f l p Munopaf l Mapj aHOBnt i EpaHKO ByKOcaB/ beBnt i

OCHOBE
EHEPrETHKE
3a II pa3pef l MamnHCKO-eHepreTCKe iiJKoae
V
3aBO,q 3a yy6eHHKe n HacTaBHa cpeflCTBa
Beoroaa. 2004.
PeLfeH3eHTM
Mp AneKcaHflap T>ecapeBnfc, 3aje,qHm4a jyrocnoBeHCKe eneKTpo-
npnBpeqe, Beorpaq
Thxomhp BypnHCKH, npocfDecop ManiHHCKe LUKone - Hobh Caq
Mmap Kpx<nh, neqaroiiJ Kn caBeTHMK n npocfDecop MaiiiMHCKe LUKone
Beorpafl
ypef l HMK
flp Mnnopaf l MapjaHOBnti
Of lroBopHM ypef l HHK
j t f lp neTap rinjaHOBnti
Jf 3a H3flaBana
PaflOcnaB neTKOBnti,
flnpeKTop n rnaBHH ypeflHMK
f t
> <
npocBeTHM caBeT Peny6nnKe Cp6nje of lopno je OBaj yp6eHHK
3a M3flaBai-be n ynoTpe6y 3a II pa3pefl MaiunHCKO-eHepreTCKe LUKone
CBojmvi pemehbeM 6poj 650-51/ 88 Ofl 24. II 1988. roflHHe.
ISBN 86-17-1127
L
n p ^ f l r * B * p
Yy6eHMK OcHOBe eHepreTMKe nncaH je npeMa HacTaBHOM nnaHy mnporpaMy npeflMe-
Ta OcHOBe eHepreTMKe, Kojn y II pa3pefly cpeflhbe oiKone cnyiuajy y4eHnqn cbmx
o6pa30BHnx npocjjnna MaujMHCKO-eHepreTCKe CTpyKe.
ripnnnKOM nncaH>a yy6eHMKa mn3naraHsa MaTepnje, ocnaHaann cmo ce Ha caflpx<aje
Kojn ce napanenHO peann3yjy mKpo3 npeflMeTe cpM3MKa mocHOBe eneKTpoTexHMKe.
LjenMHe Koje yneHMflM o6pa30BHMx npocpnna M3ynaBajy fleTarbHO y OKBMpy flpyrMx
npeflMeTa m npaKTMHHe HacTaBe, flaTe cy MHCpopMaTMBHO Kao yBOfl y MaTepMjy KOja tie
ce npoynaBaTM (KOTnoBCKa nocTpojeHsa, Typ6MHCKa nocTpojeHja, nyMne, KOMnpecopM,
npeHOLuenje eHeprMje flo noTpoLuana), 3a pa3nMKy ofl ohmx caflp>Kaja KOje yneHML4M
Hehe y HacTaBM fleTa/bHO ysMTM, Te ce Kpo3 OBaj npeflMeT fleTanjHO npoynaBajy (ropM-
Ba Kao M3BopM eHeprMje, flpyrM M3BopM eHeprMje, mot opm ca yHyTpamhbMM carope-
Bai-beM, HyKneapHe eneKTpaHe, cyHHeBa eHepmja, BeTpert>aMe).
TaKolje je BeoMa 3HanajHa HMhbeHMLia fla cy yneHMi4M cTeKnM o,qpet)eHa npefl3Han>a y
I pa3pefly Kpo3 npeflMeTe MaiuMHCKM MaTepMjanM mxeMMja.
M3nox<eHa MaTepnja y obom yp6eHMKy, npMnMKOM MHTepnpeTai^Mje yneHML4MMa Mopa
fla ce noTKpenM 6pojHMM cnMKOBMTMM npMMepMMa, 36or nera je HeonxoflHO kopmct mt m
lueMe, 3MflHe cnMKe, rpacpo-cponMje, cnajflOBe mMOflene.
AyTopw
CRflF>KHJ
npef l roBop 3
1 . YBOA
7
1.1. OCHOBHM nOjMOBM o eHeprnj n 7
1.2. 3Hanaj eHeprnj e 3a >k h b o t m pa3Boj ,qpyuj TBa 8
1.3. Pe3epBe eHeprnj e n noTpoui hba
11
2. M3BOPH EHEPrHJ E 15
2.1. TopMBa Kao M3Bop eHeprnj e
15
2.1.1. f l oj aM ropMBa n hbnxoBa cBoj cTBa 15
2.1.2. BpcTe ropnBa
15
2.1.3. EaeMeHTapHM cacTaB ropnBa
16
2.1.4. Ton/ i OTHa Moti ropMBa
17
2.1.5. KapaKTepncTMKe ,qoMatiMx ropnBa
18
2.1.6. TpaHcnopTOBaht e m CKjiaf lmiJTeHDe h b p c t mx , TenHnx m racoBMTMx ropnBa 19
2.2. HBpcTa ropnBa 23
2.2.1. BpcTe h b p c t mx ropnBa, KapaKTepncTMKe nojeflMHMX BpcTa
23
2.2.2. f1ocTyni4M onjieMehbMBaHDa m npepaf l e h b p c t mx ropMBa
25
2.2.3. ri of l pyHj a npMMeHe h b pc t mx ropMBa
26
2.3. TenHa ropMBa
28
2.3.1. BpcTe TeHHMX ropMBa
28
2.3.2. f lpMpof l Ha TenHa ropMBa 28
2.3.3. CMHTeTMHKa TeHHa ropMBa
28
2.3.4. npepa^eHa Tenna ropMBa
29
