OISD - STD - 113 First Edition FOR RESTRICTED CIRCULATION ONLY

CLASSIFICATION OF AREAS FOR ELECTRICAL INSTALLATIONS AT HYDROCARBON PROCESSING AND HANDLING FACILITIES

OISD-STANDARD-113
First Edition, September 1996

Oil Industry S !"ty Dir"#t$r t"

G$%"rn&"nt $! Indi 'inistry $! P"tr$l"u& ( N tur l G s

2 OISD STD - 113 First Edition S")t"&*"r+ 1,,FOR RESTRICTED CIRCULATION ONLY

CLASSIFICATION OF AREAS FOR ELECTRICAL INSTALLATIONS AT HYDROCARBON PROCESSING AND HANDLING FACILITIES

Prepared by :

CO''ITTEE ON .CLASSIFICATION OF AREAS FOR ELECTRICAL INSTALLATIONS/

OIL INDUSTRY SAFETY DIRECTORATE

0nd Fl$$r+ .1 il s2/ 0-+ 1 stur* G nd2i ' r3 N"4 D"l2i - 115 551

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NOTE
OISD publi ations are !or use in t"e oil and #as industry under $inistry o! Petroleum and %atural &as' T"ese are t"e property o! $inistry o! Petroleum and %atural &as and s"all not be reprodu ed or opied or loaned or e("ibited to ot"ers )it"out )ritten onsent !rom OISD' T"ou#" e*ery e!!ort "as been made to assure t"e a ura y and reliability o! t"e data ontained in t"ese do uments, OISD "ereby e(pressly dis laims any liability or responsibility !or loss or dama#e resultin# !rom t"eir use' T"ese do uments are intended only to supplement and not to repla e t"e pre*ailin# statutory re+uirements'

ii

FORE6ORD
T"e Oil industry in India is more t"an 1,, years old' -e ause o! *arious ollaboration a#reements, a *ariety o! international odes and standards "a*e been in *o#ue' Standardisation in desi#n p"ilosop"ies, operatin# and maintenan e pra ti es at a national le*el )as "ardly in e(isten e' T"is, oupled )it" !eedba . !rom some serious a idents t"at o urred in t"e re ent past in India and abroad, emp"asised t"e need !or t"e industry to re*ie) t"e e(istin# state-o!-t"e-art in desi#nin#, operatin# and maintainin# oil and #as installations' /it" t"is in *ie), t"e $inistry o! Petroleum and %atural &as in 1906 onstituted a Sa!ety 1oun il assisted by Oil Industry Sa!ety Dire torate 2OISD3 sta!!ed !rom )it"in t"e industry in !ormulatin# and implementin# a series o! sel! re#ulatory measures aimed at remo*in# obsoles en e, standardisin# and up#radin# t"e e(istin# standards to ensure sa!er operations' 4 ordin#ly OISD onstituted a number o! ommittees o! e(perts nominated !rom t"e industry to dra) up standards and #uidelines on *arious sub5e ts' T"e present do ument on 61lassi!i ation o! 4reas !or Ele tri al Installations at 7ydro arbon Pro essin# and 7andlin# Fa ilities8 )as prepared by t"e ommittee on 1lassi!i ation o! 4reas !or Ele tri al Installations' T"is do ument is based on t"e a umulated .no)led#e and e(perien e o! industry members and t"e *arious national and international odes and pra ti es' It is "oped t"at t"e pro*ision o! t"is do ument, i! implemented ob5e ti*ely, may #o a lon# )ay to impro*e t"e sa!ety and redu e a idents in 7ydro arbon Pro essin# 9 7andlin# Fa ilities'Su##estions !or amendments to t"is do ument s"ould be addressed to: T"e 1o-ordinator, 1ommittee on 1lassi!i ation o! 4reas !or Ele tri al Installations, Oil Industry Sa!ety Dire torate, :nd Floor, 6;ailas"8 :6, ;asturba &and"i $ar# %e) Del"i-11, ,,1'

iii
<OISD "ereby e(pressly dis laims any liability or responsibility !or loss or dama#e resultin# !rom t"e use o! t"e OISD Standards=&uidelines'<

iv

CO''ITTEE ON CLASSIFICATION OF AREAS FOR ELECTRICAL INSTALLATIONS

NA'E
LEADER S"ri >' P' Sin#" 'E'BERS S"ri @' P' S"arma S"ri S' $' &ota)ade.ar S"ri $' -"as.ara Aao S"ri 7' ;' Sarsar -on#ai#aon S"ri B' ;' B"a S"ri S' 4so.an S"ri T' S' 4d"i ary Smt' %is"a Peeos" &u"a 'E'BER COORDINATOR S"ri 4nu5it &"ata. Oil Industry Sa!ety Dire torate, %e) Del"i En#ineers India ?td' %e) Del"i 7indutan Petroleum 1orpn ?td' $umbai 7indutan Petroleum 1orpn ?td' @isa." -on#ai#aon Ae!ineries 9 Petro "emi als ?td' Oil Industry Sa!ety Dire torate, %e) Del"i $adras Ae!ineries ?imited' $adras Oil 9 %atural &as 1orporation ?td' De"radun En#ineers India ?td' %e) Del"i Indian Oil 1orpn' ?td' %e) Del"i

ORGANISATION

In addition to t"e abo*e, se*eral ot"er e(perts !rom oil industries ontributed on t"e preparation, re*ie) and !inalisation o! t"is do ument'

iv

CLASSIFICATION OF AREAS FOR ELECTRICAL INSTALLATIONS

CONTENTS S"#ti$n
175 1'1 1': 075 375 3'1 3': 3'3 3'C 3'E 875 C'1 C': C'3 975 E'1 E': E'3 -75 6'1 6': 6'3 <75 =75

D"s#ri)ti$n
INTRODUCTION -a .#round %eed !or 4rea 1lassi!i ation SCOPE DEFINITION 4de+uately *entilated Flas" Point I#nition Temperature 7aDardous 4rea 7aDardous 2Flammable3 4tmosp"ere CLASSIFICATION OF PRODUCTS &eneral Flammable substan es and *apour &as #roups CLASSIFICATION OF HA:ARDOUS AREAS &eneral 4rea 1lassi!i ation 4reas not lassi!ied E;TENT OF HA:ARDOUS AREA &eneral onsiderations 7ea*ier t"an 4ir &ases and @apours t"an air #ases ?i#"ter t"an 4ir &ases and @apours REFERENCES ANNE;URES

*
<OISD "ereby e(pressly dis laims any liability or responsibility !or loss or dama#e resultin# !rom t"e use o! t"e OISD Standards=&uidelines'<

