PROJECT TITLE

POTENTIAL OF CNG AS A FUEL FOR VEHICLES.

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(1) INTRODUCTION
Transport plays a significant role in the overall development of a nations economy. However, this sector also accounts for a substantial and growing proportion of air pollution in cities. In addition, the sector contributes significantly to greenhouse gases emissions and is a major consumer of petroleum fuels. According to recent WH estimates up to one la!h people die annually because of the adverse effect of the air pollution. As per "entral #ollution "ontrol $oard %"#"$& a nodal pollution monitoring authority in the country, automobiles contribute the highest amount of hydro carbon in the air as much as '( ) of the suspended particulate *atter %+#*&. ,elhi, being one of the most polluted cities in the world, has reached frightening proportions with over -... metric tons of air pollutants emitted in the capital every day. ,elhi figures in the list of si/ cities, which have acute air pollution problems. The other such cities are *umbai, 0ol!ata, 1agpur, Ahmedabad , 0anpur and 2aipur. ,ue to #rojected increases in 3asoline4diesel vehicles use, even the strictest feasible emissions controls on petroleum fuel vehicles will not substantially reduce total emissions. The use of petroleum for transportation results in large 5uantities of pollutant emission from vehicles, refineries and fuel stations. 6ight gasoline vehicles are a major source of non7methane hydro carbons %1*H"& and 1 the main prcusors in and + 8one and the single largest source of " . Heavy duty diesel vehicles are significant sources of 1 . #articulate matter %#*& and + . 1 can cause acute and long term illness and premature death, reduce agriculture productivity, damage materials, reduce visibility and contaminate ground water and coastal areas. Altogether, transportation continues to be a major source of to/ic air pollutants in urban areas. Air 5uality is not li!ely to improve as long as
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petroleum is the primary transportation fuel. *ethane hydro carbons %1*H"& and 1 the main precursors in 8one and the single largest source of " . Heavy duty diesel vehicles are significant sources of 1 . #articulate matter %#*& and + . 1 and + can cause acute and long term illness and premature death, reduce agriculture productivity, damage materials, reduce visibility and contaminate ground water and coastal areas. Altogether, transportation continues to be a major source of to/ic air pollutants in urban areas. Air 5uality is not li!ely to improve as long as petroleum is the primary transportation fuel. could alternatively be ethanol7fuelled& and in a battery7electric version. $oth parts of this data7gathering have been specific to the situation in India. In energy conversion the refinery crude composition and processes, basic resources of biomass and the mi/ of primary energy for electricity generation are different in each country. The types of vehicle used also vary considerably from region to region. It is observed that while "13 and electric7powered vehicles may have low and 8ero tailpipe emissions respectively, gross pollution from such vehicles and their associated resource systems maybe significant. In the case of electrically7propelled vehicles the gross carbon emission is comparable with that for similar petrol7engine vehicles since about '. ) of electricity production in India is fossil7fuel7 based. In comparison, "13 shows a reduction of about a third. Alcohol7 fuelled vehicles, by comparison, can show neutral %i.e., 8ero net& carbon emission. The importance of gross pollution assessments in rational choice of a fuel cannot be overemphasised. REQUIREMENT FOR THE COMPONENTS OF CNG RUN

SYSTEM:-The re5uirements for the components of "13 run system have been drawn considering the draft norms of $I+.

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DESIGN: ,esign re5uirements for "13 run systems are9 i. ii. Withstand changes in environmental temperature and other echo conditions safety during operational life. $e located with full regard for anticipated damage. +uch damage may be caused by input from the vehicle or by e/traneous input such as heat, road debris, automotive chemical splash %bra!es li5uid, oil, and petrol, cooling li5uid, by rust and so forth. iii. iv. v. $e fitted so that they are not the outer most, highest or lowest parts of the vehicle. $e fitted so as not effect ground clearance, approach angle, ramp angle and departure angle. $e located so that they will not suffer corrosion by accumulation of water and cargo chemicals. RECEPTACLE: i. ii. It shall be provided with a cap to prevent the entry of dust and foreign metal. The fuel type, e/piry date of the gas cylinder and the service pressure for the vehicles written in permanent in! should be displayed near the receptacle. GAS CYLINDER:
3eneral re5uirements 9

i. ii.

3as cylinder shall be provided with the cylinder valve and pressure relief devices. To prevent heat damage, they should either use a heat shield or be located with respect to the e/haust system, so that their side

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temperature shall not e/ceed the value specified by the vehicle and the cylinder manufacturer. iii. iv. All gas cylinders shall be protected from ultra violet radiation. The gas cylinder shall be securely attached to the vehicle to prevent it from slipping, rotating and dislodging.

TESTING: "13 cylinders are tested to resist pressure up to -:. bar as against the wor!ing pressure of ;.. bar. The cylinders are put through severe abused tests before being approved by the +tatutory authorities.

IDENTIFICATION: "13 storage cylinders fitted in the vehicle should bear the name of the manufacturer, $I+ specifications, I+7 <;':, ,ate of manufacture and testification, capacity, batch number, serial number etc. SPURIOUS CYLINDERS: +purious cylinders are not approved specified cylinders. They do not conform I.+. =<;':. They bears welding mar! on their body. They are made of separate sheets. They are neither manufactured by the authori8ed manufacturer nor testified. CERTIFICATION OF CYLINDERS: All "13 cylinders are certified by the 1agpur based "hief "ontroller of e/plosives under I+ <;': $I+ before installation.