2.3.5. nof l pynj a npMMeHe t o h h mx ropMBa 30
2.4. TacoBMTa ropMBa 31
2.4.1. BpcTe racoBMTMx ropMBa 31
2.4.2. npMpof l Ha racoBMTa ropMBa 32
2.4.3. ri pepal ^eHa racosMTa ropMBa 32
2.5. HyKJi eapHa ropMBa 33
2.5.1. BpcTe, CBoj cTBa m oj nacT npMMeHe HyKaeapHMx ropMBa 33
2.6. ApyrM M3BopM eHeprMje 35
2.6.1. EHeprMj a Boqe 35
2.6.2. EHeprMja cyHqa 38
2.6.3. EHepmj a BeTpa 40
3. TPAHCOOPMAL4MJ A EHEPrMJ E l/l IIOCTPOJ EhbA 3A TPAHCOOPMAL4MJ y 42
3.1. TpaHCCjDopMapMja eHeprnj e 42
3.1.1. llpMHMMn TpaHCcfciopMaLjMje eHeprnj e, uy\rb m 3Hanaj TpaHCCpopMapMje 42
3.1.2. f l poMeHa CTarba BOf le m BOf leHe nape npn 3arpeBai -by 42
3.2. l locTpojehba 3a TpaHCc}DopMaMMjy eHepmj e
43
3.2.1. OCHOBHe BpCTe, KOHCTpyKL\ Hja MnpMHLJMn Cj3yHKL4MOHMCai-ba
43
3.3. KoTTiOBCKa nocTpojehba
48
3.3.1. Ko t t i o bm cneL4MjanHe KOHCTpyKi4Mje
52
3.4. Typ6MHCKa nocTpojehba
54
3.4.1. !1apHOTyp6MHCKa nocTpojehba
55
3.4.2. racHOTyp6MHCKO nocTpojeHbe
57
3.4.3. XMf lpoTyp6MHCKa nocTpojehba
58
3.5. Mo t o pm ca yHyTpaLUH3MM caropeBaHseM
61
3.5.1. KnMnHM mo t o pm GYC 62
3.5.2. Mna3HM nponyn30pM 67
3.6. l1yMne
70
3.6.1. l4eHTpMcjDyranHe nyMne
70
3.6.2. f lponenepHe (ocHO-aKCMjanHe) nyMne
71
3.6.3. KnMrme nyMne
72
3.6.4. Cnei^MjanHe nyMne
74
3.7. OcTana nocTpojeHaa 3a TpaHCcj3opMaL4Mjy eHeprMje
75
3.7.1. IlojaM MaiiiMHe 3a ca6MjaLbe Ba3f lyxa, npMMeHa m BpcTe
75
3.7.2. KoMnpecopM
76
3.7.3. BeHTMnaTopM
79
3.8. HyKneapHe eneKTpaHe
80
3.8.1. OcHOBHa uieMa eneKTpane
80
3.8.2. HyKneapHM peaKTopM
81
3.9. CyHHeBM KoneKTopM, KOHL^eHTpaTopM m 6aTepMje
83
3.9.1. CyHHeBM KoneKTopM
83
3.9.2. CyHHeBM KOHLjeHTpaTopM
86
3.10. BeTpeHaane 88
4. nPOLUMPEHDETOflJlOTHE EHEPTMJE flO nOTPOLUAHA 90
4.1. TonnMCjDMKaL(Mja MTOnnMCjDMKaLlMOHM CMCTeMM 90
4.2. Tonnof l aneKOBOf l M
91
4.3. TonnoTHe noflCTaHMLie 94
4.4. KytiHM pa3BOf l 94
5. yLUTEflA EHEPTMJE MhbEHOPAL4MOHAJ1HOKOPmUTiEhbE 97
JlMTepaTypa
99
; : # c
;i
':S
S
M
1...
' f 5; ; : I
1
!>-,B 0 Q
1.1. OCHOBHM nOJ MOBM
O E HE P rMJ M
llojaBe m npoL(ecn KOjn ce fleiuaBajy y npnpofln
npeflCTaBrbajy pa3/ iMHHTe oonKe KpeTaKta MaTepn-
je mTpaHccj3opMai4Mje eHeprnje. Obm 060v\uy\ KpeTa-
hba Be3aHM cy 3a oflroBapajyfcn bMfl eHeprnje: pa-
3narai-be MaTepnje 3a xeMMjcKy eHeprnjy, KpeTaH^e
MoaeKyna y Teny 3a TonnoTHy eHeprnjy, KpeTaHse
eneKTpoHa 3a eneKTpMHHy eHeprnjy, KpeTanbe Tena
3a MexaHMHKy eHeprnjy.
EHeprnja ce MO>xe npeBOflMTM M3 jeflHor o/ iMKa y
flpyrn, ann ce He MO>xe yHmuTMTM nnn ct bopmt m hm
M3 nera. Obo flecpMHMLue m o6jawi-baBa 33koh 0
Oflp>KaH5y eHeprMje no3HaT y o6nMKy:
E = const.
ripoL(ecM npeBotjehba eHeprMje M3 jeflHor o6nMKa y
flpyrn npMK33aHM cy Ha cnMflM 1.1.
y npMpoflM eHeprMja pa3HMM npoflecMMa npejia3M M3
jeflHor onMKa y flpyrM. Y3mmmo 3a npMMep ao 6m-
jart>e ejieKTpMHHe eHeprnje y TepMoeneKTpaHaMa. V
ropMBy Koje caropeBa, xeMMjcKa eHeprMja npena3M y
TonnoTHy, f la 6mce y caMOM KOTn y TonnoTHa eHep-
rMja npof lyKaTa caropeBaHDa npef lana BOflM, t bko fla
eHeprMja npena3M y noTeHL(MjanHy eHeprMjy nape.
