed that the .rojected threats listed abo e are realistic3 A summary o/ $ey /indings is listed belo1 in the /ollo1ing subsections! <2? Current 'eneral ThreatK <:? Potential Ad ersariesI #uture Combat PotentialK <8? Potential Ad ersariesI Ca.abilities Cnder Discontinuous ChangeK and <6? Considerations /rom Cam.aign Analysis3 ,* C!rrent General T4reat 4e e2.ect that /uture engagements at sea0 es.ecially in the littorals0 must contend 1ith threats /rom Air0 *and and Sea arms3 &o1e er0 na al threats 1ill li$ely be the main concern /or C")SS,)43 4hile0 /or a number o/ reasons0 a com.rehensi e assessment o/ threats to C")SS,)4 is beyond the sco.e o/ this study0 1eI e used China as an u..er%bound .ro2y /or na al threats to o.erations in littoral regions3 1A As this section
1A A more detailed analysis o/ threats in the year 2020 can be /ound in 9olume 9 o/ this re.ort3

222 i

indicates0 the current threat0 though 1orrisome0 is not a serious challenge to C3S3 sea control0 e2ce.t in the littoral areas3 &o1e er0 there are serious e//orts under1ay to <a? ma$e that challenge in the littorals and <b? mo e it out1ard to the blue%1ater arena3 a( Blue Wa%er and <ower <ro0e'%ion Ca"abili%ies China0 a major 1ea.on de elo.er and su..lier0 is no1 re.lacing older0 slo1er shi.s 1ith ne1er destroyers and /rigates203 ;ost o/ the shi.s are "ussian0 or based on "ussian designs0 and ca.able o/ s.eeds o/ :0%:6 $nots3 The latest ac5uisitions include units /rom the "ussian (overeme ) class0 1hich has three times the endurance o/ the *uda class and t1ice that o/ the *uhu classL1ith corres.onding increases in blue%1ater and .o1er .rojection ca.abilities3 It is .robable that the combat systems and technologies mentioned throughout this section 1ill be made a ailable to other nations0 as 1ell3 In any case0 C")SS,)4 /orce 1ill ha e to deal 1ith such /orces 1hile de.loying3 b( Sea :enial and Coas%al :e&ense Ca"abili%ies

The most lethal anti%shi. missile in the P*A(21 in entory is the su.ersonic Mos+!t SS%(%223 ,esides anti%shi. missiles0 the (ovreme )0 *uha! and *uhu classes o/ shi. also carry tor.edo tubes /or anti%shi. and anti%submarine .ur.oses3 The submarine cor.s is one o/ the most signi/icant P*A( combat arms3 It is regarded as a highly cost%e//ecti e means /or guarding Chinese maritime boundaries3 The main anti%shi. submarine in the littoral area is the ,!lo class submarine3 It has si2 6:: mm tor.edo tubes0 1> 6:%system homing or 1ire%guided tor.edoes0 28 A;%1 under1ater mines or eight SA%(%6 OArrowO standby anti%aircra/t missiles3 P*A( mine stoc$.iles include intage "ussian moored%contact and bottom%in/luence mines0 as 1ell as an assortment o/ domestic ty.es3 China is belie ed to ha e acoustically acti ated remote control mine technology3 This technology could allo1 dormant mine /ields to be laid in ad ance o/ hostilities and to be acti ated or deacti ated as re5uired3

20 A number o/ these essels are e2.ect to be domestically .roduced3 21 Peo.leIs *iberation Army (a y @ The (a al Arm o/ the Chinese ;ilitary3

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The P*A(A#22 has about 680 aircra/t o/ di//erent ty.es3 There are 11 air bases under the (orth Sea /leet0 se en under the South Sea #leet0 and 1: 1ithin a 260% mile radius o/ Tai1an0 1ith a..ro2imately 1>0 /ighters3 The P*A Air #orce <P*AA#? and the P*A (a al Air #orce <P*A(A#? combined number o er 8000000 .ersonnel0 80:00 tactical /ighters0 10000 bombers and close air su..ort aircra/t0 and J60 trans.ort aircra/t3 &o1e er0 the ast majority o/ the /ighters are obsolete3 The only /ourth% generation aircra/t currently in ChinaIs in entory is the Su%2= F*AN,-.3 ,y 20060 P*A /ourth%generation /ighter aircra/t are e2.ected to number about 160 and constitute only about /our .ercent o/ the /ighter /orce3 The P*A(A# currently has no con/irmed Precision%'uided ;unitions <P';s? ca.ability3 ;oreo er0 only its ,%JD bombers and #,%= /ighter%bombers ha e a stando// stri$e ca.ability3 #inally0 ChinaIs air de/ense /orces 1ill .robably be limited to .oint de/enses since there is no integrated national air de/ense net1or$3 Coastal de/ense 1ill also in ol e the P*A( Coast 'uard0 1hich is e5ui..ed 1ith air de/ense0 anti%shi. missiles and gun batteries3 It also has artillery units and 26 sur/ace%to%sur/ace missile regiments3 The Coast 'uard also o.erates the coastal sur eillance system0 1hich includes radars3 '( 6le'%roni' and 8n&orma%ion War&are Ca"abili%ies

The bul$ o/ Chinese Electronic 4ar/are <E4? e5ui.ment embodies 1A60s%1A>0s technologies0 1ith only a /e1 select military units recei ing the most modern com.onents3 ChinaHs In/ormation ).erations <I)?BIn/ormation 4ar/are <I4? is in the early stages o/ research3 It currently /ocuses on understanding I4 as a military threat0 de elo.ing e//ecti e countermeasures0 and studying o//ensi e em.loyment o/ I4 against /oreign economic0 logistics0 and C8I systems3 China has the ca.ability to launch military .hoto%reconnaissance satellites3 &o1e er0 by 4estern standards0 the technology is outdated3 In .articular0 ,eijing does not currently .ossess a real%time .hotoreconnaissance ca.ability3 -* Nat!re of 0!t!re T4reats

22 Peo.leIs *iberation Army (a y Air #orce @ The (a al A iation Arm o/ the Chinese ;ilitary3

222 iii

In general0 /uture combat .otential 1ill combine current ca.abilities 1ith ne1 technology and combat e5ui.ment3 It is li$ely that most military organiDations 1ill engage o..osing na al /orces /irst 1ith lo1% to medium%.er/ormance systems0 so as to e2haust the de/enses0 and then attac$ 1ith a 1a e o/ high%.er/ormance systems3 2: There/ore0 as technology ad ances0 es.ecially in guidance and range0 the C3S3 (a y is li$ely to /ace increasingly e//ecti e saturation attac$ threats3 The airborne threat to na al assets 1ill li$ely com.rise! <1? a /e1 high%altitude aircra/t attac$ing 1ith .recision guided bombs0 missiles0 and tor.edoesK and <2? many lo1%altitude0 mostly unmanned aircra/t e5ui..ed 1ith .recision a ionics and electronics to disru.t communications andBor targeting0 as 1ell as 1ea.ons to destroy critical C2 nodes3 #uture submarines 1ill be e2tremely 5uiet3 ,y 20200 state%o/%the%art submarines 1ill become so 5uiet that detection can occur because o/ the a/se "e o/ natural ocean sound3 This 1ill be o ercome by ocean%mas$ing technology that transmits the missing or bloc$ed sounds at the .ro.er am.litude3 4e can e2.ect great .o1ers such as China0 and smaller .o1ers as 1ell0 to underta$e energetic .rograms to e2.loit current and emerging technologies in moderniDing their /orces o er the ne2t 5uarter century3 a( Less Conven%ional /hrea%s

In all li$elihood0 threats to de.loyed C3S3 /orces 1ill not be limited to high technology3 ;any countries 1ill lac$ the /inancial resources and /oresight to de elo.0 build and /ield 1ea.ons such as those listed abo e3 This class o/ /uture ri als re5uires attention also3 Chemical0 ,iological and other uncon entional 1ea.ons can become 1ea.ons o/ choice /or those states or organiDations that .re/er terrorist or rogue style attac$s3 In ie1 o/ the e ents o/ Se.tember 110 20010 it is clear that distributed threats are also dangerous and real3 It is educational to ie1 the attac$ /rom a military .ers.ecti e3 In this case0 1e can see the di//iculties that any /orce 1ould ha e dealing

2: 9olume 6 discusses in more detail additional ca.abilities that China 1ill li$ely .ossess by 20203

222i2

1ith a highly distributed0 technologically so.histicated threat intent on attac$ing the center o/ gra ity o/ any system it 1ishes to destroy3 .* (nsiC4ts 0ro" Ca"#aiCn Analyses

Cam.aign analysis .ro ided a number o/ insights regarding both the .robable threats and .otential counters3 The most im.ortant are listed here3 Submarines 1ill continue to be a serious threat to any sur/ace /leet e en 1ith an e//ecti e AS4 ca.ability3 The submarineIs /irst%launch ca.ability ma$es AS4 o.erations es.ecially di//icult to e2ecute 1ell3 ;ine 1ar/are is a ery real threat3 4hile it is di//icult to simulate .hysical e//ects0 the mere .resence o/ mines delays attac$ing /orces and re5uires the commitment o/ signi/icant resources /or clearing and a oiding the mines3 &igh degree o/ reliance on satellites /or command and control o.erations is a Fcenter o/ gra ity0G 1hich0 u.on destruction0 1ould signi/icantly reduce the ca.ability and staying .o1er o/ C3S3 na al /orces3 Saturation is one o/ the $ey methods o/ countering a technically su.erior enemy3 In our analysis0 numerous small combatants attac$ing simultaneously could damage or destroy a signi/icant .ortion o/ the C")SS,)4 battle grou.3 FMuantity has a 5uality all o/ its o1n3G28 Aircra/t can in/lict a great deal o/ damage on a sur/ace /leet3 &ence0 one o/ the more im.ortant lessons or challenges is to ensure that the C")SS,)4 CCA9 1ill ha e air%to%air as 1ell as anti%shi. ca.abilities3 A single #ree Electron *aser on each C")SS,)4 shi. 1ould handle a close%in threat much better than current de/ensi e systems 1ould3 *i$e1ise0 it is reasonable to e2.ect that0 should a com.etitor success/ully /ield such a system0 C")SS,)4 o//ensi e ca.ability 1ould be signi/icantly reduced3 /* Botto"HLine Assess"ent

Ta$ing China as a .ro2y /or .otential threats0 1eI e /ound only limited ca.acity to contest sea control beyond the littoral region bordering that country3 &o1e er0 1e can
28 Comment attributed to 7ose/ Stalin3

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e2.ect P*A( combat ca.abilities to im.ro e greatly bet1een no1 and 20200 es.ecially in its ability to engage in .o1er%.rojection missions3 It 1ill ery li$ely ha e steadily increasing ca.abilities to contest C3S3 sea control in both littoral and blue%1ater arenas3 #urthermore0 1e can e2.ect other .o1ers to beha e in a similar manner3 Although not all nations ha e ChinaIs economic .otential0 they 1ill ha e access to the same technology and 1ill li$ely ha e access to e5ui.ment made in China3

2li

T&IS PA'E *E#T I(TE(TI)(A**+ ,*A(-

2lii

((*

CROSSBOW CAMPA(GN ANAL+S(S

This section .ro ides an o er ie1 o/ C")SS,)4 Cam.aign Analysis and the results that a//ect the C")SS,)4 /orce structure0 missions0 and ca.ability re5uirements3 Student brie/s on each scenario0 along 1ith detailed e2.lanatory notes0 are .resented in 9olume 93 A* THE ;O(NT CAMPA(GN ANAL+S(S COURSE The (PS ).erations "esearch <)"? De.artment o//ers the 7oint Cam.aign Analysis course0 .rimarily to ).erations Analysis <)A? and ).erations *ogistics <)*? students3 The course objecti e is to study! the de elo.ment0 use and state%o/%the%art o/ cam.aign analysis in actual .rocurement and o.erations .lanning3 The em.hasis is on /ormulating the .roblem0 choosing assum.tions0 structuring the analysis0 and measuring e//ecti eness326 During the summer 5uarter 20010 this course 1as tailored e2.ressly to e aluate a notional C")SS,)4 /orce in scenarios re.resenting the /ull s.ectrum o/ con/lict3 Ten )A students joined 16 SEI%2 and /our logistics students /or this uni5ue and .roducti e course3 )* W4at is Ca"#aiCn AnalysisI

Cam.aign Analysis is the study o/ the /irst%order e//ects generated by a con/lict bet1een heterogeneous /orces in a series o/ encounters conducted o er time and co ering a 1ide geogra.hic area32J It .resents its users 1ith a ariety o/ tools0 techni5ues and .rocedures to assist in military .lanning3 It /inds most a..licability in a 1orld 1here the threat is uncertain and the situation /luid3 In its .urest /orm0 Cam.aign Analysis ma$es use o/ sim.le mathematical or logical relationshi.s to model battle encounters3 This is the academic analog o/ a commander on the /ield trying to calculate ho1 much0 and 1hat /orces he needs to commit in order to 1in a battle32= ,* Na$al Sal$o Mo%el,7

26 (a al Postgraduate School 2001 'eneral Catalog 2J 7oint Cam.aign Analysis0 ,oo$ I @ Student Te2t0 (a al Postgraduate School0 )" De.artment0 J Dec AA3 2= FWo/ ,isho.s0 -nights0 and Pa1nsWG0 -eith 7ude &o0 (a al Postgraduate School0 )ct 20013 2> De elo.ed by Ca.t 4ayne &ughes o/ the (a al Postgraduate School3 ;ore commonly $no1n as

the &C'&ES SA*9) EMCATI)(S3

2liii

Se eral o/ the C")SS,)4 scenarios in ol ed combat encounters 1ith em.hasis on sur/ace search and stri$e3 The (a al Sal o ;odel 1as the .rimary tool used by the student teams to analyDe C")SS,)4 /orces3 It .resents a na al engagement as an e2change o/ missiles0 accounting /or both /leetsI total o//ensi e ca.ability0 de/ensi e ca.ability0 and staying .o1er3 -* Li"itations of Ca"#aiCn Analysis

Cam.aign analysis is a decision su..ort tool0 1here results0 granularity0 s.eci/ic in.uts and accurate assum.tions are re5uired3 Scenarios and model in.uts must be rigorously understood because they a//ect the analytical results3 "esults are highly scenario%de.endent0 and the more detail one 1ishes to obtain0 the greater the de.endence on scenario%s.eci/ic in.uts3 The old F'arbage%in T 'arbage%outG analogy 1or$s as 1ell /or Cam.aign Analysis as it does else1here3 &ence0 numerical results /rom Cam.aign Analysis must be used 1ith caution3 (o attem.t to treat numbers and /igures 1ith FbiblicalG rigidity 1as intended3 "ather0 signi/icant trends and conce.t alidation are the use/ul .roducts dra1n /rom the numerical results3 .* St!%ent MiniHSt!%ies

At the conclusion o/ the 7oint Cam.aign Analysis course0 /aculty .ut students to the test 1ith small%team mini%studies3 These studies /orce the students to a..ly the tools and methods learned3 In the case o/ C")SS,)40 a small student%/aculty team de elo.ed /i e rele ant scenarios3 Those scenarios 1ere e2amined by se en student teams <t1o scenarios recei ed double attention?3 Each student team consisted o/ t1o SEI%2 students0 at least one )A student0 and in /our cases0 a logistics student3 B* CROSSBOW M(N(HSTUD(ES )* MiniHSt!%ies O @e&ti$es The objecti e o/ the assigned set o/ mini%studies 1as to deri e collecti e insights as to the /easibility and suitability o/ a ery small aircra/t carrier as a com.lement to the main C3S3 (a y carriers and missile stri$ing /orces regarding! ;issions and tas$s o/ the aircra/t <OSEA A"")4O? /lying /rom the carrier <OSEA A"C&E"O? and accom.anied by a logistics ca.ability <OSEA 2li

MCI9E"G? in coo.eration 1ith an inshore combatant ca.ability <OSEA *A(CEO?0 1hich together are $no1n as OC")SS,)43O Attracti e combinations o/ each /orce element0 some iable tactics /or the combinations0 and the Intelligence0 Sur eillance "econnaissance <IS"? and Command and Control <C2? net1or$s im.lied by the /orce con/igurations3 ,y design0 the mini%studies did not analyDe cost e//ecti eness0 nor did they include any trade analyses bet1een C")SS,)4 and other elements o/ the (a y3 All scenarios too$ .lace in the year 20203 This is /ar enough in the /uture to design a C")SS,)4 /orce /or littoral 1ar/are 1ith an initial o.erating ca.ability <I)C? o/ 2012 and to construct the /orces in su//icient numbers to .lay in the scenarios3 Table : .resents the notional C")SS,)4 /orce structure used /or the scenarios3 Student teams 1ere gi en the latitude to ma$e their o1n assum.tions 1here additional detail 1as necessary /or a s.eci/ic analysis3 Additionally0 teams altered con/igurations0 .ayloads0 and numbers0 once a baseline analysis 1as com.lete0 in order to identi/y sensiti ities3

> 2 SEA A"C&E"s % Small &igh%s.eed <J0 $nots? CA9 Carrier SEA A"C&E" Air 4ing! o > 2 SEA A"")4 <CCA9s? 2l

8 con/igured /or stri$e 2 con/igured /or SEAD 2 con/igured /or Intelligence Sur eillance "econnaissance & Targeting <IS"&T?

o >2 CA9s /or sur eillance and C: o 2 2 ;&%J0 ;ulti%mission &elico.ters )" 2 A&%1X Attac$ &elico.ters 20 2 SEA *A(CE o 61 S;%2 Dual Pur.ose ;issiles <sur/ace%to%sur/ace & sur/ace%to%air? o 8 &ar.oon ;issiles o :0 mm 'un (ote! SEA *A(CE <S*? 1as designed by (PS in 2000 and it included a to1 that contained the E2.editionary 4ar/are 'rid0 ho1e er the to1 .ortion o/ S* 1as not em.loyed /or the .ur.oses o/ the CA class3 SEA MCI9E"s @ numbers dri en by analysis results % Same ca.acity as U an A)E%J Ta le ,* Notional Cross oB 0or&e Co"#osition ,* MiniHst!%y S&enarios of Military O#erations Ot4er t4an War a( 9edi%erranean In this scenario0 Israel is attac$ed by a coalition o/ Arab states0 and Tur$ey comes to IsraelHs aid3 The C3S3 is as$ed to $ee. the air% and sea%lanes o.en /or ital cargoes throughout the length o/ the ;editerranean3 There is no C9,' a ailable nearer than (or/ol$0 and the Euro.ean Cnion stays neutral3 C3S3 /orces consist o/ /our Aegis shi.s0 /our SS(s0 a ;arine E2.editionary Cnit <S.ecial ).erations Ca.able?0 C*# shi.s0 and C")SS,)43 b( An%i!<ira'$ O"era%ions in %he 9ala''a S%rai%s A C")SS,)4 /orce0 using Singa.ore as a base o/ o.erations0 conducts o.erations to su..ress .iracy in the Straits o/ ;alacca3 In one ariation0 Indonesia .ermits S)# raids on .irate strongholds in Sumatra that ha e been identi/ied by air and sea sur eillance3 2l i 9ari%ime Su""or% o& Allies: Convo$ O"era%ions in %he

2MOOTW3 an% S"all S&ale Confli&t 2SSC3

'(

Res"onse %o 9ul%i"le 8nsurre'%ions in 8ndonesia

Instability in Indonesia leads to an outbrea$ o/ se eral insurrections on arious islands3 C")SS,)4 /orces are dis.atched in reaction3 -* 2MTW3 a( 9ari%ime Con&li'% in %he 9edi%erranean T1o C3S3 Allies in the ;editerranean are .oised /or a major sho1do1n o er islands in the Aegean Sea3 The C3S3 is committed to deterring con/lict by .ro iding a na al .resence in the region3 Should deterrence /ail0 the C3S3 is .oised to stri$e against the aggressor nation3 C3S3 #orces include C")SS,)40 AE'IS shi.s0 and a Carrier ,attle 'rou.3 The o.eration is conducted in the littorals 1ith C3S3 #orces .re.ared to combat the aggressor along her o1n coast3 Aggressor assets are mainly land%based attac$ aircra/t0 destroyers 1ith missiles0 missile shi.s0 .atrol cra/t and submarines3 b( O"era%ions) The Peo.les "e.ublic o/ China <P"C? is a dominant /orce in East Asia3 As o/ 20160 Tai1an has reuni/ied 1ith the P"C3 The P"C has ac5uired a /ormidable sea denial ca.ability0 and due to trade and de.endency on oil im.orts it is in the .rocess o/ building a sea control ca.ability in East Asia and the South China Sea3 Their aim is to en elo. ;alaysia and Singa.ore by /irst seiDing the S.ratleys3 As the scenario un/olds0 they ha e .ositioned a com.any o/ in/antry0 a battery o/ 1J Anti%Shi. Cruise ;issiles <ASC;s?0 and t1o s5uadrons o/ /ighterBattac$ aircra/t on the S.ratleys0 1ith /urther buildu. imminent3 A substantial .art o/ the 2020 P"C (a y0 consisting mainly o/ coastal cra/t0 destroyers0 /rigates0 and diesel submarines0 de/ends the a..roaches and sea lanes to trans/orm the S.ratleys into a bastion and subse5uent use as a s.ringboard into ;alaysia3 The C3S3 has decided to em.loy C")SS,)4 /orces0 t1o C'%8=s0 and t1o SS(s based in Singa.ore to disru.t and /orestall the im.ending buildu.3 C3S3 sur eillance .ro ides strategic and o.erational intelligence0 but not tactical <targeting? in/ormation3 The nearest C9,' is a se en%day transit a1ay3 Singa.ore has committed to su..ort the C3S3 (a y militarily and logistically3 ;ajor C3 S3 /orces 1ill be dis.atched 2l ii <eer Com"e%i%or (8nde"enden% 9ari%ime57ores%allin MiniHst!%y s&enarios of T4eater War 2TW3 an% Ma@or T4eater War

immediately0 the nearest o/ 1hich are C3S3 Air #orce long%range bombers in 'uam and other /orces in 7a.an0 )$ina1a and &a1aii3 There are no C3S3 /orces in a reuni/ied -orea3 '( <eer Com"e%i%or (CROSSBOW as a Com"lemen% %o %he C+B*) This scenario is the same as <b? abo e0 1ith the e2ce.tion that there are t1o carrier battle grou.s in the area and the C")SS,)4 /orce joins 1ith the C9,'s3 &o1e er0 the P"C ground and air .resence in the S.ratleys is no1 increased to a brigade0 60 ASC;s0 .lus si2 s5uadrons o/ /ighterBattac$ aircra/t0 all in 1ell%.rotected and hardened sites3 Additionally0 one%hal/ o/ the .resum.ti e 2020 P"C na al /orces are committed3 C* 0(ND(NGS AND RECOMMENDAT(ONS )* Uni$ersal 0in%inCs,8 a( )umbers Can Bu$ S%a$in <ower?0

An analysis o/ staying .o1er sho1ed that in most cases adding one shi. to the distributed /orce 1as e5ui alent to increasing the /orcesI .er%unit a erage staying .o1er by about 12 .ercent <this0 o/ course0 aries by scenario?3 b( Li%%oral War&are In littoral 1ar/are0 1here the enemy can be e2.ected to ha e large numbers o/ missile boats0 a distributed tas$ /orce 1ill out.er/orm a tas$ /orce that has most o/ its assets concentrated in a /e1 .lat/orms3 The ;easure o/ Per/ormance used in this case 1as the /raction o/ /orces sur i ing a/ter missile e2changes3 '( A Com"lemen%ar$ S%ra%e $ 4hen distributed /orces 1ere used as a com.lement to the Fun%balancedG or concentrated /leet0 the o erall sur i al /raction signi/icantly im.ro ed3 This 1as sho1n mathematically 1ith the Sal o E5uations and the other models used3 The reason this occurs is that 1hen both /orces are used together0 the distributed tas$ /orce FdilutesG
Distributed Combat SystemsG0 a C")SS,)4 Su..orting Study by -eith 7ude &o0 1hich can be /ound in 9olume 9 o/ this re.ort3 out o/ action3
:0 Staying .o1er is de/ined as the number o/ missile hits <or 1eight o/ ordnance? needed to .ut a shi. 2A Cni ersal /indings0 as .resented here0 are an edited ersion o/ those .resented in FAn Analysis o/

