Vipera Caudi-Sona Americana, Or the Anatomy of a Rattle-Snake, Dissected at the Repository of the Royal Society in January 1682/3 by Edw.

Tyson M.D. Coll. Med. Lond. Cand. &R. S. Soc. Author(s): Edw. Tyson Source: Philosophical Transactions (1683-1775), Vol. 13 (1683), pp. 25-46 Published by: The Royal Society Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/102217 . Accessed: 29/10/2013 18:23
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Philosophical

Transactions

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PLlILOSO r
TRA N S AC T 1 0
._

.fFb,*z7,7 1cx I 68;

tIhe CONT ENTS. Vt I PE R A C A 11 D I-S O N A Atnericana) Or t/JE Anatollly of td Rattle*Snalte ffieSedat fte Repofitoryoft/ve RoyalSecietyi#Janualy 168) by Edssrard Tyfon AI.1) Coll.Med.Lond. CZznt. d Reg.Socierat Sa. An Accountof Fome Books: 1*7!^farltiz1i LKiJfer s S. 7V IJONJ. 1DEFONTI BV S; AI1F 1) / f fl TI S w4 JN GL I ASS EX*PrS#t-iO ZlO;n &S PriOr. Il ;7O. iCl,tJJROJf Bn}* }llj JatOlitnRZi AXI4t15EJEOS IvroafzDforiw D E 31 0 ;7[ 2) s
l\I3I S L IV Al Otas
-

PoJfbzmtzar

V I P E R A C A LI D I-S O N A Alllericana Or tbeAXatomy of8sRattle-Snake ) DilTeSsz! at tfye RepolitoryoftSbe Royal SocietyzozJanuaryx68J. (y F:dwTyfon WI.DColl Med. Lond. CAs/d. $ t S S*

rrHe Obferstatzls I nlall here gixre arefllcll asa fingle SzzbjeS svould afford, xlot ss7hat luigllt compleat the /tozy offo CYr.iozzs an /Zzimal.Andtt10 it ssere
mightily tO be wiilltt11at xvehad ar leaR the moRaccurate account t and exaEteR Satonzy, of one of esZ7 dRindt Si?isw of /Zgiezals;yet tllis can'tbe expSed but of D thMe

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26 ) ahore that are moRcomulon ; sshesefiequelltrepeated DilpeSiosls mtDht fully inform usQfNstarew admirable conw
(
,triYAnCtaNd MeCfYam0 05zZ2t1
vttas

This whichWe DigeSed fetltto Mr.Het1ry I,oades a Merchant in tondozt Zfromwniv;who waspleafed not onlyto gratify the curiofity of the t. Society in fllessring it themalive t but likewifegaveit themwhendead, and --fO afforded them an opportunity of [artberfatisfaAion in obSel-ving theizlmardparts of it ; svhich I Endfo conforo mableia almoI} all refipeAs to thofeof a er, thatI have taken tlle llbercy of placing it in that Clayeand(f1nce it hasnot yet tllae I knov of, anyLatine Name)of giveing ir tElas of Jrztberv Audi0ona ) for as I am infortnsdby Alerthart5X tris Vivsrolls) and the EpitEvet fufficiently dAlSczences it frotlz thcSSC thit haveno tvttle . although of
thete roo thec oup,>ttobetzxadeaSllbditifion ButI Jhallcol,crl^rl Inyfelf at prefcat only vith vile SizJrztoszy rhich 1 tilink isye. givexa by lC;atze ; thoto me it teClnS

Bodiesv

Ga1. Pifo fohJ/on , Niere,a7zbergzzis yon^ z/e Lver) S-iternrzdct) andotllers tharllavewrogof it ; whodefctibeit u{wder theNames of BozSiszin^a) orBaigirzizigas
J X

the moll princip=l pair in a lMataral Hi//01y fSuimtzEs; and.;or other AccounsI ffi 1llrefer roGeoXtIarrigragvizzs
Erds/.

andBozqrvX svhicharetize NaTnes. Bythe Port* /Xaess >is called Xcvvels and T?Zi,dor; by the DzzfcEvs
13rajCle

.&n*)tel-S/vIdAtge; geXl)tldcot <aB/JqaiS

byg}zofeof A;le*X*icoz TeBtlarocazzX>uis OL' ( i UP ) l)o?niNd Serpet!ttYm > and frozn irs

-fisvift nnotion on theRtoclts liketheWind,Hoscoat/. Batas to ourBu/eJ4s ) beforetse 1ookwithinsrethall the iSa.dy iIl tvttle
2

tharnve dille2ed XvJs + foor5 Inches long; the girth of tlle largeR place)gThich svas the 7niti>9 was fi ;5 Inches 9,rlze gith ahout thettertk3inches ; nearthe
inches; tlle Headflaton the top-as is thebte; andbythe protuberance of the Afa*XSiEEm Wonlewhat rew prefenting the laead of a tearagsrZnrron;?; at the extremity of ir werethel\q,.rilZsn pbetvQelltlleLll and rhe Ers) lSXb^*Ft>+; bur

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7 ) t wliichl * tsa6 s bllt fomewllat loltet , wttre tvo other tOrljircew) they only led into a X but after fiorlnd ;g * b took for the E8res had a pretty large cavity, butnoperforation bone tElat faiti in the head i a.ndCharas ndatheSeotiices btiperwehave
v

for defendingit from thich feemed to Serveas a P4ltelrrv ca any thing fallingon it ; but 1 czuld not perceivessvvtas icfeem'dto have a membrana pableof clofing, tho inrrards
hi^2itatisX

; and that to thelnounnot by theNoitrills thaethey hdar *thetye NervesalCo butSzldttsr-v only the OlfaSory;, the was round,aboutofan Inch (liteter; in ColoarJ as inmakeof the P0ill, andotherrefOd) likea Yipers, Ah;ape of in the RK,attle, etasthewholeexternal deedexcept theEye, Srale jEtting oveor There wasa lslrge this Animal.

vo mightadhere vsThich removes anyduXt-that

theEye. finalleft of any; thofe on the A^eatl wereth-e Thescalew

greaterto the larget, and fo proportionably on the LBact thenceaw biggeR part of the Body; and fo dirllinillling Somes gain eo the fettingon of the tattle; all in figure variolls; ParfnitSeeds. Their colotwr what refembling on the of the feathers thofeon the HesX, like the colour ftecliled with fmall DIact/potsv baclsof a Green.fi1lcA^; fotcr larger and more relllarkable, whereof there vrere a blackand a Tllofe oxlthe ba;twerea darkEe271lewtorte, chec a nluking a curious yellow t and fpeckled elatkiffi of co ohthe back by t-hisintermxxture queror dappling they became lours; but as they grew nearerthe Tvil& ora thebacthad at lall almoi} Blact.The ScJlew darker,arld protuln themiddle, zihich^ras{tillleEs an cdgedri/istg

tlle fides, wheretheywere nearer berantas they grew flat. ofa the Bellyfeemedflats coveredwith long Saalew theNec' to the fpeckled black. From yellowii colour, the Weamsstreletz;<>half Anuwwenumbevsds68;beyond
Scales; thence 19 whole scalewof ablack lead roxour to the&vttle6 orders fromthFence with yelIowishEdges; pcales of vlaefamecolourv or rowsof rmaller Tlle D 2

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and then forwards, ground, and So contraft theirbody tiS Whence nlottosl. theit perform {kOQt OUt aDain, andrO tllat on tOGZs theirmotion a l\tireonbegi14s, cBbCelvedby he or PlailX;which s mucll quicker, than on the lWartAs) have they here of, lillce eeded nor to mslkea wonder

to dethe uCeN4ttzrefeems advantage much it,whichIliUft their thenl to perform fign thex] for, by {trengthenitlg being areas io manyfeetrhich fol tIlevaIew wnerioszs; reptile takeholdof the they tllereby openfdowlnxvardsX ffee,-and

C z8 ) ttherbydi to .elc11 joyn'd Bellywere TheJ^calesofthe inbeing of eachm20cle Terldon t he lower mzlfcles; Rindr and edg-ofthefollowipg;Jevakv the upper ferred the A!ufcleixierteda60ut of theolherie)Z#on weremorq T;tIeSSSs * MizAcles ThxSe of theforegoiIlgfcale. middle of the/cal; andthcnitsfibrew thenliddle flethytosfirards wa$ appropri/sale Toeach aSctadingt didrunobliquely of didjoyn withthe extrram a Rb, hore point ated
illto tlle rame

notvobe$oo thelowelpartof theLiver.8u savaowards

_ ^ 4 , .. 5

the tound head of cheTbighbonedoes vlie met4&lvtn relfanyway meansit can turn iqt by ^rilich IlcAvlz) of the ow Havilig placecl it on its bSct, we opened it ; andobw a made muficlew af the ilDdotninal {ervedthat tile TendoFs ofthe Belly;wherelikesIb6ill tbemidllof thefiales AizleaJ {romthq I/esn if ig. Yepf l, ariEng Plood did ^ xvife
rutn large *

be bElly footing.Eutin foftgroundX thetheir {irmer v1<e irtoanElfyp or anacute angle, cc)ntradt caxl flatvyetthe> asJ haveobSermaytakethe deeperSlold, tila} rO vlley redin a briper. onthegroantl, Since they mnRtealwaysgrovelling themwith of Natareinfurtliflling eis a glearprovilion is fo curioully ; xuhich defeace fortheir tlliscoatof almor thewhole,yet byitsfrequent thoitcovers ived,that contl forthistoo,theverof allmotioS.And it admits qys1tings therebeing contrived; admirably Seem tllespine txbr Cof X which vertebra oftheupper part in ttlelower ball a louxd &elaver verteb4;as entersafecket^oftheupperparcof

1, rr

H;J;.

exocc..4*

l^t(,1.

alce

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( 9) ice 01ere) weproceeded ve exanzina ^e F@er) andfhal I hele givetberemarks in{hort) which I xllade oftheXndtx2se,Lgngs,oefopZvagus)Stonsaclt, GaZl-bladderJ kSplee.y) IpinKne7S
6atif

Heart) of,^>enerntzotl,

tzver}

the tSent-bag, andthe;xl dxGxrtbed tl<) Z-lcad, the bteszatnour Xceth ) the '8caleton andiR*at4SrX; awad fort}ze better Utlder{tardinr th^ t1es of tlefc Sarts we ffialloften make a
OrX,s1ls

ComparativeSvrvey of vElem wlth thoSe of otherff7simBlI.