EHeprMja nape, Koja je mf l aj t e TonnoTHa, y napHoj
Typ6MHM TpaHCcjDopMMLue ce y MexaHMHKy eHeprMjy
Koja noKpetie paflHO Kono Typ6MHe mpoTop reHepa-
Topa, TaKo f la ce y renepaTopy Ta MexaHMHKa eHep-
rMja TpaHCC^iopMMLue y eneKTpMHHy.
TpaHccjjopMapMja, Kao npoqec npenacKa jeflHor 06-
nMKa eHeprMje y flpyrM, Mo>Ke 6mt m noBpaTHa mHe-
HyKJl EAPHA EKCf l J103MJA
CnnKa 1. - ri pof l ecn npeBot^ehba eHeprnj e H3 j ef l Hor
onnKa y f l pyrn
noBpaTHa (jeflHOCMepHa). MexaHHMKy eHeprnjy MO>Ke-
mo naKO npeBecTM y eneKTpnHHy, meneKTpMHHy y
MexaHMHKy. npeBotjerbe xeMnjcKe y TonnoTHy eHep-
rnjy je pe/iaTMBHO jeflHOCTaBHO, 3a pa3J iMKy ofl o6pHy-
Tor npofleca KOjn ce fliipeKTHMM nyTeM Bpno TeujKO
MO>Ke M3BeCTM.
EHeprnja je flaHac Bpoo 3HanajHa 3a >kmbo t , Te fla
6mcmo je npaBMjiHO mnoTnyHO mckopmct mt im, noTpe-
6ho je fla je y noTnyHoc yno3HaMO, Kao mfla yno-
3H3MO cBe BtiflOBe hteHe TpaHccjjopMapnje.
ripmiMKOM TpaHccjsopMaflnje jeflHor o6nnKa eneprn-
je y flpyrn, >KejteHM o6j imk floea3M flo ,,pacnnai-ba
jeflHor fleoa eHeprnje, Tj. TpaHccfJ opMaflnje y HeKM
flpyrn He>KerbeHM o6j imk eHeprnje. Mepa TpaHCcjDop-
Mai^nje jeflHor oJ iMKa y flpyrn >KejbeHM oj j mk Ha3M-
Ba ce CTeneHOM KopncHor flejcTBa Kojn je yBeK Ma-
hbMOfl jeflaH.
fla 6mce eHepmja TpaHccpopMMcajia, noTpeHa cy
nocTpojerba mMaujMHe Koje tie t o m3bpuj mt m, a t o je
npeflMeT npoynaBaiba MaTepnje M3J io>KeHe y obom
yy6eHMKy.
l . E . S H f l H f l J E H E P r M J E
s f l : + : m e o t m p a s e o j
. P L - ' L U T E f l
McTopnjaT Kopmiitieiba eHepreTCKMX M3Bopa Be3aH
je 3a pa3B0j jbyflCKor flpyuiTBa. y npBOMTHoj 3ajefl-
hhl (M HOBeK je KopncTMO concTBeHy eHeprnjy,
eHeprnjy cBojnx MMLUMtia, snja je TpajHa CHara 6mia
50 flo 60 W. KacHMje je noneo fla kopmct m CHary
MMLLIHtia flOMatiMX >KMBOTMrba KOja je M3H0CMJ ia 600
flO 700 W.
riOTpoLiJ iba yrjba je Be3aHa 3a flBa nepnofla. rio-
3H3T0 je fla ce yrajb eKcnjioaTncao y Kmhm
1000 roflHHa npe Hame epe, a y TpHKoj n
noflpyn]y l/lTajinje 400 roflMHa npe Harne
epe.
HacjJ Ta ce nonejia eKcnnoaTncaTn 6000 -
8000 roflMHa npe Harne epe. Bofla n Ba-
3flyx Kao enepreTCKM M3B0pn nonejin cy ce
eKcnjioaTncaTM oko xmbafly roflHHa npe
Haiue epe, a 6hj im cy no3Ha n y l/lHflnjn,
ErnriTy n Kmhm. BeTpeHaana ce y EBponn
nonejia kopmct mt m y XII BeKy.
y XVII BeKy CaBeHM je KOHCTpyncao npBy
ynoTpe6jbMBy napHy MamnHy 3a Lipnjbejbe
BOfle M3 pyflapcKnx OKaHa. To je 6mia
HepeHTa6wjiHa MauinHa mHMje 6nna HajmK
Ha flaHaujfbe. BaT je 1769. M3yMeo npBy
MaujMHy Koja je eKOHOMMHHO npeTBapaoa
TonnoTHy eHeprnjy y MexaHMHKM pafl. flpBa
napHa MauiMHa neMa B3t o bo m n3yMy KOHCTpyiicaHa
je 1877. roflMHe mnpeflCTaBJ bajia je npeKpeTHMpy y
pa3Bojy HOBenaHCTBa.
l/lHflycTpMjcKa npMMeHa Hacjrre Be3aHa je 3a XVIII
BeK Kafla cy M3BpuieHe npBe flecTMJ iaflMje HacpTe y
L]MJ by floMjarba yjba 3a ocBeTjberbe. ripBO 6yujerbe
3eMJ be y pMJ by flo6Mjart>a Hacj>Te M3BpiueH0 je 1859.
roflMne y neHCMJ iBaHMjM. Ofl Tafla noTpomrba Hacj>Te
CTajiHO pacTe, HaponMTo ca pa3B0jeM TonjioTHMx
MOTopa y >Kejie3HML(Mm6poflapcTBy.
ripefl Kpaj XIX BeKa flOJ ia3M flo ceH3aL(M0HajiHMx
OTKpMtia MOTopa ca yHyTpamrbMM caropeBaibeM m
t o : OTO-MOTopa (1867) mflM3eji-MOTopa (1892), KojM
cy caMO nocnemMJ iM noTpomiby HacjJ Te Kao eHepreT-
CKOr M3B0pa.