OISD - STD - 113

CLASSIFICATION OF AREAS FOR ELECTRICAL INSTALLATIONS

175
171

INTRODUCTION
BAC1GROUND /it" t"e rapid #ro)t" o! t"e petroleum industry, t"e ris. asso iated )it" t"e pro essin#, "andlin# 9 stora#e o! "i#"ly !lammable #ases, *apours 9 li+uids "as in reased tremendously'It is o!ten ne essary to use ele tri ity in some !orm or t"e ot"er in su " "i#" ris. lo ations and onse+uently t"e need to assess and lassi!y t"ese "aDardous areas assume #reat importan e' /"en t"e ele tri al e+uipment is to be installed in or around a "aDardous area, it is !re+uently possible by ta.in# are in t"e layout o! t"e installations to lo ate mu " o! t"e e+uipment in less "aDardous or non-"aDardous area and t"us redu e t"e number o! spe ial e+uipment re+uired' 4lternati*ely, t"ey s"ould be desi#ned, installed and maintained in a ordan e )it" measures re ommended !or t"e area in )"i " t"e apparatus is lo ated'

4de+uately *entilated is de!ined as a *entilation 2%atural or 4rti!i ial3 )"i " is su!!i ient to pre*ent t"e a umulation o! si#ni!i ant +uantities o! *apour air mi(tures in on entration abo*e :EF o! t"eir ?o)er E(plosi*e 2Flammable3 ?imit 2?E?3' 370 FLASH POINT T"e minimum temperature at )"i " t"e li+uid #i*es so mu " *apour t"at t"is *apour, )"en mi(ed )it" air, !orms an i#nitable mi(ture and #i*es a momentary !las" on appli ation o! a small pilot !lame under spe i!ied onditions o! test' 373 IGNITION TE'PERATURE T"e lo)est temperature at )"i " i#nition o urs in a mi(ture o! e(plosi*e #as and air )"en t"e met"od spe i!ied in IS:G0:,-19GE is !ollo)ed' 378 HA:ARDOUS AREA 4n area s"all be deemed to be a "aDardous area, )"ere 2i3 Petroleum "a*in# !las" point belo) 6EH1 or any !lammable #as or *apour in a on entration apable o! i#nition is li.ely to be present' Petroleum or any !lammable li+uid "a*in# !las" point abo*e 6EH1 is li.ely to be re!ined, blended, "andled or stored at or abo*e its !las" point' @FLA''ABLEA AT'OS-

170 NEED FOR AREA CLASSIFICATION 7aDardous areas are lassi!ied to assist sele tion o! ele tri al e+uipment )"i " )ill be sa!e as )ell as ost e!!e ti*e' /"ile lassi!yin# an area t"e probability o! release o! !lammable li+uids or *apours in su!!i ient +uantity to onstitute an e(plosi*e or i#nitable mi(ture must be onsidered' T"e +uestion o! )"et"er su " release is li.ely to o ur durin# normal operation, or only as a result o! an unusual o uran e or abnormal onditions, must also be determined'

2ii3

379

HA:ARDOUS PHERE

075

SCOPE
T"is standard is appli able to lassi!i ation o! "aDardous areas !or ele tri al installations in ons"ore pro essin#, stora#e and transportation !a ilities "andlin# !lammable li+uids, *apours or #ases in ludin# #as=oil #at"erin# and pro essin# stations but e( ludin# drillin# ri#s and )ell"ead installations'

4n atmosp"ere ontainin# any !lammable #as or *apour in a on entration apable o! i#nition' 37SOURCE OF RELEASE 4 sour e o! release is a point or lo ation !rom )"i " a #as, *apour, mist or li+uid may be released into t"e atmosp"ere so t"at a "aDardous atmosp"ere ould be !ormed' 37< FLA''ABLE SUBSTANCE 2i3 Flammable &as or @apour or *apour

375
371

DEFINITIONS
ADE>UATELY ?ENTILATED

<OISD "ereby e(pressly dis laims any liability or responsibility !or loss or dama#e resultin# !rom t"e use o! t"e OISD Standards=&uidelines'<

2 )"i ", )"en mi(ed )it" air in ertain proportions )ill !orm an "aDardous atmosp"ere' 2ii3 Flammable ?i+uid 4 li+uid apable o! produ in# a !lammable *apour, #as or mist under any !oreseeable operatin# onditions' 2iii3 Flammable $ist Droplets o! !lammable li+uid, dispersed in air, so as to !orm a "aDardous atmosp"ere' 37= TE'PERATURE CLASS 4 system o! lassi!i ation by )"i " an ele tri al apparatus is allo ated temperature lasses a ordin# to its ma(imum sur!a e temperature' 37, IGNITION SOURCE Sour e o! i#nition is any ele tri al installation operatin# at ener#y le*els su!!i ient to release in endiary ener#y' %OTE: In any installation irrespe ti*e o! siDe t"ere may be numerous sour es o! i#nition apart !rom t"ose asso iated )it" ele tri al sour es' Pre autions may be ne essary to ensure sa!ety but #uidan e in t"is aspe t is outside t"e s ope o! t"is standard' 3715 NOR'AL OPERATIONS %ormal operation o! a plant or installation in ludes start-up and s"ut do)n operations also' 3711 INCENDIARY ENERGY 7ot parti le ener#y su!!i ient to i#nite a spe i!i i#nitible mi(ture' 3710 PROTECTED FIRED ?ESSEL 4ny !ired *essel t"at is pro*ided )it" e+uipment 2su " as !lame arrestors, !or ed dra!t burners )it" sa!ety ontrols and spar. arrestors3 desi#ned to eleminate t"e air inta.e 9 e("aust as sour es o! i#nition' 3713 PRESSURISED ROO' 4 room )"i " "as been made sa!e by pressurisin# or pur#in# )it" a plenum o! sa!e atmosp"ere by maintainin# a minimum o! :E Pa o*erpressure t"an t"at o! surroundin# atmosp"ere )it" all door and )indo)s losed' 87070 87071 870

875
871

CLASSIFICATION OF PRODUCTS
GENERAL T"ree basi onditions must be satis!ied !or t"e o uren e o! !ire or e(plosion as indi ated belo)' 2i3 2ii3 4 !lammable #as or *apour must be present' It must be mi(ed )it" air or o(y#en in t"e proportions re+uired to produ e a !lammable or i#nitible mi(ture'

2iii3 T"ere must be an i#nition sour e o! t"is mi(ture' T"e potential sour e o! i#nition is ele tri al installation operatin# at ener#y le*el su!!i ient to release in endiary ener#y' /"ile analysin# any potential "aDard, +uantity o! t"e substan e t"at mi#"t liberated, its p"ysi al "ara teristi s and natural tenden y o! *apours to disperse in atmosp"ere s"ould be osidered in detail' t"e be t"e t"e