11ere was dieringfrornthat of nol:tor whithqufually having wthPIrcartt'lvtcw annular, or at $ea{E conjoyned;15y a tratinbi-ane , do fornle aw Xh/fula for cvnveyIngthe vzr irlto t1zeiNronctte; xvhtch thence is tranEm.itred into the fitnall Bladders tf the t j iS t 4ff:tgn<gs. But * 11el e,whic'lis commollwith it to the biper (ind.as Scone.s itenters thebreaJ!i,p; efently meeting vvith tll P Lvn,w7it conE1Its onely oemi- anzz?slar C4rtilages; which bcing joyned at botil ends to the membrane of the Lgngs inwardly is qulte opf n-, and isnInediately eranEmits the azr to the cul of the tuvgs as will bctter appearly Fig.4, the 11 Egure. Sor dividingth+lhnd-pgfe weperctived * ;?44* t eafIly extended aboare a ^ Inch wide, whereas 6eftIe it ;viratlap?te
tiler X+n?^mGltf;

The

meets withthe[ngs the Cartilages are annular. TheSrcz

volncheslongX terluinatingnear tlle

cheezorWind-ptewas
Heart

and beginning of the Lgver, and reachingto that part of tlle Lungs which n2ade tfte greatbtadderj The
of t-heEracheanearthe begruning were t of an Inch, but toward theendd,ofanlnchX andlyingflattifh froInerldto etldgThefe cartilaXes were not fo diftindtas in otllel Animals s butoften l unning ixlto one anoFher
Cartalages

Tlle USeoftheirach isplain,for conveying thesr intothe ngw;wllichlaow corxflderable arlOrgan theyare Naturefe@Llls to fhew usby theadmirable cotrivanceX and Largenefs of their StruSure Theybegitlfrom the(Ehrots
* Fig.
I

b. and rundown 3 Foot in letlgt;R. + Tlle utper part of them

tllat Iay 1nthe. fore palv of the body for thelength of a foors and did reachto tllt Heart ) was made offmalE VeJzcale or CcilsZ like the Lungsof a ,7rog: but;som

tht

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f to)

there, appearedof a florrldred. This parttapers troportionablyto the Body; the low-eR partof it near the Heart moderately blown , was incompaSs Ss Inches; a little lower, for the Space of + IncllesX the cells gradually diEappeated ; fo thatthey: feemedat lall to formonly a ren8lar compvges of valvul connzventes onthe infidcof the membrane of the Langs s ancX thecompuEs of the greateRplacehere wasabout 6, Inches ; butfrom thenceto the endof the L?ngs was on;ya largeaBladbler * ; cte withoatanyCell; conlp-oSed of a-th ins butiRtong tranfparent 7nembranefl, the coulpafs of whichblovva as the fornner was 8 ^ Irlches. The Lantsof the Salama7sirow Xf84tZGAw and 4>5.)me otl1eriqnimvS ) areonly tvvZo largeblv2.<ier.<51t A>0g, Cr0codiZeScale twolargelobes5 filled wittatnttrab<srzozzs vetacalor 6vellsOurtattle snste, n,- a] 1t-bat 1: ;mitys tehothey have but one lobe of Langw)arttiN thattt-sty
Xfn

thefrequent branchings andchecquernf theblood 7vejrels

comprifethu 2 formerSolts; the torep<t 5Ctnt}Sied withnumerous V+cal ; thelateranent -re Iarge bl;}.elder. In the ltz#l ortoz tlaereare twoAltes,orleentach

fide; butthefearefubdivided into Several othersX accorto

the partitions cf the tzbs that arefixed co the hell; and they ly chiefly in thebeXly , that is. the low_ er part c)fthe body. Bllt that I wouldremark is, that wherethe sromhie frLE enrer theSe fubtlivifions 'ris retisalotlw; then theJ7 form a largetcaszity:fo tharin thefe /dinY

nimals ) where thenixus of teipirGtZan iS nOt fio frequent, Nstareprovides a fuSicient Rore-houfie for this(fonecelEa ry a Paba1z6m vit) in lhefelargerblaclders 8 whence tis difpencedaccording ro the ex1gencyof theOecanomia vfsimalis For the7*ortozs,Viper) RX,ovttleJtnate, Frogsv foadw

Ac. wllich neepa great part of theyear; asbefore ther betake therr.fielves to thisrepoSe, theytakeln their fore -of FoodJ fo perhaps rharofair too) a moreconRaxtly requifite fupp'y c)fLife. For when rhus ilapidly alleep > andXmeximes to alluppearance Oeac;it may bequefiioned

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ssli2mandraaquatioca 5 that lives UnderWater, fOrLUngS hastwo lar,ge BiaziVerwX not unlilzelyfot this Reafon; thatz mighrwnot be forced fo often to taifie it felfoutof fe Waterto breathin freAla axr whenthefUrmer is [pent and Ocayed. In a er I latdlyDidedetlsu Ilichremained alsselWome daiesafiertheS4in, andmollpartof the cera werefeparated, I obServed thewtuztw all tllis while not rifing ai fdlling,as in In@arJtion, and Expir4tzon. butconffinr) equally are-lded withSir; thatasfoon asit dyed,it encptred,and theyfe# FBut tlle Stomact waseJnpty} and 1 chubtnotwasfo f{jme confidet abletimfie before; as was the b iVttk?*Snake'Ls, whicz for 4 Mogths at leaRhadeat{en-nothing. FO thar aIthou>!n tlleycatllive fo long gritlout . yet Natareis nlightvt1ovident in fupplying themwith v+ar, inbeRovxlgoxl t;hem fo large Rxeaeptacles fcer recevingXt SOtheEpJ5eweron, the Szl4Jworm =Xnd other

iTnce their life here is 1oinlperceptible and[mall i thi$ I}OCk SaY be fi ]ffiCient X the deCaY being SO little, SOthe

( 3t ) ttedwhetVr theyhaVF a-ty oon -ofthoR palts, svhich ts required for drawi!ng infrdhAirin tnEpiration. But

Bgt>t3iSet) whithallrIlesr Llie wheninthat Itate, d-cynoc; eator talse insnyfoM,yethave tlleirBroncJ^ize, or Lengs, remarkably large,andnunterous, as if theywere futficittltaloneformaintainin? fbr if-theybe occlllidwithOylX orotllertifeZ theyareArait/afocateda
vimeb vileirtipeS

and dS sonv2WAFz1.

t Fig.t.

Ggla,which fervesfor the tranfimiving iaintc) theJ/omact; andinedeed thisfeemS the only ufe of thispart in mofl; otherAMnimals ; buthereNature maybe thollghtto intend itfor fomethiag More,, andto nzake ur^f ,t wporl occafion as a *tomdst, rDr Stwmacts tot; forupers hlowlng df. IJp this parts I obSetsed two larged Jnoellin2,s w as -reprenS
b ANDrranf 0X4i 9+ Seevtes dozi aler! JoDent dtque cdxaTet anaKm "tcp^dgrareatX tiboxlloX4ae,N;crembWrg H0. yat 1* t2. tP.l
5 "

B"t wee fhal i now ta-ke notxce af thore parsthat are fOr reteiving the Food^, And irR of tl1eOfophag7gsn ar

ted

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of tileprowastvo Foot 3 F Inches , the--lengtll us in a itraitelinewitlltlle6+o- t * S lnches,Iying pert Stomact coat phags burtlztclierthan lt} havgngaremarkable by itS ea(;lydiRxngnsfhable on the irufidesj more of theGu; overthe inrlde jerting aasllvIics and; fubRance the PyIor as in tbe Fiper. Fron} let 3 andin:all:rsefpeds
colourf

(*32 3 of capable ti trueStatsvGk, was nor ];@e-; ted inthe ae/oof ahe length wete Thew.hPlv asthefe thtenctefon

againfesr1 inch; andthenfbr * Fig. 3. g, the*DuStzfiraitened fight,by 11ee r a pleafant rhtchaffbrded t Inte0yzne a large med Gatafter J which 0,!4gE 0 its inwardaQar tile meaved t Sf f KeEZer, t tlle in laR at ended fome finall w-indsugs, the5ZF -Xn thefor!mrw than nuchle1fs whofecapacityswas
2

a<oording diftintilla, X tho oft variouny tined DuEZus QSXno in aivtareJ|difirent.intenvxon

X13lC rXVQrgl tS

vo. Tlze arc Eubjedt lik-es/ifre Ziters whlchU a di6eafe a niS+ut Xn?zSs Throatto theg wheleiengthfrom.tile
in no1Tc
?