APPROVED CYLINDER MANUFACTURERS: There are three approved manufacturers for "13 cylinders as per specification. i. ii. iii. *4s >verest 0anto "ylinder 6td., Tarapur. *4+ $harat #umps ? pressures India 6td., 1aini %Allahabad&. *4+ *aruti 0oatsu "ylinders 6td.. Halal %3ujrat&

(2) O!JECTIVE OF THE STUDY

1. ECONOMIC !ENEFIT:- The cost of "13 is almost a third of the cost

of #etrol in terms of calorific value resulting in substantial saving in fuel cost, and investment on the "13 !it is paid bac! in a short period 2. ENVIRONMENT FRIENDLY:- The use of "13 as a fuel reduces vehicular e/haust emissions significantly. "arbon *ono/ide emissions are reduced by <. to @.) and Hydrocarbon emissions by A. to B.) as compared to vehicles that use the conventional fuel 7 #etrol. "arbon ,io/ide
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emissions, a cause for global warming, are also reduced significantly by (.).

!. P#$$%&'%( C#($:

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C. D*%$%+ !,$%$:

E-.&./*-$ .0 CNG
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The growth of "13 vehicles in the year ;.(. was primarily because of economic advantage of "13 with regard to petrol 4 diesel. The economics of running the "13 vehicles vis7C7vis its operation on petrol 4diesel has been wor!ed out at the current price of fuel. The results are reproduced in the form of the following bar graph9

CNG :43.13 R$45' LPG : 4 .2" RS4L6

PETROL:"3. 2 RS4L6

DIESEL: 42. 2 R$4L6

TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES OF ANALYSIS

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T7% F,%++*&' P(.-%$$ T%-7&*8,%$:There are very few "13 refuelling stations. f the ones that e/ist, there are three basic types. Dast fuelling stations which ta!e five to ten minutes for refuelling, ideal for retail roadside pumps. +low fuelling stations which ta!e from five to eight hours to fill, ideal for a fleet of vehicles which have a long idling time. "ombined Dast and +low fuelling stations which can cater to both the above categories."13 is stored at compression stations which are directly connected with the gas pipeline. Here the gas is compressed to a re5uired pressure and aids fuelling. "13 can also be transported to other retail outlets by cylinder truc!s. these truc!s carry a number of cylinders which provide "13 to fuel stations which are not connected by pipelines. These fuelling stations could be placed alongside petrol and diesel pumps too. the whole process re5uires proper infrastructure and transportation. $i7fuel #ossibility Eehicles can also be operated in the dual mode li!e #etrol7"13 and ,iesel7 "13. >/periments of these !inds have been conducted on vehicles by T>6" ,0irlos!ar "ummins 6td., Asho! 6eyland, I$#, satisfactory. The 3as Authority of India 6imited %3AI6& has re5uested vehicle manufacturers to nominate wor!shops and underta!e conversions on their vehicles. The actual performance could be monitored by the Indian Institute for #etroleum %II#&, 0it suppliers from Italy and 1ew Gealand have joined hands with oil mar!eting companies and vehicle manufacturers to train and initiate conversion from petroleum products to "13. I6, ,elhi transport "orporation and 3ujarat Foad Transport "orporation. The results were 5uite

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*any countries around the world, including India, have abundant reserves of natural gas. Hopefully, it is only a matter of time when things begin to ta!e a turn for the better and "13 would be as prevalent as petroleum products. 9 :7#6 ;.%$ 67% <*6 -./=(*$% .0 > 1. T7% C?+*&;%( The cylinder is used to store "13 at a wor!ing pressure of ;.. bar. It is fitted with a shut7off valve and a safety burst disc. The cylinders are type approved by the "hief "ontroller of >/plosives, 3overnment of India. 2. T7% V#=.,( !#'. Ditted onto the cylinder, the Eapour $ag is used to enclose the cylinder valve and the pipes connecting it and is vented out of the car. 3. T7% H*'7 P(%$$,(% P*=% This High #ressure #ipe connects the refuelling valve to the "13 "ylinder and #ressure Fegulator. 4. T7% R%0,%++*&' V#+@% The Fefuelling Ealve is used to refuel the "13 cylinder. . T7% P(%$$,(% R%',+#6.( The #ressure Fegulator has a +olenoid Ealve to shut7off gas supply to the engine. The "13 stored at a high pressure in the cylinder is reduced to just below atmospheric pressure by this unit. This negative pressure is also a safety feature that will not allow gas to pass through when the engine is not running.

". T7% G#$-A*( M*A%(

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The 3as7Air *i/er is a uni5ue component, specially designed to suit each engine model. It precisely meters gas fed into the engine. ). T7% P%6(.+-S.+%&.*; V#+@% The #etrol7+olenoid Ealve is used to cut off petrol supply to the engine when it is run on "13. 1. T7% S%+%-6.( SB*6-7 The +elector +witch is fitted at the dashboard, enabling the driver to choose either the "13 mode or the petrol mode of operation. The electronics built into this unit also ensures safety by switching off the gas solenoid whenever the engine is switched off. It also serves as a fuel indicator for the 5uantity of "13 available in the cylinder.

(4) THE ECPECTED CONTRI!UTION

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"ompressed 1atural 3as has been accepted as an alternative fuel by the public at large. The stage is set for e/panding the networ! to other cities. The success of "13 >/pansion #rogram would depend on many factors. The !ey factors being the economy of "13 vis7C7vis other conventional fuels, adherence to safety guidelines and the 3overnment +upport. Auto 6#3 is also launched on a large scale in the country. At the end of the day, it will be the 5uality of the fuel and economics which would be important parameters for the commercial success of auto fuel. The emphasis would be on fuels with lowest emissions. However, "13 is here for the time being till a better fuel is discovered offering better economics to the users.

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