FLA''ABLE SUBSTANCES ( ?APOURS Flammable substan es, t"e potential release o! )"i " must be onsidered in area lassi!i ation !or ele tri al insallations, in lude !lammable #ases, li+ue!ied petroleum #ases 2?P&3 and *apours o! !lammable li+uids' Fl && *l" G s"s Flammable #ases ommonly en ountered in lude met"ane and its mi(ture )it" small +uanities o! lo)-mole ular )ei#"t "ydroarbons' T"ese #ases are #enerally li#"ter t"an air' 7ydro#en be ause o! its uni+ue properties, s"all be #i*en spe ial onsideration' Flammable #ases released !rom an openin# o! #i*en siDe )ill dissipate rapidly be ause o! t"eir lo) relati*e density and )ill not usually a!!e t as )ide an area as t"e li+ue!ied petroleum #ases' LiBu"!i"d P"tr$l"u& G s ?i+ue!ied Petroleum #ases in lude propanes, propylenes, butanes, butylenes and t"eir mi(tures "a*in# relati*e densities !rom 1'E to appro(imately :', times more t"an t"at o! air' @apour pressure o! t"ese #ases e( eed :'01 .#= m: at 3G'0 de#ree 1'

OISD - STD - 113 T"ese #ases in t"eir li+ue!ied state are "i#"ly *olatile and "a*e lo) boilin# temperature so t"at t"ey readily pi . up "eat reatin# lar#e *olumes o! *apour' T"ey s"ould be treated *ery onser*ati*ely in onsiderin# t"e e(tent o! areas a!!e ted, sin e t"e "ea*y *apours tra*el alon# t"e #round !or lon# distan es i! air urrents do not assist di!!usion' 87073 Fl && *l" LiBuids Flammable li+uids *ary in *olatility and "a*e a !las" point belo) 93 de#ree 1' T"ese are di*ided into t"ree lasses as !ollo)s on t"e basis o! *olatility' 1?4SS 4 : 1?4SS - : Flammable li+uids "a*in# !las" point belo) :3 de#ree 1' Flammable li+uids "a*in# !las" point :3 de#ree 1 and abo*e but belo) 6E de#ree 1' Flammable li+uids "a*in# !las" point 6E de#ree 1 9 abo*e but belo) 93 de#ree 1'

3 produ e *apours onsidered to be in !lammable ran#e !or ele tri al desi#n purposes' 1lass 1 li+uids s"ould be onsidered as produ in# !lammable *apours )"en "andled, pro essed or stored under su " onditions t"at t"e temperature o! t"e li+uid, )"en released to t"e atmosp"ere, )ould e( eed its !las" point' 873 GAS GROUPS @APPARATUS GROUPA 4ll #ases normally en ountered in industry are ate#orised into &roup-I and &roup-II #ases' &roup-I #ases are t"ose )"i " are !ound in t"e oal minin# industry and are not o*ered in t"is standard' -asis o! lassi!yin# #ases 9 *apours into *arious #roups s"all be as per IS 9EG,' &roup-II #ases "a*e been !urt"er subdi*ided into t"ree main representati*e sub#roups namely &roup-II4, &roup-II-, and &roup-II1 in t"e in reasin# order o! t"eir e(plosi*eness' T"e representati*e #as !or ea " o! t"ese sub#roups bein# propane, et"ylene and "ydro#en respe ti*ely' It s"ould be noted t"at apparatus sub#roupin# is normally applied spe i!i ally to t"e te "ni+ue o! !lame proo! en losure and to t"e limitin# ener#y le*els o! t"e intrinsi sa!ety type o! prote tion' 4pparatus erti!ied !or a parti ular sub#roup may be used )it" #ases allo ated to a lo)er sub#roup sub5e t to onsideration o! temperature lassi!i ation' 4 table "a*in# t"e properties o! a !e) !lammable #ases, *apours and li+uids and apparatus sub#roup is atta "ed 2Ae!er Table J4J in 4nne(ure - I3' 975 971 CLASSIFICATION OF HA:ARDOUS AREA GENERAL 4reas lassi!ied "erein o*er bot" temporarily and permanently installed !a ilities under normal operations in )"i " abnormal onditions may e(ist !or )"i " pra ti al prote tion is possible' T"e standard does not o*er a ma5or atastrop"e a#ainst )"i " pra ti al prote tion is impossible' 4ll "aDardous areas ontainin# i#nitable and e(plosi*e mi(tures are lassi!ied' T"e term 6abnormal8 is used in a limited

1?4SS 1 :

T"e saturated *apours o! t"ese !lammable li+uids at atmosp"eri pressure 9 ambient temperature are #enerally "ea*ier t"an t"at o! air and tend to settle at lo)er le*els' 1lass 4 li+uids may produ e lar#e *olumes o! *apour )"en released in appre iable +uantities to t"e open' 1lass - li+uids are "ea*ier and less *olatile t"an 1lass 4 but !las" point is at or sli#"tly belo) normal ambient air temperatures' 4t normal stora#e temperatures su " li+uids release *apour slo)ly and are "aDardous only near t"e sur!a e o! t"e li+uid' 4t ele*ated temperatures 1lass - li+uids approa " t"e "ara teristi s o! 1lass 4 li+uids in respe t o! *apour release' 1lass 1 li+uids in lude a broad ran#e !rom leanerIs sol*ent to "ea*y !uel oil in ommerial #rades' T"e de#ree o! "aDard is lo) be ause t"e rate o! *apour release is nil at normal ambient temperatures o! "andlin# and stora#e' /"en *apours !rom "eated 1lass 1 produ ts in pro ess area released to t"e atmosp"ere, t"e "an e o! i#nition by ele tri al e+uipment is not as #reat as in ase o! 1lass 4 or 1lass - li+uids be ause *apours eit"er ondense rapidly or i#nite spontaneously' %ormally 1lass 4 and 1lass - li+uids )ill

<OISD "ereby e(pressly dis laims any liability or responsibility !or loss or dama#e resultin# !rom t"e use o! t"e OISD Standards=&uidelines'<