msctjnd Guts1 obferlredaband-anceoftt;ricgteretgr

mals;
St4

ris

tht AttlS Mr irs N ;as andSimples SOplain

#vzes,

ZN QE Mf>^ebblAx Pazzn8Aw tbg fang tlley do periornx whatuCe arzd tvadrzzpeds; doe vnatw Rdttle tS czf igLe the tn smeg.l I taketheSe

bbt or Stomact;} nther roe/bpAvagx whereyoullave anyvrives? onandthattoo without TsaCages onlya ilraire Inather theSZz,rW t.dpe.r tqw,ards nlom a lirtle growing buta veryihort@"t is no Oci+Pag!Z*X; ins Some FiMt.h-ere is melEngwin long,Jourby noe>only *slnother Xnitnalst diXerentmepe 3 as rhqIo fome vlacess has ;acquiled

the or Cr:opin -Birds;

bot atone time rhey;-feedv it feemstht morerequiStejflace of theyear, whiich they;taketi> Buticc in ghat promificuwsfoocA unflt parts areoftn Lome wXlole,there theyfwallowFways andthereforetobexewnedggainT3sthe to bedigeftedt, thataccount incomherebeingverytong, and-upor; Galler fvuellprtridedehere Nre haS aXtiontS ^orthis modious ings

andllqre cantyetwsllreceive; whatFoodthe Stomack

renig atezatal<wrir likewife; they beingonvenient

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( 33 ) ings inits whel4t theymky berefipieed,* tillrecoutiing its iox?i3ilr gives t luetn another lift) andupqna ThirdeRott
t ltt-. \\8i]0lly

pos tecl [)y n1 nys t)( trut)

reive forre:<ivirlt, t;lcrR. T 11e foodt i (yt C l CJa }?roVe aliment)

o-oii+Kfla

jettstluem. Andif whatis cor.Sdently rethdt on occat10n of dan,clrttlty the it yotlk3st,@ lizothe iz Mozztl>s) chefeare fit ptacs
t Inu{} be comtni-

nuteds and liltO the finalleft palticles; whicll in tlzcfememE>l.lllens*ttomacis, 1 crl't fte llowixcallbe
performedloutby
liquorX

covret;on

A principal m/J7rzw1g illdc)ingthis,, Italvoetc)betllGt which is tliich.lrge(l bythelFlands thataxc(Catecl tn fomeEt the; begining ofthe f hrozlt,and arecalledSslivalX ol 3uR above theStomack c)r Gir,ard of Birds, anclcalled the LcAvnus,or in othersin the Ktomack its belf,andcalled cheglatlolalovs cost;andluch1takethe inward coatof the Stomact of oUr t>*zzttleSnalQeto be. WIlencomminuted tis difshargedinto theGats;whicll thatthe chyle might notpaEs oS, slth the areoften * rig. ^.eee. convoluted,orwindint, as 5 here; that foby ilnpeding a too quickdefeent of ir thisway, or byValves, a {eparation may the betterbemade; andthenthe Fces tS urelss, cant qllickerbe diScharged tllan by the rCatZZZI; which wheretheFxces arehard, isfuraiDlt with a ltronger mtGf clerhebe^ter vohelpits aSios b .ancl liJch feemedtherccfam herei andtheFaecew harder then uSllul in Zipers So thatthe wholeVtwHz/s XltmentalAs froIn its ufesX m.ly ordinarily be di^7ided into 4 parts I Thatwhicllconveys the Food, the Oe*fophag z That whichdigeRs orcor rodesir,thestomac1<. 3 That which(le(}ribures the cAJyle, thelnteJ?znes. 4 TIar whichempties thefaces, theReS vtn. But aLeech is all stolnact,fromoneendto the other, anddo'sdetzour ara mealefeveral timestheweighrof its wholebody; The stomack when f^1e11'd andRrecht with twJlood is farbiggerthantheLeefh it felfe; nayfeveral timcs exceedsite Bua 1 m;aookthe number)ir wastlotoncX bllt ruarly Stsanacts 5 for the ckvity is dvided by fieveral FX trano
ces^f

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( S4 ) tranictfbmembrvir,into d2ven diRinA camera's; Sut thefe inzembranes itl the middle have a hole tharleads from one intotheother: butby thepouching Qutof each fide) cachof thefemaybe reckoned alfotwo; inall we may number,(rhere being IO or tI of thefe Cametaile)at leaR two,if notfour andtwenTy Stomaslts, but tlle eStn whicll lyesbetween theforking of the 2 laftlong Sacczz-lzJor Stomack,is b-ue ilall,andffiOI t in reXpedt: of the

rn's) befides thoGe 2

long

otles

ghichat lall runtothe

geZtrzcls, I fee no re(aSon; 1 Woulcl much llloreeafily allow a double Juricle, oneat theentrance of thebtenoz cavaof whichthereare two14 bran chesdeScending and 11 nna

placed near the botronze of thefracA>a ) ork theright fide of ir.The length ()f it wasI s Inch, its figurerather flat thanroun(l; encompa(Ted witha Pertcardium, arldtlle -xSrzcle larger than: theheartit felfv It 113th butone * btetztrzcle, the valves finall,and fle{hy * and-the infide of 2hebtentriclc diftinguith'c by 4 or 5 croEs furrows.Why Chnras fhJtild makettle Hartofthe Viter tohavetuo

whole; but of thisperhaps more inmyAnatomy ofthis Animal. To proceed We flzzllnexttale n6tice of tlle t HevrtXwhich wast

Fig.

I. t.

ont aCcend;ng; theocher fortheAtterza Sorts,whtcfl has two aCcending andone defcendin: n branch as in the[1 mnnJ. figure. A littIe belowthe Heare liesthe ?* Liver; which was * o o. about an Inchsvide in thelargeR place, andSeemed disrided on onefideby theVenacavaintotwoloDesofan unequa1 lengths forthatoll theleft fldewasaboutlo lnches,

.nd tllatonthetight fideabcut a foot long; itscolour a Stown redvandirsufe nodoubtforthefcparatingthet

Gall r.hat ss as c()ntainedill a t bladder [eated ar fome di-

ftance belowit. It wasoncetheopinionofSylstm,that tIze GalIwastranEnlitted henceinto thel;aver to be mixed with the bloodJandnortherefeparared fromir; tzur
great

wllarthe famous Xalpghiwroreto the contrarys ina meaSure brougZlt himoffit;alld ourSubjed here,is on
Ar-

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*lg

. I9 2. t

3S ) is placecl B>dder 9 agAinR him* where the Gall Argemen!t framtheLiver,andS $ V8Zz for conveying fo remore is foevident s whereas thatwhich it into r-heZntei?ne,
(

to be obEcure, andhard bringsit fromthe Liver is more ;2.InchesIong7 the 11erewas bund. T]le Gall-bladder ina grarsgreeawhichfweaw colourof tIzeGallcontained jacerlt tingedallthead deetply ir'scoateshad ringvlnrowgh feemsthefame,for pa-rts s tw taa cf it in a hperwhich was fil fi falt, thena fweetbirter. it here? I diunot vaCt it trptyes it felfintothe bywhich The DuHz CyJ}ictlsh
tntepls7v,
arifes from rhe top of rhe Bl<dder, fo gent3y de-

g d.

takes for pafiesdrcugh tharparLwhie:h CZlras Scending but svhichthe AncientsallPd the S9leena tt O-Pa-7lcrer; of rhP large lnmJtzne. tI<e- be.,nning and CO envers ! Sltuation of thAs par tJ; 2nV i n gzWers, t he Co]our indesd his for Chara tlle lateiti1zes ftems un Ar,gument fic;>ntare
conjedure) here ia pur fuch hirllerto for he nzitItly propoMes iE AS fuch; but red, and wasdewp isColour twhich SubSd;t, to be iono c3bServed th Ivansrevs I have burmore nor Spreading Fqnzmal) a.S likewire lts figureX of the Anci the Opinion compadt)thefe feem to favour

move no contlaverfyaDcztt thispart, whichhas entssl 1Ma11 havinglile tO fay of maderO sany with all Xds$anzlifs; it, but that 'twasakout the bignefsoSa largebean ; that at the beginingof it; ir adheredto the fideof the Inteitine andthat througlathe midclleof it, as is alreadyobEerved, Bilarzmdid paSs. I was taken offfrotlla farthe DacSvs
ther otherX Scrutiny I Mall
into

this

part

by

rhe ravilhing

beauty

of an-

prefently

defcribe?the the

Kidneys.
was rery plentifi

XXUt ImaIt and is r^H

firI} obEerve

Far which

to be uSed by the byc NardusAnton SR>ecchuw Pllyrlciansof gexico with good filccefs,in the SciatiCa
andallpainsoftheLimbs,and for difcuIElngpreternatural tamors. I vakcfor the tmentur; The MembralleIt adi-leredto,
w ' w l * -

Hig, lib. 9* c. a7. p. 3X8. c RerxmMed ,Wz HiEpan. whlch E 2

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x7ery curiolillycontrived andw;ith Co greatbeauy , that I want Words ro exprefs whatthe lencilcould nor imitate , much lefs canbe reprefened in aPrint. I flnall thereforein my Defcription, thebtrer to helporitand illufirate nly meaning, havea conRant reference to the ,ares ; which b-ing covetous of malingaswellas mignt bee, fpent fo much tine, thatI hadnot an opportuzwity a11 fo

muchlargeras appears byttleDeScriptions. For the rwo Wv,idneys, which lay to the backoneach fideofthe Spine,but not very firmly cnjoyned)were a, bollt 7 Inches longi thaton the righe fide fomethiIlg longer than the left ; and about s lnch 1oroad each; tho one continuedbody,yetplainlydiRinguiShable into feveral leffierKwidneys, as 1rememberin one I numbered15, but

and was joyned roborll fidesofthetibw,forunning to the hteQut, andforming a bagg thatinveloped theparts here but wasfreeZ andnoecon jcyrledtowardstheselly. The 10wer Belly I call it to dillinguifb it from thereI}of the Trank>, for thewhole was but onecontinuedcairy; therebeing nopariition of it by any Dia,phragme i andI have reprefented thepartscontained here,intnyJecond!gare) as the others arein-thefiirMt; butpl-ot!cilrtionably

( 36 J whichinco.npaXed all partscontained in this lowerSeGy;

of fatisfying mycurioGtry in a11 refpeds (thepartsdrving) as t defired;burdidobServe, as likewife 6everal Other whoviezedrhem , vzhen frit taken outof thebody,that tllewholefeemed a delicare Comy7aXew ofvef^eIs, andthe inS termixtureef rhcife oftlaeblood,withthofe otherwrhite ones,rhatare the Secretory) compoSed moflreglllarly for, medBodys. IamyiXS^gurewfThat ontheleftfiaee reprefents the uy)peI tzllver,ficzes of rlre &?dneyX whichappearsStA in the DifileHio7W; thectherXthe lower fide whichlyes to the bact; if1holhthereare zwolarge blzxod runtng dosvn cach fidP ; oneInarked ( a1 1 z: v theorher) wllere thevm deferem runs; bllrIs not herereprefellted ; and fsomrheSe ariCe Several Jeffier branches ( o o o ,) at fer dihances s whichcuriouIlyfpreading lilemfUlves dofoame as
veels

