Schrodinger equation is only one part of the

Bohr-Sommerfeld model.
Top page (correct Bohr model including the two-electron atoms)
Strange "spin" is NOT a real thing
Table of contents (12/10/14)
Schrodinger equation is one of Bohr Sommerfeld models.
Calculation of elliptical Bohr-Sommerfeld model.
Reason why Schrodinger equation is wrong and Bohr-Sommerfeld is correct.
Schrodinger equation is one of Bohr Sommerfeld models.
[ Common conditions of Bohr-Sommerfeld and Schrodinger's hydrogens.]
Bohr model is the same as the quantum mechanics in all energy levels of the
hydrogen atom.
And the fine structure of Bohr-Sommerfeld model is the same as the Dirac equation
as shown on this page and this page.
The ordinary textbooks often say that this is only a "accidental" coincidence.
But in this page we show that Schrodinger's hydrogen is one of Bohr-Sommerfeld
models from the "mathematical" viewpoint.
Furthermore, we show Schrodinger's hydrogen includes "unreal" states, which means
Schrodinger equation itself is wrong.
(Fig.A-1) From Bohr model to Bohr-Sommerfeld model.

As shown in this section, simple Bohr model hydrogen uses the condition that one
round orbit is an integer times de Broglie wavelength.
In 1916, Arnold Sommerfeld extended Bohr's circular orbit to "elliptic" one, which
adds electron's "radial" motion to the original model.
"Radial" and "tangential" momentums (= de Broglie
waves ).
The radial and tangental momentums are perpendicular to each other at each point of
the orbit, so their de Broglie waves should be considered independently.
Actually Sommerfeld model needed two quantization conditions that each radial and
tangential orbit is an integer times de Broglie wavelength. ( The sum of them means
the energy level n. )
(Fig.A-2) Why Schrodinger's hydrogen must NOT have circular orbits ?

Schrodinger's hydrogen eigenfunctions consist of "radial" and angular momentum (=
"tangential" ) parts.
As you know, Schrodinger's radial parts Always include "radial" momentum, which
means there are no circular orbitals in Schrodinger's hydrogen.
Because if the circular orbitals are included in Schrodinger's hydrogen, the radial
eigenfunction needs to be constant (= C ), as shown in Fig.A-2.
So if this constant C is not zero, it diverges to infinity, when we normalize it.
( Schrodinger's radial region is from 0 to infinity. )
This is the main reason why Schrodinger's hydrogen includes many unrealistic "S"
states which have no angular momentum.
Schrodinger's hydrogen "satisfies" Sommerfeld's
quantization.
(Fig.A-3) Schrodinger's hydrogen satisfies Sommerfeld quantization conditions.

The radial region of Schrodinger's hydrogen is from 0 to infinity, so it looks like
a extremely long elliptic orbits.
If you see some quantum mechanical textbooks, you would find that Schrodinger's
radial eigenfunctions (= rR
nl
) are just an integer times de Broglie wavelength. ( It is
easily understood seeing the probability graphs of |rR|
2
. )
( One round means 0 or 0 0. )
"P" state of Schrodinger's hydrogen = "Sommerfeld".
In 2P state of Schrodinger's hydrogen, the angular momentum eigenfunction (phase)
returns to its original states just by 2 (= e
i
= cos + isin ), which means one de
Broglie's wavelength in the tangential direction.
The radial eigenfucntion of 2P is also one de Broglie wavelength, so the total is n = 1
+ 1 = 2 energy levels.
As you notice, Schrodinger's hydrogen is always from zero to infinity in the radial,
which means it includes unrealistic region. So the Bohr-Sommerfeld model is more
natural and right.
Uncertainty principle is "another name" for de Broglie
wavelength.
(Fig.A-4) "Name" is changed ?

In Bohr model, the ground state is one de Broglie wavelength, so the electron cannot
come closer to the nucleus than the ground state energy.
If the concept of de Broglie wave does not exist, the energy level of hydrogen can
be minus infinity to zero.
( Of course, in this terrible case, our bodies would be broken. )
As I said above, Schrodonger's hydrogen also uses an integer times de Broglie
wavelength.
( In the groud state 1S, only radial de Broglie wave exists. )
As you notice, Schrodinger's hydrogen introduced very unreasonable concept of
"uncertainty principle" by changing the name of de Broglie wavelength.
This is the true form of the mysterious uncertainty principle, which concept
clearly obstructs the development of science.
Bohr-Sommerfeld quantization condition.
(Eq.1) Sommerfeld quantization condition (A) + de Broglie relation (B).