ripBa eneKTpaHa Koja je npoM3BOflMJ ia ejieKTpMHHy
eHeprMjy M3rpat5eHa je y CAfl 1881. roflMHe mMMana
je cHary ofl 1 kW.
flajbe ycaBpmaBarbe je OMoryhMjio CTBaparbe MJ ia-
3hmx MOTopa (1930. roflMHe O. BajT).
y Harnoj 3eMJ bM noneTaK ejieKTpMcjjMKapMje Be3yje
ce 3a 1886. roflMHy m M3rpafliby npBe xMflpoeJ ieK-
TpaHe Ha pepn LjpHMflM KOfl rtapahMHa, a 33.twm
M3rpafliby XMflpoejieKTpaHa ,,rpaflan" ko a BarbeBa
mTbeTMrbe" KOfl y>KMpa 1900. roflMHe. l/l3mefl aKy-
MyjiapMOHor je3epa npMKa3aH je Ha cj iml j m 1.2.
EjieKTpoeHepreTCKa cvnya\\v\\a y Peny6jiML(M Cp6v\-
jM (pacnopefl eneKTpaHa m BMcoKOHanoHCKa npe-
HocHa Mpe>Ka) npMKa3aHa je Ha chmam 1.3a. Ha c j im-
KaMa 1.4. m1.5. npMKa3aHa je CTpyKTypa npoM3BOfl-
rbe eoeKTpMHHe eHeprnje m CHara eneKTpaHa Koje
yjia3e y cacTaB EnC-a.
y Ta6enaMa 1.1. m 1.2. npMK33aHM cy npoM3BOflHM
KanaL(MTeTM EI"IC-a m npoM3BOflHDa ejieKTpMHHe
eHeprMje y Cp6MjM.
CnnKa 1.2. - fleo aKyMynaL|noHor je3epa ca 6paHOM
GWh
35000
30000
25000
20000
15000
10000
9000
1970. 1980. 1990. 1999. 2000. 2001.
1~ 2 -TE-TO rac n teHHa ropnBa
MW
8000
6000
4000
2000
1970.1980.1990. 1999.2000. 2001.
1 - TE yrarb 2 - TE-TO rac n TenHa 3 - XE
ropuBa
C/ iMKa 1.4. - CTDVKTypa np0M3B0flhbe eneKTpMHHe eHeprnj e
CnnKa 1.5. - Cnara Ha npary enei crpaHa
1
Ta6ena 1.1. - npou3BOAHM KanaLfHTeTM Ef l C-a Ta6ena 1.2. - ripon3BOAH>a eneKTpii HHe eHepmj e
E/ IEKTPAHA
CHAPA Ha
E/ IEKTPAHA GWh
npary MW
TE HHKO/ IA TEC/ IA A 7 591
TE HHKO/ IA TEC/ 1A A 1 502
TE HHKO/ IA TEC/ IA 5 7 592
TE HHKO/ IA TEG/ IA 5 1 160
TE KO/ 1V5APA 426
TE KO/ i y5APA 245
TEMOPABA
541
TE MOPABA 108
TE KOCTO/ 1AI4 A 383
TE KOCTO/ IAH A 281
TE KQCTdJl AL4 5
2 440
TE KOCTO/ 1AL4 5 640
TE KOCOBOA 1 123
TE KOCOBO A 617
TE KOCOBO5 1 481
TEKOCGBOB 618
TBf cMbEJl EKTPAHE 21 577
TEPMOEJ1EKTPAHE 5 171
TE-TOHOBHCAf l 444
TE-TOHOBHCAf i 208
TE-TO 3PEhbAHHH 26
TE-TO 3PEHbAHHH 100
TP.Tf l f 'PPMPk'A TWIMTDARMI IA A
TE-TO CPEMCKA MHTPOBMLJA 45
TEPMOEJ1EKTPAHE - TOn/ IAHE 466
TEPMOEJIEKTPAHE-TOn/ l AHE 353
XE "BEPf l An 1 5 665
XE BEPf l Af l 1 1 058
XE TbEPf l An II 270
XE TbEPf l An II 1 492
XE BJIACHHA 140
XE B/ IACHHA 129
XE nHPOT 39
XE nHPOT 80
XE 5AJHHA BALLITA 364
XE 5AJHHA 5ALUTA 1 547
PXE 5AJHHA BAl i l TA 614
PXE 5AJHHA 5ALUTA 734
XE 3BOPHHK 92
XE 3BOPH14K 497
XE E/ IEKTPOMOPABA 13
XE E/ IEKTPOMOPABA 53
XE JIHMCKE 211
XE / 1HMCKE 455
XMf l POEJl EKTPAHE 2 831
XMf l POEJl EKTPAHE 10 622
E/ IEKTPAHE EnC-a 8 355
EJIEKTPAHE EnC-a 32 665
XE f l HBA 342
XE riMBA 748
XE TA31/ IBOf lE 35
XErA3HB0f l E 71
TO BEOrPAf l 84
TO BEOrPAf l 0,3
OCTAJIE EJIEKTPAHE 461
OCTAJIE EJIEKTPAHE 820
yKynHO 8 816 yKynHo 33 484
GWh
1.3. P ESEP B E EHEPr H-JE
M n OTPOLUh b f l
npnnnKOM pa3MaTpahba eHepreTCKnx pe3epBn Mopa~7
ce BOflMTn panyHa o TOMe ,qa cy nof lapn o hbnxoBHM
pe3epBaMa penaTMBHM, jep ce anconyTHO Tanne
pe3epBe He Mory yTBpf lHTH. noTponiHDa ce CBaKO-
flHeBHO Mei-ba na cy penaTHBHM n noflapH Kojn ceJJ
Jj/ iory HatiM y CTpysHoj nMTepaTypi/ Lj
nioTponiHba eHeprnje y CBeTy je nopacna 3a Bnuje ofl
30 nyTa 3a nocneflhbnx 100 roflMHa. \
rioTpoiiJhba Hocnnaifla eHeprnje HMje paBHOMepHO
pacna, TaKo f la je noTpomhba HBpcTor ropnBa no-
pacna 3a 24%, a Hacjrre npeKO 100%. Ca nopacTOM
noTpomrbe Merbana ce n CTpyKTypa noTpouihbe. Oko
1880. roflMHe yrarb je Kao Hocnnap eHeprnje ynecTBO-
Bao ca 95%, HacjDTa ca ok o 5%, flOK flaHac MO>xeMO
y3eTH fla yrarb ynecTByje Kao Hocnnap eHeprnje ca
35%, Hacjrra ca 43%, a ocTane npopeHTe nonaKO
ocBajajy HyKneapHa n xnf lpoeHepmja.