FiS

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ar largedelivered myvlloughts hereof) in myxC^lc71010,ff,ia orDiScourf; concel ning +rhe G/antls of theBodywbich it may bel may J J Chall nor at prefent further inflItuson it: kut a11 onlyremark, that in BirnlsvlQJhJ and 7;teptilesX the}g:idneys areufually tong;inother Hoz?mals oftenmore compadt;thefevet alCl^lclzzloms bodys thar cornpoCe tIlem, b}ng conglemerut{3) and clefer rettogether,tho in feme{}-ey appear petfW ctlydiRind :
lf redftCr publ i(ll

( 37 ) as it \vere ramifcattonw of lorees. As manyas here were csftheSe tmulgent viels Cfor rO I rale vllenl to be)SQ many &?dney.f were in each; the IntrJbces (p tp ) of thefe 6100d vegelw werefilled upwith otherW/nteones; which 1 doubtnotarefortlleJecretzoz of (1ze 7JraR;c r anelon t:his ficiedidappear more numercous tE?an on tlaeorller; tis impoffible toreprefentthe (SIsOUS interxveavings tf botll; bur here in the underSidzof th{r1glat :tdaeJoin fone places they appeal*ed tnore*di,lind; for ( t6' J th -ws the largebloogl ve/%cl, whtrceRI iiS rhcj alult,rents (rrr) which fprealins rhemfWlvAs nreryEhickintothcX bodw (sss) malie Tl1Un1 appealall b'tody) betuzeen whlcta fbra little rpCe there tlppeAl S a Small bo,lyv} rhe White Secretory vefels( ttt) Thiscurious ItruEture of the KzdwasysX ancl peculiar order of thevefel) do ftlrtller cenfirtze me in myepinionconZ cerningtl-emake) andfabrick oftlaefepa1tS ; buthaving
tDtt

the lvaa^'> C8J?rzdrye 8ecv ancl as I haveremarked ill Ihe dParpefs>}n eachof tlwe;> there Amay he obierved dkftindE;malgentw, dareterw , PeZves, rtical c, Glcznt1z411)z43 part, andthe CGSaS Pafillare) tA7hicn 15 made up of the rEubu;ti uWrinarij, wntchconve:ythe Igri} into the Pelzoi3. And the Kidy in a mara tho ;vSeetn.s buta lingle onv yet it is rea}ixmadeupo of as njanyz as tllere are gorpors Papillarts SO llerFin oul SubjeLl, thc) the Sub{tance oftile ,rtzdno f>een conXinued ) yer there ought o be reci<o^.ed a: 13?any as rlrere ale diAindt
as Llle Bear the Otter,
tl

d Phocsa ortbe 24eatomy efa Ptrt)^:*S pX 244

JyJtems

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( 38 ) a peculiar eachmaking andOrdesscf Ve&lJ; tyJtem! to theadvantage accordirsg iidney; which ,landorfnlall atlengri tlliS Animal, are placedhere of thebodyof isforcarry notpiledononeanother.Tlle uSeof thenl of theblood Seram and fuperfluous ing offtheLiscivial
, that even thoSeAni whichis of Sogreat conSequence , or hurvery littl>, yer by mals thar drink not at a11 Nature are furnifhrwith Bletll) as thetsttle Slnake of this humour thought. When tlle fcparation may beX is nladein the ltidneys, 'ris conveyed rhenceby tlle ares the too frequentexclufionof ir tnit,ht abladder,if tersninto in leffier be inconvenientto the Animal, or if ir be made to be e fo and An at the jufic a Cloaca) into v quanriry

jFdenl. of thelength almoLt d run inourSubjeEt The lfreters rtceived tl<at TIunck beinga common the KgHney; V it is in rhe lei3erBranchesthatwent to each Sngle Gland whicla aCloaca) lile BirisJ lnad therc; forourlaattle. Snake, Greters, rhe of Orifices tlle receiveD v2pDr, in the female in part maybefaidthatoftlle arldtlle two 2teri; .and that costebrHve a consenienx yet 11ad teSam too, wSlicb redit twoothel of tlle Cloaca,weobServed NeartheVerge of theSkin, bythefoldi-ng coveted whichfeenled orifices whtchI havetaken g m$* two t Baggw ledintothoGe and tizefe miRaken, ismuch to callthescent-bar. Charas theliberty orConfervatorys themto betheParaJfates whofuppofes thatwould refute hewould thoSe liliewiFe of eheSeedX'as at sronder I themore . and IeJtzclew to beother rzem have them buthaveobServed xlor hecould thishismillaketlince too; which fuSiciently Vipers as I havein the female lont) anInch aboulr was {hewshis error. One of them elld, towardsthe q lill. butTaper andas big asaGooSe appeaie contained, cf che Liquor andfromthecolour it'S and lCrs, fomething ^ras Bagg reddarkith;rheother colcxur
2

and did both *g bythe * letterscvv) part reprefiCated ) makinga rifeing terminareneareachother in theClossa

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390

as intheMiper, Tllis differenceTfiupp fiemayi accidental : Tlle Liquor included in themnas fiomeehing crafs ) andof a ltrongandvervunpleafant Smell; ruch bUt in a moreintenfe de*ree, dS the Animal didemittbeX fore diffiedion, whichd Martial likewiSe takes noticeoff, havin: ^zlaced it in rhe1att buroneinhis Catalogueof Stinkswherehe raitlo
CQlOUr

Quod lz41ywis filga;, lziter cabzle, Malles, quam qgod olew, olere Bafa. And deLaet malzes metlrion of Come Snakes in the weJ! Indies thatItinkW>rCe thxn anyFonc orPole-cat.
e-,FO.

I have long fince rakens noticehos the Ftorsof all firongfcented iqnimsb,are colleAed in theteBaggwX butdew figningthele may behereafter a farther EtEay onthis-Sub jeZt; I Shallnct hereinlarge llponit: * Onlytake notice, thar ourcommon Snakeshaa7e a fargreater Ftor (Which Iyesin the fameJ a,ggs) than ourAdglers or MipersX Arld harre been told by Travellers, thatfomeCrocodiles will {eave a {trOng., butgratefullemellbelaind them: which if SO I doubtnot, bur it maybauponthe Eame cauSe.But uEuslly tllo thisLiquoru hetlnew, andin great t9antity be oftenlive,andof anill fmell(and fuch is Civet likewire whichis nothing elfe) yevwhendryandin leSerProportans it nlay prove more gratefull. Thus theliquorin the Scent ba,ffgs ofa K evfell,beingdryed, on a Paper and kept Come timeJdid not feemunpleafant e ne; butrather the contrary : and I feeno reafonwhyPole-Cats maynot be Civet-Cats, though they maynotturnto thataccollnt. Put ina Lyonzg ditIed;ed,vhe Liquorccontained in theScentw baggs wasin the opin,ion of a11ehat Stnelt it, muclllike that of Oyl of Snzfe or Fennelfeed; orhich almoIt wasthe only difference I couldfiud betweenthe Lyon andaCat, for in a Cat this Liquor isEfcented.
d
Martnal:

1. ^

ERigr

4.

X Dr.

Plotsat#Yal

e Hz0. IttdiX Othi4edt. l. 15* c. 6. Hig. of Ox.;ldrc. , * . 3O-S

p-NSSv

But

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in lengtlls the /^t-;eing I-yunpropor{1onate

(*4 ) of Generatio": riow colutto tile <*lr,ns But sve(hall is fdS urshay-,pyf cAvarvs andI findrhat ashewasinhis cogzjrEtiate abwtthat offomeof pate we calltheScent-bagg. {hail b-gin svith tharJ ves * r. >. are -telles, wlaich tlze rriade, isErft theSeed wherein
irk [12 l)ftl iptiC>lsl
tilPm Ate

X*

inchez

to rehere orProJ^tes J>eminates ve/cicslx any rhere >Were I (hallalledgetvhenI X and a reaSorltforit tXX5vcthem
bave

the endofeach. Nor and-diclrurxto Hheisstardsdis7idedg

foon dryed btfore I had Scheme laid Otlt for makingtl}e fince upon examiningthem. Bl3t an opporturlryof xlicely I fc undthavthey t were continu- t Figs , ofa XYiper ditledion tlsle * wasro; and 5 svhere thePenz E1ngle ed along the Penz

the Epzdy whichlerminatein riou{lyconvolutedlZefels ttymis whoSecontinuationmakes the Veferens:and are many upon the Body of rhe where its conttolurions but is an even Dt4tvs; l/?s itSelf, there the Defere1ts body thereJ or but a it makingno Fuch a.sin ourfubjedt downwardsit was every oneXin itS patSage very ftnall o'r of the K>idneys aboutthemiddle ) arld wherecrilllpled Figures. our irl reprefented which-is conrolutedX ten Where they emptiedthemfelves X couldnorfo well had Since the partswhichl in the7pattleSnatSe; ob{ers?e

was as big agaln as ehe other. The colour of-tf1 at!/Zew (lid I Subftance their was white, as is uEual, ancl fo which had nothing akenoxiceofthe Vi/<sprzeparantga) were remaskable; for t i uncommon: Butthe t Vcferentga 38* did ran in a Rrairline almoR from the teites to tho theSr tlael'enisand did Sorm no large body , yet this Vt48Es was fo oflen illvoled, that were it unravel'dand extended it s whc)lelength, 'lnvould be twice as long: which lnade me thinkJ whazitwas only the extention of the of cllisbut a CEJ/2Wer2eS > forthewhole TeJtzs EpidxaGymzs

vzas one Elde is thefame; for thar cXf Yzper Eemale ofrlle

butX-+-inchIong >fcarcefo big in com)aSs Jong the ]>eft as a Goo6evquitl. The unequallength OftillS parcC/ara rakes notice off in Mitzrs. I {hall add3tbat the Gvari?4na

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(4t

bUt numberlikekablc,noronlyfor their{trudrure,

beillg4 inall,tsso oneachfide, llich lay ssrife,there openillgit they tllatllpon Wrft in eheBo;3y {heathed

! Fzg.

to the cnd. Buthavingprotbudedthena threadfaftnejd Fittzeyappeared cs is repreSented in tlie 10 , P tDy a Probe} or0,oot, ;artlthesvAs, that iwo gure. AndI did
oo1^eI ve