2l iii

the enemyIs /ire and dra1s a1ay some missiles0 1hich 1ould other1ise ha e been targeted only at the high% alue targets3 d( Area o& Covera e and Res"onse /ime In o.erations that co er a large area0 a distributed /orce is .re/erable3 This /inds .articular rele ance in anti%.iracy o.erations and similar missions3 It is im.ortant to note that /or a distributed /orce to be e//ecti e0 not only must it be able to dis.erse0 but it also must be able to concentrate on demand3 There/ore0 1e conclude that an e//ecti e distributed /orce is one that is able both to dis.erse and concentrate on demand3 The rate 1ith 1hich dis.ersion and concentration must occur 1as not clear /rom the mini%study3 e( Lo is%i'al Limi%a%ions A shi. constructed /or use in a distributed /leet must be small0 1hich limits endurance0 range and .ayload3 There/ore0 a distributed /orce must be com.lemented by an a..ro.riate logistics conce.t in order /or it to be e//ecti e3 ,* S#e&ifi& 0in%inCs a( S6A ARC;6R

Terminal De/ense! "esults indicate that e en 1ith SEA *A(CE escorts and airborne co erage /rom SEA A"")4s0 the SEA A"C&E" should ha e a terminal de/ense ca.ability <so/t $ill and .oint de/enses? in order to im.ro e sur i ability0 e en in moderate threat en ironments3 #ueling! In order to maintain the le el o/ /le2ibility and endurance desirable in the C")SS,)4 /orce0 the SEA A"C&E" must be ca.able o/ re/ueling the SEA *A(CE3 ;ine 4ar/are! S.eed! An organic mine detection and a oidance system 1ould

/acilitate 5uic$er res.onses 1hen o.erating in mine%danger areas3 The .ayo// associated 1ith a J0%$not o.erational s.eed 1as not Shi. design trade e ident3 &o1e er0 one analysis did indicate a reduction in the .robability o/ a success/ul submarine engagement as s.eed increased3 o er the range o/ 86 to J0 $nots3 b( /he S6A ARC;6R Air Win 2li2 studies should e2amine s.eed and the associated bene/its as a /unction o/ cost

IS"&T! Su.erior scouting 1as so crucial to success that the mini%study teams recommended that a medium%endurance CA90 dedicated to Intelligence0 Sur eillance0 "econnaissance0 and Targeting0 be included in the air 1ing3 Air 4ing Command and Control! Command and control o/ large

CCA9BCA9 stri$e and sur eillance .ac$ages are recogniDed as signi/icant issues3 #urther research by the C")SS,)4 team is recommended3 SEA A"")4s and Anti%Shi. ;issiles <AS;s?! There 1as a substantial synergistic e//ect achie ed 1hen SEA A"")4s0 carrying t1o or more AS;s0 and SEA *A(CEs 1ere teamed against small sur/ace combatants3 The SEA A"")4 should be designed to carrying at least t1o AS;s as a .ayload o.tion3 SEA A"")4 in the Counter Air "ole! 4hen con/igured solely /or the counter air mission0 SEA A"")4 should be designed to carry three or more air%to%air missiles <A;"AA; or e5ui alent?3 SEA A"")4 in the Air%to%'round "ole! The stri$e con/iguration o/ 8 2 260 lbs Small Smart ;unitions 1as deemed a minimum3 The Su..ression o/ Enemy Air De/ense <SEAD? mission 1as not directly assessed0 but 1as recogniDed as critical /or any inde.endent o.eration re5uiring /orced access3 (umber o/ SEA A"")4s! In t1o inde.endent cases0 sensiti ity analysis indicated that si2 SEA A"")4s .er SEA A"C&E" Air 4ing 1as o.timal3 &o1e er0 since ery little is $no1n regarding SEA A"")4 reliability and maintainability0 1e recommended that the Air 4ing ha e minimum o/ si2 o.erational SEA A"")4s0 1ith t1o s.ares on board3 &elico.ters! &elico.ters 1ere only directly e aluated in one scenario <anti% .iracy?0 in 1hich they .layed a $ey role3 &o1e er0 their alue 1as not o erloo$ed0 as they 1ere $ey contributors in C")SS,)4 AS4 and ;ine 4ar/are <;I4? ca.ability estimates3 Also0 helico.ter contributions to logistics e//orts 1ere critical3 Additional analysis is re5uired to determine i/ a dedicated attac$ helico.ter is necessary and 1orth the additional cost0 logistic burden0 and o.erational com.le2ity3 l

'(

S6A LA)C6

S.eed! The SEA *A(CE must be ca.able o/ o.erating at s.eeds com.atible 1ith SEA A"C&E"3 Endurance! The 28%hour SEA *A(CE combat endurance limit created a logistics and o.erational burden during combat engagements3 There/ore0 it is recommended that the SEA *A(CE combat endurance be increased to 8>%J0 hours at moderate to high transit s.eeds3 #ueling! In order to maintain the le el o/ /le2ibility and endurance desirable in the C")SS,)4 /orce0 the SEA *A(CE must be ca.able o/ re/ueling /rom the SEA A"C&E"3 There/ore0 SEA *A(CE and SEA A"C&E" should burn the same ty.e o/ /uel3

;ine 4ar/are! Addition o/ an organic mine detection and a oidance system 1ould .ro ide greater o.erational /le2ibility in mine%danger areas3 AS4 4ea.ons! )ne team recommended that some o/ the 61 small dual% .ur.ose missiles be traded /or u. to ten AS")C launchers3 Additional analysis is recommended .rior to ma$ing such a change3

SEA *A(CE II! (-A *AN0- re1u!reme ts' proposed /) the 0.O((BO2 team' "a ot /e a""ommodated /) the e3!st! 4 (-A *AN0- 5 des!4 developed last )ear /) the 6((- "urr!"ulum.71 6herefore' for the purposes of the 0.O((BO2 pro8e"t' a ot!o al (-A *AN0- 55 des!4 of a/out $00 to s !s favored. d( S6A @A8+6R

(umber o/ SEA MCI9E"s! As e2.ected0 the number o/ SEA MCI9E"s re5uired aried by scenario0 /rom one to /our3 SiDe! #rom the ulnerability .ers.ecti e0 the SEA MCI9E" logistical su..ort essel should resemble the SEA A"C&E" in siDe and s.eed3 Cn/ortunately0 high%s.eed hull designs tend to be 1eight%limited rather than olume%limited3 4e /ound it im.ossible to design a bul$ carrier that could achie e a sustained J0 $not s.eed3 There/ore0 1e cannot analytically su..ort the assum.tion o/

:1 See htt.!BB1eb3n.s3na y3milBNmeBtsseB/ilesB20003htm /or a com.lete re.ort3

li

an o.erationally com.atible SEA MCI9E"3 This conclusion0 cou.led 1ith .roject time constraints0 led the team to conclude that the SEA MCI9E" design should be le/t to /uture e//orts3 #or the .ur.oses o/ the C")SS,)4 .roject0 1e assumed SEA MCI9E" to be e5ui alent in ca.acity to 60 .ercent o/ an A)E%J class su..ly shi. <2J0000 tons? 1ith a s.eed o/ :6%80 $nots3 Alternati es! Any SEA MCI9E" alternati e must consider the nature o/ distributed systems3 The alternati e o/ distributing the SEA *A(CE II /ueling tas$ amongst the eight SEA A"C&E"s certainly lessens the challenge o/ $ee.ing the /orce /ueled0 but it does not sol e the larger logistics .roblem3 Cn/ortunately0 /urther in estigation is beyond the sco.e o/ the C")SS,)4 .roject3

lii

(((* 0(NAL CROSSBOW CON0(GURAT(ON E CAPAB(L(T(ES

A*

SUMMAR+ O0 SEA ARCHER CAPAB(L(T(ES E CHARACTER(ST(CS -, SEA A"C&E"0 the shi. design com.onent o/ the C")SS,)4 .roject0 1as

designed and de elo.ed by students in the Total Shi. Systems Engineering <TSSE? curriculum3:: This0 their 2001 ca.stone design .roject0 1as the tenth since the .rogramIs ince.tion and the /irst to be de elo.ed in a broader0 cam.us%1ide collaborati e en ironment3:8 The .roject gre1 out o/ a (a al 4ar College initiati e to e2.lore a conce.t called C)"SAI"0 a small a iation%ca.able shi. carrying Short%Ta$e%)// and *anding <ST)*? 7oint Stri$e #ighters <7S#s? /or littoral o.erations3 C)"SAI" 1as en isioned as contributing to the (a yIs ca.ability to de/eat an ad ersaryIs access%denial strategy by .ro iding air co er /or small littoral combatants0 such as the SEA *A(CE3:6 Emergence o/ Cnmanned Air 9ehicles <CA9s? and Cnmanned Combat Air 9ehicles <CCA9s?0 continued C3S3 (a y /ocus on the littorals0 desirability o/ /orce distribution0 need /or o.erational cost reduction0 and the ad ent o/ (et1or$ Centric 4ar/are <(C4? all .oint to1ard re%e aluation o/ the conduct o/ /uture littoral a iation o.erations3 These considerations also highlight the ad antages o/ distributed air o.erations conducted /rom smaller shi.sK ho1e er0 there are currently no systems in the C3S3 (a y that can .ro ide this ca.ability3 'i en this bac$ground0 our bottom%u. design o/ SEA A"C&E" su..orting a .rimarily CA9BCCA9 air 1ing in a moderate threat en ironment is a /irst attem.t to address these needs3 SEA A"C&E" also can 1or$ e//ecti ely 1ith <or 1ithin? C9,'s3 Saturation attac$s
:2 A com.lete re.ort on the SEA A"C&E" design can be /ound in 9olume II3

and Com.uter Engineering0 and Combat Systems3 The /aculty ensure that all design .rojects .ro ide an o..ortunity /or students /rom each o/ these curricula to a..ly 1hat they ha e learned in their indi idual domains 1hile .artici.ating in a 1ider%sco.e team design3

:: The .rogram includes students enrolled in three (PS curricula! ;echanical Engineering0 Electrical

:8 A major .ur.ose o/ the TSSE ca.stone design .roject is to gi e e2.erience in the design .rocess as a..lied to a large0 com.le2%system (a y shi. as the /ocus3 An additional major goal is /or the students to de elo. and e2ercise the leadershi. and coo.erati e s$ills needed to .er/orm a com.le2 design as a team3 The design .roduced should be interesting and inno ati e0 and it should s.ur discussion and thought in both (a y and industry circles3

(a al 4ar/are De elo.ment Command <(4DC? initiati e0 FST"EET#I'&TE"3G

:6 SEA *A(CE 1as the subject o/ the 2000 TSSE ca.stone .roject0 and 1as done in res.onse to a

liii

ha e long been recogniDed as one o/ the most serious emerging threats to na al battle grou.s3 The 1orld1ide in entory o/ anti%shi. missiles is e2.ected to gro1 in both number and so.histication in the coming years as costs go do1n and technology .roli/erates3 These missiles can be launched /rom shi.s0 aircra/t0 and land </rom /i2ed sites or mobile .lat/orms?3 ,y .roceeding into the littoral 1aters ahead o/ the C9,'s0 SEA A"C&E" can .ro ide /ormidable de/ense su..ression3 ;oreo er0 e5ui..ed 1ith suitable electronic de ices0 the C")SS,)4 /orce can greatly increase the enemyHs targeting .roblem by .roli/erating both real and /alse targets0 thereby dra1ing do1n the number o/ enemy anti%shi. missiles in the early stages o/ the con/lict3 Thus0 initially the C9,' can stand o//0 ta$ing /ull ad antage o/ its range and /ire.o1er0 as 1ell as bene/iting /rom the increased de/ensi e battle%s.ace3 The o.erational re5uirements /or the SEA A"C&E" design included an air 1ing <eight CCA9s0 eight CA9s and t1o helico.ters?0 a de.loyment range o/ 8000 nm at 60 $nots0 and a ma2imum s.eed o/ J0 $nots3 4e also set a manning le el o/ not more than 160 .ersonnel3 The air cushion design selected to meet these re5uirements dis.laces 1:0600 measurement tons 1ith a length o/ 1>1 meters and beam o/ 6A meters3 Installed horse.o1er o/ the gas turbines is :2=00000 more than a nuclear aircra/t carrier3 SEA A"C&E" meets the demanding s.eed re5uirements o/ the ).erational "e5uirements Document <)"D? by merging a catamaran hull 1ith a sur/ace e//ect shi.Is air ca ities3 4hen /illed 1ith air by high% olume com.ressors0 the ca ities in each hull su..ort u. to >6 .ercent o/ the shi.Is 1eight0 cutting the shi.Is dra/t in hal/ and greatly reducing under1ater resistance3 The shi. is .ro.elled by a combination o/ si2 gas turbine engines dri ing si2 hydro%air dri e .ro.ulsors3 These ectored%thrust .ro.ulsors gi e the shi. the ability to get under1ay 1ithout tugboats3 The .ro.ulsion .lant can be o.erated in arious lineu.s to achie e a to. s.eed o/ o er J0 $nots 1ithout sacri/icing /uel e//iciency at lo1er s.eeds3 Signi/icant manning reductions 1ere achie ed 1ith an unmanned /light dec$ and a com.uter%controlled0 automated hangar dec$3 The /ully enclosed hangar bay .ro ides storage /or all aircra/t0 maintenance areas0 and a .it sto. system 1here re/ueling0 li

rearming0 and recon/iguring /unctions occur3 )ther automated /unctions include the use o/ robotic Ftrac$botsG and Fto1botsG /or aircra/t mo ement0 as 1ell as automated 1ea.ons handling and loading3 Aircra/t are launched 1ith an Electromagnetic Aircra/t *aunching System <E;A*S? cata.ult or can be launched 1ithout cata.ult assistance 1hen SEA A"C&E"Is s.eed is used to create a 1ind o er dec$ greater than 80 $nots3 #ully enclosed ele ators allo1 /or corrosion%control 1ater 1ash and C," decontamination o/ aircra/t in the ele ator3 "eductions in manning 1ere also achie ed through a high degree o/ automation in other /unctions0 including damage control3 Also0 a signi/icant .ortion o/ SEA A"C&E" maintenance is designed to be .er/ormed by outside acti ities3 4e estimate total manning o/ the SEA A"C&E" to 12> o//icers and sailors3 SEA A"C&E" has an inner%layer de/ense .ro ided by a /ree%electron laser <.rimary air de/ense? and stabiliDed small%caliber gun system <.rimary sur/ace role? 1ith enclosed decoy launchers3 ;edium%layer de/ense em.loys airBsur/ace ca.able missiles3 This is su..orted by a ne10 small0 unmanned sur/ace cra/t ca.able o/ air and sur/ace engagement as 1ell as /or1ard mine detection3 SEA A"")40 helico.ters0 and SEA *A(CE .ro ide outer%layer de/enses3 Sensor suites include :D olume%search radar0 multi%/unction radar0 In/ra%"ed Search & Trac$0 and electro%o.tical systems3 Command and control is su..orted by an enhanced Coo.erati e Engagement Ca.ability <CEC? integrated 1ith a shi. sel/%de/ense system /or air0 sur/ace and subsur/ace 1ar/are3 It 1as clear /rom the beginning that the J0$t ma2imum s.eed ca.ability /or SEA A"C&E" 1ould be a major design dri er3 #urther0 it 5uic$ly became e ident that J0 $nots could not be sustained /or e2tended .eriods due to /uel consum.tion3 &o1e er0 the ad antage in maneu er 1ar/are .ro ided by a limited%duration s.rint ca.ability 1as deemed im.ortant enough to $ee. J0 $nots as the to. s.eed re5uirement3 This led to the choice o/ the &A"*E+ SES hull /orm o er the other alternati es seriously considered <high%s.eed catamaran and .entamaran?3 The results o/ the design .rocess also highlighted the signi/icant .enalty that must be .aid /or such s.eed3 The .ro.ulsion system re5uired to .ro.el the nominal 160000 *T SEA A"C&E" at J0 $nots is larger than the .ro.ulsion system re5uired to .ro.el a nominal 1000000 *T aircra/t carrier at :6 l

$nots0 1ith a corres.onding need /or /uel tan$s dis.ro.ortionate to the siDe o/ a 160000 *T con entional shi.3 There/ore0 the J0%$t ca.ability does not0 in retros.ect0 seem 1orth the design trades it necessitated3 That design s.eci/ication is0 at minimum0 a 5uestion /or /urther analysis3 ,ecause the SEA A"")4 CCA9 had the ability to ta$e o// <1ith a 80%$t 1ind o er dec$? in 800 /t0 1e .ro ided that ta$eo// length on the /light dec$ so that CCA9 o.eration 1ould not be de.endent on launcher a ailability3 Also0 the only resistance and .o1ering data a ailable to the team /or this hull ty.e 1as based on s.eci/ic combinations o/ na al architectural characteristics0 such as length%to%beam ratio3 In order to enhance the alidity o/ the major Fscaling u.G re5uired /or the hull0 the same shi. geometry 1as maintained0 and this0 cou.led 1ith the 800%/t ta$eo// length0 resulted in a shi. that has e2cess olume /or its .ayload3:J 4hile .ayload 1eight 1as not a major /actor in the design0 the /uel load re5uired to meet the de.loyment .ro/ile <to include re/ueling escorts? 1as a major 1eight challenge3 ,ecause o/ this0 the shi. is 1eight% <not olume%? limited0 and /urther design integration can be e2.ected to reduce the e2cess olume in the shi.3 SEA A"C&E"0 as designed0 1ould be .art o/ a layered engagement conce.t /or both stri$e and de/ense3 That layered conce.t 1ould utiliDe technology currently being de elo.ed /or the (a y3 &o1e er0 some systems s.eci/ic to SEA A"C&E"Is )"Ds are also .ro.osed3:= #rom the tables belo10 it is e ident that SEA A"C&E" 1ould be hea ily de.endent on de/ense systems aboard SEA *A(CE II since SEA A"C&E"Is combat systems 1ould .ro ide sel/%.rotection only to :0$m3:> This conce.t is 1or$able only i/ SEA A"C&E" units can ta$e /ull ad antage o/ distributed o.erations 1hile ha ing the ability to share in/ormation seamlessly3 That 1ould increase the co erage o/ the

small3

:J The .ayload associated 1ith eight CCA9s0 ten notional CA9s and t1o helico.ters is relati ely := See A..endi2 & and 9olume 9 /or details3

:> This notional shi. design is di//erent /rom the original SEA *A(CE in that it 1ould match the s.eed and endurance o/ SEA A"C&E"3 It 1ould also ha e a larger com.lement o/ missiles to .ro ide a higher ca.ability in both sel/ and tas$ /orce .rotection0 cou.led 1ith sensor suites to match the missile and threat en ironment3 As a result0 it 1ould ha e about 60 .ercent more dis.lacement <a..ro2imately =00 tons? and 1ould not include the e2.editionary 1ar/are grid3

l i

tas$/orce <o.erating as a /ully coo.erati e 1hole?0 enhancing combat e//ecti eness and increasing sur i ability3 Ran e )uter *ayer ;iddle%*ayer Inner%*ayer Close%In ,:: A" /: A" -:A" 6 $m Su.er SEA S.arro1 ;issile0 &ar.oon "A; S6A LA)C6 88 S6A ARC;6R SEA A"")4 SEA A"")4 Su.er SEA S.arro1 ;issile B CSC ;issiles "A; no1

#E* later Ta le -* Layere% StriAe an% Air Defense Con&e#t for CROSSBOW TasAfor&e

Ran e )uter *ayer ;iddle%*ayer V200 $m V60 $m

S6A LA)C6 88

S6A ARC;6R SEA A"")4

&ar.oon B ;edium "ange ;issile Su.er SEA S.arro1 ;issile B

SEA A"C&E"Is

Inner%*ayer

Cnmanned Sur/ace Cra/t ;issiles B &elo ;issiles #ree Electron *aser Small Caliber 'un Close%In 6 $m B Small Caliber 'un System System Ta le .* Layere% S!rfa&e EnCaCe"ent Con&e#t for CROSSBOW TasAfor&e

:0$m

Su.er SEA S.arro1 ;issile

Ran e

S6A LA)C6 88 l ii

S6A ARC;6R

;iddle%*ayer De/ense Inner%*ayer De/ense

V60 $m 16$m

&elico.ters

Tor.edoes0 AS")C Ta le /* Layere% S! HS!rfa&e Defense for CROSSBOW TasAfor&e

B*

CROSSBOW A(R W(NG CAPAB(L(T(ES E CHARACTER(ST(CS )* Ba&ACro!n%

The C")SS,)4 air 1ing0 embar$ed on > SEA A"C&E" CA9 Tactical Su..ort Shi.s0 is com.rised o/ > multi%mission SEA A"")40 Cnmanned Combat Air 9ehicles <CCA9s?0 > multi%mission su..ort CA9s0 and 2 ;&%J0 multi%mission helico.ters /or each SEA A"C&E"3 C")SS,)4 mission analysis0 cam.aign analysis0 distributed /orce C8I re5uirements0 o.erating en elo.e and en ironment0 and ehicle .arametric constraints contributed to .lat/orm selection3 #igure : sho1s the aircra/t that com.rise the SEA A"C&E" air 1ing3

SEA ARROW 273

SUPPORT UAVs 273

MHH1:s 2,3

0iC!re -* SEA ARCHER Air WinC Air&raft

l iii

,*

SEA ARROW-8

SEA A"")4 Cnmanned Combat Air 9ehicle <CCA9?0 a .roduct o/ the (PS Aeronautics and Astronautics De.artmentIs Ca.stone Aircra/t Design course0 is a highly maneu erable aircra/t designed /or Armed "econnaissance and ,attle/ield Interdiction3 #igure 8 .resents /our ie1s o/ the SEA A"")43

0iC!re .* 0o!r VieBs of t4e SEA ARROW A detailed analysis using Muality #unctional De.loyment 1as used to determine the critical design .arameters3 ,ased on the design re5uirements0 the most critical /actors 1ere /ound to be ta$eo// distance0 endurance0 .ayload 1eight0 and siDe3 To this e//ect0 the use o/ com.osites0 *i/e Cycle Costs <*CC?0 ;ean Time ,et1een #ailure <;T,#?0 and ;ean Time to "e.air <;TT"? all .layed crucial roles /inding a design that 1as relati ely lo1%cost0 easy to maintain0 and0 /or the most .art0 e2.endable3 #our conce.tual con/igurations 1ere analyDed0 1ith detailed 1eight and drag analysis results the studyHs main /ocus3 The /inal design con/iguration 1as a 180800 lb aircra/t 1ith an As.ect "atio o/ 63>: and a 1ings.an o/ :>3A /eet3 In addition to the rough order o/ magnitude M#D studies0 a model /or cost <Eddins Cost ;odel? 1as de elo.ed and a Taguchi cost analysis com.leted3 Conce.tual design 1as /ollo1ed by a .reliminary loo$ into the major as.ects o/ design0 including air/oil design0 structural analysis0 engine design0 Taguchi 1eight
:A All s.eci/ics on the SEA A"")4 design are .roducts o/ the (PS Aeronautics and Astronautics

De.artmentIs design team3 Detailed design in/ormation can be /ound in 9olume III3

li2

studies0 studies o/ stability and control0 sur i ability0 ris$ analysis0 maintainability0 and measures o/ e//ecti eness3 #inally0 a general study o/ a ionics and .ayload ad ancements 1as made to conclude this /irst design iteration o/ SEA A"")4 Cnmanned Armed "econnaissance Aircra/t3 Table J sho1s the com.liance matri2 /or the aircra/t3

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Para"eter R0P Val!e ;a2imum #lya1ay Cost Y >; <2001Y? ).erational *i/e 60 ;issions 4ea.ons Payload 2000 lbs <1? "ange 200 (; Endurance J hours on station Instantaneous Turn 2> degreesBsec Z Sea *e el Sustained Turn 26 degreesBsec Z Sea *e el Alternati e ;issions CAS0 CAP0 SEAD <2? Acceleration 038; to 03>; 80 seconds Ta$eo//0 Con entional 800 /eet Ta$eo//0 Cata.ult% 200 /eet Assisted Signature *o1 "CSBI" Signature <:? S.eci/ic E2cess Po1er [ 260 /.s Pro.ulsion C)TS <Commercial )//%the%Shel/? De.loyment En elo.e 8 shi..ed .er C%1= Storage 20 years0 <(ear #;C? ;anning Cninhabited 9ehicle 1? Cruise ;ach V03> at :0- /tK 2? At 6- /eetK :?At #ull)rdinance *oadK 6? (o )rdinance *oad Ta le 1* Co"#lian&e MatriF for Air&raft -* Payloa%s an% Missions S!""ary

SEA ARROW Val!e Y A36; <2001Y? 60 ;issions 1600 lbs A:0 (;<8?0 1J0: (;<6? =3> &ours 2> degBsec 26 degBsec +es +es :>= /eet Q 200 /eet 83A m2BI" T,D V :00 <Clean? AE%:00= 9ariant (ot Determined (ot Determined +es 6- /eet <;V038?K 8?