CBe M3Bope eHeprnje MO>KeMO CBpcTaTM y flBe
rpyne:
- o6HOBTbMBe (Hencf lpnHe) M3Bope eHepmje n
- Heo6HOBTbMBe (ncppnHe) M3Bope eHeprnje.
yrajr>, HacpTa n npnpof lHn 3eMHH rac npeflCTaBTbajy
HeoHOB/ bHBe nnn ncppnHe Hocnope eHeprnje.
Ofl o6HOBTbMBnx M3Bopa eHeprnje flo caf la ce jefln-
ho MHTeH3HBHo k o phc t h xnf lpoeHeprnja - eHeprnja
BOfleHMX TOKOB3.
^Tpea MMaTn y BMf l y f l a y f l ocaf l amhboj npaKcn r o-
pnBM uj Kpnnaf l M m yn>aHM neuj nap Hncy nMann 3Ha-
najHMje MecTO, Met )yTi / i M, Ha noMony eHepr eTCKe
Kpn3e ohm f lonjajy 3HanajHnje MecTo 6nno f l a ce
f l npeKTHO KopncTe, 6nno fla ce npepat j yj y y Hacj 3Ty.
l l peTnocTaBJba ce fla 6m ce npepaf l OM r opnBnx
5000
O 1990 m 2001
CnnKa 1.7. - MeceMHa noTpot uhba eneKTpMHHe eHeprnj e
ujKpnTbana n yjbaHMX neujnapa y Hac| )Ty Morna flo-
6mt i /i ok o rpn nyTa Betia KonnsMHa HacjjTe, Hero ui t o
cy hbeHe flaHauirbe pe3epBaJ.
HocMope eHeprMje y 6yflytiH0CTM Tpea Tpa>KMTM y
TepMOHyKneapHoj eHeprMjM cyHL(a - conapHoj eHep-
rMjM, eHeprMjM pacnaf la aTOMa y yHyTpaujhbocTM
3eMTbe - reoTepMCKa eHepmj a m eHeprMjM KpeTaiba
nnaHeTa - eHeprnjM nnnMe m oceKe.
OcTBapeHa nponsBOfliba pacnono>KMBe eHeprMje npn-
Ka3aHa je Ha cnnpM 1.6 a MeceHHa noTpouiiba eHep-
rnje y Peny6nnpH Cp6njM npMKa3aHa je Ha cnnpH
1.7.
PaflM 6oTbe MnycTpai4nje eHepreTCKor 6MnaHca Pe-
ny6nMKe CpMje Ha criMqn 1.8 npnKa3aHa je pa3MeHa
eHeprnje y TOKy 2002. roflMHe ca HeKaflamibMM nna-
HMpaMa eHepreTCKor CMCTeMa JyrocnaBMje.
Ha cnMKaMa 1.9 m 1.10 npMKa33HM cy MeceMHa
npoM3BOflhba eneKTpaHa m CTpyKTypa noTpouiibe
eneKTpMHne eHeprMje y Peny6nMflM CpMjM.
MaKCMManHO caTHO onTepetieibe m flHeBHa 6pyTO
noipouihba eneKTpMHHe eneprMje npMKa3aHe cy Ha
cnMKaMa 1.11 m 1.12.
GWh
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
I II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII
CnnKa 1.6. - Pacnono>KMBa eHeprnj a
MATbAPCKA
f 1 .
. PYMyHHJA
285
XPBATCKA
223
Byr a p c k a
L(PHA TOPA
1764
101
AJIBAHHJA
1503
MAKEf l OHHJA
C/ i HKa 1.8. - Pa3MeHa eneKTpnHHe eHeprnje ca cyceflHMMflp>KaBaMa
GWh
4000
1- TE yrarb 2 - TE TO rac m renHa ropnBa
3 - npoTOHHe XE 4 - aKyiviynaL(H0He XE
Cj i HKa 1.9. - MeceHHa npon3BOf lhba eneKTpnHHe eHeprnj e y Peny6nnL(n Cpnj n
r
r

c
o
GWh
35000
25000
15000
5000
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 19992000 2001
1- floMatiMHCTBa 2 - nH.qycTpi.ija 3- ocTano
4 - ry6nqn qMCTpn6yi snj e 5 - ry6wqn npeHOca
CcnKa 1.10. - CTpyKTypa noTpoiarbe eneKTpiiHHe eHeprnj e y Pen^em-mn Cp6nj n
MW
7000
6000
1970 1980 1990
C/ iHKa 1. 11. - MaKCHMa/ iHo caTHO onTepeti eHj e
MW
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1011 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
CnnKa 1.12. - f l nj arpaM qHeBHe 6pyTO noTpomrbe
eneKTpnHHe eHeprnje
n H T O h f c - O H
1. Ksk o rnacM BaKOH o o,qp>Kahby eHeprnje?
2. OjacHn flonjahbe ejieicrpnHHe eHeprnje y TepMoejieKTpaHaMa,
3. Koj i hk m je aaaHaj eHeprnje 3a >k mbot n pa3Boj f lpyaiTBa?
4. Koja ropMBa ypajaMO y oHOBJbHBa, a Koja cy HeoHOBJbMBa?
5. y KojMMeHeproTCKMM M3BopnMa Tpea Tpa>KMTM 6yf lyhe HOCMOfle eHeprMje?