Eq.1 shows Bohr-Sommerfeld quantization condition (A), and de Broglie relation (B).
In Eq.1A, "p" denotes angular momentum, and "p
r
" denotes the radial momentum.
In Eq.1B, the upper equation is the relation between tangential de Broglie wavelength
and tangential momentum.
The lower is the relation between radial de Broglie wavelength and radial momentum.
If we combine these relations, we can prove Bohr-Sommerfeld quantization is equal
to an integer times de Broglie wavelength in each radial and tangential direction.
Sommerfeld condition = an integral multiple of de Broglie
wavelength.
(Eq.1') Sommerfeld quantization = integer times de Broglie wavelength.

If we use the de Broglie relation ( wavelength = h/mv ) of Eq.1, you can easily find
that Bohr Sommerfeld's elliptical orbit is just an integer times de Broglie wavelength
in each tangential (= Eq.1' upper ) amd radial (= Eq.1' lower ) directions.
( In Eq.1', p
r
is radial momentum, and "p" means constant angular momentum ( p = r
mv ) ).
To make the ends of wave phases the same in one-round orbit, de Broglie waves must
be just integers in both tangential and radial directions.
As shown in this section, the total de Broglie wave's number is the sum of radial and
tangential waves.
Schrodinger's radial wavefunction satisfies n de Broglie
wavelength !
(Fig.1) Schrodinger's radial wavefunction is a integer de Broglie wavelength =
Sommerfeld's model.

Fig.1 shows the examples of Schrodinger's wavefunctions including one de Broglie
wavelength in radial direction of one orbit.
( One orbit means from one point to the same point, 0 )
For example, R
32
wavefunction is "3" principal number ( n = 3 ) and "2" angular (=
tangential ) momentum ( l = 2 ). So the radial wave's number is 3-2= 1.
These wave's numbers have the same meaning as Bohr-Sommerfeld model, which
also has an integer de Broglie waves. ( This reason is explained later. )
"De Broglie wave" form = Change of variable ( rR = ).
(Eq.2) de Broglie wave's form in Schrodinger's hydrogen.

The important point is that we need to express Schrodinger equation as de Broglie
wave's form in radial and tangential directions.
(Eq.3)

As shown in Eq.2 and Eq.3, if we use = rR
nl
instead of R
nl
, this radial wavefunction
comes to express de Broglie waves, as shown Fig.1.
(Eq.4)

We can easily show Eq.2 transformation is right, using Eq.4.
Schrodinger's "2" or "3" de Broglie wavelength.
(Fig.2) Schrodinger's radial wavefunction, two or three waves.

In the upper line of Fig.2, the radial one-round orbits are just two de Broglie
wavelength.
For example, in R
31
, the principal quantum number is "3" and the angular momentum
(= tangential ) is "1".
As a result, the radial wave becomes 3-1 = 2 ( which reason is explained later ).
And in the lower wavefunction, n = 3 and l = 0, so the radial wave is 3-0 = 3.
Schrodinger's "tangential" wavefunction also satisfies n de
Broglie wavelength !
(Fig.3) Schrodinger's tangential wavefunction (= angular momentum ) =
Sommerfeld model.

In Fig.3, the angular moementum of Spherical Harmonics in Schrodinger's hydrogen
shows the tangential de Broglie wave's number in one orbit.
For example, in e
2i
= cos2 + isin2, one round is two de Broglie wavelength.
Because the rotation by returns its phase to the original one.
As a result, the total number of radial and tangential de Broglie waves means the
principal quantum number ( n = energy levels ), in both Bohr-Sommerfeld and
Schrodinger's models.
In this page, we prove the common relations between Bohr-Sommferld and
Schrodinger's hydrogens later.
Total de Broglie waves = radial + tangential waves.
(Fig.4)

In the elliptical orbits, we can divide the particle's motion into radial and tangential
directions at each point.
(Eq.4)

where p means "momentum", and "m" means the particle's mass.
( Only in this section ,"p" means total momentum, which is different from angular
momentum of Eq.1 )
And "dq", "dr" and "rd" means the distance travelled for the short time dt in each
direction.
Of course, the radial and tangential vectors satisfy Pythagorean theorem.
Using de Broglie relation ( wavelength = h/p = h/mv ) and Eq.4, the number of de
Broglie waves included in the infinitesimal section in each direction is
(Eq.5)

As a result,
(Eq.6)

So the total number of de Broglie wave in one orbit is just the sum of radial and
tangential waves, ( see also Eq.1' )
(Eq.7)

Simple Bohr model ( circular ) hydrogen.
( Bohr model hydrogen. )