Although designed /or the armed reconnaissance and battle/ield interdiction missions0 the SEA A"")4 can /ill many other roles3 SEA A"")4 is e2.ected to .er/orm Su..resion o/ Enemy Air De/enses <SEAD?0 Anti%Sur/ace 4ar/are <ASC4?0 and s.ecialiDed ;ine Countermeasure <;C;?80 missions3 It is im.ortant to note that the SEA A"")4 also has a limited IS"&T ca.ability /or o.erations inde.endent o/ the Su..ort CA93 The modular .ayloads81 en isioned are!
80 See C")SS,)4 S.ecialiDed Su..orting StudyK FC")SS,)4 ;ine Countermeasures And 81 At ma2 /uel load <8:00lbs? only 1600lbs o/ ordnance can be carriedK ho1e er0 at 60R /uel0 range

Terminal De/ense 4ea.ons0 by ;ajor *a1rence *im0 SA#0 9olume 9 o/ this re.ort3

still e2ceeds 800nm and .ayload can be increased to :660lbs3 )nly the 1 st three .ayloads listed 1ere in estigated by the Aero design team0 the remainder0 are .ayloads SEA A"")4 should be able to carry based on its basic .er/ormance characteristics3

l2i

\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ .*

8 2 260lb Small Smart ,ombs 2 2 A;"AA; AI;120 <:60lbs ea3? 1 2 'un Pod @ 'PC%2A <;1A=? <J00 lbs? 2 2 &A"; <Inboard N1000lbs ea3? : 2 7ammer .ods % ne1 design <Current A*M%AA N1000lbs ea3? : 2 Anti%Shi. ;issiles <AS;? Current Air *aunched &ar.oon InboardN1000lbs ea3 Combinations o/ three ariants o/ air launched ;C; ")9s N 600lbs each &unter B Processor B (eutraliDer &elico.ter or shi. reco ery *aser ;ine &unting ;odule <Q2600 lbs? M!ltiH"ission S!##ort UAV

#igure 6 sho1s a ;ulti%mission Su..ort CA93

0iC!re /* M!ltiH"ission S!##ort UAV The ;ulti%mission su..ort CA9 1as not designed as .art o/ the C")SS,)4 .roject3 &o1e er0 a S.ecialiDed Su..ort Study0 F"e5uirements Analysis /or an Airborne Communications (ode <AC(?0G82 1as com.leted3 The resulting notional C")SS,)4 CA9 1as designed to carry the AC(0 Intelligence Sur eillance "econnaissance and Targeting <IS"&T? .ac$age0 or the Airborne Early 4arning modular .ayload3 The design constraints 1ere based on the ma2imum .ayload and o.erational re5uirements o/ the three main missions3 The C")SS,)4 AC( dictated the re5uirements /or ma2imum .ayload 1eight0 altitude and endurance and the AE4 .ayload set the ma2imum .o1er re5uirements3 The C")SS,)4 AC( re5uirements are! 12%hour endurance Eight hours on station time

82SSS by ;ajor -hee *oon #oo <SA#?0 9olume 93 See also A..endi2 E 3

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#our hours transit Payload o/ u. to 600 lbs *aunch and reco ery /rom SEA A"C&E"

The resulting CA9 has a gross 1eight o/ about >:00 lbs and a 1ings.an o/ about =2 /t3 The Airborne Communications (ode is a sim.le hub in the s$y .ro iding theater% 1ide connecti ity to all C")SS,)4 /orces3 Such an airborne node 1ill circum ent most line%o/%sight .roblems and .ro ide an organic asset0 1hich 1ill reduce C")SS,)4 de.endency on ;ilitary Satellite Communications and the associated band1idth congestion .roblems3 The airborne communications .ac$age 1eighs about 600lbs3 This .ayload can .ro ide a communications relay /or 9&#0 C&# and S&#3 As a satellite gate1ay0 the AC( also .ro ides communications beyond line%o/%sight to /orces outside the C")SS,)4 o.erational en elo.e3 200000/t launched /rom SEA A"C&E"S3 This re5uires /our AC(s /lying at This .ro ides o.erational co erage o er

:00nm to all C")SS,)4 /orces0 1hich include! J8 SEA A"")4 CCA9s0 J8 ;ulti% mission CA9s0 20 SEA *A(CE II small combatants and the SEA MCI9E" *ogistics elements3 #or the IS"&T mission0 the CA9 carries a multi%sensor .ayload that consists o/ three ty.es o/ sensors and a Common Data *in$3 These include an integrated ;TIBSA" to ta$e high%resolution .ictures and detect mo ing targets0 an E)BI" sensor 1ith laser range designation ca.ability0 an Electronic Su..ort ;easures .ayload to detect enemy radar emissions0 and a Common Data *in$ to send near%real%time intelligence bac$ to the ground control station3 This combination o/ acti e and .assi e sensors can ma$e the CA9 less ulnerable to enemy detection3 In an e//ort to control cost and maintain combat consumability commensurate 1ith the C")SS,)4 conce.t0 the .ayload 1as designed to achie e a .ro.er balance bet1een cost and .er/ormance3 The .er/ormance o/ these sensors 1as based on current sensor technology3 4ith an in entory o/ J8 CA9s0 the synergistic e//ects o/ larger numbers and distribution can com.ensate /or the relati ely austere .er/ormance o/ the sensors and can allo1 C")SS,)4 to conduct multi.le IS"T missions simultaneously0 thus increasing the res.onsi eness and o.erational e//ecti eness o/ C")SS,)43 l2iii

It is recogniDed that an airborne early 1arning <AE4? ca.ability is re5uired /or C")SS,)40 but time constraints made a detailed in estigation im.ossible3 &o1e er0 a 5uic$%loo$ analysis conducted as .art o/ the FC")SS,)4 Air De/ense SuiteG S.ecialiDed Su..orting Study8: determined that0 1ith sur eillance and detection ranges o/ 60 nm0 it is technically /easible to .ut an AE4 .ayload on the en isioned ;ulti%mission Su..ort CA93 /* M!ltiH"ission Heli&o#ter MHH1:

The C3S3 (a y is in the .rocess o/ mo ing most helico.ter missions to the ;&% J03 T1o ariants are being /ielded0 and both can do the armed helico.ter missions3 #or the .ur.oses o/ the C")SS,)4 .roject0 the /ollo1ing missions are en isioned /or the ;&%J0! 9ertical )nboard Deli ery <9)D? Combat Search And "escue <CSA"? Anti%submarine 4ar/are <AS4? Airborne ;ine Countermeasures <A;C;? Anti%sur/ace 4ar/are <ASC4?

The ;&%J0 1as an ob ious choice /or C")SS,)40 and since it is a 1ell% understood .lat/orm0 details o/ its ca.abilities 1ill not be re.eated here3 It should also be noted that no analysis 1as done as .art o/ this study to determine the a..ro.riate mi2 o/ ;&%J0S and ;&%J0" air/rames3 4e assumed that eight o/ each ty.e 1ould be distributed across the eight SEA A"C&E"s3 C* SUMMAR+ O0 SEA LANCE (( CAPAB(L(T(ES E CHARACTER(ST(CS )* Ba&ACro!n% SEA *A(CE II is a notional construct based on the (PS Total Shi. System Engineering 'rou.Is SEA *A(CE I design0 sho1n in #igure J3 This shi.0 designed as a small0 diesel%.o1ered inshore combatant0 came closer to meeting the C")SS,)4 re5uirements than any other a ailable alternati e3

8: SSS by CPT Sng Chun &oc$0 SA#3 See A..endi2 & and olume 93

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0iC!re 1* SEA LANCE &o1e er0 C")SS,)4 s.eed and endurance re5uirements .recluded using the original SEA *A(CE design3 Initially the SEA *A(CE system 1as designed to to1 a module /or the de.loyment o/ an E2.editionary 4ar/are sensor grid3 The s.eed re5uirement o/ the C")SS,)4 system made trans.ortation o/ the grid module im.ractical3 4e modi/ied SEA *A(CE .arametrically /or the C")SS,)4 a..lication3 SEA *A(CE II is larger than the original SEA *A(CE design0 1ith substantially greater /uel storage and .ro.ulsion .o1er3 4e re.laced the original SEA *A(CE diesel .o1er .lant 1ith a gas turbine system as .robably the most economical solution to the s.eed re5uirements that 1ould also .ro ide /or logistic com.atibility 1ith the other units o/ the C")SS,)4 /orce3 ,* SEA LANCE (( ReJ!ire"ents

SEA *A(CE II re5uirements are as /ollo1s! S.eed! The SEA *A(CE II must be ca.able o/ o.erating at s.eeds commensurate 1ith SEA A"C&E" <Threshold! 80%$nots transit0 60%$nots dash3 2e ote that s! "e (-A *AN0- does ot have to lau "h a!r"raft' !ts ta"t!"al dash speed !s less tha that of (-A(-A A.0%-..?3

l2

Endurance! The initial 28%hour SEA *A(CE I combat endurance limit created a logisti"al and o.erational burden0 noted during Cam.aign Analysis combat engagements3 SEA *A(CE II combat endurance should be 8>%J0 hours3 #ueling! In order to maintain the le el o/ /le2ibility and endurance desirable in the C")SS,)4 /orce0 the SEA *A(CE II must be ca.able o/ re/ueling /rom SEA A"C&E"3 ;ine 4ar/are <;I4?! A more robust organic mine detection and a oidance system is essential 1hen o.erating in mine danger areas3 T1o ;I4 Cnmanned Cnder1ater 9ehicles <CC9s? are included on SEA *A(CE II388

Anti%Submarine 4ar/are <AS4? 4ea.ons! 4ithout the Sensor 'rid0 SEA *A(CE lac$s an o//ensi e AS4 ca.ability3 There/ore0 SEA *A(CE II incor.orates the Anti%Submarine "oc$et <AS")C? system or circa 2020 e5ui alent3 An analysis should be done to determine the a..ro.riate number o/ launchers0 $ee.ing in mind the distributed nature o/ the C")SS,)4 system3

#or com.actness0 the original SEA *A(CE design is not summariDed here3 #or ease o/ re/erence0 the entire (PS SEA *A(CE re.ort86 has been re.roduced in 9olume 93 -* S!""ary of SEA LANCE ((

SEA *A(CE II is a minimally manned0 com.act 1arshi. designed /or ma2imum /le2ibility0 1hile .ro iding as much com/ort as .ossible /or its highly trained cre13 The o.erations o/ the entire shi. are controlled /rom a central control station located on the bridge3 There are numerous reasons to locate the cre1 centrally3 *ocating cre1 membersH berthing s.aces close to their 1or$ .ro ides /or 5uic$ access to battle and 1atch stations and also limits the amount o/ C," .rotection s.ace3 *ocating all li ing accommodations centrally allo1ed the design team to .roduce an en ironment that a//ords the cre1 some amenities not normally .resent on a small combatant0 1hile also maintaining an austere
S.ecialiDed Su..orting Study by ;ajor *a1rence *im3 <9ol3 I0 Section III @ E2ecuti e Summary B 9ol3 93 Com.lete Study?3 School3 (PS%;E%01%0013
88 See FC")SS,)4 ;ine Countermeasures and Terminal De/ense 4ea.ons0G A C")SS,)4

86 See FSea *anceG *ittoral 4ar/are Combatant System3 Technical "e.ort3 (a al Postgraduate

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s.ace /oot.rint3 The s.acious gym and galley areas gi e the cre1 am.le s.ace to rela2 and un1ind3 The habitable s.ace is also designed to accommodate shi. riders0 such as #ly A1ay Teams <#ATs? /or re.airs to SEA *A(CE II0 as 1ell as SEA* teams or an intelligence detachment3 The multi%mission s.ace located in the habitable s.ace could be used /or any s.ecial e5ui.ment or com.artmentaliDation re5uired3 A schematic o/ the combatant s.aces is .resented in #igure =3 The shi. is designed to 1ithstand only moderate damage0 but .ro ides an o..ortunity /or the cre1 to lea e the shi. ra.idly in the e ent o/ hea y damage /rom attac$3 T1o li/e ra/ts0 located .ort and starboard in the central control station0 can accommodate 26 .eo.le each3 The "igid &ull In/latable ,oat <"&I,?0 located just a/t o/ the habitable s.aces on the starboard side0 can be accessed directly /rom the berthing .assage1ay3 The "&I, can accommodate all 21 cre1 members3 The combatant is designed 1ith a robust combat suite to ensure .rotection /or the cra/t 1hile o.erating inde.endently3 It has /our &ar.oonBS*A; tubes along the .ort side0 t1o :0mm guns located /ore and a/t0 and a 61%cell ertical "#BI" guided missile launcher a/t3 The shi. could also .er/orm maritime interdiction <;I)?0 non%combatant e acuation <(E)?0 and escort /or the C9,'s or <A"'s?3 It is 1ell suited /or combat against the 1ide range o/ small sur/ace combatants /ound in international na ies3 The sensors suite is ca.able o/ o.erating in a 1ide range o/ en ironments3 The airBsur/ace search radar has a range o/ 68 (m0 1hile both the in/rared search and trac$ and the /ire control radar ha e a range o/ 20 (m3 The electro%o.tical suite has a range o/ ten nm0 and the mine%a oidance sonar has a detection range o/ a..ro2imately :60 yards3 Additionally0 the shi. is e5ui..ed 1ith an ES; suite and .hased array communications antennas3 The entire suite is enhanced by the use o/ an ad anced enclosed mast3 "eduction in "adar Cross Section <"CS? is achie ed by retracting the mast to a :6%/oot height o/ eye3 This .osition 1ould be used 1hen o.erating in a high state o/ emissions control3 The mast can be e2tended 1: /eet to a height o/ eye o/ 8> /eet0 thus increasing the I"ST detection range to 20 (m3 The mast also has nine .hased array antennas <three .er /ace? located around the mast to su..ort the range o/ communications re5uirements

l2 ii

and large data trans/ers needed 1hen SEA *A(CE II is o.erating in a (et1or$%Centric en ironment3

Cleats Boat De&A De&oy La!n&4er Ha ita ility S#a&es Central Control Station Line Lo&Aer Roo"

/)H&ell SA9SS Pota le Water Main EnCine Roo" -: "" G!n A!Filiary Ma&4inery Roo" .HCell Har#oon9SLAM 0!el TanAs

Ele&troni&s S#a&e -: "" G!n (n#ort BE"erCen&y Generator Line Lo&Aer De&oy La!n&4er C4ain Lo&Aer Ref!elinC Pro e

0iC!re 5* S&4e"ati& of t4e Co" atant S#a&es D* SUMMAR+ O0 LOG(ST(CS 0(ND(NGS )* (ntro%!&tion an% P!r#ose

The logistic in/rastructure o/ C")SS,)4 has been identi/ied as one o/ the $ey /actors that 1ill a//ect the design and .er/ormance o/ a distributed /leet3 4e stro e to identi/y .otential technologies and conce.ts that could be incor.orated into the C")SS,)4 system 1ith the aim o/ reducing the siDe o/ the onboard logistics structure and enhancing the su..ort o/ the system38J The study incor.orates these identi/ied technologies into C")SS,)4 1ith the /ollo1ing objecti es! Increasing o.erational a ailabilityK

subse5uent studies3 The study is a combined thesis e//ort by /our Systems ;anagement )//icers at the (a al Postgraduate School3 In addition to their o1n curriculum0 they .artici.ated in many joint courses 1ith the SEI%2 team to de elo. a suitable and highly integrated logistics conce.t /or C")SS,)43

8J (ote that this is a .urely conce.tual study that is 1ritten to ser e as the basic /rame1or$ to su..ort

l2 iii

 ,*

"educing Total )1nershi. Costs <T)C?K Im.ro ing o.erator and e5ui.ment sa/ety3 Met4o%oloCy9A##roa&4

The a..roach 1as to re ie1 current logistic .ractices and .rocedures to identi/y .otential areas /or im.ro ement3 "esearch0 inter ie1s0 and site isits 1ere then conducted to identi/y .otential technologies and conce.ts that could be used to address the areas identi/ied3 Subse5uently0 a /rame1or$ 1as de ised to /unctionally integrate the selected technologies0 techni5ues0 and methodologies into a /easible architecture3 The .ro.osed /rame1or$ 1as then alidated using so/t1are simulation tools and li/e cycle cost analyses3 -* Res!lts< T4e Sele&te% Te&4noloCies

The identi/ied technologies and conce.ts are! Autonomic Systems! Autonomic systems ta$e ad antage o/ ad ances in in/ormation and systems integration technologies to .ro ide accurate and timely in/ormation directly /rom the 1ea.on systems to the battle%s.ace managers3 4hen integrated 1ith Prognostic &ealth ;onitoring System <P;&S?0 the system 1ill be ca.able o/ .rocessing 1ea.on system degradation in/ormation and 1ill ta$e the necessary ste.s to e2.edite re.lacement and re.air o/ com.onents3
\

Condition%,ased ;aintenance <C,;?! C,; e2.loits ad ances in sensor technology to accurately detect current system condition and /orecast the remaining li/e o/ systems and e5ui.ment3 maintenance3 C,; /ocuses on doing maintenance only 1hen re5uired0 eliminating unnecessary and costly .eriodic

Serial (umber Trac$ing <S(T?! S(T is a management system that enables accurate and reliable trac$ing o/ indi idual in%transit com.onents0 usage data0 con/iguration management0 and com.onent /ailure3 S(T le erages Automatic Identi/ication Technology <AIT? to allo1 maintenance0 1arranty and other l2i2

data to be stored 1ithin the system or com.onent itsel/0 easing the con/iguration management .rocess3
\

Distributed (et1or$s and Intelligent Agents! This e2.loits ad ances in com.uting and arti/icial intelligence to allo1 decision ma$ing and technical re.airs to be .er/ormed at a lo1er le el0 increasing the o.erational a ailability o/ systems and shortening the mean time to restore the ca.ability o/ a disabled system3 Intelligent agents also /acilitate im.ro ed /orecasting and trend analysis ca.abilities3

Single De/inition Engineering <SDE?! SDE is a control management techni5ue that uses common <o.en? architectures o/ s.eci/ic 1ea.on systems and associated so/t1are0 thus reducing s.aring re5uirements and li/e cycle costs3

*i/e%time Partnering o/ 4ea.on Systems Contractors! *i/e%time .artnering is the negotiation o/ symbiotic relationshi.s 1ith contractors to .ro ide more e//icient su..ort throughout the li/e o/ the system3

;odular 4ea.on System Design! ;odular designs .ro ide easier installation and maintenance0 1ith commensurate ;ean Time To "e.air <;TT"? reductions3

Tele%;aintenance! Tele%;aintenance ma$es use o/ ad ances in communication and in/ormation technology to enable remote inter/ace 1ith engineering and maintenance e2.ertise to assist in maintenance .rocesses3 )ther Inno ations! These include labor%sa ing inno ations such as .aint%less technologies and robotics3 These technologies 1ill be incor.orated into a proposed lo4!st!" framewor+ 1ith the /ollo1ing /i e main modules! 1? *ogisticsK 2? ;aintenanceK :? PersonnelK 8? TrainingK and 6? 9endorBContractor3 These /i e modules o.erate 1ithin a Command0 Control0 Communications0 Com.uters and Intelligence <C8I? in/ormation systems architecture3 The Total Asset 9isibility <TA9? database .ro ides com.rehensi e in/ormation on all as.ects o/ the battle%s.ace0 including 1ea.on system status0 .ersonnel statusBend strength0 situational and casualty l22

re.orting0 and o.erational /orecasting3 The C8I system 1ill also house a Decision Su..ort System 1ith lin$s to design re/erence missions3 The logistics /rame1or$ is de.icted in #igure >3
a3 E2ec system analysis b3 Archi ed data c3 Instant Transmission to (A9SCPB(A9SEAB (A9AI"B(A9T"A(SB D*AB#ISCB T"A(SC);BIndustry Partners

*)'ISTICS
a!tono"i& en$iron"ent a3 tailored logistics .ac$age b3 Serial (umber Trac$ing B TA9 c3 Inde.endent com.onent order d3 #orecasting Tools3 e3 *ean *ogistics < /ast tran.ortation and recogniDable .rocesses?

TA9 DATA,ASE

;AI(TE(A(CE
a!tono"i& en$iron"ent a3 ProgBdiag systems b3 Ser ice Contracts 1ith Industry c3 ;odular Design d3 Technology enabled maintenanceK e3 *ean ;aintenance <"educed 4IP initiati esK Condition based ;aintenance?