4 sense' 1atastrop"i in t"is onte(t is applied, !or e(ample to t"e rupture o! pro ess *essel or a pipeline' 4rea lassi!i ation norms do not apply to atastrop"i !ailures t"at are beyond t"e on ept o! abnormality in t"is ode' %ormal operation is intended to be t"e situation t"at all plant e+uipment is operatin# )it"in its desi#n parameters and in ludes start up and s"ut do)n operation' $inor releases o! !lammable material may be part o! normal operation but lea.a#e )"i " entail repair or s"ut do)n are not part o! normal operation' T"e "ea*ier t"an air *apours are not as easily dissipated in t"e atmosp"ere as t"e li#"ter t"an air *apour' 4lso li#"ter t"an air #as or *apour )ill rise in a omparati*ely still atmosp"ere )"ereas "ea*ier t"an air #as or *apour )ill tend to sin. and may t"ereby spread some distan e "oriDontally at a lo) le*el' 970 AREA CLASSIFICATION To determine t"e type o! ele tri al installation appropriate to a parti ular situation, t"e "aDardous areas "a*e been lassi!ied into t"ree Dones namely Done - ,, Done - 1 and Done - : a ordin# to t"e probability o! t"e presen e o! "aDardous atmosp"ere' 97071 :$n" - 5 4n area in )"i " a !lammable atmosp"ere is present ontinuously or is li.ely to be present !or lon# periods' E(amples are *apour spa e abo*e losed pro ess *essels, stora#e tan.s or losed ontainers, areas ontainin# open tan.s o! *olatile, !lammable li+uids et ' 97070 :$n"-1 4rea in )"i " an e(plosi*e #as=mi(ture is li.ely to o ur in normal operation' Kone-1 lo ations may be distin#uis"ed )"en any o! t"e !ollo)in# onditions e(ist : Flammable #as or *apour on entration is li.ely to e(ist in t"e air under normal operatin# onditions' Flammable atmosp"eri on entration is li.ely to o ur !re+uently be ause o! maintenan e, repairs or lea.a#e' Failure o! pro ess, stora#e or ot"er e+uipment is li.ely to ause an ele tri al 4 system !ailure simultaneously )it" t"e release o! !lammable #as or li+uid' Flammable li+uid or *apour pipin# system ontainin# *al*es, meters, s re)ed or !lan#ed !ittin#s is in an inade+uately *entilated area' T"e area belo) t"e surroundin# ele*ation or #rade is su " t"at !lammable li+uids or *apours may a umulate t"erein'

T"e Done-1 lassi!i ation typi ally in ludes: i3 ii3 iii3 Imper!e tly !itted perip"eral seals o! !loatin#-roo! tan.s' Inade+uately *entilated pump rooms !or *olatile, !lammable li+uids' Interiors o! Sample Aetention Aoom= 1abinet as part o! +uality ontrol laboratories, re!ri#erators and !reeDers in )"i " *olatile !lammable materials are stored in li#"tly stoppered or easily brea.able ontainers' 4PI Separators Oily )aste )ater se)er=basins ?P& ylinder !illin# and ylinder e*a uation area'

i*3 *3 *i3

*ii3 4reas in t"e immediate *i inity o! *ents and !illin# "at "es' 97073 :$n"-0 4reas in )"i " an e(plosi*e #as=air mi(ture is not li.ely to o ur in normal operation and i! it o urs it )ill e(ist only !or a s"ort time' Kone-: lo ations may be distin#uis"ed )"en any one o! t"e !ollo)in# onditions e(ist: T"e system "andlin# !lammable li+uid or *apour is in an ade+uately *entilated area and is so desi#ned and operated t"at t"e e(plosi*e or i#nitable li+uids, *apours or #ases )ill normally be on!ined )it"in losed ontainers or losed systems !rom )"i " t"ey an es ape only durin# abnormal onditions su " as a idental !ailure o! a #as.et or pa .in#' T"e !lammable *apours an be ondu ted to t"e lo ation as t"rou#" tren "es,

OISD - STD - 113 pipes or du ts' ?o ations ad5a ent to Kone-1 areas' In ase positi*e me "ani al *entilation is used, t"e !ailure or abnormal operation o! *entilatin# e+uipment an permit atmosp"eri *apour mi(tures to build up to !lammable on entrations'

E and e("aust outlets o! unprote ted !ired *essels need not be lassi!ied !rom t"e standpoint o! ele tri al e+uipment' 2iii3 T"e area around a !lare tip or a !lare pit need not be lassi!ied !rom t"e stand point o! installation o! ele tri al e+uipment' 2i*3 Ele tri al e+uipment may be e(posed to !lammable #as durin# a pur#e y le o! a !ired "eater or !urna e t"ereby re+uirin# prote tin# measures as appli able'

973

AREAS NOT CLASSIFIED In #eneral, t"e !ollo)in# lo ations )"ere !lammable petroleum #ases and *olatile li+uids are pro essed, stored, or "andled are not lassi!ied' T"ese areas are onsidered sa!e !rom t"e point o! *ie) o! ele tri al installation' 2a3 4reas )"ere t"e pipin# system is )it"out *al*es, !ittin#s, !lan#es or similar appurte-nan es' 4reas )"ere !lammable li+uids or *apours are transported only in suitable ontainers o! *essels' 4reas )"ere permanent i#nition sour es are present li.e areas )"ere ombustion o urs, !or e(ample !lare tips, !lare pits and ot"er open !lames' En losed premises in )"i " a plenum or pur#in# stream o! sa!e atmosp"ere is ontinuously maintained, so t"at no openin# t"erein may be a point o! in#ress o! #as or *apours omin# !rom e(ternal sour e o! "aDard' &as turbine installation meetin# re+uirements o! 4nne(ure-II Diesel &enerator room = s"ed "a*in# ade+uate *entillation' Oil=#as !ired boilers installation: 1onsideration s"ould be #i*en, "o)e*er, to potential lea. sour es in pumps, *al*es et ' or in )aste produ t and !uel lines !eedin# !lame or "eat produ in# e+uipment to a*oid installin# ele tri al de*i es )"i " ould t"en be ome primary i#nition sour es !or su " lea.s' 6'1'1

-75
-71 6'1'1

E;TENT OF HA:ARDOUS AREA

GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS Properties o! Flammable $aterials 4 omplete .no)led#e o! t"e p"ysi al properties o! t"e !lammable materials in*ol*ed is essential !or lassi!yin# a "aDardous area' Properties o! primary interest !rom an i#nition standpoint are: 2a3 2b3 2 3 2d3 2e3 2!3 Aelati*e density Flammable limits Flas" point @olatility I#nition temperature I#nition ener#y

2b3

2 3

2d3

2e3 2!3 2#3

Some o! t"ese "ara teristi s "a*e a dire t in!luen e on t"e de#ree and=or e(tent o! "aDardous areas )"ile t"e ot"ers a!!e t t"e desi#n o! ele tri al e+uipment' 2a3 /"ere a #as or *apour is released into t"e atmosp"ere "a*in# a relati*e density less t"an one, t"e li#"ter *apour )ill rise in a omparati*ely still atmosp"ere' 4 *apour density #reater t"an one, t"at is "ea*ier t"an-air indi ates t"e #as or *apour )ill tend to sin., and may t"ereby spread o*er some distan e "oriDontally at a lo)er le*el' T"e latter e!!e ts )ill in rease )it" ompounds o! #reater relati*e *apour density' N$t"C In pro ess industries, t"e boundary bet)een ompounds )"i " may be onsidered li#"ter-t"an-air is set at a relati*e *apour density o! ,'GE' T"is limit is "osen so as to pro*ide a !a tor

%OTE: 2i3 4 prote ted !ired *essel is not onsidered a sour e o! i#nition and t"e surroundin# area is lassi!ied t"e same as !or a "ydro arbon pressure *essel' T"e area around t"e !ired omponents