OriMlcewwhere but onlythelarge nottobeperceived, vere may beby a of a Glox?e in as afinger dratvn they*vere

j t, .'.

they vere fingle of cach fides and thar here they were lllick befet ssir!zplickleswhosc points looked backwards and E ere rery fharp ) and fi+Ined. eXpecially when dry, but hence like the fuSftance of tlle BriJ//es of aHedg-X^og: divided. and did form two round bodysX of they x^>ere the bignefs of a fntall GooSe qtlill , abour 1 of an Inch long of a re(l CO10UI s but the Nzhole, as p otrudeds was above an Inch long. Brllen }rotruded I found tlley could eafily be retradted, and dl awn in by the help of large t AS?W0cle that Nere faflned to tilem and did run along under, and were at lall inferteel at the end oftlle fEvyle at the fetting

too, as mellas in the pine,WheleasthispartinV1pers bodys round andformst\\JO large divides Rv,4tt-le-S,a,/,e,
Ca Penes.Andthis Balnytz,or rarller or tvo diRinA to for hsm, feems the difPedtion zentzas whouladc
g

Xlh tXly. Abbstius) Sn(relzlj as does X Baldlls the 75vyle; and others szrho it may be mi{led him in the drovan(ls Nor as to the other extreanl account of thefe parts. are they luole in the right s svhich by cheir Piduve, and Dercription , they make to be altogether fingleJand covrelike the Skinof aPorrtlffiithPrickles befet quick redand

ityof extrem ctle from Origine thesr to 11ave he deEcribes

therlialzvasfo plain onof tlle firfitattle; wllichupon oftlle uSeofthcm, andI{hall that wteneed not doubt i<strzZo)es I'ez un. But Ct94tM feems call them therefole v}icll ehemfelves; ill lKiSers,for thePelles lllem to miItake

De rigerx na:r.

gibt fJc#ttAt. cap s9. pag. de Sea pent. ef Pr,con.

60. IuAldrovasdus

have

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1 42 3 haye obGerued tllere hefaitb,t wailda ttl*;ga'di fa,,t,t etravzotea2ar s atiJewpe aS;ud Pavla?w hancfiarmam referre r Fo r sn Zite:rs theyare HifFd to the end; butnotin the ,atO tle-Snv};e, asis plainlyreprefented itl the figuresof both. Tl}ereare feveralAnimalshaveno Penzat a11but Fa. ra deferetztia, asmollFJbes.All<Quadttlped's that1know a;have bur a fingle one. Some Birdw 11ave butone. Moit
e?2littantzlr vidirn?4S.Penes asteb a,R7erQ Nt Eranacetu,

neration the moRnumerous ofany1havehithertomet with. PutwhytheMale tattle-SZ6te, or tlle lWale Vper(llould haveJ Penew) whenthe Female hasbuttwo tbteri for rtceiving them > feenls a difficulty to me. AnlongEt manyConjettures I have 11ad aboutit) hat
Ieems the tlzoR to fatisfyme,is this: Thatthey11ave the Penishere on eachfidedouble)or forkedJ thatlo being enterXdthet?teriv by fpreading-theinSelves like the Py t/vagvreals Y, they lilay the becterand morefirmly be rerainedthere till they have performed theirDuty. .;\ndthistoo Deems one uSe of the ctYlei or BriJ/les toZ ^sXtdsthe Root of thenl; for havingtheir pcints look

others if they may be faid to haveany have two but very ffiort.In CrabsX LobJZerw &c. there are two long ones, one on each fide; but Earth-mormJ. leechew, Sbellfittat'lI) &c. are Hern?4pbJodites, and have the perfeZt Orga:ns of botll Sexes. But where the Sex is {ingle)the lRrzttleXSs44e and that Family havethefe Orgzns of Ge-

g [zackwards xv-hen once they llave enterdthe PanZetldumX muI}needs lock them in) and z-etain them there, till luch time as the parts being tired, and fubfiding.have leave to retreae For in Animals which11ave no Vefwslwle Nezninalew, >iR requifite that the Coitas be long) that fo the Seedsvllicll caunot quickly> may leaEurely be tranEmitted tzrotn the [eJ/es:but xvherctisbefore 1zand Itorcd up in thel'eJ/saIw, therethe Coitas is roon over; balc wrhen they tnull expebt the Generation, or at leaR a nuggish de1centof ir s Natllre makesprovifion for tlle more conven ent performing it. Soin Dosgs) svhicla havenoreScaflz
t}ley

femznsles

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( 43 ) JenZitaales} aearthe Root of the boneyPe's therei-s a largc body madellp of an abundance of C:ells t azd Veffiels; whichuponthe rufhing in of the blood-vand fpix its is fomig}ltlly extendedv and(welled, tharil forceab1y keepshin)in, till futhtitleasthete>xbeorer, and[lle-p;rt (uSf-tdes. So th Lvst-Jh OhtitSBreaR has a largeloundbodyriou;;y col,rtIveXd. Iikethe tail of a
by whichit can Xrtulyadhere totheFemalet, andEoby tbis means}thc}
itS Petts LeeGg or -the24veta;7zZlzm of t-lePolypas;

fntw} tyons)&c. svhich {Ia?elikesvife serylhortPtnesf

be verytho1lj yerbe Gble to perfo-rm aCottuw.

1hartfkiymaythe tetter-clillgs areForced to makeuSeof their Tecth) andCl .wsJ andfXmtheplin of thefe)hOt tromtla Scalding of theSeedvcome thofe SelceJ fCtECkS airld hideous youlings. Threfore is]oalr 0,attle*JenattjfwhereX assvehave oW terveds there arenoviicE, an^d where thetas dtferes is a11 alongcrimpled andwind-ing andfo uponboah acJ

countslMUa t thought to be long inZttZ'07Z) thecontrio ?atse) andItrllAut of theSeparts{ixlnvery requifite.

For aIthoin thisadtion ttiqewFit thetlt fidy) which may be iomeadvaxfawe;too yertnse Eticxerst alonez for otherwxfe upcsn a littleoccafion thepartswould k aptto flipout, wllichnowthey bbing brkeds and hook edantto by the Av1aor Bi1esF ButtheDefreitltia be, wBgt&^tinuedz tothe-ead of:thePror do likewlfe (hew
ctanotb

tES asU0 be tQ uGe ofXhantbht tbattlitFmale may recieve no injuty 6y thefespi#.PC >ature has{nade that

partof theVteriwhichtheyenterfirong and griRly g as we obrerved xna vifer: andthat theblale too might mt be hzwd by xn over Exwention ofthefeparts,thoSe

nng P2fufcle-so whBJlWe forretxaEing -anddrawing them in, do liwk"lfe fccure-them in thisrefpedr t**- It may belikesi*-confidered,fina tlieyarenaturally focold
a-nd Wigid, whedner zthefe ;3culei maynot Xrvea to incite them.andRir. themup. Bu-e IhallpaSs oS frc)ln thefe parts) that-ferlte fiarincreafing thesnfelves b to tbofe that P2 often

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f 449 ofFenprove the De(Erudrion of others, The P4!0ONOXf 7kth. ButfirRI Ihallremarkfomethingof the otherpart$ in the Mouth : as theIangxes theLarynJc, andthefmaller '[ee;th: andin General, ehav the Headssras butEmalls -yet the tiX was very large, butthe Reabn of it we{hall give when we fpeakof theBones.Andasto TbetiortRaeit wasinall reEpedrs Co like thatofthe t tg -s*ze pes^) thattic l)efcriprion of theone mayfuitthe other TwascoMpoSed oftwo longround Bodyw seontiguous and joynedtogetherfrom the Root ^ of it's length ^ with glear Aailitytheycoulddar-t tben out, andretraEt them agaira ; andchat partwhich appeared out was of a black COIOUI ) wllereasthat which lay Iheathedwhin was Red; for 'twas faftened belowtheThroat, andthence wais covered%ith-ai1t.'a, or {heatll, to the placewhere it ifhues outt which wasnearto tlle Endot the Larynnc; and for ehe better Ejaculation of it, the under gam too wai here* divided> leavinga confiderable fpace For * Fig. s.j. if t-wereconjoyned as in otherAn?rnalx arzdbeSec.with Teeththeywouldbea apt to injureXthie Tongu;e; or at leaPt it tnight prove iacommodious to th-euM Xtisdefigned fit, hich inpart llufpeA lvith Chara to befor catching Flys, and fuch fluallCreatures eheybave;Fa mindto d 5tour.But-i %a. B#/ta Pna thinkstb ravl:w.rfEr pidsitxg theditt oftheir Nofew,vrhichwouldbe apt t1fi to ilufftlln - iVe theytaFealways fotelli4n th e Ground s orwi-i>-gaverZof the Farth Over the !l Xe edid ;;lY^e the Latynx 9 !bot.brmed 11 F,g. S.f. wIthbthatvatletyQ(Qrtiages. asasXufuallnother AhlInals; t)'Ut fio RStO m<a;@ a Kim taX5litir lmXLAtsq or;edysag-OUEbeAs.rst tIovoF7us-lQereAny EptglotHI fbM s?rr*viting otherbodysfroziillip!peng!iXrD; thitbeirg.>ffficiently provided fon by the Itri&tI'ofuretf theno^vAnd<t4e Air
nt
outX

paElag thro4gh!on}yfvcb-aflits mrwhout thecosktrisance

t 's1. ^ . ^ t . I *' " o A- >,i

1 Jp$#StV>es,x5adn in gp.t.tt8ittt

y:*-^ ^54*

of

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f 45
t;g

andreaining ln each7am , andferve for rllecatclling. andate *tangswhichkillits 2* ThePoyfonous thefoodS *FFge65d-dor pfehen all Canzni Jam<are placed witil<Ut the vpper Fg. ;. s for fince tlley do nor chew or bruifetheirFood Jorew
bux fwallowrall hole as they Illtft with it, there is no need of Molarew. thereareewo In the Lomeryam Of the firItfiortof Teetlv; Rows on eachfi:le, s in a row) the InwardleSer thanthe Oaltrard} So that tllerearehere 20 in all: In tlle tter 7amthere are but I 6, S on each filde placed backwards arld 6 bf fore. Thefe do no ha'm) svhichwas known to andorhers obServe)formerly; (as c>7fizzllbin?ls Moxntebants woll-ld who to ,ive a proofof the force of theirAntidotew, but firRtook care by Mipers, bebitten tothenfielves fiuffer