T"AI(I('
a3 )nlineBInteracti e training b3 ;anuals a ailable online c3 Direct lin$ 1ith schoolhouses d3 College courses ]

PE"S)((E*
a3 Automated "ecord Ca.ability b3 Im.ro ed human resource allocation and mi2 c3 PersonaliDed M)* initiati es

9E(D)"B C)(T"ACT)"

C8I

EFe&!ti$e (nfor"ation Syste"s a3 "eal time SIT"EPSB CASE"EPS b3 "eadiness data c3 4ea.ons Systems Status d3 Personnel healthB status3 e3 Decision Su..ort Systems

0iC!re 7* Cross oB LoCisti&s 0ra"eBorA The arious as.ects o/ each o/ the /i e main modules are described belo13 LoCisti&s< Enhanced con/iguration management through TA9K man.o1er and resource reductions through the use o/ autonomic systemsK .roacti e determination o/ logistic re5uirements based u.on usage trends and stoc$room l22i

a ailabilityK and im.ro ed /orecasting tools to im.ro e logistic management and .ro ide /aster res.onse to the 1ar /ighterIs re5uirements3
\

A!tono"i& Maintenan&e Mo%!le< Internal .rognosticBdiagnostic ca.abilities 1ithin 1ea.on systems to /acilitate the maintenance .rocedureK enhanced /orecasting and .lanning ca.ability /or scheduled and unscheduled maintenance acti itiesK online tele%maintenance and irtual technical manuals /or im.ro ed technical su..ortK recommendations /or re.air actions 1hen "eady #or Installation <"#I? com.onents are not a ailableK and embedded lin$s to endorBcontracted engineering ser ices /or su..ort3 Personnel E TraininC Mo%!le< Automated records maintenance and u.$ee.0 including medical0 dental0 ser ice record0 training0 .ay and .romotion documentationK onlineBinteracti e training0 including v!rtual rehearsal o/ maintenance .rocedures3 Ven%or Contra&tor! "eal%time lin$s to Prime Contractor to /acilitate engineering and technical su..ort3 C.( Syste"s<8= The o erarching system that lin$s all modules to .ro ide real% time data0 antici.atory metrics and a decision su..ort system <1ith suggested remedies?3

The eight selected merging technologies0 as .resented abo e and detailed in 9olume 60 are critical /or reducing man.o1er re5uirements0 enhancing training0 increasing asset isibility0 reducing maintenance re5uirements0 decreasing re.air cycle time0 and increasing o.erational a ailability o/ C")SS,)43 I/ im.lemented0 they 1ill translate into e//ecti e and a//ordable sustainment o/ the total 1ea.on system3 The C")SS,)4 sustainment conce.t .ro ides a general e2am.le o/ an integrated /rame1or$ 1ith ne1 technologies and methodologies that are obtainable3 The reduced training re5uirement and lo1er o.erating hours o/ unmanned aircra/t .romise substantial sa ings in a iation o.erations such as en isioned /or C")SS,)43

Edge0 7oe #3 "ay0 'erald P3 "aia0 and -enneth 73 ,ro1n0 Combined Thesis0 2001 (a al Postgraduate School @ /or an e2am.le scenario o/ ho1 these modules 1or$ in tandem3 This re.ort may be /ound in 9olume I93

8= Please re/er to F*ogistics and ;aintenance Conce.ts /or a #uture (a al #orceGLby 4illiam 43

l22ii

The (a y should not assume that current technologies and methodologies 1ill ade5uately su..ort the accelerated battle/ield tem.o and autonomous o.erations e2.ected in the year 2020 /or systems such as C")SS,)43 'i en this .remise0 e//ort should be e2.ended ow to conduct analysis0 1ithin a Systems ArchitectureBEngineering methodology0 to ada.t and integrate ne1 technologies and methodologies to meet the sustainment re5uirements o/ the /uture (a al /orce3

l22iii

T&IS PA'E *E#T I(TE(TI)(A**+ ,*A(-

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(V*

CONCLUS(ONS AND RECOMMENDAT(ONS

The C")SS,)4 .roject has gi en students a rare o..ortunity to coordinate re5uirements0 conduct tradeo// studies0 and /unction as an integrated and interdisci.linary team3 The e2.erience0 uni5ue to (PS0 has hel.ed students understand the com.le2ities associated 1ith the trans/ormation o/ technology into a iable /uture na al /orce3 It also has taught them ho1 to 1or$ in interdisci.linary teams to deal 1ith those com.le2ities3 This .roject re.ort is not an authoritati e handboo$ /or designing and constructing a distributed /orce li$e C")SS,)43 It aims0 rather0 to highlight the basic conce.t and 1hat it ta$es to .rogress /rom conce.t to o.erational /orces3 The bottom line is that0 although the de.th o/ the study 1e could underta$e does not allo1 /or 1holesale endorsement0 /urther in estigation de/initely is 1arranted3 A* WHAT WE LEARNED WH(LE DE0(N(NG THE CROSSBOW 0ORCE (o C")SS,)4 /orce 1e could concei e is a use/ul re.lacement /or current aircra/t carriers or Carrier ,attle 'rou.s <C9,'s?3 C")SS,)4 brings only limited ca.abilities to blue%1ater and high%threat areas o/ o.eration3 C")SS,)4 can0 ho1e er0 e//ecti ely su..lement C9,'s in the littorals0 .ro iding Theater Commanders 1ith more co erage in lo1% to medium%threat areas o/ national interest3 C")SS,)4 can also com.lement e2isting C3S3 na al /orces in high%threat regions0 adding robustness and distribution that signi/icantly com.licate enemy res.onses3 Any /orce o/ small0 littoral combatants0 such as C")SS,)40 must ha e organic air co er and a iable scouting ca.ability in order to /ight e//ecti ely and sur i e3 B* WHAT WE CONCLUDED A0TER DE0(N(NG THE 0ORCE The J0%$not objecti e im.osed on the SEA A"C&E" has serious im.lications /or shi. design and cost0 1ithout commensurate tactical bene/it3 l22

A shi. dedicated to CA9 o.erational e2.erimentation 1ould aid in and accelerate de elo.ment o/ the technology0 tactics and .rocedures necessary to o.erate large numbers o/ sea%based CA9s simultaneously3

Su..ort o/ the C")SS,)4 /orce re5uires enhancements to the e2isting logistics in/rastructure3

Any distributed /orce o.erating inde.endently re5uires an organic communications relay ca.ability to augment and bac$ u. satellite communications3

&igh s.eed0 reduced dis.lacement0 relati ely 5uiet hull designs0 and /orce distribution signi/icantly reduce C")SS,)4 ulnerability to submarine attac$3 ;oreo er0 a high%s.eed unmanned airborne AS4 barrier0 .atrolling ahead o/ the C")SS,)4 /orce0 is conce.tually /easible and 1arrants /urther e2.loration3

C*

RECOMMENDAT(ONS 0OR 0URTHER STUD+ This study is not intended to be a Fho1%toG manual on the construction or

con/iguration o/ a distributed /orce3 It does0 ho1e er0 .ro ide a basic /rame1or$ /rom 1hich to e2.lore and de elo. the conce.t /urther3 In .articular0 C")SS,)4 .roject results strongly suggest the /ollo1ing areas /or /urther study! The C8IS" re5uirement /or a distributed /orce such as C")SS,)4 is com.le23 Due to time and man.o1er limitations0 the study did not co er the subject com.letely3 "obust and e2tensi e automation is re5uired to achie e signi/icant manning reductions 1hile maintaining combat e//ecti eness3 This im.lies u.%/ront in estment0 including /unding de elo.ment o/ rele ant technologies and /ull% scale conce.t de/inition studies3 The SEA A"C&E" design sho1s great .romise and 1arrants /urther iterations0 1ith em.hasis on the /ollo1ing! reduced s.eed re5uirement0 1ith l22 i

an e2amination o/ the design trade s.ace associated 1ith a 80%60 $not ma2imum s.eedK Cost As an Inde.endent 9ariable <CAI9?K /urther de/inition o/ subsystems associated high%s.eed /light dec$ o.erations0 building on design 1or$ already accom.lishedK and /urther e2.loration o/ close%in de/ense con/iguration0 es.ecially the "olling Air/rame ;issile <"A;? launchers3 #urther iteration o/ the SEA *A(CE II design is also 1arranted to o.timiDe "A; launcher con/igurationK .ro ide /or launch and reco ery o/ Cninhabited Cndersea 9ehicles <CC9s?K and incor.orate Anti%Submarine "oc$et ca.ability3 A more detailed analysis is needed /or C")SS,)4 air de/ense0 1ith an em.hasis on the technology needed to .ro ide /or airborne early 1arning3 A second iteration o/ the *ogistic #rame1or$ conce.t is clearly in order and should be closely integrated 1ith the .lat/orm and 1ea.ons design e//orts3 Also0 there is a need to in estigate the desirability and /easibility o/ a high% s.eed logistic su..ly shi.^recogniDing the danger o/ its becoming a lucrati e target3 A dee.er study o/ the (et1or$ Centric 4ar/are conce.t /or C")SS,)4 is needed0 1ith a ie1 to integration 1ithin a distributed /leet3 Some o/ the S.ecialiDed Su..orting Studies /rom 9olume 9 o/ this re.ort could hel. su..ort such an e//ort38> #urther study o/ e2.loiting $no1ledge .rocesses and arti/icial intelligence technologies to enhance the in/ormation su.eriority o/ distributed /orces is also needed3 Similarly0 there is a need to in estigate the com.le2 mission .lanning ca.ability re5uired /or multi.le simultaneous CA9 missions launched /rom distributed .lat/orms3 4hile the C")SS,)4 /orce .ro.osed here is the .roduct o/ serious analysis and care/ul deliberation0 o.erational studies to /urther re/ine the conce.t are 1arranted3 In .articular0 such studies should address the inherent ability o/ a C")SS,)4 /orce to change in both scale and com.osition3 They should
.e1u!reme t A al)s!s for A!r/or e 0ommu !"at!o s Nodes' 0ommu !"at!o s .e1u!reme ts for 0.O((BO29s :A; 0 and A A al)s!s of Mult! (e sor <a)loads for 0.O((BO2 :A;.
8> In .articular0 the /ollo1ing studies seem use/ul!

l22 ii

also in estigate C")SS,)4 o.erations 1ith combatants o/ the original SEA *A(CE design <SEA *A(CE I 1ith the E2.editionary 4ar/are 'rid?3 ).erational analyses should /urther address C")SS,)4 o.erations in conjunction 1ith C9,'s3 In .articular0 they should e2.lore migration o/ ;&%J0s and other su..ort aircra/t to SEA A"C&E" in order to /ree carrier dec$ s.ace /or stri$e assets3 D* RECOMMENDAT(ONS DEVELOPMENT 0OR TECHN(CAL AND OPERAT(ONAL

;uch o/ the technology needed to ma$e C")SS,)4 an o.erational reality must be de elo.ed3 This is true o/ the o.erational conce.ts0 as 1ell3 &o1e er0 1e assess that most o/ the technology and all o/ the o.erational conce.ts could be de elo.ed by 20120 1hich could0 in turn0 lead to an o.erational de.loyment o/ C")SS,)4 by 20203 The /ollo1ing are .romising areas /or technical and o.erational de elo.ment! #ree Electron *asers sho1 .romise /or close%in shi. de/ense3 This is true /or C")SS,)40 as 1ell as /or other na al combatants3 De elo.ment o/ a shi.% based #ree Electron *aser should be seriously e2.lored3 So/t%$ill 1ea.ons such as directed%e//ects Electro;agnetic Pulse <E;P? 1arheads are a highly .romising counter to missile saturation attac$s3 So/t% $ill methods are es.ecially use/ul /or distributed /orces such as C")SS,)43 De elo.ment o/ an E;P 1arhead /or the "A; is 1ell 1orth considering3 The /ollo1ing o.erational e2.eriments should be underta$en during SEA A"C&E" de elo.ment and early o.erational li/e! high%s.eed /light dec$ o.erationsK o.erations o/ a C")SS,)4 tas$ /orce 1ith a C9,'K o.erating C")SS,)4 units /ully integrated into a C9,'0 es.ecially combined o.erations 1ith manned and unmanned combat ehiclesK basing rotary%1inged air assets on SEA A"C&E"K using SEA A"C&E" as a Flily .adG /or reco ery and staging ST)9* stri$e aircra/t and also as a base /or those aircra/t3

l22 iii

This is not intended to be an e2hausti e statement o/ conclusions and recommendations3 #urther areas o/ research and analysis 1ill be identi/ied0 and these 1ill lead0 in turn0 to ne1 conclusions3 &o1e er0 this .roject re.ort .ro ides a use/ul re/erence .oint /or /urther study o/ distributed na al /orces3 It is 1orth restating that C")SS,)4 is not0 and cannot be0 a substitute /or e2isting carrier /orces3 e//ecti e0 and a//ordable3 &o1e er0 1e conclude that it has .romise to be .ractical0 It can /ill a s.eci/ic need /or na al .resence in lo1% to

moderate%threat littoral regions0 su..lementing carrier battle grou.s3 ;oreo er0 it brings robustness to the combined na al /orce0 greatly com.ounding the enemyIs .roblem o/ area denial against C3S3 na al /orces0 .rojecting .o1er into high%threat areas3 It is also 1orth restating that limits on time and resources limited the de.th o/ the study3 This study does not .ro ide su//icient de.th to endorse the C")SS,)4 conce.t com.letely3 4e do /ind that C")SS,)4 is su//iciently meritorious to 1arrant serious /urther in estigation3

l22i2

T&IS PA'E I(TE(TI)(A**+ *E#T ,*A(-

l222

APPEND(CES

In order to /urther e2.lore the o.erational and technical /easibility o/ the C")SS,)4 conce.t0 /ourteen S.ecialiDed Su..orting Studies <SSS? 1ere conducted co ering 1ea.on systems0 communications0 in/ormation management0 automation and logistics3 Each student chose their o1n to.ic related to C")SS,)4 based on indi idual interests3 This di ision0 combined 1ith academic0 time and resource constraints0 made it im.ossible to co er all critical areas o/ C")SS,)40 lea ing ga.s in the study3 Collecti ely0 the SSS re.resent a /irst ste. in the .rocess o/ e2amining the $ey issues and technological o.tions to realiDe the C")SS,)4 conce.t3 There remain other critical areas that 1arrant /urther in estigation3 They

include the need to assess the technological /easibility o/ the .hysical im.lementation o/ (et1or$ Centric 4ar/are0 e2amination o/ command and control di//iculties associated 1ith distributed /orces and closer scrutiny o/ intero.erability issues3 Presented belo1 are e2ecuti e summaries o/ the /ourteen SSS3 Each summary ser es to highlight its res.ecti e contribution to the C")SS,)4 conce.t0 the methodology em.loyed0 the $ey /indings and .ro.osed areas /or /urther research3 SSS can be /ound in 9olume 93 The com.lete

APPEND(K A* AN ANAL+S(S O0 D(STR(BUTED COMBAT S+STEMS.8 )* P!r#ose

This thesis analyDes the .otential bene/its o/ a distributed /leet603 ,* Met4o%oloCy9A##roa&4

Cam.aign analysis techni5ues and t1o sim.le combat models61 are used to e aluate the .er/ormance o/ a distributed /leet3 Additionally0 a sim.le net1or$ model is used to e aluate the robustness o/ a distributed command and control architecture3 This thesis also discusses 1hatIs needed to su..ort the distributed /leet3 Mualitati e discussions that incor.orate historical lessons /orm the last .art o/ the analysis3 -* Res!lts

"esults obtained /rom the 5uantitati e analyses indicate that distribution o//ers the /ollo1ing ad antages! Increased /orce e//ecti eness o/ a /leet362 #le2ibility to act in more .laces at the same time3 Increased robustness and connecti ity 1ith a distributed command and control architecture3 Denial o/ enemy o..ortunity to concentrate its /ire.o1er3 Increased robustness0 in that the /leet still maintains a signi/icant .ortion o/ its original ca.abilities e en a/ter sustaining .redictable losses3 Increased sur eillance acti ities re5uired by the enemy to detect the entire distributed /leet3
8A ,ased on FAn Analysis o/ Distributed Combat Systems0G by -eith 7ude &o3 This s.ecialiDed 60 Distribution re/ers to the allocation o/ a /i2ed amount o/ combat .otential among a ariable number 61 The *anchester E5uations ;odel and the (a al Sal o E5uations ;odel3

su..orting study is in 9olume 90 .art 1 o/ the C")SS,)4 #inal "e.ort3 o/ .lat/orms3

/e1 large shi.s is consistently out.er/ormed by a /leet .ossessing the same amount o/ o//ensi e assets but is distributed among many smaller shi.s3

62 In an e2.eriment conducted0 it 1as /ound that a /leet that has all o/ its o//ensi e assets on board a

Com.lication o/ the enemyIs in/ormation ac5uisition .roblem /or targeting .ur.oses3 A oidance o/ catastro.hic losses associated 1ith the loss o/ one or t1o high% alue shi.s3 Denial o/ enemy ability to de/end 1ith a single maneu er3 Increased /le2ibility o/ /leet com.osition3 #leet siDe can be easily scaled u. or do1n to meet the re5uirements o/ the mission3 Increased continuous .ressure on the enemy as o..osed to F.ulsedG o.erations3

Distribution also allo1s the /leet the o..ortunity to em.loy numerous small shi.s to carry its /ire.o1er3 A distributed /leet is then able to e2.loit the ad antages associated 1ith the use o/ numerous small shi.s3 These ad antages include the /ollo1ing! Small shi.s are inherently more de/endable by so/t $ill de/enses because o/ their siDe3 Small but .o1er/ully armed shi.s are suitable /or high%ris$ missions0 sanitiDing dangerous 1aters /or higher% alue shi.s3 An increased number o/ combatants 1ould allo1 /or /aster searches and more accurate situational u.dates3 The bene/its o/ distribution are substantial3 &o1e er0 the logistical0

communication0 command0 and control su..ort re5uired are signi/icantly more com.le23 A distributed /leetIs main ad antage lies in its a..arent lac$ o/ a single .oint o/ /ailure3 &ence0 the logistical su..ort0 communications su..ort0 or any other /unction o/ the distributed /leet must not turn out to be a single .oint o/ /ailure3 )ther1ise0 the bene/its o/ distribution 1ould be drastically diminished3

APPEND(K B* AN EST(MAT(ON O0 CROSSBOW ACDU(S(T(ON AND OPERAT(NG AND SUPPORT COSTS/)* P!r#ose

This s.ecialiDed su..ort study estimates the costs to ac5uire0 o.erate0 and su..ort the entire C")SS,)4 /orce o/ :0 shi.s and 188 aircra/t3 #or a distributed conce.t to be success/ul0 its costs .er o.erational unit must be relati ely lo13 ,* Met4o%oloCy9A##roa&4

A number o/ costing models 1ere used to determine these costs3 The author created three models to estimate! 1? total ).erating and Su..ort <)&S? costs .er year by shi. ty.e and number o/ .ersonnel embar$edK 2? total ac5uisition cost /or aircra/t carriersK and :? total ac5uisition cost /or shi.s <other than aircra/t carriers?3 The source data /or these models 1ere ta$en /rom the 9isibility and ;anagement o/ ).erating and Su..ort Cost <9A;)SC? database and the (a y #act #ile <(##?3 (on%linear regression analysis 1as used to estimate the cost models3 The aeronautical design team used t1o established models to estimate ac5uisition and )&S costs /or the SEA A"")40 1ith a third combination model used /or re/inement3 And lastly0 because the authorIs model /or estimating total ac5uisition costs /or shi.s <other than aircra/t carriers? yielded "%s5uared alues less than >0 .ercent0 an established (A9SEA model 1as used to estimate the costs o/ the smaller essel0 the SEA *A(CE II3 In all cases0 monetary alues 1ere adjusted to #+ 2002 using established DoD de/lators3 *earning cur es 1ere not a..lied to the total costs3

Traditionally0 learning in shi.s is 5uite lo10 and learning /or CA9s has not yet been established0 although it is li$ely to be similar to that o/ missiles3 ,ased on the .rinci.le o/ Oroughly right rather than .recisely 1rong0O uncertainty is re/lected only /or F$no1n un$no1ns3G Statistical uncertainty is not included because the statistical models all had ery high alues o/ "%s5uared0 e2ce.t as noted3 #inally0

6: ,ased on FC")SS,)4 Cost EstimationG0 by S3 ,rent Carroll3 This s.ecialiDed su..orting study is in 9olume 90 .art 1 o/ the C")SS,)4 #inal "e.ort3

Fun$no1n un$no1nsG regarding such 5uestions as o.erating hours and costs /or CCA9s are not addressed3 -* Res!lts

This analysis sho1s that the entire /orce o/ :0 shi.s and 188 aircra/t 1ill cost some1here bet1een YA36 and Y103A billion to ac5uire0 and bet1een Y:20 and Y:60 million .er year /or )&S3 The /ollo1ing is a brea$do1n o/ the costs! SEA A"C&E"3 The estimated ac5uisition cost /or each SEA A"C&E" is bet1een Y=J: million and YA28 million3 4ith eight SEA A"C&E"s .er s5uadron0 the estimated total ac5uisition cost is bet1een a..ro2imately YJ31 and Y=3: billion3 The estimated )&S cost is bet1een Y28 million and Y2> million /or each shi.0 1hile the total /or all eight shi.s is bet1een Y1A2 million and Y228 million3 The 1ide margin is caused by uncertainty o/ the cost .remium /or uncon entional hull /orms0 such as a Sur/ace E//ect Shi. <SES?3 SEA A"")43 The results o/ the aeronautical design teamHs models sho1ed the ac5uisition cost to be a..ro2imately Y1036 million3 The models also .ro ided the brea$do1n in costs /or )&S0 1hich 1ere calculated to be 123= .ercent o/ *CC0 or Y13> million .er aircra/t /or 20 years3 This is e5ui alent to a..ro2imately Y>>0000 .er year .er aircra/t in .resent day dollars0 a sur.risingly lo1 /igure3 (ote that these aircra/t are unmanned3 #inally0 there are J8 SEA A"")4s embar$ed on C")SS,)4 /or a total ac5uisition cost o/ a..ro2imately YJ=2 million .er s5uadron3 Also0 s5uadron )&S cost .er year 1ill be a..ro2imately Y63J million3 SEA MCI9E"3 SEA MCI9E" 1ill cost a..ro2imately Y1A= million to ac5uire and Y2A million a year /or )&S3 There/ore0 /or t1o SEA MCI9E"s0 the total cost .er C")SS,)4 1ill be a..ro2imately Y:A8 million /or ac5uisition and a..ro2imately Y6> million in )&S costs3 SEA *A(CE II3 The estimated ac5uisition cost /or SEA *A(CE II ranges /rom Y=2 million to Y>0 million3 )&S costs /or each SEA *A(CE II 1ill be

a..ro2imately Y13> million0 and /or the entire C")SS,)4 s5uadron0 a..ro2imately Y:J million3 The range in cost is due to uncertainty in the actual dis.lacement o/ the shi.0 1hich is estimated to be some1here bet1een 660 and J60 *ong Tons <*T?3&elico.ters3 The ac5uisition cost /or a S&%J0# is a..ro2imately Y2: million0 and the annual )&S cost is a..ro2imately Y13= million3 There/ore0 &%J0s /or the entire C")SS,)4 s5uadron 1ill cost a..ro2imately Y:J> million to ac5uire and a..ro2imately Y2= million annually to o.erate <1J aircra/t?3 CA9s3 (otional costing /or J8 C")SS,)4 CA9s0 using Predator data0 1ill be Y8A> million0 or Y=3> million .er co.y3 This cost includes ac5uisition and )&S3 The total cost /or the entire C")SS,)4 a..ears to be reasonable3 Although arying degrees o/ con/idence 1ere achie ed 1ith the di//erent models0 o erall con/idence is medium to lo1 because o/ the immaturity o/ the conce.t3 It is im.ortant to em.hasiDe that a .hiloso.hy o/ Froughly right rather than .recisely 1rongG 1as used to ascertain these estimates3

APPEND(K C*

AUTOMATED 0L(GHT DEC= AND A(RCRA0T HANDL(NG/.