2ii3

<OISD "ereby e(pressly dis laims any liability or responsibility !or loss or dama#e resultin# !rom t"e use o! t"e OISD Standards=&uidelines'<

6 o! sa!ety !or t"ose ompounds )"ose densities are lose to t"at o! air, and )"ere mo*ement may not t"ere!ore be predi ted )it"out a detailed assessment' 2b3 T"e lo)er t"e 6lo)er !lammable limit8 t"e lar#er may be t"e e(tent o! t"e "aDardous area' 4 !lammable atmosp"ere annot e(ist i! t"e !las" point is si#ni!i antly abo*e t"e rele*ant ma(imum temperature o! t"e !lammable li+uid' T"e lo)er t"e !las" point, t"e lar#er may be t"e e(tent o! t"e "aDardous area' -oilin# point an be used !or omparin# t"e *olatility o! !lammable li+uids' T"e more *olatile a li+uid and t"e lo)er )ill be its !las" point, t"e more losely it appro(i-mates a !lammable #as' I#nition temperature and i#nition ener#y o! a !lammable #as or *apour a!!e t t"e desi#n o! ele tri al apparatus !or "aDardous areas so t"at t"ese do not present an i#nition ris.' temperature' 2b3 For !lammable li+uids, t"e on entration o! t"e released *apour is related to t"e *apour pressure at t"e rele*ant ma(imum li+uid temperature' T"e lo)er t"e initial boilin# point t"e #reater t"e *apour pressure !or #i*en li+uid temperature and "en e t"e #reater on entration o! *apour at t"e release sour e resultin# in #reater e(tent o! "aDardous area' T"e e(tent o! "aDardous area may in rease )it" in reasin# rate o! release o! !lammable material' Due to an impro*ed dilution !or release o! !lammable #ases, *apours and=or mists in t"e air, t"e e(tent o! "aDardous area may de rease i!, )it" onstant release *elo ity in reases abo*e t"at )"i " auses turbulent !lo)' 4ir urrents may substantially alter t"e outline o! t"e limits o! potential "aDard' 4 *ery mild breeDe may ser*e to e(tend t"e area in t"ose dire tions to )"i " *apours mi#"t normally be arried' 7o)e*er, a stron#er breeDe may so a elerate t"e dispersion o! *apours t"at t"e e(tent o! potentially "aDardous area )ould be #reatly redu ed' /it" an in reased rate o! *entilation, t"e e(tent o! "aDardous area may be redu ed' T"e e(tent may also be redu ed by an impro*ed arran#ement o! t"e *entilation system' Obsta les e'#' dy.es, )alls may impede t"e *entilation and t"us may enlar#e t"e e(tent' On t"e ot"er "and, t"ey may limit t"e mo*ement o! a loud o! an e(plosi*e #as atmosp"ere and t"us may redu e t"e e(tent' Ele*ated or depressed sour es o! release )ill alter t"e areas o! potential "aDards' For *apour released at or near #round le*el, t"e areas )"ere potentially "aDardous on entrations are most li.ely to be !ound are belo) #round, t"ose at #round are ne(t most li.ely, and as t"e

2 3

2 3

2d3

2d3

2e3

2e3

-7170

F #t$rs A!!"#tin3 EDt"nt $! H E rd In adition to t"e properties o! !lammable materials in*ol*ed, !ollo)in# !a tors need to be onsidered !or determinin# t"e de#ree and e(tent o! "aDardous area )"ile applyin# t"e #uidelines #i*en in t"is do ument' 2a3 T"e e(tent o! a "aDardous area may in rease )it" in reasin# temperature o! pro ess li+uid pro*ided t"e temperature is abo*e t"e !las" point' It s"ould be noted t"at t"e li+uid or *apour temperature a!ter t"e release may be in reased or de reased by t"e ambient temperature or ot"er !a tors e'#' a "ot sur!a e' %OTE: Some li+uids su " as ertain "alo#enated "ydro arbons do not possess a !las" point alt"ou#" t"ey are apable o! produ in# a !lammable atmosp"ereL in t"ese ases, t"e e+uilibrium li+uid temperature orrespondin# to saturated on entration at lo)er !lammable limit s"ould be ompared )it" t"e rele*ant ma(imum li+uid 6

2!3

2#3

2"3

2i3

OISD - STD - 113 "ei#"t abo*e #round in reases, t"e potential "aDard de reases' N$t"C For li#"ter-t"an-air #ases t"e opposite is true, t"ere bein# little or no potential "aDard at t"e belo) #round and #reater potential "aDard abo*e #round' -7173 62il" OISD st nd rd 11= C ?ayout !or Oil 9 &as Installations indi ates interdistan es bet)een *arious !a ilities, OISD-113 re!ers to distan es pertainin# to lassi!i ation o! areas !or ele tri al installations' -70 -7071 HEA?IER THAN AIR GASES ( ?APOURS O)"n Air Situ ti$ns Fi#ures 1 and : illustrate t"e situation )"en a sour e o! "aDard )"i " may #i*e rise to a "aDardous atmosp"ere only under abnormal onditions is lo tated in t"e open air' T"e "aDardous area s"ould in t"is ase be lassi!ied as Kone :' For "ea*ier-t"an-air #ases and *apours t"e lassi!ied "aDardous area s"all e(tend *erti ally 0 m abo*e t"e sour e o! "aDard and "oriDontally 16 m in all dire tions !rom t"e sour e o! "aDard' -eyond 0 m !rom t"e sour e o! t"e "aDard in t"e "oriDontal plane t"e *erti al e(tent o! t"e Kone : area may be redu ed to 0 m abo*e #round le*el' 6':'1'1 I! t"ere is a possibility o! lar#e release o! *olatile produ ts, t"e Kone : area may be !urt"er e(tended "oriDontally beyond 16 m up to 3: m )it" a "ei#"t o! ,'63 m' 6':'1': In ase o! petroleum pipelines )"ere )ellmaintained *al*es, !ittin#s, and meters o! a pipeline system transportin# petroleum 2 rude oil, produ ts, and #ases3 are installed in )ell*entilated situations or in a pit, t"e e(tent o! t"e Kone : area abo*e #round may be redu ed to C m in all dire tions !rom t"e possible sour e o! "aDard, alt"ou#" t"e pit itsel! s"ould be lassi!ied as Kone 1 area' %ote: 4ny tren " or pit belo) #round le*el and lo ated )it"in t"e area de!ined abo*e s"ould be lassi!ied as Kone 1 area' %OTES: 1'

G I! t"e sour e o! "aDard #i*es rise to a "aDardous atmosp"ere under normal operatin# onditions, t"e area des ribed in 6':'1 as Kone : s"ould be lassi!ied as Kone 1' In t"e e*ent o! an en losed premises not ontainin# a sour e o! "aDard but situated )it"in eit"er a Kone 1 or Kone : area t"e inside o! t"e premises s"ould be lassi!ied as Kone 1 unless separated !rom t"e outside "aDardous area by a !ire )all'