In this section, we review ordinary Bohr model.
First, as shown on this page, Bohr's single electron does NOT fall into nucleus just by
acceleration.
(Eq.8)

In Eq.8, the first equation means that the centrifugal force is equal to Coulomb force.
The second equation is the sum of Coulomb potential energy and kinetic energy.
The third equation means one circular orbit is an integer (= n ) times de Broglie
wavelength.
Substituting the first equation into the second one,
(Eq.9)

Inserting v of the third equation into the first equation of Eq.8, we have
(Eq.10)

where r
0
( n = Z = 1 ) means "Bohr radius".
Substituting Eq.10 into Eq.9, the total energy E of Bohr model is
(Eq.11)

which is the same as Schrodinger's hydrogen.
From Eq.10, the ratio of the particle's velocity v ( n=Z=1 ) to the light speed c is
(Eq.12)

This is the famous fine structure constant
Calculation of elliptical Bohr-Sommerfeld model.
( Bohr-Sommerfeld model. )

Here we suppose one electron is orbiting (=rotating or oscillating)
around +Ze nucleus.
(Of course, also in the Schrodinger equation of hydrogen, one electron is moving
around +Ze nucleus by the Coulomb force.)
Change the rectanglar coordinates into the polar coordinates as follows, (Annalen der
Physik [4] 51, 1-167, A. Sommerfeld.)
(Eq.13)

When the nucleus is at the origin, the equation of the electron's motion is, ( Coulomb
force condition )
(Eq.14)

Here we define as follows,
(Eq.15)

If one electron is moving around one central positive charge, this angular momentum
( = p ) is constant (= law of constant areal velocity).
The coordinate r is a function of , so using Eq.15, we can express the differentiation
with respect to t (=time) as follows;
(Eq.16)

Here we define
(Eq.17)

Using Eq.13 and Eq.16, each momentum can be expressed by,
(Eq.18)

Using Eq.14, Eq.16, and Eq.18, the equation of motion becomes,
(Eq.19)

From Eq.19, we obtain the same result of
(Eq.20)

The solution of this in Eq.20 becomes,
(Eq.21)

where we suppose that the electron is at the perihelion (=closest point), when
is zero, as follows,
(Eq.22)

(Fig.5) "Elliptical" orbit of hydrogen-like atom.

where the nucleus is at the focus (F
1
), and eccentricity (=) is,
(Eq.23)

Here we prove the equation of Eq.21 ( B=0 ) means an ellipse with the nucleus at its
focus.
Using the theorem of cosines in Fig.5, and from the definition of the ellipse,
(Eq.24)

From Eq.24, we obtain
(Eq.25)

From Eq.21, Eq.22, and Eq.25, we have
(Eq.26)

As a result, becomes,
(Eq.27)

Using Eq.16 and Eq.27,
(Eq.28)

So the kinetic energy (T) becomes,
(Eq.29)

From Eq.27, the potential energy (V) is,
(Eq.30)

So the total energy (W) is,
(Eq.31)

In the Bohr-Sommerfeld quantization condition, the following relations are used,
(Eq.32)

where the angular momentum p is constant.
So p becomes an integer times
By the way, what do Eq.32 mean ?
If we use the de Broglie relation in each direction ( tangential and radial ),
(Eq.33)

Eq.32 means
(Eq.34)

So they express quantization of de Broglie wavelength in each direction.
( In Schrodinger equation, the zero angular momentum is possible. )
The radial quantization condition can be rewritten as
(Eq.35)

Using Eq.27,
(Eq.36)

And from Eq.28,
(Eq.37)

From Eq.35-37, we have
(Eq.38)

Doing the integration by parts in Eq.38,
(Eq.39)

Here we use the following known formula (complex integral),
(Eq.40)

--------------------------------------------------------------
[ Proof of Eq.40. ]
According to Euler's formula, cosine can be expressed using the complex number z,
(Eq.41)

So,
(Eq.42)

Using Eq.41 and Eq.42, the left side of Eq.40 is
(Eq.43)

where
(Eq.44)

So only the latter number of Eq.44 is used as "pole" in Cauchy's residue theorem.
In the residue theorem, only the coefficient of 1/(z-a) is left, like
(Eq.45)

and
(Eq.46)

From Eq.43 to Eq.46, the result is
(Eq.47)

we can prove Eq.40.
---------------------------------------------------------------
Using the formula of Eq.40, Eq.38 (Eq.39) becomes
(Eq.48)

where the quantization of Eq.32 is used.
From Eq.48, we have
(Eq.48')

Substituting Eq.48' into Eq.31, and using Eq.32, the total energy W becomes
(Eq.49)

This result is completely equal to Schrodinger's hydrogen.
Here we confirm Bohr-Sommerfeld solution of Eq.49 is valid also in the
Schrodinger's hydrogen.
As shown in this page, the radial quantization number (= n
r
) means the number of de
Broglie waves included in the radial orbits.
And the n

means quantized angular momentum (= de Broglie tangential wave's

number).
(Eq.50)

Going back to Fig.1 and Fig.2 of Schrodinger's wavefunction,
(Fig.6) Schorodinger's hydrogen = Bohr Sommerfeld model.