This section e2amines the /easibility bene/its and costs o/ automated aircra/t and ordnance handling systems3 Cost estimates are in 2001 dollars3 )* W4y an a!to"ate% syste"I TodayIs (imitD class /light dec$ is man.o1er%intensi e and in ol es many .eo.le 1or$ing in a /ast%mo ing0 haDardous en ironment3 The dangers include jet blast0 no2ious gases0 mo ing aircra/t and other ehicles0 jet inta$es0 e2cessi e noise0 bright lights0 high 1inds0 and tem.erature e2tremes3 The ris$ o/ accident is e er%.resent3 During the last ele en years0 se enty%/i e accidents occurred on /light dec$s in the C3S3 (a y0 resulting in YJJ02=10262 1orth o/ e5ui.ment damage and 10: injuries3 66 4hile the /inancial cost o/ these injuries is un$no1n0 the human cost is substantial3 (inety%three .ercent o/ these accidents 1ere attributed to human error3 The annual /ully%burdened 1eighted a erage cost o/ com.ensation .er enlisted .erson on aircra/t carriers is Y=J0:2: <2001 dollars?3 I/ aircra/t carrier manning is .ro.ortional to the number o/ sorties .er day0 22J .eo.le 1ill be re5uired /or aircra/t and ordnance handling and launch and reco ery o.erations0 1ith an annual com.ensation cost o/ Y1=32 million3 ,oth sa/ety and cost considerations 1arrant e2.loration o/ a shi. design 1ith an unmanned /light dec$3 The high shi. s.eeds and resulting high 1ind o er the dec$ e2.ected on SEA A"C&E" suggest that an unmanned system 1ill be re5uired on the /light dec$3 Additional sa ings may result /rom automation o/ aircra/t and ordnance handling3 ,* A!to"ate% syste" o$er$ieB The system en isioned /or SEA A"C&E" conducts all mo ement o/ aircra/t0 /ueling0 storage0 ordnance loading0 launching0 reco ering0 and mission u.loads automatically3 Ad ances in robotics0 so/t1are engineering0 and autonomous guided ehicles 1ill ma$e this .ossible3 Since C")SS,)4 is ne10 design /or automation is not
68 ,ased on FAutomated 0liC4t Dec$ and Aircra/t &andling #easibility ? y 'len ,rian Muast3 This s.ecialiDed su..orting study is in 9olume 90 .art 1 o/ the C")SS,)4 #inal "e.ort3 66 (a y Sa/ety Center A iation Database (SI"S <)ne%*iner? 01 7an 1AA0 @28 )ct 2001

burdened by the need to 1or$ 1ith legacy systems3 This system does not control the aircra/t in /light or address command and control o/ the aircra/t 1hile not onboard SEA A"C&E"3 It is en isioned that the manBmachine inter/ace 1ill occur 1hen the Air Tas$ing )rder <AT)? is a..ro ed3 )nce the ty.e o/ aircra/t0 mission .ro/ile0 intended .ayload or ordnance0 and launch and reco ery time are determined0 minimal human inter ention 1ill be re5uired to arm0 /uel0 mo e the aircra/t 1ithin the hangar0 raise it to the /light dec$0 .re.are /or launch0 connect to the cata.ult0 and launch the aircra/t3 )nce the mission is com.lete0 the aircra/t lands on dec$ automatically and is mo ed to the hangar /or .re.aration /or another launch0 /or de%arming and .re.aration /or storage0 or /or maintenance3 #i2ed 1ing and rotary 1ing /light o.erations 1ill be conducted se.arately since /i2ed and rotary 1ing aircra/t re5uire di//erent 1ind en elo.es3 The aircra/t 1ill be mo ed and secured on the /light dec$ 1ith a system o/ FT)4,)TsG and on the hangar dec$ 1ith FT"AC-,)TsG and secured in .lace by FC&)C-,)Ts3O The T"AC-,)Ts are electric%.o1ered0 trac$ed ehicles that mo e the aircra/t 1ithin the hangar 1here a system o/ trac$s is arranged so that the CA9s and helico.ters are mo ed around 1ithout inter/ering 1ith other .ar$ed aircra/t3 The /easibility o/ such a trac$ed system has been in estigated using a scale model o/ the hangar bay0 SEA A"")4s0 and ;&%J0s3 The aircra/t handling system occu.ies the /ull 1idth o/ the hangar bay /or :=0 /eet3 #igure A de.icts the hangar bay and trac$ed system3

0iC!re 8* Plan VieB of HanCar De&A The T)4,)Ts are diesel%.o1ered0 in/rared%na igated0 autonomous ehicles that mo e the aircra/t on the /light dec$3 The /light dec$ layout is de.icted in #igure 103 The a/t ele ator raises the aircra/t to the /light dec$0 1here T)4,)Ts mo e the aircra/t to the launching area3 A/ter landing0 a T)4,)T connects to the /or1ard landing gear and to1s the aircra/t to the /or1ard ele ator3 The C&)C-,)Ts are electric%.o1ered0 in/rared%na igated0 autonomous ehicles that secure the aircra/t to the dec$ in the hangar bay3 The C&)C-,)Ts automatically connect tie do1ns to the aircra/t main landing gear and the hangar dec$ once the aircra/t is in .osition in the hangar bay3 .* T4e &ost of an a!to"ate% syste" The initial de elo.ment and .rocurement cost is estimated to at Y6A million and the maintenance cost at Y2A million3 E en allo1ing /or a signi/icant margin o/ error0 this system is ery a//ordable3 This cost com.arison addresses only the di//erence bet1een a con entionally manned system and the automated system .ro.osed3 ,ene/its o/ using an automated system0 other than cost0 1ill be described in the ne2t section3

0iC!re ):* To# VieB of 0liC4t De&A Test

/* A%$antaCes ot4er t4an &ost Some o/ the bene/its o/ o.erating 1ith an automated system0 other than cost0 are o erall shi. design considerations0 reduction o/ human error0 and .ossible Inter% De.loyment Training Cycle <IDTC? reductions3 1* Re&o""en%ations The e idence strongly suggests /urther "&D in unmanned systems /or ordnance handling0 aircra/t mo ement0 /ueling0 storage0 launch0 and reco ery3

APPEND(K D* AUTOMATED DAMAGE CONTROL 0OR REDUCED MANN(NG 0OR 0UTURE SH(P DES(GNS/1 #uture shi.s must be designed 1ith a Dero%manning mentality so that each .erson added must ser e a .ur.ose that automated systems cannot .ro ide economically3 )ne o/ the most di//icult automation tas$s to en isage is Damage Control0 due to its di erse nature0 un.redictability0 and the agility re5uired /or tas$s such as .i.e%.atching0 hole% .lugging0 and shoring3 So0 although no one en isions a com.letely unmanned 1arshi.0 modern and emerging technologies may ma$e signi/icant man.o1er redu"t!o s .ossible3 Since Damage Control is an im.ortant determinant o/ o erall shi. manning0 this area has been in estigated3 ,y e2amining current technologies and ma$ing .redictions based on test results and technology .rojections0 /uture shi. systems designers can .er/orm /unctional analyses to determine the best mi2 o/ manned and unmanned systems3 This section o/ the C")SS,)4 .roject e2amines means by 1hich /uture shi. designers could greatly reduce manning le els by utiliDing current and .rojected technologies to automate many Damage Control /unctions3 Through automation0 reduced manning is achie able3 Automated Damage Control systems can .er/orm many o/ the /unctions currently .er/ormed by .eo.le0 including! 1? heat stress monitoringK 2? /ire detection0 isolation0 and su..ressionK :? /looding detection0 isolation0 and de1ateringK 8? electrical /ault detection0 isolation0 and re%routingK 6? ideo sur eillanceK and J? .ersonnel accountability3 Additionally0 automated systems could decrease the o erall reactionBres.onse times through the use o/ high%s.eed .rocessing and e2.ert systems3 This section .ro.oses an o erarching system0 the Integrated Su.er isory Control System <ISCS?0 1hich could be de elo.ed using current technology3 I/ im.lemented correctly0 an ISCS could drastically reduce DC manning re5uirements and im.ro e sur i ability3 A major .roblem inhibiting the de elo.ment o/ such a system today is lac$ o/ inter/ace and .rotocol standardiDation3
6J ,ased on FAutomating Damage Control to "educe ;anning /or #uture Shi. Designs0G by *ance C3 *antier3 This s.ecialiDed su..orting study is in 9olume 90 .art 1 o/ the C")SS,)4 #inal "e.ort3

;any di//erent elements 1ithin the (a y are 1or$ing on reducing manning through damage control automation0 but there are numerous0 di//erent0 non%intero.erable sensors0 architectures0 and .rotocols being de elo.ed3 (o .roject has tested all o/ the systems re5uired /or ! te4rated autonomous Damage Control as en isioned in the ISCS3 All o/ the current .rojects are limited in sco.e0 and e en the (a al "esearch *aboratoryIs /ull%scale "T&E moc$%u.s onboard the e2%CSS S&AD4E** ha e not /ully integrated all o/ the systems into an o erarching decision and e2ecution system3 A 1ide ariety o/ sensors and numerous di//erent .ro.rietary .rotocols and inter/aces are being used in the di//erent test .rojects0 but there is no standard .rotocol in use by all3 There/ore0 the )//ice o/ (a al "esearch <)("? .rojectsLin .articular0 "educed Shi. Cre1 by 9irtual Presence <"S9P? and (et1or$ #ragment &ealing <(#&? Lha e .arts and .ieces that are not directly intero.erable 1ith the .arts and .ieces o/ other research e//orts0 such as the (a al "esearch *aboratory <("*? Damage Control @ Automation /or "educed ;anning <DC%A";? .roject or the (a al Sur/ace 4ar/are Center Carderoc$ Di ision <(S4CCD? Automated Systems "econ/iguration <AS"? .roject3 #urthermore0 the .ro.osed decision systems are incom.lete and li$e1ise re5uire both standardiDation and inter/ace controls3 (either the Damage Control Tactical ;anagement System <DCT;S? so/t1are nor the Damage Control Actions ;anagement Systems <DCA;S? so/t1are meets all o/ the re5uirements to realiDe an automated DC 1ith reduced manning3 The ISCS architecture de elo.ed in this section is a /irst ste. to1ard a /ully integrated system3 I/ a design architecture 1ere to be de elo.ed 1ith a standardiDed set o/ inter/aces and .rotocols /or all o/ the sensors and intelligent agents .ro.osed by )("0 ("*0 (S4CCD0 (A9SEA and other grou.s in estigating the automated DC .roblems0 one could easily /oresee a system much li$e the ISCS in the not too distant /uture3 System architecture could then be de elo.ed /rom the ground u.0 using industry standards /or inter/aces and .rotocols /or all in.ut de ices and decision aids3 The (a y and its .artners in industry must collaborate to combine technologies in critical areas3 #or e2am.le0 the (a y needs to 1or$ 1ith leaders in Personal Data

Assistant <PDA? technology and Personnel *ocator Ser ice <P*S? systems0 as 1ell as 1ith medical monitoring de ice e2.erts3 This 1ould enable de elo.ment o/ a PDA 1ith P*S /unctionality0 as 1ell as the ability to monitor medical conditions3 4ater mist systems .laced throughout the shi. can eliminate manning o/ /ire boundaries0 and automated closure technology can eliminate the need /or manned material boundary setting3 Such systems are clearly /easible0 but the cost o/ hard1are0 so/t1are and *i$e1ise0 ac5uisition .ro/essionals must begin to ta$e a system a..roach to damage control design and de elo.ment issues and get in ol ed 1ith their industry counter.arts and include them in the shi. design .rocess3 In conclusion0 there is no .art o/ the ISCS .ro.osed in this section that could not be im.lemented today i/ a 1ay could be /ound to integrate all o/ the e2isting0 .ro en technologies into one system 1ith the decision so/t1are to su..ort it3 The /uture o/ reduced manning through automated damage control rests on our ability to do this3 I/ it 1ere success/ul0 the (a y could increase o erall shi. sur i ability and reduce damage control man.o1er and cost3 maintenance re5uires care/ul analysis3

APPEND(K E* REDU(REMENT ANAL+S(S O0 AN A(RBORNE COMMUN(CAT(ONS NODE 2ACN3 (N SUPPORT O0 CROSSBOW OPERAT(ONS/5 )* P!r#ose of Resear&4

The /undamental ad antage /or C")SS,)4 as a distributed /orce is its inherent ability to sur i e in a moderate% to lo1%threat en ironment and .ro ide /ormidable /ire.o1er in the littoral battle%s.ace3 4hile the a..eal /or o.erating in a distributed manner is e ident0 it also has signi/icant .otential disad antages3 The com.le2ity o/ the o erall system de/initely increases 1ith distributed /orces3 This0 in turn0 increases the demand on the Command0 Control0 Communication0 Com.uter0 Intelligence0 Sur eillance and "econnaissance <C8IS"? systems3 Thus0 the need /or reliable net1or$ connecti ity becomes e en more .i otal3 In the absence o/ a robust net1or$ architecture0 the o.erational .ayo//s o/ distributed /orces cannot be realiDed3 "ealiDing the signi/icant role that the communications in/rastructure 1ill .lay in the conte2t o/ C")SS,)4 o.erations0 this research in estigates the .lausibility o/ em.loying an airborne communications hub as a method to .ro ide theater%1ide connecti ity to all C")SS,)4 /orces ia an AC(3 ,* A##roa&4

There are0 essentially0 t1o major com.onents in the design s.eci/ication o/ the C")SS,)4 AC(! 1? design s.eci/ications o/ the air s.eci/ications o/ the communications module3 It is belie ed that the .rocess o/ determining the design s.ace o/ an airborne communications CA9 that is ca.able o/ launch and reco ery /rom the /light dec$ o/ the SEA A"C&E" shi. is a more technically daunting tas$ than that o/ de elo.ing a modular communications .ayload3 The ad ent o/ miniaturiDation technology in circuit board design and 9*SI technologies ma$es the e entual de elo.ment o/ the communications .ayload a relati ely sim.ler tas$3
*oon3
6= ,ased on F"e5uirement Analysis /or an Airborne Communications (ode <AC(?G by #oo -hee

ehicle0 and 2? design

This s.ecialiDed su..orting study is in 9olume 90 .art 1 o/ the C")SS,)4 #inal "e.ort3

Premised on these considerations0 1e to /irst de/ine the basic system .arameters /or the air ehicle and /i2 its $ey /actors0 and then analyDe the communications re5uirements3 4e siDe the air ehicleIs design s.ace by analysis0 using arious $ey constraints3 4e then com.are this s.ace 1ith that a ailable on the SEA A"")4 CA9 to ascertain i/ a se.arate aircra/t design is needed3 In determining the re5uirements o/ the communications module0 arious lin$ budget analyses0 modulation schemes and error correction re5uirements 1ere studied to identi/y the general communications system re5uirements3 To /acilitate the re5uirement analysis .rocess0 1e deri ed a scaled%do1n communications model /rom the e2isting CS(Is ne1 aircra/t carrier ).erational "e5uirements Document <)"D?3 -* Res!lts

"esults obtained /rom the studies abo e indicate the /ollo1ing .reliminary conclusions! An AC( CA9 carrying a suitable communications .ayload0 /lying at 200000 /eet can .ro ide ade5uate co erage o/ u. to :00nm in diameter3 The current SEA A"")4 design meets many o/ the AC( CA9Is o.erational re5uirements3 &o1e er0 it is not an o.timiDed solution /rom the /uel consum.tion .ers.ecti e0 ha ing inade5uate olume3 It is en isaged that the long%term o.erating and su..ort cost /or using the SEA A"")4 to conduct AC( o.erations 1ould not be as cost%e//ecti e as a s.ecially designed CA9 /or the AC(3 &ence0 1e recommend a se.arate aircra/t design3 SEA A"")40 1ith its modular .ayload bay0 can be con/igured to conduct AC( o.erations0 but this o.tion should be ado.ted as a contingencyLe3g30 i/ all AC( CA9 are damaged or non%o.erational3 ,ased on the initial estimates /or an aircra/t to meet C")SS,)4 AC( re5uirements0 <i3e30 12%hour enduranceLeight hours on station time and /our hours o/ transit carrying a .ayload o/ u. to 600 lbs and ca.able o/ launch and reco ery /rom SEA A"C&E"?0 the s.ecialiDed AC( CA9 could ha e a gross 1eight o/ about >:00 lbs and a 1ings.an o/ about =2 /eet3

The data lin$ analysis indicates that the .ro.osed communications .ac$age /or the AC( can .ro ide ery su.erior lin$ 5uality3 The communications module .ro.osed is designed 1ith ,inary Phase Shi/t -ey <,PS-?0 s.read s.ectrum and orthogonal coding scheme3 This .ro.osal0 1hile .reliminary0 sho1s that jamming .rotection is .ossible 1ith the AC( conce.t3 It can .ro ide multi.le lin$s to ensure net1or$ redundancy and sur i ability3

In order to ensure o erall net1or$ sur i ability0 a minimum o/ a /our%node con/iguration is .ro.osed3 ,ased on the C")SS,)4 /orce structure o/ three AC( CA9s .er SEA A"C&E"0 the o.erational .ro/ile o/ the arious AC( con/igurations is re/lected in the Table =3 This tem.late 1ould enable C")SS,)4 /orces .ro iding continuous co erage /or 28 hours a day o er a se en%day o.eration3

ACN #er SEA Total ARCHER 1 2 8 >2CA9 1J2CA9 ,.FUAV

ACN No* of Missions DoBnti"e o$er 5 %ays 1036 6326 -*/ ,:M 123J J3:12 .*,

of No* of Missions #er Day 13> 03A :*1

0leet SiGe

:22CA9 23J2 :318 0386 Ta le 5* Mission Profile for a 0o!rHNo%e ACN ConfiC!ration .* 0olloBH!# A&tions

This research has accom.lished a limited /easibility analysis o/ the AC( conce.t3 Though the technical com.utations ha e not been e2hausti e0 most o/ the data deri ed can be used as a re/erence model /or /uture detailed design .ur.oses3 4e .ro.ose that0 in addition to the communications re5uirements0 the command and control issues /or C")SS,)4 /orces be addressed in de.th3 The ulnerabilities /rom o.erating as a distributed /orce ia an AC( are unclear at this juncture3 The o erall system le el

com.le2ity /or C")SS,)4 /orces o.erating distributed should be in estigated in order to better de/ine the command and control mechanisms needed3

APPEND(K 0* COMMUN(CAT(ON REDU(REMENTS 0OR CROSSBOWLS UAV/7 A $ey attribute o/ C")SS,)4 is the ability to de.loy Cnmanned Air 9ehicles <CA9? /or sur eillance and both air%to%air and air%to%ground stri$e missions3 E2isting communication schemes /or control o/ CA9s0 such as the Predator and 'lobal &a1$0 are sto e.i.e systems and do not address .otential intero.erability issues 1hen o.erating a large number o/ CA9s 1ithin a joint na al 1ar/are en ironment3 )* P!r#ose

This research .a.er aims to! ,* de/ine the CA96A communication re5uirements0 identi/y e2isting technological de elo.ments that C")SS,)4 can use0 .ro.ose a CA9 communication architecture /or C")SS,)4 and assess .otential limitations o/ the .ro.osed architecture3 Met4o%oloCy9A##roa&4

The .roblem 1as a..roached /irst by identi/ying the /unctional re5uirements using the SEA A"")4 o.erational .ro/iles as re/erence3 "esearch into e2isting CA9 communication%related de elo.ments 1ithin the DoD 1as conducted to identi/y de elo.mental .rojects that 1ould satis/y C")SS,)4 re5uirements3 A communication architecture using e2isting technology 1as then .ro.osed3 Its /easibility and .otential limitations 1ere assessed using communication design .rinci.les3 The im.lementation 1as based on Direct Se5uence S.read S.ectrum <DSSS? 1ith ,inary Phase Shi/t -eying <,PS-? modulation3 In areas 1here technological solutions 1ere judged not /easible0 tactical solutions 1ere .ro.osed3 -* Res!lts a(
6>

ReBuiremen%s

,ased on FCommunications "e5uirements /or C")SS,)4Is CA9sG0 by 9ictor +eo3 This s.ecialiDed su..orting study is in 9olume 90 .art 1 o/ the C")SS,)4 #inal "e.ort3 similar to those o/ CA9s because o/ lac$ o/ e2.erience 1ith CCA9s to date3
6A CA9 in this document re/ers to both IS" CA9 and CCA93 CCA9 re5uirements are assumed

The /undamental command and control /unctional re5uirement o/ CA9s consists o/ an u.lin$ and a do1nlin$ channel3 The u.lin$ channel must be able to send command and control instructions /or the maneu er o/ the CA9s0 telling them 1here to go0 1hat to see or trac$0 and 1hether to re.ort or /ire its ammunition3 The do1nlin$ channel must be able to .ro ide the o.erator 1ith the data gathered by the CA9s0 1hether they are images /rom the arious sensors or its location0 altitude0 direction0 or target trac$ data3 ,ased on the de elo.mental trends0 the u.lin$ data rate re5uirement is e2.ected to be less than or0 at 1orse0 e5ual to the e2isting 200 $b.s rate used by Predator or 'lobal &a1$3 The do1nlin$ data rate is e2.ected to /ollo1 the ;PE' 2 com.ressionBtransmission standard dictated by the ;otion Imagery Standards Pro/ile <;ISP? in 7oint Technical Architecture <7TA? 8303J0 The /unctional re5uirement identi/ied abo e 1ill re5uire three .hysical com.onents! 1? a 'round Control Station <'CS? on board SEA A"C&E" that 1ill allo1 the commander to command and control the CA9sK 2? a communication lin$ that can handle the re5uired data rateK and :? a transcei er unit /or both the shi. and the CA93 ).erationally0 each SEA A"C&E" must be able to control at least eight CA9s simultaneously3 Control o/ the CA9s must be interchangeable among the SEA A"C&E"s 1hen re5uired3 In/ormation do1nlin$ /rom the CA9s must be accessible to all sur/ace combatants 1ithin C")SS,)40 and it must also be able to hand o er CA9 control to a land%based 'CS /or ground su..ort missions3 b( 6xis%in :evelo"men%s The command0 control and communication o/ the CA9s in C")SS,)4 1ill ha e to /all 1ithin the (a yIs C8IS" ision o/ 7oint and (a al 4ar/are laid out in the (a y FCo.ernicus Conce.tW#or1ard3G This conce.t goal is the integrated e2ecution o/ /our essential /unctions o/ C8I! connecti ityK common tactical .ictureK sensor to shooterK and in/ormation 1ar/are3 The DoD and the Ser ices initiated t1o de elo.ments to integrate CA9 o.erations 1ith the ser ices joint C8IS" in/rastructure3 They are the Tactical Control System <TCS? and Tactical Common Data *in$ <TCD*?3

/ramesBsecond3 It can be reduced to about 136 to 2 ;b.s /or gray scale motion image3

J0 ;PE' 2 re5uires a transmission band1idth o/ J%> ;b.s /or /ull color motion image at :0

Em.loyment o/ TCS and TCD* /or C")SS,)4Is CA9 command and control communications must address intero.erability issues 1ith e2isting (a y .lat/orms3 The dissemination o/ CA9 collected in/ormation to arious customers 1ithin the DoD 1ill be /acilitated through the TCS inter/aces3 '( <ro"osed Communi'a%ion Ar'hi%e'%ure

A .ro.osed system architecture using TCS /or the 'CS and TCD* /or the communication lin$ /or C")SS,)4 CA9 command and control communication is sho1n in #igure 113

0iC!re ))* Pro#ose% TCS syste" Ar&4ite&t!re

TCSIs ability to command and control the large number o/ CA9s is largely a /unction o/ so/t1are and the user inter/ace3 These should be easily o ercome 1ith increasing .rocessing .o1er and by adding more user terminals3 limitation is assumed to lie in the communication lin$3 The main

d(

<o%en%ial Limi%a%ions

TCD* ad antages and limitations are in estigated through the design o/ a ,PS- s.read s.ectrum 1ith 4alsh orthogonal coding and Pseudo%(oise <P(? se5uences communication scheme using TCD*3 Already allocated band1idth e2ists /or the .rojected u.lin$Bdo1nlin$ data rate0 and the e2isting *: CommunicationIs Air and 'round Terminal <A'T? ser es as our baseline because 1e ha e no access to the (a yIs scheme due to security reasons3 There/ore0 the selected communication scheme may or may not be the scheme currently em.loyed by TCD*3 #rom the design and analysis .rocess0 the /indings are! TCD* can su..ort C")SS,)4Is CA9 communication re5uirement o/ J0 CCA9s <assuming 200 -b.s u.lin$ and 2 ;b.s do1nlin$? and 20 IS" CA9s <200 -b.s u.lin$ and 103=1 ;b.s do1nlin$? simultaneously3 (umber o/ .lat/orms su..ortable is de.endent on the data rate re5uired3 7amming .rotection o/ 2= d, to 80 d, is attainable0 and jamming beyond 200$m is unli$ely due to the high .o1er re5uirement /or a /i2ed jammer3 7amming on inland missions is .ossible 1hen the CA9s /ly o er land at only 200000 /t <J $m?3 ).eration beyond the 200$m range o/ TCD* 1ill ha e to be addressed by Airborne "elay (ode <AC(?3 Source "outingJ1 is re5uired to o ercome .ossible obstruction o/ the line o/ sight channel3 -u ,and SATC); should be used as a bac$u. to the AC( /or redundancy3

route3 This is accom.lished by means o/ a routing .rotocol 1here each radio continuously monitors the adjacent lin$ .er/ormance and u.dates a routing table /or a .ossible net1or$ con/iguration3 This o.erates ery much li$e a ty.ical 4ide Area (et1or$ <4A(?3

J1 Dynamic source routing re5uires se eral adjacent lin$s to guarantee the a ailability o/ an alternate

.*

Con&l!sions

In conclusion0 em.loyment o/ TCS and TCD* /or C")SS,)4Is CA9 communication 1ill address most o/ the intero.erability issues 1ithin a 7oint theater% 1ide o.eration3 The e2istence o/ a de elo.ed transcei er .roduct in su..ort o/ TCS and TCD* 1ould cut do1n de elo.mental time and cost i/ C")SS,)4 1ere to be im.lemented3 This study .ro ides the basic command0 control and communication design re5uirements and considerations /or C")SS,)4 CA9s3 These data can be used as a model /or /urther analysis3

APPEND(K G* AN ANAL+S(S O0 MULT(HSENSOR PA+LOADS 0OR THE CROSSBOW UAV1, )* P!r#ose

The .ur.ose o/ this study is to .ro.ose a baseline multi%sensor .ayload /or the C")SS,)4 Intelligence0 Sur eillance and "econnaissance <IS"&T? CA93 The multi% sensor .ayload 1ill com.rise the /ollo1ing ty.es o/ .ayload! ;o ing Target IndicationBSynthetic A.erture "adar <;TIBSA"? Electro%).ticalBIn/rared Sensor <E)BI"? Electronic Su..ort ;easures <ES;? Common Data *in$ <CD*?