6. l i l Ta MO>Keai petiM o pa3MenM eHepnije Peny6jiMKe CpMje ca flpyrMM flp>KaBaMa?
7. KaKOroflMLUhbe f lo6a yTMHe Ha noTpoujHiy eHeprMj'e?
l
*
M S B O P H E H E P r M J E
- f la cy ocnoo^eHH npoflyKTM caropeBai-ba 6e30-
nacHii;
- f la Hncy ziaKo 3anarbHBa;
5 . 1 . r O P M B f t K f t O M 3 B O F
E H E P r M - J E
a.i.i. noj ftM roPMBfl
M hb-MXOBf l CB OJCTB f l
TopnBa cy MaTepnje Koje caropeBaibeM ocno6atjajy
of lpe^eHy KonnnnHy TonnoTe npn seMy ocTajy npo-
flyKTM caropeBai-ba. CaropeBahbe M0>KeM0 cMaTpa-
t h npoMecoM 6ypHor cjeflMHDaBahba ca KnceoHHKOM.
riouJTO nocTOje MHOre MaTepnje Koje pearyjy Ha onn-
caH HaMHH, nofl ropnBOM y y>KeM cMncny nof lpa3y-
MeBaMOcaMO 0He MaTepnje Koje caropeBajy ncK/ by-
mhbo pafln ocnoaljaHDa TonnoTe. flpeMa TOMe ro-
pnBa npeflcTaB/ bajy ochobhm n3Bop TonnoTHe eHep-
rnje n hbnxoBa npnMeHa je rnnpoKa: flOMahMHCTBa,
eHepreTCKa nocTpojenba, mot opm cyc, M/ ia3HH n
paKeTHM noroH.
ripaKTMHHa npnMeHa ropnBa 3aBncn ofl cnefletiMx
3axTeBa:
- f la cy HaerOBa Hana3miJTa y npnpofln y flOBO/ bHHM
KO/ iMHMHaMa;
- f la y TOKy npopeca caropeBaHba ocnoof ln Oflpe-
tjeHy (uj t o Betiy) KonnHnny TonnoTe;
- fla caropeBart>eM He 3aratjyjy OKonMHy.
TopnBO Koje 6m 3aflOBO/ bMno CBe OBe 3axTeBe, y
npaKCM He nocTojM, Te je KBanMTeTHMje oho ropMBo
Koje 3a flaTM cnynaj McnyhbaBa BMine HaBefleHMX 3a-
xTeBa.
a.1.5. BPCTE rOPMBft
ropMBa ce Mory noflenMTM Ha BMiiie HanMHa:
- nof lena ropMBa npeMa arperaTHOM CTahby Ha HBp-
CTa, TenHa m racoBMTa m
- nof lena ropMBa npeMa CTeneHy npepaf le Ha npM-
poflHa, npepatjeHa m CMHTeTMHKa ropMBa.
riofl npMpoflHMM ropMBOM ce nof lpa3yMeBa oho Koje
ce MO>Ke KOpMCTMTM OHaKBO K3KBO je y npMpOflM,
OflMax nocne of lCTpaibeiba rpy6Mx npMMeca. ri po-
M3BefleHa m npepatjeHa ropMBa flo6Mjajy ce npepa-
flOM ropMBa. Flopefl oBor npepat^eHa ropMBa mo-
>KeMOnoflenMTM Ha:
- npMMapHa npepatjeHa ropMBa (Ha npMMep HacjJTa)
M
- f l a je eKcnnoaTaflMja ropMBa eKOHOMMHHa mpena-
t mbho naKa;
- f l a y ce6M caflp>KM uj t o Maibe 6anacTa - HeropM-
bmx MaTepnja;
- f la je LjeHa npoM3BefleHe - ocno6ot)eHe TonnoTe
npMXBaT/ bMBa;
- fla je ropMBO nocTojaHo npn TpaHcnopTy mcxna-
flMmTerby;
- ceKyHflapHa npepatjeHa ropMBa (Ha npMMep 6eH-
3MH).
ripMpoflHa ropMBa cy:
HBpcTa - flpBO, TpeceT, yra/ b, ropMBM ujKpM/ bflM,
y/ bHM necaK,
TeHHa - Hacj>Ta,
racoBMTa - 3eMHM rac.
npepat j eHa ropnBa cy:
HBpcTa - flpBeHM yrarb, pnKeT, ko kc ,
TeHHa - 6eH3HH, neTponeyM, flH3en-ropnBa, Ma3yT,
anKoxon,
racoBHTa - pacf)MHepMjcKn rac, f lecTnnai4MOHMrac,
reHepaTopcKn rac.