1r1 can ouly mlke fucha of otller parts fol nzocJulXlting found as we obServein their hilllnfr. are feated J. Tt1eleX^er,which **h- Thefeethareof v LortsXt

11tg*6 gr

tf

*Fzg 7

of theirFangs. them to Epoil 3fams,towards withoutthetypter placed are TheSe Faegs to theMozxi#a , norfaftened of the mourfl the fUrepart and largePc tsro ournzo{l as the otheiTeeth; butthe11 be z wllichlf anys lmay Fangswere fixt to ehat tBone I could to be theEareBone. The otherFangs thought bU to 7XtzR1es to anyBone-) were faEened notperceive not Teethwere or larger Fangs there Thefe or 7endons lying they the Mouthf opening firIt uFon be perceived to or Sheath;butCeas a ibrongMembrane under Collched outSdeoftheLefer thereonvlle alargerifeing didmake they when alivXa of the Maxill; but atpleafiure I^eethwith; not unlike as a couldraifethemto do execurion vu-s.Thefeteethwere hooked doesit s cla (yon or a Cat butfoIteofthe andbent liketheTeethef a BarbaroJGa; burtheir of themwerebent at eht les; *fmaller bythe+ f igu,es wlllbebeIlunderftood andbignefs Ihape about wich wemer made of thens. On eachf1de wehave placedfoexadt as isrepreSented 6or7 nor altogether ; whichwas don forthe in the Headin the 5 Scheme {hewing

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-f 46) themlllorediPrin&.Forthe 2 d root9s uponl ai^ Ihewing andtheoIingit a did lye more on the fide of thcWrR; whsch or Tendons ther being faRenedonly toMaJnsles theirpofture. In to asgn t-hem 'tis difficult are Hexibles s we tooknotice the larger all thefe Teethv eEpecially or Holetowardsthe Rootof ir, of a prettylarge Zoramen andlarge wasa plainarifible vllepoint vllere andto>Jards and thatpartfrom Slitt, like the clltofa Pen hollow; whlchSrltof the Slitto theRoot wasperfedtly gentlywithourfint,er to us,bypreXlng difcovered allHvvas svedidperceivethatvlle forNthen the fideofthe Gamme; arife thloughthehollowof theTooth Poyfoudidreadily
nOp2ng;

part5 havewroteof thP farne Sen.Rvedi and Charr

tiUltS s a-ndiSued our of the Slgt.This we tryed Several vvee forall the Ieeth our fearclling whichtryalsos likewifie Bvggs into the Enquity our llere firld,daipoyl c0w11d thenl with that fviquol.But andthe Glandsthat furtlifh svat Monf. our defed herein maywell be fupplyedwit'n
iN l4/tSS,

rhls soyXXotls lJiin hoth Subjed<. particulars tO beofa Water colour, lightly t+laged I ooferved quor & bedeepsr: atfiometimes it may in fome perhaps Yelow; of Opillion to thatfond occafion 11as given this)it maybe,
X0 X1TrE

as W7ordoIthinkthere maybe any m2terialdifi^;+fwace

by a that it was tranfmitted thorewlso-haveimagined in Sub jedc any fc2rce Iadeed CaG bladder. the from 51efle1 thanthIsof controverfy's Inore llasatlmitted PhiloSophy

it is> and what it collffisa in what thePoyfonof btiters; hisFiZbers in Severinus itssdireEffedrs. produces how ic
of them; and svho made a large colledtion Iaas PytAvzs fo pleafesmay tbere fatisfy their curiofityabout ic But of l-ates famoushas bia the conteI}betweenSesa. man. a Erench andk Mr. C/wars a Noble Italians RKedt, 'Tist.eda'sopitionbfThat the Yellowliquorcontained
,

kGid. Fr. Redl obrer

igfvs pofitioaes

eJd. Epi.g.ad AftqaesooAfc7.Mr. daras New Zxperim. eoe Viper..-S Contii;X.atonff tbc new Experimexts by Charast
Ve gaveri5

cin

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( 4?

)
t/SgJrS}

f in vlle Verclew of tlte Gz4PtARteS 0 t]le i5 tlle only and truefeatof thePoySon . T lat this*iswzce is aorrene^ < mous whent-aken in at t}ze mouth/ butthatit is fio,when

' ler intowounds made bya tiber wllileIt Iheis aliveX ancl evetl in thoSe wIlich (he may be forcedto makefeveral daies aftcl(heis dead, provided theYellow Liquordo interxrene; Thatthe fameLiquor drawn froma livehpers as vvell as thatof a deadone, is alwaies Venemous,if let t intothe wotlnd, andmingled withthebloodof tlle Ani malwounded, whetller it be uied w henliqllidsorafter ieis dryed, andreduced to a Powder;:andthatie kills allkind of Animalss into the wounds of whichit {hall <haarebinintromicted. But Mr.C2warv wholly oppolbes fthisnandaXtrts, TIlatthe Poyfonof a Viferisnowhere t butin herinraged Spirits ; Thatthe Yellow guice as wel of a live ViPer 1 and even a vext onez as of one that il t either newlydeads or hathbeenfo forfeveral daiesXcons tainsin it no poyfon at all ; neither takeninw1ardly, not in tlle biteing,Ilor putIntO thewound,normingled with theblood} noranyotherwaywherqinit may be uSed : Thatit kills norinfedsno leind of Anilnals,andtllatit is nothing buta meer innocentS8aliva. Borhinfi{} upon Experiments forthe proofof eheir ownopinion,w}zIcll be ingfufficaerstly known, I {hallnot herere-peat ) orinter pofein theCotltroverfy, but, Shall cnly offer thatwhereas1Charas makes thisLiquor to bea Ineer S4lzva, andthat s it ferveeh not onlyto moiVen the l.igaments,and to ' makethemfit forthebending of theTeetb. but alfo to < nolltiSh them,andto makethofegrowtllatare there)as < it wereill a ]!1 urIery ; andare, if we mayfo Cay,in exF c pe&ation to ferveinItead of the many Teeth, whether Xthefecometo failin their force,OrfallOUt of themCeIves. This I thinkIsnorSowellaXerved 1 theoffices of theSalivabeingorhers; andit feemsno wayproper for NouriShmentof theTeeth : nay.the Fabrick of the ;lteethnlakes
I NemExpersgents "o, 51;persp. 27. mibi.

more

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t 48 ) moreforSeniolX,edibsopinion, vlseybeingthus hollow, and having that large nittowards theend , andthis vice foreadily anl natllrally iffiuing through them; this feems tometoargtleX that Nature deGgnes it fior other ufes thanNourifhment, foriffo7;bygiving thenlfo large
a vent {hewouldbewfrurcs ated of herend. Buttheybeingfo iarp and firongattheends,andthenit too placd
towardsitheback, notinfildeoftheTooth; what canbe morecontrenientlycontrilr'd both forInaking the wollnd andinfuntling the Poyron k Forif then wasinwards, by theRrugling and vithdrawing of theAnimal aIfaulted, thisQitwouldbe-aptto be fiOpt and occludedi andthe deScentofthe poyron prevented; butbeingthusformed, irgives a greater advlnragefor its infuEon. Thus the Scorpion^, theBee,theEmmet, nay the Sting of a m NettleX at the Came time they make a wound,theyleavebehind
n

them adrop ofliquor, which excites tbofedreadful Syns touns; whereas thewoundwithourit, wollldbe inconHlderable. FolNierembergizz,or ratherHernandez, fronl whom hetranfcribes thewhole Hiftory ofthisZiper:, vells uss Caninis inzzf i4/s Medicow {ervatis pungunt Mexicani Medici collumJ cervicemqae, dolorzICafitisplacanizgratiS; but
firRI preFume theyclearl thenl wellfroul the PoySon, wllicll rxxore than theirritation of theSnimal Spirits znlight otherwiCe endanger thc exciting moFdreadfull painss. I amconSdent inaNettle there is notthatitritation of Spi rits andFury,uhichyet to a confidesable degreewill (whena{I^ulted) create painsandfwellings ; tho notfo vinc'd (tho 1haveajuItDeference forMounfeur cAvar and a dueregard.;orhis laborious EVeSearches and ln qtliries,1 ofhisfentiment of theInnocence of thls Liquor ; andwhat hashad fomeweightwithme, is a Relarion I
___S -, * _ S_1 .1

fatal as theother Poyfions. ForI am nor yerfofully con-

tHoo)s Micrograpbia. ob;. 2f p. r44 n Rer^ med. Nove birpAn,Hi0. 1. i. C, I7. p 3zY. Jo'ln.fen de Serpent. . t. p. ;7'
d tety