The combination o/ acti e and .assi e sensors can ma$e the C")SS,)4 CA9 less ulnerable to enemy detection3 The CA9 can s1itch bet1een acti e and .assi e modes de.ending u.on the le el o/ hostility o/ the o.erating en ironment3 ,* Met4o%oloCy9A##roa&4

The characteristics and .er/ormance data o/ sensors collected /rom mar$et research 1ere used as data in a decision model that determined the o.timal .ayload con/iguration based on certain .hysical and .er/ormance constraints3 Due to the sensiti e nature o/ certain sensor technology in "&D0 the data collected 1ere limited to those sensors that are commercially a ailable and the non%classi/ied s.eci/ications o/ those that are in "&D3 Although this may not accurately re.resent sensor technology in the year 20200 it can be used as a 1orst%case ca.ability scenario /or the C")SS,)4 CA9 at this time3 The .hysical constraints 1ere im.osed by considering a notional C")SS,)4 CA9 .lat/orm3 This CA9 1ill be designed to carry the Airborne Communications (et1or$ <CA(? .ayload0 the Airborne Early 4arning <AE4? .ayload or the IS"&T .ayloads3 The constraints im.osed 1ere based on the ma2imum re5uirements by each ty.e o/ .ayload3 The constraints im.osed 1ere!
J2 ,ased on FAn Analysis o/ ;ulti%sensor Payloads /or the C")SS,)4 CA90G by Paul Che13 This s.ecialiDed su..orting study is in 9olume 90 .art 1 o/ the C")SS,)4 #inal "e.ort3

;a2imum .ayload 1eight ;a2imum .ayload olume ;a2imum electrical .o1er

% % %

600 lbs 16 /t: 2 $ilo1atts

The .er/ormance constraints 1ere based on the sensorIs target identi/ication ca.ability and its ability to reject /alse contacts3 These .er/ormance measures 1ere re.resented by utility alues deri ed using the analytical hierarchy .rocess36= Cost 1as used as a ariable to determine a list o/ multi%sensor .ayloads that satis/y the constraints im.osed on the model3 Costs 1ere aried /rom Y600$ to Y6;3 The relationshi. bet1een the cost o/ the .ayload and its identi/ication <ID? alue is sho1n in #igure 123 The ID alue is a utility alue deri ed using the analytical hierarchy .rocess0 1here a .air%1ise com.arison o/ the di//erent ty.es o/ sensors 1as done to determine their relati e .er/ormance ca.ability3 It re.resents the ability o/ the sensor system to identi/y a target o/ interest3 This is based on the image resolution o/ the

0iC!re ),* Cost $s* (%entifi&ation Val!e

SA"B;TI "adar0 E)BI" sensors and the /re5uency resolution o/ the ES; sensors3 It 1as /ound that a .ositi e and roughly .ro.ortionate relationshi. bet1een cost and ID alue e2ists3 This relati ely linear relationshi. ma$es it di//icult to identi/y any region o/ diminishing utility .er dollar3 There/ore0 a trade%o// bet1een cost and .er/ormance has to be made to determine the o.timum baseline .ayload3 #rom the list o/ .ayloads deri ed /rom the .ayload selection model0 a cost% .er/ormance trade%o// analysis 1as conducted to determine the o.timum baseline .ayload /or the C")SS,)4 CA93 Table > illustrates the .er/ormance characteristics o/ the multi%sensor .ayloads selected /rom the model3
Cost(M) 1.3 1.34 1.65 2.2 2.45 2.8 2."5 3."5 Weight (lbs) 168.1 161.1 213.1 217.1 302.1 347.1 361 347.1 EO/IR VERS1 FLIR2 FLIR3 VERS1 VERS1 FLIR3 NORGM3 RE#1 MTI/SAR NORGM2 NORGM2 NORGM2 GENA RA!1 RA!1 RA!1 RA!1 EO/IR Resolution (Pixels) 256x256, No LRD 256x256 with LRD 640x480 with LRD 256x256, No LRD 256x256, No LRD 640x480 with LRD 640x480 with LRD 1"68x1"68 with LRD EO/IR Performan e !alue 1 3 5 1 1 5 5 " MTI/SAR ("m/m#$) 14 14 14 23 25 25 25 25

Ta le 7* Cost $s* Payloa% Perfor"an&e C4ara&teristi&s The E)BI" and ;TIBSA" sensors 1ere re.resented by the names o/ their manu/acturers36> A numerical alue 1as re5uired /or each .er/ormance characteristic3 The E)BI" resolution 1as con erted to a .er/ormance scale o/ one to nine0 1ith nine gi en to the best sensor based on its resolution and 1hether it has a *aser "ange Designator <*"D?3 The .er/ormance alues used describe the ability o/ the sensor .ayload to identi/y a target o/ interest based on its resolution <E)BI"? and ma2imum detection range /or a unit area o/ target in $mBm2 <;TIBSA"?3 An additional consideration 1as the inclusion o/ an *"D to .ro ide targeting data and lasing /or the missiles /ired by the CCA9s or SEA *A(CE3 #or e2am.le0 in ro1s se en and eight0 the di//erence in cost o/ Y1; is attributed to the increase in E)BI" resolution /rom J8028>0 to 1AJ>21AJ>3 It can be seen in this case that there is a 1eight decrease o/ about 18 lbs3 This o..osing trend is due to the 1ay the sensor is manu/actured and .ac$aged by (orthro. 'rumman ersus "econ ).tical3 Another e2am.le o/ .er/ormance com.arison bet1een ro1s three0 si2 and se en

sho1s that0 /or ro1s three and si20 the main di//erence in cost o/ Y1316; is attributed to the better SA"B;TI .ayload installed0 1hich gi es a better range o/ target detection ca.ability <18 /or ro1 three and 26 /or si2?3 4ith regard to ro1s si2 and se en0 there are no di//erences in .er/ormance0 although there is a di//erence in cost o/ Y0316;3 This is due to the di//erent .rices gi en by (orthro. 'rumman s #*I" Systems /or the E)BI" systems 4hile it is al1ays tem.ting to select the best and most e2.ensi e .ayloads0 one has to ste. bac$ and consider the needs o/ C")SS,)43 )ne o/ the $ey tenets o/ the C")SS,)4 conce.t is the need to ma$e e ery /orce unit as e2.endable as .ossible3 E2.endability 1ould mean lo1er costs and0 more o/ten than not0 a less ca.able system3 &o1e er0 the synergistic e//ects o/ larger numbers and distribution can com.ensate /or this lo1er ca.ability3 Since the CD* and ES; .ayloads 1ere the same /or all le els o/ total cost0 only the E)BI" and ;TIBSA" .ayloads 1ere considered /or the trade%o// analysis3 4ith this mind0 the trade%o// .arameters and 1eightings used in the analysis are cost%biased0 as Table A sho1s3 Para"eters WeiC4tinC Cost . Resol!tion , RanCe9TCt SiGe , Payloa% WeiC4t , TOTAL ): Ta le 8* Tra%eHoff Analysis Para"eters an% WeiC4tinCs -* Res!lts E Con&l!sions

Table 10 sho1s the o.timum baseline .ayload /rom the trade%o// analysis3 WeiC4t Cost2M3 2l s3 PoBer 2W3Vol 2ft-3 EO9(R MT(9SAR ESM CDL Army TCA9 Star Sa/ire;;C; ESP% TCD* % *: 1226 :3:6= II % #*I";TIBSA" %A itronic Communication Systems Inc (orthro. s s 'rumman Ta le ):* Baseline M!ltiHSensor Payloa%

13J6

21:31

4ith a 1eight o/ only 21: lbs0 the .ayload ta$es u. less than 60 .ercent o/ the ma2imum .ayload 1eight o/ the notional C")SS,)4 CA93 This e2tra 1eight allo1ance can be used to carry additional /uel to e2tend the range and endurance o/ the CA93 This is es.ecially ad antageous /or IS"&T missions0 1here demands /or range and endurance are high3 Com.ared to the most e2.ensi e and most ca.able .ayload0 this one costs Y23:; less .er .ayload3 It is also lighter by about 1:6 lbs3 4ith an in entory o/ J8 CA9s in C")SS,)40 the total sa ing o/ Y18=32; is a signi/icant amount3 In terms o/ .er/ormance0 as sho1n in Table =0 the o.timum SA"B;TI target detection ca.ability is about J0 .ercent o/ the most e2.ensi e o.tion0 and its E)BI" resolution is about three times less3 The higher resolution ca.ability /or the most e2.ensi e o.tion 1ould mean higher band1idth re5uirements /or data trans/er o/ images3 4ith a large in entory o/ CA9s0 this band1idth re5uirement may .ose a .roblem /or the common data lin$ and communication nodes3 There/ore0 the o.timum baseline .ayload stri$es a .ro.er balance bet1een cost and .er/ormance commensurate to the o.erational conce.t o/ C")SS,)43 The conce.t o/ C")SS,)4 as a .lat/orm /or CA9s and CCA9s 1ill o.en u. ne1 a enues and o..ortunities /or unmanned o.erations3 The more e2.endable nature o/ CA9s allo1s them to be used in hostile en ironments that are too ris$y /or manned .lat/orms to o.erate3 The ability to o.erate dee.er into hostile territory 1ithout e2.ensi e e5ui.ment and the ris$ o/ human casualties 1ill increase the CI(CHs s.here o/ in/luence and hel. achie e $no1ledge su.eriority3 The introduction o/ C")SS,)4 1ill increase the mar$et /or CA9s and their related sensor technologies3 Any indication o/ a shar. increase in demand /or CA9s 1ill generate more /unding and greater interest in CA9 and related technology /rom the commercial 1orld3 &istory has sho1n that 1hen such a .henomenon ha..ens0 technology res.onds3 A 5uantum lea. in sensor technology may be achie ed0 thus ma$ing the C")SS,)4 CA9 an e en more .otent and e//ecti e .lat/orm3

APPEND(K H* CROSSBOW A(R DE0ENSE SU(TE1)* P!r#ose

The .ur.ose o/ this document is to .ro.ose the air de/ense suite /or C")SS,)43 The study includes threat analysis0 conce.t o/ air de/ense o.erations0 e aluation o/ resource utiliDation and combat .otential3 Command and control re5uirements and ad ancements in technology are highlighted3 ,* A##roa&4

The conce.t o/ air de/ense /or C")SS,)4 /orces is similar to most e2isting air de/ense layered conce.ts0 1ith o//ensi e counter%air as the /irst layer /ollo1ed by de/ensi e hard and so/t $ills in subse5uent layers3 &o1e er0 due to the limited /ire.o1er and ca.acity o/ SEA A"C&E"0 it is not .ossible to ha e a /ull layered air de/ense similar to that o/ a C9,'3 &ence0 a reduced air de/ense ca.ability /or C")SS,)4 /orces is .ro.osed3 Though the conce.t o/ air de/ense 1ill be similar 1hether the C")SS,)4 /orce is in blue 1aters or /ighting in the littorals0 the model /or both scenarios can be 5uite di//erent3 #igures 1: and 18 sho1 the t1o .ro.osed models based on the en isaged conce.t o/ o.erations o/ C")SS,)4 /orces3 The model o/ C")SS,)4 Air De/ense /or blue 1aters can be conce.tualiDed as abo e3 There 1ill be t1o CA9s /or sur eillance 1ith a co erage radius o/ 60 nm at both ends o/ C")SS,)4 /orces3 The main reasons /or ha ing t1o CA9 AE4s are to maintain com.rehensi e sur eillance and /or redundancy3 There 1ill be t1o CAPs /or1ard de.loyed at a ma2imum o/ 60 nm a1ay /rom the C")SS,)4 /orces3

J: ,ased on FC")SS,)4 Air De/ense Suite0G by Sng Chun &o$3 This s.ecialiDed su..orting study is in 9olume 90 .art 1 o/ the C")SS,)4 #inal "e.ort3

/:n" /:n"

Cross oB for&es

CA9 <AE4? CCA9 <CAP?

0iC!re )-* Mo%el of CROSSBOW Air Defense for Bl!e Water

)::n"

LAND

)::n"

SEA /:n" /:n"

-/H/:n"

Sea Archer Sea *ance II CA9 <AE4? CCA9 <CAP?

0iC!re ).* Mo%el of Air Defense for Littorals

#igure 18 sho1s a tentati e conce.t o/ o.erations 1ith C")SS,)4 /orces o.erating in the littorals3 The SEA A"C&E"s are .rotected by ha ing some SEA *A(CEs to the /ront to absorb enemy /ire3 The AE4 and CAPs 1ill be de.loyed together 1ith the SEA *A(CEs0 1hich are about :6 to 60 nm /rom the SEA A"C&E"s3 The SEA A"C&E"s are also distributed to ma$e targeting e//orts more di//icult /or the enemy3 The detection ring o/ 60 nm 1ill gi e su//icient reaction time /or the CAPs to interce.t incoming air and sur/ace .lat/orms3 A sim.le calculation sho1s that0 /rom CAPs .osition to interce.t0 a ;ach 230 aircra/t is about 60 nm <based on :6 nm? a1ay /rom C")SS,)4 and /rom scramble to interce.t is about 26 nm3 The SEA *A(CEs 1ill also assist in destroying the air and sur/ace .lat/orms be/ore they reach the ,"*3 In addition0 the SEA *A(CEs 1ill counter sea%s$imming missiles launched at C")SS,)43 Any lea$ages 1ill be countered by other SEA *A(CEs <de.loyed together 1ith the SEA A"C&E"?0 as 1ell as by the last layer o/ de/ense using CI4S3 It is im.ortant to note that sea%s$imming missiles can be detected only 1hen they come out o/ the horiDon at about 20 to :0 nm3 -* Res!lts

Preliminary in estigation sho1s that an Airborne Early 4arning <AE4? radar 1ith a detection range o/ 60 nm is su//icient /or o.erations o/ C")SS,)4 /orces in both blue 1ater and littoral en ironments3 The 60%nm detection range 1ill .ro ide early 1arning /or one interce.t be/ore enemy air .lat/orms reach the ,omb "elease *ine <,"*?3 Studies sho1s that a scaled%do1n Erieye .hased array radar0 mounted on a CA906A 1ith ma2imum transmission .o1er o/ 6$4 is able to .er/orm the sur eillance3 The total 1eight o/ the AE4 CA9 is a..ro2imately >600 lbs3 A minimum o/ t1o AE4s can su..ort most o/ the de/ensi e re5uirements o/ air de/ense3 &o1e er0 i/ re5uired0 more AE4s can be de.loyed to .ro ide the necessary co erage3 recommended that each SEA A"C&E" should ha e t1o CA9s dedicated to AE43 T1o models that ma$e use o/ the layered conce.t o/ air de/ense o/ C")SS,)4 are described0 one /or blue 1ater o.eration and the other /or littoral o.eration3 The $ey di//erence bet1een the t1o models is the dis.osition o/ a belt o/ SEA *A(CE IIs to It is

absorb hea y enemy /ire /rom the land3 ,oth cases sho1 that Combat Air Patrol <CAP? is essential /or e//ecti e countering o/ enemy air threats be/ore they reach the ,"*3 "esource utiliDation /or air de/ense o.eration /or C")SS,)4 /orces is also discussed3 In short0 a minimum o/ /our CA9s /or AE4 and /our to si2 CCA9s are needed on CAP3 A .ro.osed shi.board sensor suite 1ould consist o/ the /ollo1ing! ;ulti%/unction radar <SP+ :? Air and sur/ace search radar Identi/ication #riend or #oe <I##? system In/ra%red search and trac$ system Electro%o.tical system (a igation radar ES; suite #ire control radar

The mast 1ith its ca.ability could be similar to that o/ the SEA *A(CEs3 The /orce a..lication systems are re5uired /or the second and third layer o/ air de/enses3 The /irst layer is the use o/ CA9s and CCA9s /or CAP and interce.tion3 The /ollo1ing are some o/ the last layer o/ /orce a..lication systems considered to be on SEA A"C&E" and0 i/ .ossible0 on SEA *A(CE II! "olling Air/rame ;issile <"A;? #ree Electron *aser <#E*? 'uns

A sim.le trade%o// analysis 1ill be conducted to determine i/ only one o/ the systems can be housed in SEA A"C&E" or SEA *A(CE II0 1hich0 o/ the /orce a..lication systems mentioned abo e0 1ill be more suitable in a littoral en ironment3 C")SS,)4 /orces <only SEA *A(CE IIs? can destroy :> Anti%Shi. ;issiles <AS;s? in a time inter al o/ 86 seconds and == air .lat/orms in a time inter al o/ 10> seconds be/ore reaching the last line o/ air de/ense3 The terminal air de/ense could be a #ree Electron *aser <#E*?0 "olling Air/rame ;issile <"A;? andBor guns0 as discussed belo13 Electronic de/ensi e countermeasures are not included in detail because o/ classi/ication di//iculties3

A sim.le trade%o// analysis /or terminal de/ense e aluates three .otential con/igurations! "olling Air/rame ;issile <"A;?0 #ree Electron *aser <#E*? and guns <CI4S?3 #E* is the most e//ecti e against increasing /uture AS; threat3 The results indicate that #ree Electron *aser is best i/ only one 1ea.on system can be installed3 &o1e er0 a 1ea.on mi2 is .re/erred to ensure that the strengths and 1ea$nesses o/ the systems com.lement one another in order to ha e a more balanced and robust /orce a..lication system to deal 1ith a greater ariety o/ threats3 Command and control is ery im.ortant in a sensors%to%shooter en ironment 1ith /riendly and enemy /orces o.erating in the same theater3 "e5uirements /or an e//ecti e and e//icient command and control /or air de/ense o.erations include a com.lete air situational .icture 1ith large .rocessing ca.ability and an e2.ert system o.erating 1ithin the /rame1or$ o/ (et1or$ Centric 4ar/are <(C4? and Coo.erati e Engagement Ca.ability <CEC?3 The management o/ the air de/ense suite is also ery im.ortant0 and a F&ologra.hic 4ar "oomG and a FTimeline ChartG are en isioned to im.ro e reaction and to reduce /ratricide3

APPEND(K (* CROSSBOW M(NE COUNTERMEASURE AND TERM(NAL DE0ENSE WEAPONS1. )* P!r#ose

In the .resent era0 maritime mines and Anti%Shi. Cruise ;issiles <ASC;s? ha e become readily and chea.ly a ailable3 They are belie ed to be the asymmetric 1ea.on% o/%choice /or an ad ersary 1ith an anti%access strategy3 In order to achie e and maintain assured access to the littorals /or e2.editionary /orces that /ollo10 C")SS,)4 combatants must be e5ui..ed 1ith e//ecti e mine countermeasure and terminal de/ense 1ea.ons3 To this end0 this study .ro.oses o.erational conce.ts and system architectures that 1ill enable the C")SS,)4 tas$ /orce to conduct e//ecti e mine countermeasure <;C;? o.erations and orchestrate an e//ecti e de/ense against a coordinated attac$ in ol ing multi.le Anti%Shi. Cruise ;issiles <ASC;s? at close ranges3 ,* Met4o%oloCy9A##roa&4

In de ising a suitable ;C; conce.t /or C")SS,)40 the $ey o.erational dri ers o/ success/ul ;C; o.erations 1ere identi/ied /rom the C3S3 (a yIs mine 1ar/are literature and .re ious C")SS,)4 cam.aign analyses3 A technological sur ey 1as then conducted to identi/y the technological o..ortunities o//ered by the (a yIs ongoing ;C; moderniDation .rograms and ad ances in Cnmanned Cnder1ater 9ehicle <CC9? research and de elo.ment3 ,ased on the technological sur ey conducted0 the .ro.osed C")SS,)4 ;C; conce.t 1as de elo.ed to the le el o/ system architecture by consideration o/ /easible technological and .lat/orm o.tions3 Deri ation o/ the critical o.erational characteristics o/ an e//ecti e terminal de/ense system /or C")SS,)4 1as accom.lished em.loying a stochastic model based on the e2isting "olling Air/rame ;issile <"A;? as an in estigati e tool3 The .rogram 1as de elo.ed and coded in ;AT*A,3 ,ased on the modelIs res.onse to coordinated attac$s in ol ing many ASC;s0 a terminal de/ense conce.t /or C")SS,)4 combatants
J8 ,ased on FA Conce.t /or C")SS,)4 ;ine Countermeasure and Terminal De/ense 4ea.ons0G

by *a1rence T3C3 *im3 This s.ecialiDed su..orting study is in 9olume 90 .art 1 o/ the C")SS,)4 #inal "e.ort3

is .ro.osed0 /ollo1ed by an analysis o/ .ossible 1ea.on o.tions and $ey enabling technologies re5uired3 -* Res!lts a( 9C9 Wea"ons In lo1% to moderate%threat en ironments0 C")SS)4 o.erations are o//shore in nature0 as there is no re5uirement to o.erate 1ithin the con/ines o/ ery shallo1 areasJ6 <1ater de.ths less than 80 /t?3 Due to the need to arri e s1i/tly on the scene 1ithout being hindered by the threat o/ maritime mines0 C")SS,)4 /orces must be e5ui..ed 1ith organic o//shore ;C; ca.abilities3 4ith their small siDe0 lo1 obser ability0 o.erational /le2ibility and uni5ue en ironmental ada.tability0 CC9s are 1ell .oised to .lay $ey roles in the C")SS,)4 ;C; architecture3 The en isioned C")SS,)4 architecture com.rises the /ollo1ing three com.onents! *ong%range mine reconnaissance CC9s3 ;ine neutraliDation assets3 Passi e measures3 The long %range mine reconnaissance CC9s are inserted in ad ance by SEA A"")4s3 A reconnaissance .ac$age consists o/ eight mine%hunter CC9s0 and /our command and control CC9s .ro ide the C")SS,)4 tas$ /orce 1ith the ca.ability to reconnoiter eight channels measuring /our miles by 1000 yards3 Each reconnaissance .ac$age 1ill be launched by at least si2 SEA A"")4s0 1ith a number o/ Combat Air Patrol <CAP? SEA A"")4s /or .rotection3 E2.loiting the intelligence and en ironmental data collected .re iously by other 7oint and /riendly IS" assets0 these CC9s ha e the .rimary tas$s o/ collecting en ironmental data0 localiDing ga.s and 1ea$nesses in the enemyIs mine/ields0 and transmitting the collected in/ormation bac$ to the C")SS,)4 tas$ /orce on transit ia the C")SS,)4 Airborne Communications (ode <AC(? to /acilitate /ollo1%on ;C; .lanning3 ,ased on the intelligence collected0 a..ro.riate ;C; neutraliDation assets are then de.loyed /rom the SEA A"C&E" or SEA *A(CE II on transit to reac5uire and destroy the mines using the most a..ro.riate neutraliDation techni5ues to
/rom the beach3 The region bounded by the ery shallo1 1aters is termed inshore3
J6 ,ased on the 1orldIs a erage0 the ery shallo1 1ater region e2tends about J00 yards or 6:0 meters

achie e seamless mine/ield transit3 The C")SS,)4 mine neutraliDation assets are ested in the ;&%J0 helico.ters onboard the SEA A"C&E"0 1hich are e5ui..ed 1ith a suite o/ /i e ne1 organic airborne ;C; systems0 and t1o semi%submersible ehicles launched /rom SEA *A(CE II3 The semi%submersible ehicles com.rise a mine hunter that directs a mine dis.osal 1ea.on launched /rom the SEA *A(CE II do1n onto identi/ied mines0 as 1ell as a mines1ee.er In addition to acti e ;C; measures0 .assi e ;C; measures must also be incor.orated into the design o/ indi idual C")SS,)4 combatants3 These include the need to control and manage acoustic0 magnetic0 electric and .ressure signatures0 as 1ell as le eraging on collected en ironmental data to o.timiDe routes o/ .assage and enhance the success o/ ;C; o.erations3 The .ro.osed C")SS,)4 ;C; architecture is summariDed in the #igure 16 belo13
CROSSBOW ORGAN(C MCM ARC(TECTURE A&ti$e Passi$e
SiCnat!re Re%!&tion