Fig.6 shows the energy levels of Schrodinger's wavefunctions just obey Bohr-
Sommerfeld quantization rules.
The most important difference is that Schrodinger's solutions are always from zero to
infinity, which is unreal.
If Schrodinger's hydrogen is just circular like Bohr's 1s orbit, its radial wavefunction
becomes constant.
In this case, when we normalize it, that wavefunction becomes divergent, when that
constant is not zero.
So Schrodinger's wavefunction does NOT include circular orbits, instead, "unreal"
zero angular momentum appears.
(Eq.51) Schrodinger's momentum operator = h / (= de Broglie wavelength ).

As you know, the wavelength of "cos r" is just 2.
Schrodinger's (momentum) operator uses the de Broglie wavelength included in the
eigenfunctions such as "cos r" in the kinetic energy ( Eq.51 ).
( Of course, this is de Broglie relation, momentum p = h / )
Even when the potential energy V varies at each position, we can consider the
potential energy V as constant in the infinitesimal region.
So at each infinitesimal region, we can say that Schrodinger's equation uses de
Broglie's wavelength for its kinetic energy.
And de Broglie wavelength at each point varies continuously and smoothly.
(Eq.52)

Eq.52 shows when the wavefunction returns to its original state by one rotation (=
e
i
), its (tangential) wavelength is just 2r. ( r = radius ).
So the tangential direction also satisfies an integer times de Broglie wavelength of
Bohr-Sommerfeld quantization rule.
Schrodinger's and Sommerfeld's hydrogens are linked by de
Broglie relation.
(C-1) Common condition 1.

Two equations of C-1 are just equal to each other, if we use de Broglie relation ( p = h
/ ).
Basically, to determine the energy level of Eq.50, three common conditions ( C-1, C-
2, C-3 ) are needed.
Most important condition is C-1, in which almost all informations of hydrogen's
configuration are included.
For example, constant angular momentum (of Schrodinger's and Sommerfeld's ) is
based on C-1.
( C-2 and C-3 ) Integer times de Broglie wavelength.

We used Sommerfeld quantization conditions of Eq.32 to get the energy solution.
As shown in C-2 and C-3, if we use de Broglie relation, they are just equal to an
integer times de Broglie wavelength in the radial and tangential directions.
In Schrodinger's hydrogen, these informations of de Broglie wavelength appear
as eigenfunctions themselves ( see Eq.51 and Eq.52 ).
( These wavelengths are used by the specific momentum operator. )
C-2 and C-3 conditions only demand an integer wavelength of one round orbit.
They don't demand other things such as radial regions.
Schrodinger's hydrogen is from zero to infinity, but Sommerfeld model is not.
Both these two models satisfy C-2 and C-3 conditions, because C-2 and C-3 can
change the intervals of integration just by the change of variables. ( See this page. )
(Fig.7) Common radial quantization condition.

Fig.7 cases show one "radial" orbit is just one de Broglie wavelength.
( Sommerfeld hydrogen in Fig.7 upper can be expressed as a wavefunction form using
C-1 - C-3. )
This means half of one orbit is 0.5 de Broglie wavelength in Schrodinger's and
Sommerfeld's models.
(Eq.53)

If we divide Sommerfeld's (or Schrodinger's ) orbits into infinitesimal sections, and
magnify the integral region in proportion to the elongated wavelength, the
quantization condition of Eq.53 does NOT change. ( A/A = B/B = 1 in Fig.7. )
( To be precise, we do the change of variables in E.53. )
As a result, if Schrodinger's eigenfunction and equation are satisfied, it means Bohr-
Sommerfeld's three conditions needed for energy values are satisfied, too.
This is the main reason why they give the same energy levels.
One round radial orbit ( r
1
r
1
) is
(Eq.54)