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(49 J
; 9110 lladfrom anIntelllentand knou illg PEXfOn Je1Y .frlt/teJz ,tlel C calc to me, T!stltbelaglntt5c afollned with [evXl {OI[SOf an 1RI{I/aX hisConlp.lny, lliln,and
Scrpentssandoffetel tonlesv vllelllfolzle F.,xptitllents {t-

ot tilem thedid=C*tnce bout the forceof their Peyfion,alld flving t1l(^S1l: \\tith (^OlklSOI! is and t}lAt tbts PraSticc told [lils tliereforefi ft pull'iOUt a;lare Vt<n tne i>?.fitol tlleregoc tuking (l rJig,;tale tllarthiswoulddo no lraiwlr; heexpofelLt as the)do ir;}sttitlgtzlood, onllisArms
nab

l]litatedbitn a1la1 filft uthipc t5avixlg kedtothe Serpent) to aliliehimbite it llle bloodthtltcamcCUt of tlle Fingers withIliS th he gzltherd toundsmalcly Fif l^Ce Thigiztill he hadgor neara andlaidit on his 1laked dc Cobrm call2d OUt anotller lLe takeS After vl1iS SPOOnfUI.
Tl1egrCAtW UPOn ;n1XIOUSmUCI1 WhiC11W(IS1CfrCI)Rnd C4bZlU) AnTnlLanCC t1CS iDP1rE Gn(l tO nlcW POYFOn; OfiL)S neES (X[)rCSCSOUtSOt11e thENeCI(, hO it al)OUt Of1t) SrArP;IRg aSO the QBanti oftlle G?ztns in the fafy,>,s LiqUOR CftI1C to thc ty, as he thoughtXof; a graine) andthis he puts

asmixt asfoon orlllis flligfl) whicll Blood coagulated and greeltFermerlarion) inroa Witll ir Itraight Liquor. aYe]lowslll orkioglike rtlIe cllange(licinto
pUt it fecIn

does byoallersand ob[elved hasbeenlikewiSe The fame aAs , how'tiS thattbisPoyfon liglot Sorne thatthebitina oobServcLtion, theknown andconfirules SnttZvdgcc. Apre:terle theyellow cauGe Of a is faidto'bethe cnaIe Ilone, luierre dote forthisPsyCon isEs ancl decabelo calledbytheIvortuztze/es, deCobra at -Ioo byG;arciew deScribed tris thelndies; ltedi,, by2 Senior others; particularly and by Wircher toJ are tlltt; theLtelations fuEpeEted very much who renders forcearxd hadofitssgreat conlrnonly itX he abundanceof Experiments which he made with andaltho the facctEs: any happy nleetwith never could ina lXg; and tzrcher toFather otherwife Tryalhappened
to give us
g;pervi7ill

'tis

mous

alloYer

tirtue;

for

in

atu

o DtePocSylv}Ztax.
menta eirca

Mc..l*I.c*47. p Fr*tedlExpcr^ Res Nat. p S f c.

Care

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( so ) Farol7z Alagniti in a man atRome wilere beatt diduell; yer he aCcribes ir rather ro the force of Nature,, than the Stone, chat was able fioutly to withfiand and conquer the weak force of the Poyfon Indeeed t 1lll aclKnowledge the faying ef 4 Hipponratew tobe vrue, Xcsc "xe*E!berientia fal>=,jv^wm*Js a and there is nothing more commonS then impofing upon our felves an EIBnSlWS "091 Catepro Caxfa.Thatirfhould always fiscceed, may as SuXUybc queRioned , as that it {hould allways fiIle ; arld that it does not the lavter, fome Accounts I have had of Perfons relieved by it here sn EnXlvnde make me think fo.

()nc inIlance is remarkable, thav wastold meby anEmi*zenl PllyStianin London of a PerSonnear the Town that was bir by a hiper;his Hand and Arm foon fwelled
*vith great Extremiry of Paine; but upon the Application of this Stoxleforone Nighr borh were afwaged s and he thoughr himftlfwell, andtnkoftheStone, whichltill did firnxly adhere bt: not long after his former sCmparnw violently rerurning, he had recourfe > his Aidote, and

then f(llieredit ro conrinue there 'till it fell of it felf

and

fo was cured O^her Trvals likewife the fame PhyStiaa has made of ix in differeat cages; and he thinks :v hasdone him fome fervice One I fhall mention. 1 formerly did my felf, in a Patient groubled with the at in her Stot t , having removed it therxce, it feized her Foe; but

fhebeingimpatient of the Pain ) that I mightfeemto do fomething, andto hinder heruGeing abountance of Medicxnes, whicheveryidy wasready to advife her to, andmightbe apt to ltrikeit to her Stomackagain 5

tilought of tllis; holding thc Stone therefore inmyhand,

andwiehout acquaxring her,Iputit nearthe joyntwhere herpain wasmoti; a.nd beingrerynearit, L perceived it move 011tof my hand, and readilyadhere to the
_.

Hit. 3tbor.Sa

s, 3pb

I.

part

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f 51)

part 5oon after(lae acqllainted me5 thatt1Avery fenSl bly perctiveda great drawing andtricklingal dosvn het Leg andThigh; and +tersYards onlYned anabat-ement of herPaine. In TJeftilential Swel'ings veryprobably it rnay he of afe. But I 11atealreadytoo far digret14;d and tllallnowgo on infinilhingmyAccountofthe Anatone of the twatte-/47?at>,e in deIcribing the SkeletoZz, and Ihill tnake amends for my formery}rolixnefs by beingtnore conciSeA andthortin thIs. And fizficof the Bonew of the Heacls I obferved that tfi$. f. #. the k Aawamhere was entire, withoutSutures, as re nreSented in our Figure: onlywhere fomeoeher lSones werejoyned to them, as forwards overthe Wojyrtlss were A ccw tsvo 8 flnall Bones, towhichwere faftned v1]e18 Carti d lagtws) or rather Bones which dividetheN+e. The otherBsnesfeemedadrnirably contrived for the greatExvenfionv and wider.ingoftfie Maxallw;wllich fetms a greatproviSion of Slacure ; for finceit muIt fwallowall thingswhole, andits Headis butImallJ withoutthismoR Mechanical contrivance itwereimpobletodoit. The wZ)perioS forwarcl wAs joynedtothe Bone that recieves the Pc:>yfonous Eange; and which hada largeatity ln it, ^ Fits b whicl] openedouIwardv andwaSthoughttobethe+ Fee
romen

c)f vE.e Ear; but inwards weobEerved noperfora tionfora Nerve, unleEs there might be one thatcomes ta >n: s.c.. it under that t Bone which con joynes it ro theCranttm. ThisArticulatiorz feems advantagious, l)oth forthe nlo
vion of theFang, whichIyes fometimes couch'dZ fome timesereded; asthe Jawtoo: but its principal andmoR remarkable advantage for Swallowinglargebodies, is thecurious Articulatioa of the Mgz backwards to the Crwum,by two baes, whichfromtheiruSe(IiQCe wC know no Name to dillinguifh themby ) we Ihallcall aWrum zJilagorts.Theirffiape, bigaEs, aud aptnefs forthismotionwill readily enolig be concievedby the ne,6,^0. Eye, in oKervingtheFigure . O Ror thelowerJawbeing Ga nos

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malsX butpartedat a good diftance; uponthe lseceiving alargebody, asthe-Membrane hereto which theyare faflcened eafilyextends, fo by liftint, up, as axfo bybringd ing thefe tso Bones more to a &rait linev it mui}needs confiderably widenthe h4v,iSus ofthe Mouth : alidfor this cauSetoo theyaremadetwov noroneXfor performing tiliS >norionnreeafily This Articulationrof thel)i*m ir;r,res ( whichgq verycuz iou<) withtheupperand lo ser 3auv) malies t 0lOrE pROf alberances oftho Headv whicll we Iiken d to t}ltlt ofa tAear.<ted Al^z tw ) as do s the Peet, ir

fSz ) norcan jo)ned at tile Ment?zm , as isurual inather AniZ

mayb* upesn th;(v.nnF acou

% 11ttf he faith

At aS

wellas its fviftnefs,3

\rnf ayt ^8 Kti't t;b.pstsXt>K. in;{Z2iS?zeum 51i Der coliq?4amZZis sgette

'rerrz4it04annew,

Thelo ver Javw of eachfidewascompoSed of two Bones) as appedr5 in the Figule, but fimly conjoned. The fore F>one was for recieving thefusallteeth, the hinder oards the Articulatiorl grevv broad; aslikewiCe did the Pjone of t'neupperJaw anfwerable to this piace in the loaet. ButtliS upperJaw towardsthe poyponous Fatag dividcd intotv; o Bones; OnewasfaItened to theBone ot thcpoySonous Fangoutwards;the other) whichrecievedthe Imallteeth was infierted intothe-lameBonemore
n ^7ards.

obServed^Scales onthe BellyS vig. I68. burfrom theXntS to tllefettingQl2 of the7t4ttle 29 more innumbet than the Scales.Theforner Vertebrt had a {latt upright Spine to j; Fig. 8. . wardsthebacl<; anda{lenfler * roundobliqlxedefcend # b :nOone inssJardstotllebelly-*To each Mertebrzz Xbefides thofe

The Zertebraccor(Sint, to thewhc,le Figure of thebody, s^. ereEmalleR tow-ards both extreems , andlargei} in the middle. * FrolnrheNteck tO the Snzls there -vere as many

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( 53 )
+ c.4

tllofteS8ptne! ;uR-mentioued. there were other *t J'rolleatkatle is ( ssllat I haare already 11inted ) tllat round F-Ball;in the lower part of the upper Vertebra, wllich enters a Socket of the upper p3I t O the lou er Mertebra ) like as the head of tlle 47sIemorts e3oes the Scetabul of the 6.rIfcAvy; hy which contrivance, as alSo the Articulation h one anowllnr, they have that free notion of winding
87it tsif

seFla's for vlle advantage of Settir}gonofthe libs) and tlle Articulation with one anethel ; F)Ut z iza t was moll teF

t (.

lr horXits any wayes. The Rsbs in the Nec-kwere lout lalg,er towzrds vliemiddle ofthe bodyJ where ttteywereaboltt 2 InchPs long; hutto^ar.ds tlatTailtlley gXew Ifs Serandthorrer aasn;anddidsallterminate at whe t cJginn ing o! the of the belly In the Vertebr of the
fm.]t)
kicales

ssas butOne; aslikewiletherewrr-ere 11 c C tranSx7erEb 0exlderl}Proces's fomeehing analc)gous toRibst tf O the laft Vertebra ofthe Tail was faftenPd the * 1<atK Fig 1X 1 , tle ; in out Sub jed there was but 5, but fom f' others ftjemed toi bro'.Cn or. That next the a aile w.s of a eaI colo1ur; the othersofa citlericcjolls. 'Tis w-e1s detcribedby* Dt. GrerrJwhofays: Theyareveryholl(3wX ' thinw hard) tnd dry bc)nes ; and therefoz e v^ry brittle

brcJrtebr there

talmoRlikeglafis;and veryfonorous.tthey areall vev ' ty neSirof tt fame bulls, andofthe felf[am<figu)e; 4 no{}liliethe 0wtsrbm of a man fora}tho the Iaftt of them ' only feems eo have a rigid Taile or EFpgthyJ>s adjoyned C tO it yet haveeveryone of them the like ; fo asthe cTaile of everyuppermo{t bGneruns withintwoof the
3

bones below i; by which artifice they ha+7e not only a ' moveable coherence, but alfo make a more nlultiplyed
Cfound ;
t time.