:'

-7070

En#l$s"d Pr"&is"s nd surr$undin3 r" s

6':':'1 Kone : 1lassi!i ation - Fi#ure 3 illustrates t"e situation )"en a sour e o! "aDard )"i " may #i*e rise to a "aDardous atmosp"ere under abnormal onditions is lo ated )it"in en losed premises' T"e )"ole o! t"e inside o! t"e buildin# s"ould be lassi!ied as Kone 1, as rapid dispersal o! "aDardous atmosp"ere may not be e(pe ted due to la . o! *entilation' 6':':': T"e Kone : area s"all e(tend 16 m "oriDontally !rom t"e sour e o! "aDard and 0 m *erti ally !rom t"e #round le*el' I! t"e area o*ered abo*e does not ontain t"e area 3 m past t"e perimeter o! t"e buildin#, t"e Kone : area s"all be e(tended in su " a )ay t"at t"is area is o*ered' In ase o! unpier ed *apourti#"t )alls, t"e area 3 m past perimeter need not be onsidered )it"in Kone : area' 6':':'3 I! t"ere is a possibility o! lar#e release o! *olatile produ ts, Kone : area may be !urt"er e(tended "oriDonally beyond 16 m up to 3: m )it" "ei#"t o! ,'63 m' %OTE - 4ny tren " or pit belo) #round le*el and lo ated )it"in t"e area de!ined s"ould be lassi!ied as Kone 1 area' 6':':'C Kone 1 1lassi!i ation - I! t"e sour e o! "aDard )it"in t"e en losed premises #i*es rise to "aDardous atmosp"ere under normal onditions, t"e area )it"in t"e buildin# s"ould be lassi!ied as Kone 1 and t"e area des ribed in 6':':': 9 6':':'3 as Kone : s"ould be lassi!ied as Kone 1' 6':':'E /"en t"e buildin# "as a rid#e type roo! )it" *entilators and not a sealed roo! as s"o)n in Fi#' 3, spe ial onsideration is ne essary in

<OISD "ereby e(pressly dis laims any liability or responsibility !or loss or dama#e resultin# !rom t"e use o! t"e OISD Standards=&uidelines'<

8 onne tion )it" t"e *erti al e(tent o! t"e "aDardous area' -7073 St$r 3" T nFs Fi#ure C illustrates t"e lassi!i ation o! t"e area surroundin# a !loatin#-roo! tan. under normal operatin# onditions' T"e spa e abo*e t"e roo! and )it"in t"e s"ell o! t"e tan. s"ould be lassi!ied as Kone 1' 6':'3'1 T"e area surroundin# t"e tan. s"ould be lassi!ied as Kone :' It s"all e(tend *erti ally 3 m abo*e t"e tan. or s"all be "oriDontally 3 m !rom it' I! t"ere is a dy.e on one side o! t"e tan., Kone : area s"ould e(tend up to t"e dy.e, t"e *erti al e(tension !rom t"e #round le*el bein# t"e same as t"e "ei#"t o! t"e dy.e' 6':'3': In addition, t"e area e(tendin# 1'6 m beyond t"e s"ell top in all out)ard dire tions s"all be onsidered as Kone 1 area' 6':'3'3 In t"e ase o! !i(ed-roo! tan.s, t"e area surroundin# t"e tan. s"o)n in Fi# C as Kone : s"ould be lassi!ied as Kone 1' 7o)e*er, in ase o! !i(ed roo! tan.s )"i " breat"e into losed system and not to atmosp"ere 2durin# !illin#=emptyin# 3, area surroundin# t"e tan. s"all be lassi!ied as Kone - :, as s"o)n in Fi# - C' %OTE - 4ny tren " or pit belo) #round le*el and lo ated )it"in t"e area de!ined s"ould be lassi!ied as Kone 1 area' -73 LIGHTER THAN ?APOURS AIR+ GASES AND ii3 IS EEG: 1lassi!i ation o! 7aDardous 4reas 2ot"er t"an mines3 "a*in# Flammable &ases 9 *apours !or Ele tri al Installations 1lassi!i ation o! Flammable &ases or @apours )it" 4ir a ordin# to t"eir $a(imum E(periment Sa!e &aps and $inimum I#nitin# 1urrent 6'C Fi#'0 : Sour e o! "aDard lo ated outside t"e en losure )it" one side open'

For typi al installation en ountered in plants "andlin# oil and #as, area lassi!i ation !or ertain additional ases is #i*en in t"e !ollo)in# !i#ures' Fi#'9 1oolin# to)er "andlin# pro ess oolin# )ater' Tan. ar=tan. tru . loadin# unload-in# *ia open system' Tan. ar=tan. tru . loadin# *ia losed system' Drum dispensin# installation' @ent installation' -all or pi# laun "in# or re ei*in# installation in a nonen losed ade+uately *entillated area' En losed premises )it" internal sour e o! release' Stora#e !or ryo#eni li+uids' Separators, Dissol*ed 4ir Floatation 2D4F3 >nits, and -iolo#i al O(idation 2-IOM3 >nits'

Fi#' 1, Fi# 11 Fi# 1: Fi# 13 Fi# 1C -

Fi# 1E Fi# 16 Fi# 1G -

<75
i3

REFERENCES
IS EEG1 &uide !or Sele tion o! Ele tri al E+uipment !or 7aDardous 4rea

Fi#ures E, 6, G and 0 detail t"e e(tent o! "aDardous area !or a sour e o! "aDard lo ated in open air !or !ollo)in# situations: Fi#'E Fi#'6 : : Point o! "aDard in t"e air' Sour e o! "aDard lo ated inside en losed premises )it" restri ted *entilation2openin#s on top 9 bottom3' Sour e o! "aDard lo ated inside en losed premises )it" restri ted *entilation2openin#s on sides3' 8 iii3 IS 9EG,

i*3

Fi#'G

IS 13C,0 1ode o! Pra ti e !or t"e Sele tion, Installation and $aintenan e o! Ele tri al 4pparatus !or >se in Potentially E(plosi*e 4tmosp"eres IS 133C6 &eneral Ae+uirements !or Ele tri al

*3

OISD - STD - 113 4pparatus !or 4tmos-p"eres E(plosi*e &as i(3 *i3 *ii3 T"e Petroleum Aules 19G6 %FP4 C9G4 Ae ommended Pra ti e !or 1lassi!i ation o! 1lass I 7aDardous 21lassi!ied3 ?o ation !or Ele tri al Installations in 1"emial Pro ess 4reaS 1lassi!i ation o! lo ations !or (3 (i3 (ii3

9 Ele tri al Installations in Petroleum Ae!ineries SP-3, 2-IS3 %ational Ele tri 1ode Oil $ines Ae#ulations %FP4 3, %FP4 CE Flammable and ?i+uids 1ode 1ombustible