Ilopefl rope HaBefleHe onurre noflene, ropnBa ce mo-
ry noflennTn n Ha cnefletin HaHHH:
- npeMa 3ana/ bMB0CTM - caM03anajbHBa n HecaMO-
3anarbHBa,
- npeMa nocTojaHOCTM Ha TonnoTy - TonnonocTO-
jaHa n TonnoHenocTojaHa,
- npeMa KapaKTepy noTpoi bHbe - eHepreTCKa n Te-
XHonouuKa ropnBa.
a . 1 3 . E J H E M E H Tf l P H M
C R C Tf i E : r O P M B f i
no3HaeahbeM cacTaBa ropnBa n KberoBnx ocoMHa
MO>xeMO npaBnnHO fla oflpeflMMO MorytiHOCT i-bero-
Be npnMeHe, Kao n KonwHHHy TonnoTe Kojy mo>k6 fla
ocno6ofln npn caropeBahby.
ll03HaBaH3e eneMeHTapnor cacTaBa ropnBa OMory-
tiaBa fla oflpeflHMO hm3 nof laTaKa: noTpeHy Konn-
HUHy Ba3f lyxa 3a noTnyHO caropeBahbe, KonnHMHy n
cacTaB npof lyKaTa caropeBai-ba, TonnoTHy Moh ro-
pnBa n TeMnepaTypy caropeBahba.
y eneMeHTapHM cacTaB ropiiBa yna3e:
ropiiBM eneMeHTM - yrrbeHMK C, BOflOHMK H m cyM-
nop S,
HeropnBii eneMeHTii - KiiceoHMK O m a30T H,
6anacT - MtiHepanHe npiiMece A m BOfla W.
yrxbeHMK. - npeflCTaBjba HajBa>KHMjy KOMnoHeHTy
ropnBa M3 flBa pa3nora. npBM je Taj uj t o ra y ropnBy
MMa HajBmue, flpyrM jep ce hberoBMM caropeBaHseM
ocnoat^a HajBetia KonMHMHa TonnoTe. Y ropMBy
Mo>xe 6mt m mflo 95% yrnbeHMKa. CaropeBai-beM 1kg
Mace yr/beHMKa ocno6oflM ce 33,829 MJ TonnoTHe
eHeprMje, npM neMy je MaKCMManHa TeMnepaTypa
caropeBahba 2 573 K.
BoflOHMK. - BoflOHMK y ropMBy noTMHe M3 npaMaTe-
pnje Kao m yrrbeHMK. y ropMBy ce MO>Ke jaBMTM Be-
3aH ca flpyrMM eneMeHTMMa (HBpcTa m TenHa ropM-
Ba) m necTO y MemaBMHM ca flpyrMM eneMeHTMMa
KOfl racoBMTMX ropMBa. y hbpc t o m ropMBy MMa 5-6%
BOflOHMKa, ay TenHOM 8-12%. llpM caropeBai-by 1kg
BOflOHMKa ocnoal^a ce 142,014 MJ TonnoTHe eHep-
rnje, a t o je npeKO 4 nyTa BMme nero KOfl carope-
Bahba yrrbeHMKa. MaKCMManna TeMnepaTypa caro-
peBahba BOflOHMKa je 2 508 K.
KMceoHMK. - KMceoHMK HMje ropMBM eneMeHT, anM
noTnoMa>Ke mOMorytiaBa caropeBahbe. KonMHMHa km-
ceoHMKa y ropMBy CMahbyje noTpe6Hy KonMHMHy km-
ceoHMKa M3 Ba3flyxa. Kofl hbpc t mx ropMBa caflp>Kaj
KMceoHMKa je penaTMBHO BenMK, ao k ra KOfl TenHMX
ropMBa npaKTMHHO HeMa. y ropMBMMa ce KMceoHMK
Hana3M Be3aH ca flpyrMM eneMeHTMMa, ocmm y raco-
bmt mm ropMBMMa rfle ce Hana3M y cnooflHOM CTaiby.
A30T. - y ropMBy ce Hana3M y KonMHMHaMa 0,7-1,3%
mt o Hajnemtie y cacTaBy cno>KeHMX opraHCKMX jeflM-
hbeiba. y hbpc t mm mTeHHMM ropMBMMa MMa ra MaH=e
Hero y racoBMTMM ropMBMMa. A30T 3ajeflHO ca km-
ceoHMKOM hmhm yHyTpamhbM 6anacT ropMBa.
CyMnop. - l/ lMa ra HapoHMTO y hbpc t mm ropMBMMa
1-2,5 na mflo 7%. CyMnop ce y ropMBy MO>Ke jaBM-
t m y caropMBOM m HecaropMBOM BMfly. ripMnMKOM
caropeBahba npena3M y neneo. CaM cyMnop y ropM-
By flenyje kopo 3mbho, a npoflyKTM caropeBai ba cy
mTeTHM. ripMcycTB0 cyMnopa y ropMBy je Heno-
>KejbHO M3K0 oh cBojMM caropeBarbeM ocnoat^a
9 296 MJ TonnoTHe eHeprMje rio 1 kg.
MMHepanHe npmvi ece. - Caflp>Kaj MMHepanHMx npM-
Meca y ropMBy je pa3nMHMT ofl 1% flo 2% ko a flpBe-
Ta, na mflo 90% KOfl mKpMJ bafla. MMHepanHe npn-
Mece ce cacToje M3 npMMapHMx, ceKyHflapHMx mTep-
qMjapHMx HenMCTOtia. ripMMapHe HeHMCTotie HacTa-
ne cy jom y npaMaTepnjM mpaBHOMepHO cy pacno-
pel^eHe yHyTap ropMBa t 3ko f l a ce BeoMa TemKO
Mory oflCTpaHMTM. CeKyHflapHe npMMece cy y ropM-
bo flomne y TOKy hberoBor HacTajarba, a TepflMjapHe
npMMece y npoflecy HjeroBor Bat^eiba mTpaHcnopTa.