each bone hitting againtttwo orhersat the Eam.

totm svernzciofo Col?wbro) benigna naturow cvationgquvfgrst

r M;ffZZn Acg Secet. pag, 5 I,

The uSe of this ,attle (fince I knov no tother) I Ihall give tn the words off Gz4lielm. P;wfo, ho tells lJs; Haic

tia

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54 J illi^4 SostgcFdmtitas 24t tiacta9sFlamWdidilp"dwtFr; wlSumen Pozs, d qxlecanfue , fed homo nonJo{m qgilzbet
(
tGm X ttrrffeiZivF ^ taveat ^ snttno#,e,

Butwhy he

Funtntoa mans if thrai} makeit fodangerous, {hould fshichhow itcanI dos wellfee) as to bemore damert
fatalchanthe poiSonof his1*eeth; I knowno reaGon. -Both he and Nbtrgiuw and othersdoailere, that of a newtattle, which cveryyear thereis an addition Dr. Grewfurpeds,forthen he mulllive 16years,forfo any ioynts there are oblervedxn Sonlein our ReFoF

there havebeenabove told infome o I havebeen part withtheirbroadeR ThefeRattlesare placed to ahebody}not Horizontal.Andle 1. perpendicular of a eothelallgertetra of theTailebyr]eans is faflcened cc)nrhar under iz, andby themembrant thick* Mufcle e c)fXhe not giventhefiSug joyn it to theSkin. I have may be Iu-+iScienrr wanting fincewhatis wholeScelevon, x vnay ,.ig, pleaies s andwhoFo bythedefcription IyunderRood oftheRoyal viewthe SceletoniTrelf, intheRepofitory
litory

20

iousyoung by thatingen prepared Society. vcrycaxrioully of he Efq; a uotthy lUembxr 0,zb. Walycr Gentleman heargrategreatalIance to me, f muR Societys whofie otherwifieo $ and fully acknowledge; as to the Defilgns
his curiolls Penfil illuRratingwhatmy Pen was often leEs able tO defcribe
M_. S
X-

Glsitrifo delod S

XtRtGr4bf

rgNat.* wF. {** c. ze. a7s,

THX

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T HE

EXPLAN
OF THE

I G

R
.

S.

I. PIGURE conZ opened,which ofthebody part vlsat Reprefents &c. StengastJ CalletJ theHeart,the theLangs. taines Bladder a large mates which Lungt^, ofthe lowerpart c c c c c The d e ee
f

a2a B

orlZi7dpipe. aSpera, 1he Arteria is VefloZ. wfyich oftheLungss Theapperpert

Zhe Oefophagus or Ga#sts
. pa? that ond

falWesto7Nxt. The-lvJweEiie3erophagusa7
of it}

where ttts-

JalJ^e or pecond of the Oefophagus.> rwelling, RheJ9cond

Stownact.,.

trgeStotast 7Awe g thePyloruss oftheGxtva littlebelom h XJhortffrakbtesxg TheInte. 1 Heart. The k vricle. the 1 mef oXfcOngs a^tdOnw wJiereof there Xrtert'e) mmm Three De0vendin,. thzrdG agndthe latoe-Vns) w13ereof two aredefcendng, Three nn n

P q

to dividethc Liva into Jeeem laltdoew aJenX,Z tobich twolJbes. The Liver. TheGallbladGer. the Charas bgtbr Snttent.; TheSpSx, -atiscalN6ythe
Pancreas.
X

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( s6)

rr r

5s

larieBlood veJpI,thatrunsin them?d/t oftheSaX aff De ellv.,

Mj6ge1a.belonging tathe stalew ofthfbsS'y.

b c d

ee
f f

7Che Gagbladder The Dudus Bilarius, thatpatestErrouX,} themiddle f the Spleen, orasfalld byCharas.the Pancreas; and e.fers t/ve large Gut. the 5>pleenJ or Pancreas. fhe lnteitines which wasvery large andwindirg t'8ti^J't t. TheA,ed ?wm .
*

FIGIIRE LI. Shevvs thoSepastsa tlvt are contained in tlle Ioarcr partief the body. The.Inteitines c8tofjxjtbeGonpthe Pylorus.

g Ehe Snuw h h flheIeJ/e. 1111 ZheV^ra Deserentia k k fhe Penew oneashfida,rwhichfirg atthe R,oot areconloynedand arethictbe Jeet with trilYlew 1 1 TheMuJclew tEvatJvervefor thedramzng intheJvenew. tn m 75he sengfi bag>;S. n n X large Bloodvefelthat rfinw on oneJ^de ofthe left KidneyO She Emulgents thatazzJefrom the rame. P P P 5Che Secretory veels. qq 2 he ivrge Blood-veJfeD ofthe rightKX,idney. r r r 7heECnsalgents arzfnXfrom it. s 5s X round bocly ofBloodvefelw. t t t secretory vefels.
b * *

z2,e trater-

FIGURE llIZ Reprefents thePenew ofonefideof a Vtper.

tbeVasdef.srens, which afterwards Witidew X and rans, tothe ezld ofthePene

Ehe Peszer.
tDe-7WIzzficles wich retrW the Penew ain.

FlGs

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t F'IGURB a a a a.

51 ?
INrw

zn t/3 nzid,/Aew Hivi.zAed Arper.l) AJteri;z fJve ve/;sels. of 8Blood l^ew br ss1( eJor ln1 b bb. ^bome of theL8;tg. c cc. 71icVf1cult, or cclYr

Reprefentspart ot tlle ltlngwopineel by the W.f Z!r./;

V. I;[GURE ss itb its ttlouth Exhibitesthe Headof the 0,att>*Sra4ze penedto nff\ hisTeeth, and otner parts therc.

OJ

a.
1) c c.

theNoJfrils oJ? hole I1Xe Pes 124S }.'O XrAvirA} leaStonlaraeCzz;!it, Sl'X3iC]J o/veForanzen
tiorntzollfo) /2rat zZo. vnv iArere isxl7ards, bzltarttzs t/7O!ft7t ta betO1'

dd. e e e.
f.
g.

i)ztis zltpergim, lertA3 F/, Jinail pO/O)/OllS fest^. -aR]g f) Ot' large Elxe lyo of PoyJ>ost BlsHtiers tAve n1vere Tbe plare
Laynx. I IJA
The,for4,,zf 7josMgfe,
t/;C loSlnes ZZZ *[ret/^ 'Llve Mentum. at tEve is dizwided ictt? tDe-lomer TAveSlace-?rAvste
iaJ^?

h. i.
S

iFloU&E vr.
RepreSe!lrsthe Scull,

S/l)' lXt?z1ES. ?19it/702f 1M niQ WJE Cra

bb
C C.

d. ee f f.
g

Byes. Orbirsof8the 'L/ve Nofe. ortrtEve -bona 1#?}O /insll BoneySepmentimoftheNofe Griitlytorrnt/ve1 The AZ*.4thAt30t/G tJ^atlyesbetroeent/veCranitlmX XfimallBote, Evv* GS fXt thePofotto1w GtZ ?}2/2SC/9 hsag} poyfozzozzs isfatMteadtGht rrAgAv iiathvtBore,to24Cavity by FisoZf? itt the 4tAw swretteJerted OvtnvardO)ifre ?X)JxoJc tobeti7r letter( b ) ands tEvoa,^,AlW tX>e
4rO

h.
ii kk

is +ned totheEvrXotfe whish Poyfiohotzf Fan> t73B large bllt in thebogc vrenottijct >bich TeethX Ot/ztrPoyf01Wous a@2Je
to MJcZesO

thef?asatlIeetAiB w/w*wcAcorvasss TX^etjby7erMaxilla, of teer; rom Maxilla, with *w dogbte of tbc loraer OttelzBe Zorsof t/ve tEve twofides Menvum,betmeen attA^e DzJlfnnce 72w 1;f hto. H orsap tr AIaxilla
byaftltzlr. joined tobe middleyeeems i1 tAve nvAvich

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m n.

Oo.

a Tendon arefZ0fensXto anottberAxe, 2wAwicf) from itw z fev andfordi#ZZiots.*g rrecnllDilatores MaxillariamX 1he l)illatores fiftfme jalv. jq Jbortbone zaJicb nes tZe Dilatoresto tZoe Sczzll t
Cranium. The\7ercelvrx oftheN&4: FlGURE VII. Reprefentsthe Poytonousteeth FlGURE VlIl. Shewsone of the Mertebr ofthe Back

(46 ) Wharethe t?o Maxilltare joined togZoes bact*2UarMJ X anzl fyy

p.

b.
c.

d. e}

O?wtrnardffiinc of tbeVertwbra2 2r/viaJw isJivt loxgrvvyes rEhe I22vard SPine of the-Vertebrt, rr/vicA awrouZ. x: .txrgeflat Procelus, fior theSrtlMion ofthc Vertebr;r
fI>>e

Stnall >unrver9 ProceXuses fortAveJhizz<g ont/ve 0zbs. Jrovrtlballflzketheheadofthe os Femoris} 7dvish enters a fiasket oftJ^e lorrer VertebraX as that do' theAcetabulum oftheOsIfshijs
FIGURE IX Shews one of the ;ertebr of the TayIe.
torrarfls

u Theine theBact. b b fhe ttwo iZ2rard spissew. cCv TEvetratlfverpeSpanes, hnaIogoustot,iAbs FIGUR E X. Reprefents the De)tebrz of theTayle and themurcalous aeli which faRens theSrllRattle.
b,
a.

TheMuScle onwhicb ies f<enedtEwto*ttk. FIGLIRE xr. IExhl6its aftsgle X,Xtle,Whi.GA9 Z7aw three goystts : tAve 0;l?anrS ldrgeii atpevrs ZUven conyoysged wth Others; tZ^etwo other
ferve fbr tZtefaJyeAsing otstJ^e0aN{eebltng ttle) snfl are
(8+*s-

Ne-Vertebrt.

ered bytZ^em.

Whems tkeT>e;Ri,attlesaioiagedtoaether
M4r-

PIGURE

xlr

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