Standard on Fire Prote tion !or ?aboratories >sin# 1"emi als

*iii3

4PI AP E,,

<OISD "ereby e(pressly dis laims any liability or responsibility !or loss or dama#e resultin# !rom t"e use o! t"e OISD Standards=&uidelines'<

<OISD "ereby e(pressly dis laims any liability or responsibility !or loss or dama#e resultin# !rom t"e use o! t"e OISD Standards=&uidelines'<

<OISD "ereby e(pressly dis laims any liability or responsibility !or loss or dama#e resultin# !rom t"e use o! t"e OISD Standards=&uidelines'<

<OISD "ereby e(pressly dis laims any liability or responsibility !or loss or dama#e resultin# !rom t"e use o! t"e OISD Standards=&uidelines'<

<OISD "ereby e(pressly dis laims any liability or responsibility !or loss or dama#e resultin# !rom t"e use o! t"e OISD Standards=&uidelines'<

<OISD "ereby e(pressly dis laims any liability or responsibility !or loss or dama#e resultin# !rom t"e use o! t"e OISD Standards=&uidelines'<

<OISD "ereby e(pressly dis laims any liability or responsibility !or loss or dama#e resultin# !rom t"e use o! t"e OISD Standards=&uidelines'<

<OISD "ereby e(pressly dis laims any liability or responsibility !or loss or dama#e resultin# !rom t"e use o! t"e OISD Standards=&uidelines'<

<OISD "ereby e(pressly dis laims any liability or responsibility !or loss or dama#e resultin# !rom t"e use o! t"e OISD Standards=&uidelines'<

<OISD "ereby e(pressly dis laims any liability or responsibility !or loss or dama#e resultin# !rom t"e use o! t"e OISD Standards=&uidelines'<

ANNE;URE - II

GAS TURBINE INSTALLATIONS

A-1 INTRODUCTION
drops belo) E, Pa 2,'E mbar3' b3 T"e !uel #as pipe to ea " turbine "ood s"ould "a*e no more t"an one pair o! !lan#es inside t"e turbine room' 4ll ot"er re+uirement as *al*es, onne tions, !ilters, drip pot, et , "a*e to be lo ated eit"er : N outside t"e turbine room N inside an en losure separately *entilated N inside t"e turbine "ood pro*ided a spe ial *entilation o! turbine "ood N inside turbine "ood, pro*ided a spe ial !uel #as supply arran#ement as des ribed in 4-C 4-:': T"e turbine room may be lassi!ied as Kone 1 or Kone : i! t"e arran#ement is not in omplian e )it" t"e re+uirements stated in 4:'1 or due to ot"er sour es o! "aDard outside t"e turbine "ood' T"e turbine or any asso iated e+uipment in ludin# e("aust pipin#, s"ould not "a*e a sur!a e temperature abo*e :,,H1 or abo*e 0, per ent o! t"e i#nition temperature !or t"e a tual #as=air mi(ture in t"e lassi!ied area )it"out spe ial pre autions'

4-1'1 T"is 4nne( applies to #as !ired turbine installations' 4-1': I! t"e turbine is e+uipped )it" an a ousti "ood or ot"er en losure ontainin# parts o! t"e !uel #as system, t"is en losure s"ould be de!ined as t"e turbine "ood' 4-1'3 I! t"e turbine, )it" or )it"out a turbine "ood, is lo ated in an en losed area, t"is area s"ould be de!ined as t"e turbine room'

A-0

AREA CLASSIFICATION TURBINE ROO'

OF

THE

4-:'1 In order to lassi!y t"e turbine room as non "aDardous, t"e !ollo)in# re+uirements s"ould bot" be !ul!illed: a3 T"e turbine room s"ould be ade+uately *entilated t"at is at least 1: air "an#es per "our )it" proper *entilation patterns' T"e *entilation system s"ould be arran#ed so t"at an o*er-pressure o! at least E, Pa 2,'E mbar3 is maintained in t"e turbine room )it" respe t to t"e inside o! t"e turbine "ood and any surroundin# lassi!ied areas )it" openin#s to t"e turbine room' 4 pressure s)it " s"ould be installed in order to #i*e an alarm i! t"e di!!erential pressure

A-3

?ENTILATION OF THE TURBINE ROO'

4-3'1 T"e turbine "ood !or a #as !ired turbine s"ould be ade+uately *entilated )it" respe t

<OISD "ereby e(pressly dis laims any liability or responsibility !or loss or dama#e resultin# !rom t"e use o! t"e OISD Standards=&uidelines'<

to t"e remo*al o! "eat !rom t"e ma "inery and dilution o! !lammable #as' T"e air s"ould be ta.en !rom non-"aDardous area' 4-3': I! t"e area outside t"e turbine "ood is lassi!ied as non-"aDardous, t"e *entilation system s"ould be arran#ed so t"at an under-pressure o! at least E, Pa 2,'E mbar3 is maintained inside t"e turbine "ood )it" respe t to t"e outside' T"is di!!erential pressure may be t"e ombined e!!e t o! t"e under-pressure inside t"e turbine "ood and t"e o*er-pressure in t"e turbine room' 4-3'3 I! t"e area outside t"e turbine "ood is Kone : and t"e turbine "ood ontains any sour e o! i#nition su " as a sur!a e )it" temperature abo*e :,,H1, or abo*e 0, per ent o! t"e i#nition temperature !or t"e a tual #as=air mi(ture t"e *entilation system o! t"e turbine "ood s"ould be arran#ed so t"at an o*er-pressure o! at least E, Pa 2,'E mbar3 is maintained inside t"e "ood )it" respe t to t"e outside' 4-3'C In bot" situations des ribed abo*e a pressure s)it " s"ould be installed in order to #i*e an alarm and s"utdo)n a!ter time delay i! t"e di!!erential pressure drops belo) E, Pa 2,'E mbar3' 4-3'E T"e number o! lea.a#e sour es under t"e turbine "ood s"ould be .ept to a minimum' 7o)e*er, a manu!a turer may re+uire some lea.-prone e+uipment to be lo ated inside t"e turbine "ood' T"e number o! air "an#es re+uired depends upon t"e probable sour es o! lea.a#e, t"e sur!a e temperature o! t"e ma "ine, et ' E(amples are #i*en in 4-C' 4-3'6 4s an alternati*e to *entilation o! t"e turbine "ood durin# s"utdo)n o! t"e turbine' 7alon may be in5e ted' 4-3'G Pro*ided ele tri al e+uipment inside t"e "ood )"i " does not meet Done re+uirement, t"e turbine "ood s"ould be pre-pur#ed )it" at least E air "an#es be!ore startin# t"e turbine or ener#iDin# any ele tri al e+uipment not suitable !or Kone 1 area' 4-3'0 T"e !an used !or pre-pur#in# s"ould meet Kone 1 and s"ould be e+uipped )it" a starter suitable !or Kone 1 or a starter in an area remainin# non-"aDardous durin# s"utdo)n' A-8 AREA CLASSIFICATION OF THE TURBINE HOOD