Sea ArroB

Sea Ar&4er

Sea Lan&e
Ro!te O#ti"iGation

ACN

UCAV

(SRT

MHH1:S

Mine Dis#osal Wea#on RAM(CS

Re"ote Se"iH S! "ersi le Mine H!nter Mine SBee#er

Co""an% an% Control UUV

OAS(S ADSH,:K H!nter UUV LonC RanCe Mine Re&onnaissan&e Syste" AMNS ALMDS

Mine Rea&J!ire an% Ne!traliGation Syste"s

0iC!re )/* Pro#ose% MCM Ar&4ite&t!re for CROSSBOW (ote! "A;ICS @ "a.id Airborne ;ine Clearance System0 )ASIS @ )rganic Airborne and Sur/ace In/luence S1ee.0 A;(S @ Airborne ;ine (eutraliDation System0 A*;DS @ Airborne *aser ;ine Detection System3

4hen sustained by the C9,' in a ;ajor Theater 4ar <;T4? scenario0 the C")SS,)4 tas$ /orce should also ha e the ca.ability to .er/orm limited o.erations against mines and obstacles /rom the ery shallo1 1aters to the beach by de.loying inshore ;C; 1ea.ons such as am.hibious CC9s and &ydra%= munitions3 The SEA A"")4S or SEA *A(CE II can launch these inshore ;C; assets3 In this 1ay0 more C9,' assets may be made a ailable /or other strategic missions that re5uire Flonger reaches3G Some o/ the $ey enabling technology issues /or the ;C; conce.t are! Incor.orating the Synthetic A.erture Sonar <SAS? into a miniaturiDed CC9 .lat/orm3 Achie ing dense .o1er sources 1ith 5uiet .ro.ulsi e trains /or CC9s3 ,esto1ing CC9s 1ith the ability to communicate and 1or$ intelligently as a grou.3 Establishing inter/ace standards as enablers o/ CC9 .ayload modularity3 Integrating o/ the arious C")SS,)4 ;C; .lat/orms into a command and control structure that is intero.erable 1ith other joint and allied /orces3 b( /erminal :e&ense Wea"ons To success/ully re.el a coordinated attac$ in ol ing multi.le ASC;s /rom any direction0 ra.id reaction o/ the terminal de/ense system is $ey3 "esults /rom the "A; model indicate that the .robability o/ staging a success/ul de/ense is more sensiti e to the number o/ incoming ASC;s than to the engagement ranges3 The results establish a need /or a terminal de/ense system com.rising small "A; launchers that are suitably designed and distributed around the dec$ o/ a C")SS,)4 combatant to .ro ide mutually su..orti e and all%round de/ensi e /ires3 This 1ould ensure near instantaneous reaction by negating the need to sle1 indi idual "A; launchers into /iring .ositions during a multi%directional attac$3 To establish the trade s.ace /or /urther trade studies0 the o.erational characteristics re5uired o/ each "A; launcher are summariDed in decreasing order o/ im.ortance in the Table 113

("#ortan&e 1

Para"eter "eaction Time

ReJ!ire"ent *ess than 1s

Re"arAs Time re5uired /or decision% ma$ing0 deri ation o/ /iring solutions and /iring o// o/ the interce.t missile /rom launcher3 Determined by the accuracy o/ the "A; "#BI" guidance system3 Ensures at least three interce.ts and establishes a 600m bu//er Done3 "eliability o/ the guidance mechanism on the "A;3 Ability o/ the shi.board radar and "A; "#BI" see$er to trac$ the incoming target3

Circular Error Probable <CEP? #light 9elocity

;inimum 036Am ;inimum ;ach 8

Probability o/ Success/ul 'uidance Probability o/ Trac$0 Pt

03A>

Probability o/ Detection0 Pd

03A0

"e5uirement is to be able to trac$ many targets simultaneously3

Ta le ))* Desire% O#erational C4ara&teristi&s of a RAM La!n&4er ranAe% y %eCree of i"#ortan&e The FdistributedG "A; system 1ill establish at least three terminal de/ense layers by /iring E;P 1arheads at incoming ASC;s0 engaging them subse5uently 1ith hard $ill "A; interce.ts and denying any lea$ers a hit by dis.ensing seduction cha// and I" countermeasures3 The /irst layer is acti ated 1hene er the threat o/ de/ense saturation is imminent in a .articular direction0 and the incoming ASC;s can be ca.tured 1ithin the e//ecti e /oot.rint o/ an E;P "A; 1arhead3 I/ the ASC;s are a..roaching the shi. /rom di//erent directions0 hard%$ill "A; 1ill be em.loyed /rom the onset3 Signi/icant technological and engineering challenges are in ol ed in realiDing the

.ro.osed terminal de/ense conce.t3 They include the miniaturiDation o/ an e//ecti e E;P 1arhead into the "A;0 achie ing accurate guidance /or the "A; at s.eeds in e2cess o/ ;ach 80 and engineering a reliable and ra.id method o/ dis.ensing seduction cha// and I" countermeasures in ery com.ressed times3 ,ased on these considerations0 an ideal u.grade to the C")SS,)4 terminal de/ense system is the #ree Electron *aser <#E*?3 &o1e er0 high .o1er out.uts in the mega%1atts range 1ould /irst need to be demonstrated3 The conce.tual lo1 e2traction energy reco ery #E* con/iguration is ideally suited /or shi.board a..lications as it is com.act0 re5uires a small a.erture /or beam /ocusing and can be .o1ered by small energy de ices such as /ly1heels3

APPEND(K ;*

H(GHHSPEED ANT(HSUBMAR(NE WAR0ARE11

)*

P!r#ose

The high s.eed o/ the C")SS,)4 shi.s gi es them se eral ad antages o er slo1er shi.s3 &o1e er0 this also .resents signi/icant di//iculties /or Anti%Submarine 4ar/are <AS4?3 The shi.s o/ the C")SS,)4 1ill tra el at s.eeds u. to J0 $nots3 This s.eed becomes a /actor in these shi.sI abilities to detect submarines because the /aster a shi. tra els0 the more its sel/%noise 1ill inter/ere 1ith its sonarIs sensiti ity3 *i$e1ise0 /lo1 noise across their sonar arrays 1ill also increase3 )nce these essels e2ceed the brea$.oint s.eed0 generally 12%1> $nots0 this noise 1ill o ercome their sonar and they 1ill no longer be able to detect submarines3 This could lea e C")SS,)4 dea/ both to the a..roach o/ a hostile submarine and to tor.edo attac$3 The same increase in sel/%generated machinery and scre1 noise 1ill also increase the relati e detection range at 1hich a hostile submarine is able to locate and trac$ these high%s.eed essels3 This could increase the C")SS,)4Is .robability o/ submarine attac$3 There/ore0 our ne1 high%s.eed shi.s 1ill re5uire ne1 technologies and tactics to su..ort high%s.eed AS43 This S.ecialiDed Su..orting Study <SSS? discusses the e//ects o/ high s.eeds on AS4 tactics and technologies and suggests ne1 tactics that could su..ort this critical 1ar/are area3 ,* Met4o%oloCy9A##roa&4

This section di ides anti%submarine 1ar/are into /our $ey areas! Search and detection theory0 Sensor technology0 9ulnerability to attac$0 and )//ensi e ca.ability3

JJ ,ased on F&igh s.eed anti%submarine 1ar/are0G by Da id E3 ,auer3 This s.ecialiDed su..orting study is in 9olume 90 .art 1 o/ the C")SS,)4 #inal "e.ort3

Each area is discussed se.arately to determine ho1 high s.eeds a//ect the ability o/ sur/ace shi.s to conduct AS43 This section e2.lores .otential technologies and suggests alternati e methods to conduct AS4 1hile tra eling at s.eeds e2ceeding :0 $nots3 It also analyDes the ulnerability o/ C")SS,)4 to a submarine attac$ and determines the relati e ad antages0 i/ any0 o/ high s.eed o er the slo1er s.eeds o/ con entional sur/ace shi.s3 -* Res!lts a( Sear'h and :e%e'%ion /heor$

It is .ossible to .lace a sensor 1ithin a manned or unmanned aircra/t and use that aircra/t to establish a high%s.eed0 mo ing barrier to .atrol ahead o/ the C")SS,)43 This barrier could then be an e//ecti e method o/ conducting AS4 /or a high%s.eed /orce3 This barrier is scalable and de.endent u.on si2 $ey /actors! C")SS,)4 s.eed0 Estimated hostile submarine s.eed0 Estimated s.eed o/ the hostile submarineIs tor.edoes0 Estimated range o/ the hostile submarineIs tor.edoes0 Aircra/t s.eed0 and Sensor ca.abilities3 Each /actor has signi/icant e//ects on the .hysical siDe o/ the barrier and the amount o/ resources re5uired to maintain it3 The analysis de/ines the conce.t o/ the Submarine Attac$ Cone o/ Death <SACD? as a means to relate these /actors to the .roblem3 The SACD is then used to determine a ;inimum Search Path *ength <;SP*? that the airborne searcher is re5uired to /ollo1 and the "e5uired S1ee. 4idth <"S4? o/ the sensor used3 The actual techni5ue used in any gi en situation 1ill be a trade%o// bet1een the s.eed o/ the essels in ol ed and the .ro.erties o/ the sensor used3 The number o/ airborne assets re5uired to escort a high%s.eed tas$ /orce though a submarine threat area is high3 &o1e er0 the actual number o/ assets re5uired is /easible0 .ro ided that the escorting aircra/t ha e su//icient airs.eed0 and their sensors ha e a large s1ee.

1idth3 The actual calculations and the analysis are discussed at length in the source .a.er in 9olume 93 The 5uestion that remains is 1hether CA9s can su..ort AS4 o.erations3 Some research has been conducted but0 to date0 no .ublished accounts o/ tas$ing CA9s 1ith AS4 ha e been .ublished3 ;ost CA9s are designed to accom.lish the IS"T mission3 This in ol es cameras or radars as sensors0 along 1ith .rocessing and communication e5ui.ment to send the collected data bac$ to the shi. or ground control station3 The tas$ o/ AS4 re5uires sensors that can detect a submarine3 The air/rame 1ould need to be large enough to carry one o/ the AS4 sensors3 The communication suite 1ould remain essentially the same3 The sensors discussed in the .re ious sections 1eigh /rom 100 to 600 .ounds and re5uire bet1een t1o and eight cubic /eet o/ s.ace0 de.ending on the .ac$age3 .ayloads o/ this scale3 Additional 1or$ must be .er/ormed to determine i/ it is .ossible to coordinate the o.eration o/ se eral aircra/t 1ithin the relati ely tight con/ines o/ the SACD3 *i$e1ise0 i/ barrier .atrols are to be .er/ormed by unmanned aircra/t0 it is critical that technology be de elo.ed to allo1 them to o.erate in a succinct and coordinated manner3 b( Sensor /e'hnolo $ Sensor technology is critical to the success o/ the ty.e o/ searches described in this analysis3 In order to be use/ul0 the sensors must ha e the ca.ability to ra.idly co er a large olume o/ search area3 They may .er/orm this tas$ indi idually or in concert 1ith other sensors o/ the same or di//erent ty.es3 &y.er%s.ectral imagers0 lasers0 sonobuoys0 di..ing sonars0 and magnetic anomaly detectors are each theoretically ca.able o/ .er/orming the tas$ o/ high%s.eed AS40 and they may be .laced on either manned or unmanned aircra/t3 &y.er%S.ectral Imaging <&SI? and lasers o//er .romising ca.abilities /or detecting submarines close to the 1aterIs sur/ace under limited circumstances3 &SI is limited to daylight0 clear s$y use only3 *asers are less restricti e3 ,oth are hea ily a//ected by 1ater clarity and sea state3 ,ecause o/ their limitations0 additional AS4 assets 1ould be re5uired to su..lement this e5ui.ment3 &o1e er0 it should be noted that Se eral .roduction CA9s ha e the ca.ability to carry

both could ser e a dual role in AS4 and mine 1ar/are3 #urther research is re5uired in these /ields to determine the s.eci/ic ca.abilities o/ these sensor systems3 ;agnetic Anomaly Detection <;AD? is .ro en technology and 1ill 1or$ as long as submarines are .roduced /rom /erromagnetic materials3 The actual .er/ormance ca.abilities o/ ;AD are classi/ied0 but it is li$ely that the useable s1ee. 1idth is measured in hundreds o/ yards rather than thousands3 This relati ely small s1ee. 1idth is im.ractical /or the AS4 techni5ues described in this thesis3 There/ore0 another sensor should be used in tandem 1ith ;AD0 or ;AD should be reser ed /or localiDation o/ submarines rather than /or high%s.eed escort duties3 Sonobuoys and di..ing sonar systems still o//er the best .er/ormance ca.abilities /or detecting submarines3 It is theoretically /easible /or a grou. o/ aircra/t to .ro ide an acoustic AS4 escort /or a grou. o/ high%s.eed essels3 'i en the a erage e//ecti e ranges o/ sonobuoys and acti e sonar0 a /light o/ /our aircra/t could .ro ide su//icient co erage /or nearly all shi. s.eeds3 A /ield o/ e2.endable sonobuoys can be 5uic$ly laid do1n in /ront o/ a transiting essel3 &o1e er0 i/ the threat region is large0 the searcher may 5uic$ly e2.end all o/ his sonobuoys3 #or this reason0 di..ing sonar is more attracti e0 1ith the dra1bac$ being the need /or aircra/t that can ho er3 These systems are currently installed on se eral manned aircra/t3 They could also be installed on unmanned aircra/tK se eral Cnmanned Aerial 9ehicles <CA9s? are su//icient to .er/orm this tas$3 &o1e er0 no $no1n CA9 has been designed to carry sonobuoys or di..ing sonar3 #urther research should be conducted in this area3 The conce.tual E2.editionary Sensor 'rid <ES'? o//ers the greatest gain 1ith the /e1est assets e2.ended /or high%s.eed AS43 &o1e er0 the grid must be .ut into .lace by some other essel0 1hich 1ould be ulnerable to attac$ 1hile .lacing the grid3 *i$e1ise0 the actual com.onents o/ the ES' are still under de elo.ment0 and their .er/ormance ca.abilities are un.ro en3 '( /he +ulnerabili%$ o& CROSSBOW %o Submarine A%%a'k C")SS,)4 1ill ha e a signi/icantly reduced ulnerability to submarine attac$3 S.eci/ic ad antages include reduced radiated noise0 a 5uieter hull and .ro.ulsion system design0 reduced dis.lacement0 and higher s.eeds3 Each o/ these 1ill ma$e the submarineIs target motion analysis ery di//icult3

d(

O&&ensive Ca"abili%ies

The high s.eed o/ the C")SS,)4 shi.s 1ill im.ro e the .robability o/ locating a /leeing submarine by minimiDing the area in 1hich the submarine can hide3 -ey /actors include the sur/ace esselIs time to arri e on the obser ed datum and the search s.eed achie ed once on station3 C")SS,)4Is high s.eeds 1ill im.ro e the times signi/icantly o er slo1er con entional shi.s3 .* S!""ary

This analysis sho1s that it is theoretically .ossible to .er/orm a high%s.eed barrier .atrol to escort high%s.eed essels through a high submarine%threat region3 The tas$ 1ill be di//icult0 but gi en todayIs technology and tactics0 it may be the only 1ay to get the job done3 The author belie es that this analysis sho1s that /urther research in this area could .ro e 1orth1hile3

APPEND(K =* )* P!r#ose

A CONCEPT 0OR (W SU(TE (N CROSSBOW15

This study in the area o/ In/ormation ).erations <I)? aims to .ro ide a system% le el e2.loration o/ the means by 1hich I) can be im.lemented in the C")SS,)4 system3 Its objecti es are! to identi/y the In/ormation 4ar/are <I4? re5uirements o/ C")SS,)4 that could be satis/ied by an onboard and inde.endent I4 ca.ability to de/ine a conce.tual I4 /unctional architecture3

The outcome o/ this e//ort is the de/inition o/ a /unctional architecture /or I4 that allo1s C")SS,)4 to .er/orm its missions across all theaters inde.endently or as .art o/ a joint /orce3 The architecture em.hasiDes intero.erability and the use o/ unmanned ehicles /or 1aging a success/ul I4 cam.aign3 Such a /unctional descri.tion could be used to guide /uture C")SS,)4 research e//orts by identi/ying the areas that must be de elo.ed to enable the conce.tual I4 suite3 ,* Met4o%oloCy9A##roa&4

The study re5uired e2amination o/ a relati ely ne1 disci.line o/ 1ar/are 1ith a ariety o/ de/initions and theories3 To $ee. this .roblem tractable0 the author ado.ted a Systems Engineering <SE? methodology3 The SE method is a structured a..roach to de elo.ment that .roduces a balanced solution to meeting the re5uirements o/ the .roblem at hand3 ;any re/erences describe arious realiDations o/ the SE .rocess3 'enerally0 the .rocess is re.resented diagrammatically0 as sho1n in #igure 1J3 Cnli$e classical system engineering .roblems0 this conce.tual I4 suite /or C")SS,)4 /aces uncertainty in end .ur.ose3 It is0 to some degree0 a solution loo$ing /or a .roblem and0 thus0 is .articularly ulnerable to the in/amous Ferror o/ the third $ind0G 1or$ing on the 1rong .roblem3

J= ,ased on FA Conce.t /or an I4 Suite In C")SS,)40G by (g Cheo1 Siang3 This s.ecialiDed su..orting study is in 9olume 90 .art 1 o/ the C")SS,)4 #inal "e.ort3

ReJ!ire"ents Analysis ReJ!ire"ents Analysis 0!n&tional Analysis 0!n&tional Analysis

Balan&e an% Control Balan&e an% Control

DesiCn Synt4esis DesiCn Synt4esis

0iC!re )1* Syste" EnCineerinC Pro&ess -* Con&e#t De$elo#"ent Pro&ess

The study .roceeded in an iterati e manner that /ocused on /inding I4 re5uirements suitable /or C")SS,)43 As C")SS,)4 is a /ighting /orce s.earheaded by unmanned systems <.rimarily CCA9 and CA9?0 e//orts are made to ensure that the re5uirements can be /ul/illed mainly by CCA9 and CA9s3 #igure 1= sho1s an o er ie1 o/ the conce.t de elo.ment .rocess3

RE$%IREMEN ANAL! SIS

GENERA E RE$%IRED O&ERA IONAL #A&A'ILI IES

50 RO#(

21 G,/,32+ RO#(

F%N# IONAL DE#OM&OSI ION

6 o)*+,- ,+ F./0tio/(

21 S,0o/1234 L,- ,+ F./0tio/(

171 S.5*6 ./0tio/(

F%N# IONAL ALLO#A ION

20 Mo1.+,(

11 Mi((io/ &20728,(

0iC!re )5*

Con&e#t De$elo#"ent Pro&ess

#ollo1ing the SE methodology0 the .rocess begins 1ith a re5uirement analysis to de/ine the set o/ originating re5uirements /or the conce.tual I4 suite3 ;ean1hile0 the de elo.ment o/ the /unctional architecture is based on 1idely .ublished I4 literature and an iterati e .rocess o/ com.aring the /unctions 1ith the re5uirements de elo.ed earlier3 The result is a /unctional descri.tion o/ the elements o/ the conce.tual I4 suite0 in the /orm o/ ele en mission .ac$ages3 They sho1 1hat each /unction must do and ho1 each element can be traced bac$ to the original re5uirement3 .* Res!lts

The conce.tual I4 suite .resented in #igure 1> illustrates the allocation o/ mission .ac$ages to to.%le el /unctions3 The decom.osition and allocation .rocess re ealed that0 on the one hand0 the FConduct I)G and FConduct E4G to.%le el /unctions .roduced the most demand on the mission .ac$ages3 )n the other hand0 the other to.% le el /unctions .roduced relati ely straight/or1ard mission .ac$ages that can be con/igured 1ith the a..ro.riate technologies3
To%&'e(el )un tion
#OND%# OF IO IOSS

Mission Pa "ages

#OD%# E9

A0;.i3, E/-i3o/<,/t2+ D2t2

#o<<( R,+24

O66,/(i-, E9

ISR

'DA

#OND%# &S!O&

&S!O&

#OND%# O&SE#

MONI OR

#OND%# DE#E& ION

DE#E& ION

#OND%# &:!SI#AL DES R%# ION

O66,/(i-, A0tio/(

0iC!re )7* Con&e#t!al (W S!ite Mission Pa&AaCes E2ce.t /or the In/ormation ).erations Su..ort System <I)SS?0 1hich is on board the C")SS,)4 shi.s and described in detail belo10 these mission .ac$ages can be con/igured to be loaded on to the CCA90 CA90 or e en the ;& J0 to be em.loyed in the C")SS,)4 system3 a( 8OSS )e%work