Reason why Schrodinger equation is wrong and Bohr-
Sommerfeld is correct.
In Schrodinger's hydrogen, the "radial" kinetic energy (= T
r
) becomes minus in some
regions ( 1/2 mv
2
< 0 ) !
Because Schrodinger's wavefunctions are always spreading from zero to infinity.
This is the reason why the Schrodinger equation is wrong !
As shown in this page, Schrodinger's and Bohr-Sommerfeld's hydrogens obey the
common rules, so these serious defects of Schrodinger's hydrogen strongly
indicates Bohr-Sommerfeld model is right.
(This strange phenomenon is different from the "quantum tunnelling".)
Also in the quantum mechanics, the particle we can find must have the "positive"
kinetic energy ( 1/2 mv
2
> 0 ).
This is quite natural. So the Schrodinger equation includes "self-contradiction".
(The Bohr model, which includes the forces of de Broglie's waves, can explain the
phenomenon of "quantum tunnelling", too.)
For example, in the case of 2S Bohr's orbit, the angular momentum is 1 ( See
Fig.8 ).
(Fig.8) Bohr's 2S "elliptical" orbit (angular momentum = 1).

where the shortest radius of this ellipse is a1, and the longest radius is a2.
The angular momentum (L) can be expressed as
(Eq.55)

So the "tangential" kinetic energy (T) becomes
(Eq.56)

As shown in Eq.56, as the radius (r) beomes smaller, "tangential" kinetic
energy increases at the inverse square of the radius.
The sum of the "tangential" kinetic energy and the Coulomb potential energy is
(Eq.57)

As shown in Eq.57, the change of the "tangential" kinetic energy (1/r
2
)
becomes bigger than that of the Coulomb energy (1/r), as the radius becomes smaller.
So in the region of ( r < a1 ), the total energy (E) becomes higher than the original
value, if the angular momentum is constant.
For example, when the radius r is close to zero, the energy of Eq.57 is close to +, as
follows,
(Eq.58)

So in the "real" Bohr-Sommerfeld model, the electron's orbital radius (r) can not be
shorter than some "minimum" value ( a1 ), when the angular momentum is not zero
(Fig.8).
(When the angular momentum is zero, the electrons is oscillating, and the r can be
"theoretically" close to zero.)
But as I said above, the probability density of the Schrodinger equation must be from
zero to infinity.
Strange to say, in the region of ( r < a1 ), the "radial" kinetic energy becomes minus
( 1/2 mv
2
< 0 ! ) in the Schrodinger equation.
Also in the Schrodinger equation, Kepler's law of the constant areal velocity is
satisfied, which means the angular momentum (L) is constant (L = 0, 1, 2, ..) in each
orbital.
So the "tangential" kinetic energy can not be minus. Instead, "radial" kinetic energy
beomes minus in some region (Fig.9).
(Fig.9) Schrodinger's 2P "radial" wave function (angular momentum = 1).

As shown in Fig.9, the 2P "radial" wave function ( = rR
21
) contains the regions of
the minus kinetic energy ( r < a1, a2 < r ).
When the r is bigger than a2, the Coulomb potential energy becomes higher than
some maximum value.
In this region, to keep the total energy (E < 0) constant, the "radial" kinetic energy
must be minus !
Here we try actually calculating the "radial" kinetic energy in the 2P wave function.
The wave function ( = r R
21
) of 2P is
(Eq.59)

Substituting Eq.59 into the "radial" kinetic energy term of Schrodinger equation,
(Eq.60)

where T
r
means the "radial" kinetic energy.
When r is close to zero or infinity, the "radial" kinetic energies (T
r
) become minus,
as follows,
(Eq.61)

Only the "radial" kinetic energy can be minus, though both "radial" and "tangential"
kinetic energies have the same property of the kinetic energy !
It is very strange.
In Eq.2, the tangential kinetic energy terms are
(Eq.62)

When is fixed at 90 degrees in Eq.62, this wave function is just equal to classical
orbits.
(Eq.63)

When is fixed at 90 degrees, the "strange" number "2" term of Eq.63 vanishes. ( cos
90
o
= 0)
(Fig.10)

As shown in Fig.10, when is 90 degrees, the hydrogen's orbital plane is x-y plane.
So the angular momentum points to z direction. ( In this case " l " = " m ". )
But Schrodinger equation does NOT erase the term of "2" in Eq.62, even when the
total angular momentum " l " is equal to z component "m".
This strange rule causes a square of the angular momentum is l(l+1) instead of l
2
.
It is quite natural that a square of l is l
2
.
So this unreasonable math also indicates Schrodinger's hydrogen is wrong.
On this page, we have proved rigorously that Schrodinger's energies are equal to Bohr
Sommerfeld's model.

2010/12/23 updated. Feel free to link to this site.