4-C'1 T"e ombination o! *entilation, !uel #as system arran#ement, temperature on e(posed sur!a es, ele tri al e+uipment inside t"e turbine "ood, et , s"ould be onsidered to e*aluate t"e sa!ety o! t"e turbine "ood' T"e sa!ety prin iples )ill be elu idated by some o! t"e most ommon turbine=turbine "ood desi#ns' A-870 N$ ED)$s"d Sur! #" $! t2" Tur*in" Insid" t2" H$$d 4ill 2 %" T"&)"r tur" A*$%" 055GC Durin3 O)"r ti$n7 Pro*ided t"e *entilation system pro*ides at least 1: air "an#es per "our, t"e "ood s"ould be onsidered as ade+uately *entilated' T"e area inside t"e "ood )ill be re#arded as Done : area and a ordin#ly all e+uipment inside t"e "ood "a*e to meet Kone : re+uirement' T"e e+uipment )"i " "as to be ali*e a!ter a s"ut do)n or stop o! *entilation o! t"e "ood, s"ould meet Kone 1 re+uirement' T"is !or instan e applies to tra e "eater, post lubri ation pumps et ' T"e post lubri ation pumps s"ould be supplied !rom emer#en y po)er sour es to operate a!ter a s"utdo)n in order to pre*ent o*er"eatin# o! t"e bearin#s' O*er"eatin# may i#nite !lammable *apour or #as inside t"e "ood' A-873 T2" Tur*in" 2 s ED)$s"d Sur! #"s 4it2 T"&)"r tur" A*$%" 055GC I! t"e a tual !lammable #as i#nition temperature an be tested and a statement an be made t"at t"e sur!a e temperature o! t"e turbine )ill not e( eed 0, per ent o! t"e i#nition tempe-rature, t"e same situation as des ribed in 4-C': abo*e e(ists' A-878 T2" Tur*in" 2 s "D)$s"d Sur! #"s 4it2 T"&)"r tur" *$%" =5 P"r#"nt $! t2" I3niti$n T"&)"r tur" $! t2" A#tu l Fl && *l" G s $r t2" El"#tri# l EBui)&"nt insid" t2" H$$d 42i#2 4ill *" Ali%" s t2" Tur*in" is Runnin3 d$"s n$t &""t :$n" 0 R"Buir"&"nt T"e "ood t"en s"ould be *entilated )it" su!!i ient number o! air "an#es per "our to ma.e a "i#"ly e!!i ient dilution o! any "aDardous #as lea.a#e inside t"e "ood' T"e re+uired *entilation rate depends on t"e lea.a#e

sour es inside t"e "ood and s"ould be su!!i ient to .eep t"e internal atmosp"ere belo) an a*era#e o! :, per ent o! t"e lo)er e(plosion limit' %inety air "an#es per "our is re#arded as a minimum' In addition to t"e normal *entilation system a 1,, per ent spare stand-by !an supplied !rom a ontinuous po)er sour e s"ould be pro*ided' I! t"e ordinary *entilation !ails t"e spare !an s"ould be automati ally a ti*ated and an alarm be #i*en in t"e ontrol room' 4s an alternati*e to *entilation o! t"e turbine-"ood durin# s"utdo)n o! t"e turbine, 74?O% may be in5e ted' 4-C'E Durin# a s"ut-do)n, t"e turbine "ood may be lassi!ied as non-"aDardous due to spe ial arran#ement o! t"e !uel #as supply system' 4 system alled 6-lo . and -leed8 is des ribed on Fi#' :' 4 s"ut do)n si#nal )ill lose *al*e %o' 1 and open *al*e %o' :' T"e t"ree )ay *al*e )ill open !rom t"e #as distribution mani!old to t"e !lare' T"e !uel #as lines )it"in t"e turbine room and t"e turbine "ood )ill t"en be depressuriDed' T"e probability o! #as es ape inside t"e "ood may t"en be re#arded as minor' In ase o! a lea. only small +uantities o! #as )ill es ape' T"is arran#ement does not redu e t"e re+uirements to *entilation )"ile t"e turbine is runnin#' A-9 DETECTION OF ESCAPED GAS

4-E': T"e lo ation o! t"e dete tors s"ould be "osen )it" spe ial are bein# a)are o! possible #as po .ets, air !lo) patterns, et ' 4-E'3 1on ernin# *entilation arran#ement, se*eral alternati*es e(ist in ase o! a s"ut do)n due to #as dete tion inside t"e "ood' a3 T"e *entilation o! t"e turbine "ood ontinues until "ot sur!a es "a*e been ooled to a temperature belo) 0, per ent o! t"e i#nition temperature o! t"e #as-air mi(ture )"i " is present' T"e *entilation system t"at )ill be in operation a!ter a s"ut do)n s"ould be supplied !rom an emer#en y po)er sour e )it" su!!i ient apa ity' b3 T"e *entilation stops and inert #as 2!or e(ample 7alon3 is released upon dete tion o! #as inside t"e "ood' Ot"er alternati*es may be onsidered dependin# on t"e a tual installation' A-ADDITIONAL RECO''ENDATIONS

4-E'1 &as dete tors s"ould be installed inside t"e turbine "ood' %ormally, t"e turbine s"ould s"ut do)n i! #as is dete ted inside t"e "ood'

4-6'1 T"e s"ut do)n o! *entilation system s"ould orrespond to t"e !ire and #as dete tion system and t"e !ire e(tin tion system installed in t"e turbine "ood and turbine room' 4 ordin#ly, ot"er arran#ements t"an t"ose des ribed in t"is standard may #i*e an e+ui*alent le*el o! sa!ety' 4-6': @entilation and ombustion air s"ould be ta.en !rom non-"aDardous areas'

ANNE;URE - III

%otes : 1' :' 3' 3' T"e e(tent o! t"e lassi!ied areas s"o)n s"all be modi!ied as re+uired by t"e pro(imity o!ot"er potential sour es o! release o! nearby obstru tions' Su " as di.es or "ills, t"at )ould impede dispersal o! *apors' Distan es #i*en are !or typi al re!inery installations : t"ey must be used )it" 5ud#ement' /it" onsideration #i*en to all !a tors dis ussed in t"e te(t' T"is dimension usually *aries !rom 3 m to 0 m dependent on t"e *olume o! t"e *olatiles' 4pplies to open top tan.s or basins' Distan e abo*e top o! basin tan.' E(tend to #rade !or basns or tan.s lo ated abo*e #round'

Fi#ure O 1G

SEP4A4TOAS, DISSO?@ED 4IA F?O4TIO% 2D4F3 >%ITS, 4%D -IO?O&I14? OMID4TIO% 2-IOM3 >%ITS

NOTES