The I)SS net1or$ is the core o/ the conce.tual I4 suite3 The net1or$ architecture <see #igure 1A? .artitions I) mission analysis and .lanning acti ities /rom tactical .lanning and tas$ing3 ).erator 1or$stations <clients? coordinate acti ities on a secure local net1or$ that includes three ser ers! Situation Ser er % maintains a dynamic database o/ o1n and enemy /orceIs critical in/rastructure and in/ormation in/rastructure based on current intelligence3 ;aintains net1or$ ma.s0 .er/ormance characteristics0 ulnerability in/ormation0 geogra.hic in/ormation system <s.atial and geo.hysical ma.s?0 and other intelligence data3 The associated intelligence 1or$station .er/orms the automatic correlation o/ multi%source intelligence to create and maintain the current tactical database regarding the targeted in/rastructure <net1or$s0 nodes? and situation <.erce.tion0 in/rastructure e//ecti eness0 and /unctional ca.ability?3 ;ission Ser er % maintains a database o/ current mission acti ities0 tas$ing0 resource status0 and indications and 1arnings3 Integrated simulation ser er % maintains de/ensi e simulations to assess the ris$ to the grou.Is o1n in/ormation in/rastructure3 ;aintains o//ensi e simulations to analyDe tactics0 countermeasures0 and 1ea.ons a..lied to targeted in/ormation net1or$s3 The simulations .ro ide .er/ormance metrics to 5uanti/y the /unctional e//ects0 collateral damage0 and ris$ associated 1ith in/ormation o.erations3 The system acce.ts o.erational orders and intelligence data /rom higher% le el echelons and .ro ides out.ut to /lo1 do1n o.erational orders0 tas$ing orders0 and intelligence to lo1er%le el echelons3

0iC!re )8* /*

(OSS netBorA &onfiC!ration

Con&l!sion

This section is an e//ort to use the system engineering .rocess to bring about a conce.tual I4 suite3 Due to limitations in time and classi/ication o/ system s.eci/ications0 the /ocus 1as narro1ed onto the initial t1o ste.s o/ SELre5uirement generation and /unctional architecting3 (o .hysical or technical architecture is s.eci/ied3 In the /uture0 1hen the C")SS,)4 conce.t is ready to /ill a need0 the de elo.ment o/ technology 1ill ha e matured0 and a more robust .hysical architecture can then be de elo.ed based on the /unctional architecture3 Ine itably0 the selection o/ /unctions <and0 there/ore0 the identi/ication o/ mission .ac$ages? is to some e2tent subjecti e3 There/ore0 it is .ossible that others 1ho .er/orm a similar decom.osition analysis could end u. 1ith a /e1 more or a /e1 /e1er re5uired .ac$ages to su..ort the original set o/ ca.abilities3 (e ertheless0 the main conclusion o/ the analysis is this! an integrated a..roach to I) can be achie ed 1ith relati ely small

numbers o/ com.uters installed on the C")SS,)4 shi.s and mission .ayloads installed on a limited number o/ unmanned .lat/orms3 4ith /or1ard .lanning0 the C")SS,)4 is ca.able o/ 1aging a limited I) cam.aign during its missions to achie e its objecti es3 Through /urther in estigation0 C")SS,)4 may become more cost%e//ecti e through a balanced mi2 o/ I4 and con entional ca.abilities3

APPEND(K L* =NOWLEDGE PROCESS AND S+STEM DES(GN 0OR CROSSBOW (SRT17 )* P!r#ose

-no1ledge su.eriority is en isioned to be a $ey enabler /or /uture maritime o.erations3 4ith .otentially distributed o.erations0 there is e en more reason /or the C")SS,)4 tas$ /orce to manage its $no1ledge e//ecti ely and e//iciently3 This section .ro ides an analysis o/ a .ro.osed Intelligence0 Sur eillance0 "econnaissance and Targeting <IS"T? .rocess that could be em.loyed by the C")SS,)4 /orces3 The .ur.ose o/ this study is to de/ine the re5uirements /or $no1ledge management and .ro.ose the enabling In/ormation Technology <IT? /or the C")SS,)4 IS"T systems3 ,* Met4o%oloCy9A##roa&4

#uture C")SS,)4 o.erations 1ill not be success/ul 1ithout close su..ort /rom intelligence3 The IS"T .rocess 1ill be $ey in deli ering intelligent $no1ledge to C")SS,)4 tas$ /orces3 "ather than beginning 1ith the design o/ the su..orting IT0 an integrated /rame1or$ /or $no1ledge .rocess and systems design J1gi es a more com.lete methodology3 The .ro.osed C")SS,)4 IS"T .rocess resembles a .ro.osed CS;C "econnaissance0 Sur eillance and Targeting Ac5uisition <"STA? collection cycle o/ the ;arine E2.editionary #orce <;E#?3 #irst0 the .ro.osed IS"T .rocess is modeled and /ed into an e2.ert system0 -)Pe"0 /or .rocess analysis3 The ne2t ste. is to analyDe the $no1ledge /lo1 1ithin the IS"T .rocess /or di//erent instantiations o/ the IS"T .rocess3 Then conte2tual and in/ormation system analysis and system design identi/y the a..ro.riate enabling in/ormation technology /or im.ro ing the .ro.osed IS"T .rocess /or C")SS,)4 .lat/orms3 -* Res!lts a( 9odelin %he <ro'ess

#igure 20 sho1s the modeling o/ the .ro.osed IS"T .rocess3 The o erall commanderIs intention is translated e2.licitly and disseminated to the indi idual
-o$3 This s.ecialiDed su..orting study is in 9olume 90 .art 1 o/ the C")SS,)4 #inal "e.ort3
J> ,ased on F-no1ledge Process and System Design /or C")SS,)4 IS"TG0 by Daniel Sie1 &oi

commanders in the other C")SS,)4 /orces3 4ith this Funderstanding0G the indi idual commanders ma$e better%in/ormed decisions in .rosecuting Close Air Su..ort <CAS? and Su..ression o/ Enemy Air De/ense <SEAD? missions3 The .ro.osed IS"T .rocess consists o/ si2 .hases! A? direction0 ,? .lanning0 C? collection0 D? .rocess and .roduce0 E? disseminate and #? re alidation3 IT% Su..ort <IT%S? is IT used to con ert or trans/orm the in.ut into out.ut3 IT% Communication <IT%C? is IT used to communicate or trans/er the out.ut3 IT%Automation <IT%A? is IT used to automate manual .rocesses3 The detailed descri.tions o/ each tas$ and other com.onents o/ the modeled .rocess are described in 9olume 63
A B 0 = F

Process Tas$ IT%S IT%C

A Direction

B Planning

C Collect % %

;S )//ice 9arious tools IT systems % %

D E Process & Disseminate Produce 9arious IT 9arious IT systems systems % Tactical Data systems0 "adio %

0 "e alidation 9arious systems % IT

IT%A

Collection systems

Data .rocessing systems

0iC!re ,:*

Pro#ose% CROSSBOW (SRT Pro&ess

b(

1nowled e 9ana emen% ReBuiremen%s

Csing the integrated /rame1or$ /or $no1ledge .rocess and system design0 /our re5uirements to im.ro e $no1ledge /lo1 1ithin the C")SS,)4 are highlighted! A distributed $no1ledge re.ository Systems that /acilitate $no1ledge e2change The need to ca.ture and trans/er tacit $no1ledge

 '(

The .ro.er F.ullingG and F.ushingG o/ $no1ledge 8m"roved 8SR/ <ro'ess usin 6nablin /e'hnolo $

,ased on the -)Pe" diagnosis0 the author /ocuses on IT3 Although there are se eral IT systems su..orting $no1ledge management0 this study /ocuses on three o/ them! 1? $no1ledge re.ository0 2? -no1ledge%,ased Systems <-,S? and :? Intelligent Agents <IA?3 A $no1ledge re.ository is a collection o/ both internal and e2ternal $no1ledge3 In/ormal $no1ledge re.ositories see$ to ca.ture tacit $no1ledge that resides in the minds o/ e2.erts 1ithin the organiDation but has not been .ut in a structured /ormat3 E2.licit $no1ledge has generally been ca.tured in some /orm that should be /iltered0 organiDed and stored in a central $no1ledge re.ository3 'rou.1are0 as .art o/ a $no1ledge re.ository system0 re/ers to so/t1are .roducts that .ro ide collaborati e su..ort to grou.s to share o.inions0 data0 in/ormation0 $no1ledge and other resources3 Through collaboration and discussion0 $no1ledge is e o$ed0 then ca.tured and stored in the $no1ledge re.ository3 This technology 1ill im.ro e the trans/er o/ tacit $no1ledge to subordinate commanders3 The $no1ledge re.ository 1ill also hel. in better decision% ma$ing /or subse5uent CAS or SEAD missions and /or /uture C")SS,)4 de.loyments3 The ability to re.licate the $no1ledge re.ository is im.ortant to the distributed nature o/ the C")SS,)4 tas$ /orces3 ,y establishing a .ro.er $no1ledge re.ository 1ithin the C")SS,)4 /orce0 commanders 1ill be able to retrie e im.ortant e2.eriences0 insight and understanding3 Also0 im.lementation o/ the grou.1are tool can im.ro e the IT communication in Phases A and E by allo1ing C")SS,)4 commanders to conduct discussions and e2change in/ormation and $no1ledge con eniently3 -,S uses human $no1ledge ca.tured in a com.uter to sol e .roblems that ordinarily re5uire human e2.ertise3 4ell%designed systems imitate the same reasoning .rocess e2.erts use to sol e s.eci/ic .roblems3 Such systems can be used by e2.erts as $no1ledgeable assistants /or im.ro ed0 consistent results3 The inter.retation ca.ability o/ a -,S 1ill hel. intelligence o//icers .roduce the intelligence .roduct during Phase D3 At the same time0 the .lanning ca.ability o/ the -,S 1ill assist the IS"T grou.

in .lanning the IS"T mission during Phase ,3 #or both tas$s0 besides all the o.erational and doctrinal manuals0 the intelligence o//icers and the IS"T grou. .lanning sta//s 1ill ha e to codi/y and store their $no1ledge0 e2.ertise and e2.erience in the -,S .rior to using it3 )nce o.erational0 the -,S can interact and assist the grou. in .roducing the intelligence .roduct and the mission .lanning3 ,esides im.ro ing the IT su..ort /or both Phases , and D0 -,S also allo1s e//ecti e dissemination o/ $no1ledge to users through an inter/ace3 As such0 the a..lication o/ -,S also increases the IT communication /or Phases ,0 D and E3 Im.lementation o/ the $no1ledge re.ository and -,S are not tri ial3 &o1e er0 they are .ro en technologies that ha e established themsel es commercially and that are gaining military acce.tance3 ,oth re.ository and -,S technologies re5uire users to search through the $no1ledge re.ository or database3 ,ut in real%time combat situations0 time is critical and in/ormation o erload 1ill be costly3 IA are so/t1are entities that carry out some o.erations on behal/ o/ a user or another .rogram0 1ith some degree o/ inde.endence or autonomy by em.loying some $no1ledge or re.resentation o/ the userIs goals3 They sa e time by deciding 1hich in/ormation is rele ant to the user3 4ith these agents0 decision%ma$ing ability is enhanced by in/ormation rather than .aralyDed by too much in.ut0 as discussed belo13 In /inding indications and 1arnings <I&4? /or both CAS and SEAD missions0 in/ormation must be retrie ed /rom distributed0 heterogeneous data sources0 correlated and combined0 and then e aluated /or the li$elihood that a threat or target e2ists3 ).erators 1ill need intimate $no1ledge o/ a..licable databases and a signi/icant chun$ o/ time to manually .er/orm the necessary search0 analysis and monitoring3 C")SS,)4 can ado.t IA technology to .er/orm the tas$ o/ identi/ying and locating CAS and SEAD targets3 )nce a target is identi/ied0 the IS"T grou. and the CASBSEAD mission commanders can then tas$ the IS"T CA9s and CCA9s0 res.ecti ely3 Thus0 IA technology in this case 1ill im.ro e the IT communication and automation /or both Phases D and E3 #igure 21 sho1s the .ro.osed IS"T .rocess and its im.lementation using -; systems3

Process Tas$ IT%S IT%C IT%A

A Direction

B Planning

C Collect % % Collection systems

;S )//ice =BS tools Gro!#Bare =BS % %

D E Process & Disseminate Produce =BS 9arious IT systems =BS, (A Gro!#Bare, =BS, (A (A (A

0 "e alidation 9arious systems % % IT

0iC!re ,)* ("#ro$e% CROSSBOW (SRT Pro&ess

APPEND(K M*

TRA(N(NG18

C")SS,)4 is a ne1 conce.t 1ith o.erational ca.ability en isioned in 20203 The .ur.ose o/ this section is to address human engineering issues that can a//ect manning0 training0 de.loyment cycles0 and design3 C")SS,)4 1ill be on the cutting edge o/ automation and robotics3 ;anning 1ill be austere0 and intelligent machines 1ill .er/orm many o/ the tas$s no1 .er/ormed by .eo.le3 This 1ill re5uire cre1s 1ith a high degree o/ intelligence and s.ecialiDed training3 The training in estment0 much o/ 1hich may be s.eci/ic to C")SS,)40 may mitigate in /a or o/ a C")SS,)4 career .ath0 and a dedicated C")SS,)4 community may be a..ro.riate3 4ith eighteen years o/ de.loyment lead%time0 there is time to re%e2amine e2isting man.o1er and training conce.ts0 and0 i/ necessary0 begin 1ith a clean slate3 This e2.loratory study identi/ies some o/ the critical training issues raised by C")SS,)4 and suggests some directions that may .ro e /ruit/ul3 (e1 training conce.ts may re5uire signi/icant ne1 in/rastructure0 so early de/inition o/ the manning and training re5uirements is im.ortant3 A/ter identi/ying uni5ue /actors in C")SS,)4 manning and training0 a number o/ conclusions 1ere reached! C")SS,)4 shi.s should be manned 1ith s.ecialiDed teams3 redundancy3 Ad ancements in simulation and automated technology .ermits austere manning0 but only 1ith ca.able and 1ell%trained .eo.le3 A dedicated su..ort o//ice is .robably necessary to ma$e the conce.t 1or$3 (e1 manning conce.ts could enable C")SS,)4 to be on station 1> o/ 28 months by adjusting the de.loyment cycle3 The cre1 1ould re.ort to the shi. as an integrated team a/ter a year o/ s.ecialiDed training0 consisting o/ three months o/ indi idual training /ollo1ed by three months o/ team training and ending 1ith si2 months o/ indi idual s.ecialiDation3 De.loyments o/ three months 1ould be /ollo1ed by one month in .ort3 Em.hasis should be .laced on determining the best com.osition o/ indi idual s$ills and

Schuette3 This s.ecialiDed su..orting study is in 9olume 90 .art 1 o/ the C")SS,)4 #inal "e.ort3

JA ,ased on FAn E2.loratory Study o/ Training "e5uirements /or C")SS,)40G by ,ruce 'eorge

In order to im.lement this training conce.t0 /i e _you list si2` actions need to be ta$en! Cre1s must be trained as s.ecialiDed teams3 'aming0 simulation0 and irtual reality must be de elo.ed and used3 (e1 materials must be de elo.ed to educate cre1s and maintain currency in ra.idly changing technologies essential to C")SS,)4Le3g30 robotics and e2.ert systems3 Attitude change and team building .robably re5uire that some training be conducted under1ay3 Passionate dedication to system reliability and maintainability needs to be an im.ortant .riority to all .artici.ants in the C")SS,)4 e olution3 The on%shore in/rastructure must be de elo.ed that can su..ort C")SS,)4 1hile it is both under1ay and in .ort3 It should be em.hasiDed that all o/ these actions must be ta$en together in order to get results3 )ne cannot 1ait to see 1hat is re5uired a/ter C")SS,)4 is built3 Engineering teams need to design the shi.s0 in/rastructure0 and human elements concurrently in order to ma2imiDe the C")SS,)4 .otential3 This is es.ecially true o/ the man.o1er and training .rograms3 *astly0 today the C")SS,)4 training conce.t is just thatLa conce.t3 It needs to become a .ilot .rogram that changes and e ol es as C")SS,)4 e ol es3 I/ .ursued igorously0 it can lead to /ormidable training inno ations that not only ta$e ad antage o/ the uni5ue as.ects o/ C")SS,)40 but also may ha e /leet%1ide training and su..ort im.lications3

APPEND(K N* CROSSBOW5:

RE0UEL(NG (SSUES AND ALTERNAT(VES 0OR

This section e2amines alternati e methods /or re/ueling crossbo1 and estimates the amount o/ /uel re5uired /or a notional mission3 )* P!r#ose

Current re/ueling assets and techni5ues cannot sustain C")SS,)4 as it transits at high s.eed to an area o/ o.erations3 ;oreo er0 in most scenarios0 1ithout .rior 1arning0 there 1ill not be enough time to assemble the necessary /uel su..ort3 This section addresses this .roblem3 ,* Met4o%oloCy9A##roa&4

A series o/ ESCE* s.readsheets 1ere used to .redict re/ueling re5uirements /or C")SS,)43 Amounts o/ /uel carried0 consumed0 and needed /or re/ueling are estimated /or one s.eci/ic mission .ro/ile3 Additionally0 research 1as .er/ormed to generate timely alternati e methods /or deli ering the re5uired /uel to C")SS,)4 e//iciently3 -* Alternati$es

This section e2amines alternati e methods and .lat/orms ca.able o/ meeting the re/ueling and re%su..ly needs o/ C")SS,)43 described brie/ly as /ollo1s! SEA MCI9E" is a notional Station Shi. /or C")SS,)43 It needs to transit at an a erage s.eed o/ 80 $nots and carry at least 110000 tons o/ /uel3 In addition to /uel0 SEA MCI9E" 1ould .ro ide maintenance0 a limited range o/ .arts and /ood0 and ammunition3 The .roblem .resented by re/ueling a /ast na al /orce is mo ing large 5uantities o/ /uel o er long distances 5uic$ly enough to meet military de.loyment and contingency
s.ecialiDed su..orting study is in 9olume 90 .art 1 o/ the C")SS,)4 #inal "e.ort3
=0 ,ased on F"e/ueling issues and alternati es /or C")SS,)40G by Paul "3 Darling3

These alternati es are named and

This

needs3

Commercial de elo.ments o/ high%s.eed

essels <&S9s? o//er

iable

alternati es to the traditional shi. hull3 &S9s o.erate at greater s.eeds and more economically than con entionally hulled shi.s3 A bul$ /uel carrier &S90 1ith a cargo ca.acity o/ 110000 tons0 1ould su..ort the C")SS,)4 /orces at sea and meet the ra.id de.loyment /uel reser e re5uirements3 ;odern airshi.s .ro ide a /ast and economical logistic alternati e to con entional shi..ing3 Cnli$e air.lanes and sea.lanes0 airshi.s rely on an en elo.e o/ helium to maintain li/t and do not re5uire a .re.ared landing /ield 1hen deli ering cargo3 Also0 rough seas do not ham.er the airshi. since it does not FlandG on the 1ater3 Commercial com.anies ha e designs /or airshi.s 1ith li/ting ca.acities o/ o er 10:00 tons3 A .ro.osed use /or the aging T"IDE(T%class ballistic missile submarines <SS,(s? is to con ert them into nuclear%.o1ered guided%missile submarines <SS'(?3 Another use /or these submarines 1ould be to remo e the missiles and build /uel tan$s inside the missile s.aces0 thus con erting the SS,( into a nuclear%.o1ered submarine tan$er <SST(? 1ith a :2:%ton cargo ca.acity3 The ;obile ).erating ,ase <;),? is a sel/%.o1ered0 semi%submersible su..ly and theater essel3 ;odular sections connect serially in order to create an airstri. ca.able o/ landing0 unloading0 and launching con entional /i2ed%1ing aircra/t0 such as the C% 1:0 and C%1= cargo .lanes <Xaccola 2000?3 As concei ed0 the ;), is better suited than any other shi. alternati e to realiDe the at%sea trans/er o/ logistical su..lies /rom tan$ers and container shi.s3 ;odularity is an integral .art o/ the C")SS,)4 conce.t3 #rom unmanned aerial ehicles <CA9s? and SEA A"")4s to the internal 1or$ings o/ SEA A"C&E" and SEA *A(CE II0 a modular a..roach sa es time0 man.o1er0 1eight0 and money3 I/ SEA A"C&E" and SEA *A(CE II are to accommodate modular /uel tan$s <;#T? onboard0 the initial design must address this re5uirement3 ,y ma$ing the /uel tan$s modular0 the current method o/ re/ueling is re.laced by sim.ly s1itching out one or more tan$s3 )nce the ;#T has been em.tied0 it can sim.ly be remo ed and slid out

o/ .lace using hydraulics and 1inches0 and then a ne1 one can be inserted 1hile at sea3 An ;#T is designed to hold 110 tons o/ /uel3

.*

Res!lts

"esults o/ the research indicated the /ollo1ing! SEA MCI9E" o//ers a iable method /or deli ering /uel to C")SS,)4 and lends itsel/ to the distributed /orce conce.t 1hen used as a station shi.3 A need e2ists to re.lenish ia a system o/ shuttle shi.s or shuttle .lanes3 The A)BA)E0 &S90 or airshi. can meet the shuttle re5uirement3 Automated re/ueling is being e2.lored and 1ould allo1 reduced manning o/ /uture (a y shi.s3 ;o ing cargo across the ocean and around the 1orld 5uic$ly ia air.lanes /ar e2ceeds current ca.ability3 The use o/ airshi.s or 4ing in 'round E//ect ehicles may o//er economical alternati es to con entional air.lanes3 In the e ent that /oreign /or1ard basing is not a ailable or ade5uate0 a ;obile )//shore ,ase o//ers a technologically /easible alternati e0 1hile .ro iding logistical su..ort /or /or1ard%de.loyed shi.s3 "esults o/ the s.readsheet models indicated the /ollo1ing! In order to com.lete the 16%day mission described in this study0 =A0000 tons o/ /uel are re5uired by C")SS,)4 in the area o/ o.eration3 #our SEA MCI9E"s0 1ith a cargo /uel ca.acity o/ 110000 tons each0 are ade5uate to meet the transit and on%station mission re5uirement /or /uel3

/*

Con&l!sion

In order to limit the siDe o/ the C")SS,)4 shi.s0 a ten%.ercent /uel reser e has been incor.orated into the shi. designs3 4e ac$no1ledge that the current standard o.erating .rocedure /or the C3S3 (a y is to re/uel at /i/ty .ercent0 as set /orth by /leet

commanders and ).erational )rders3 'i en current technology0 1e recommend the use o/ SEA MCI9E" to meet the logistical needs o/ C")SS,)43 In su..ort o/ SEA MCI9E"0 the ;), can .ro ide a logistical re%su..ly base3 ad antages and may 1or$ 1ell as a shuttle shi. /or SEA MCI9E"3 Airshi.s o//er many

(N(T(AL D(STR(BUT(ON L(ST

13 De/ense Technical In/ormation Center #t3 ,el oir0 9A 23 Dudley -no2 *ibrary (a al Postgraduate School ;onterey0 CA :3 Dean 4ayne &ughes (a al Postgraduate School ;onterey0 CA 83 Dean Da e (etDer (a al Postgraduate School ;onterey0 CA 63 Pro/essor Phil DePoy (a al Postgraduate School ;onterey0 CA J3 Pro/essor Chuc$ Cal ano (a al Postgraduate School ;onterey0 CA =3 Pro/essor Chi. #ranc$ (a al Postgraduate School ;onterey0 CA >3 Pro/essor Pat Par$er (a al Postgraduate School ;onterey0 CA A3 Pro/essor Da e )l1ell (a al Postgraduate School <)"B)*? ;onterey0 CA 103 9AD; <ret? Art Cebro1s$i Director0 )//ice o/ #orce Trans/ormation De.artment o/ De/ense 4ashington0 DC 113 9AD; Dennis ;c'inn 200 (a y Pentagon <(=? 4ashington0 D3C3 20:60%2000

123 "AD; *e1 Crensha1

200 (a y Pentagon <(>1? 4ashington0 D3C3 20:60%2000

1:3 CAPT 7e// -line 'S)IS0 (PS ;onterey0 CA A:A8: 183 Commander0 (A9AI"S+SC); Patu2ent "i er0 ;D 20J=0 163 CAPT Tri. ,arber
200 (a y Pentagon <(=1? 4ashington0 D3C3 20:60%2000