MMHepanHe npMMece y ropMBy cy BeoMa mTeTHe jep
OTe>KaBajy caropeBarbe, M3a3MBajy ry6MTaK t opmbmx
eneMeHaTa na TMMe mTonnoTe, CMaibyjy yfleo ro-
Pmbmx MaTepMja y ropMBy, noBetiaBajy TpomKOBe
TpaHcnopTa m npjbajy nocTpojerbe, OTe>KaBajy ite-
roBO o,qp>KaBarbe mcMan>yjy iberoB BeK.
Bnara. - Bnara je Heno>KejbHM cacTaB ropMBa m
hmhm TaK03B3HM cnojbHM 6anacT. YMahbyje TonnoT-
Hy Moti ropMBa mCMaibyje TeMnepaTypy npoflyKaTa
caropeBaHja. Bnara ce Hana3M y pa3nMHMTMM ko-
nMHMHaMa y pa3HMM BpcTaMa ropMBa ofl 2% na flo
80% (KOfl TpeceTa). npMnMKOM npaKTMHHMX npo-
panyHa y3MMa ce y o63Mp f la ce Bnara jaBjba y flBa
o6nMKa: rpy6a Bnara WG mXMrpocKonHa Bnara WH.
- fpy6a Bnara je nocneflMfla KBamehba ropMBa bo-
flOM M3 cnojbamrbe cpeflMHe npnnMKOM flo6Mja-
H>a, TpaHcnopTa mycKnaflMmTeHja. OHa ce necTO
Ha3MBa mcnojbamrba, noBpmMHCKa MnM cnoofl-
Ha Bnara.
- XMrpocKonHa Bnara ce Hana3M y nopaMa HBpcTor
ropMBa mHa3MBa ce yHyTpamH>a MnM KanMnapHa
Bnara.
YKynHa Bnara W y ropnBy npeflCTaBrba 36np rpy6e
Bnare WGn xnrpocKoriHe Bnare WH, uj t o ce MO>xe
npeflCTaBMTM M3pa30M:
w =w G + w H .
a.i .H. To n n o TH R m o t =. t o p h e r
BennHHHa Kojy flecjDHHmjjeMo oahocom HacTane k o-
nnHHHe TonnoTHe eHeprnje npn noTnyHOM carope-
Banby n KonnHHHe ropnBa Koja je Ty TonnoTHy
eHeprnjy ocno6of l nna, Ha3MBaMOTonj iOTHOM Mohn
ropnBa. OHa je BeoMa 3HanajHa KOMnoHeHTa npn
npopanyHMMa, a yjeflHO je n Haj3HanajHMja KapaK-
TepncTHKaropnBa.
TonnoTHa Moti ce o6ene>KaBa ca H n H3pa>KaBa y
J/ kg 3a HBpcTa ropMBa, y J/ m3N 3a racoBMTa n J/ dm3
3a TenHa ropnBa.
l1pepaHyHaBahbe 3anpeMMHCKe TonnoTHe Motin Ha
MaceHy TonnoTHy Moh Bpiun ce M3pa30M:
H . O - . H
kg
kJ , kg
m3N m3N
C o63npoM Ha ycnoBe y KojnMa ce npopec carope-
Baiba oflBnja nocTojn
- TOnnOTHa MOti npH KOHCTaHTHOM npnTMCKy n
- TonnoTHa Moti npn KOHCTaHTHoj 3anpeMMHn.
rioiJ jTO ce BpeflHOCTH TonnoTHe Motin flo6njeHe npn
KOHCTaHTHOM npHTHCKy H KOHCTaHTHOj 3anpeMMHM
BeoMa Mano pa3nMKyjy, t o ce ycnoBM noceHO mHe
HarnaiuaBajy.
SHasajHa m npaKTMHHO yBeK npncyTHa noflena, c
o63npoM Ha TonnoTHM hmbo npoflyKaTa caropeBa-
rba, je roprba Hg m florba Hd TonnoTHa Moti.
Tophba TonnoTHa Moti (Hg) npeflCTaBTba KonnHMHy
TonnoTe KOja HacTaj e noTnyHMM caropeBaHDeM
jeflMHnpe Mace ropnBa, nofl ycnoBOM fla ce nocne
caropeBaHDa npoflyKTM, HacTann npn caropeBarby,
oxnaf le Ha noneTHy TeMnepaTypy (20C) m fla ce
BOfla cTBopeHa caropeBaHDeM Hana3M y t o hhom
CTaHjy.
floHba TonnoTHa Moh (Hd) npeflCTaB/ ba KonMHMHy
TonnoTe Koja ce flo6wja noTnyHMM caropeBaH>eM
jeflMHMLie Mace ropnBa, npn neMy ce CTBopeHa BOfla
y TOKy caropeBaHaa Hana3M y o6nnKy BOfleHe nape.
TonnoTHa Moh ce MO>Ke oflpeflMTM eKcnepnMeHTan-
ho nnn panyHCKM. EKcnepnMeHTanHO ce oflpet)yje
TonnoTHa MOh Ha flBa HaHMHa: 3a HBpcTa m TenHa
ropnBa y KanopnMeTpy ca 6om6om, a 3a racOBMTa y
npoTOHHOM KanopnMeTpy. Cyai TMHCKa pa3nnKa j e y
TOMe uj t o ce y npBOM cnynaj y npopec caropeBaH>a
of l Bnj a npn CTanHoj 3anpeMHHH, a y f l pyroM npn
CTanHOM npnTMCKy.
TonnoTHa MOh ropnBa y KanopnMeTpy (cnnKe 2.1 n
2.2.) oflpetjyje ce Ha cnef l ehn HannH: TanHO Of lpe-
IjeHa KonnHMHa ropnBa caropeBa y aTMOCcjDepn hh-
CTor KHceoHHKa npn noBehaHOM npMTWCKy. Konw-
hmh3 TonnoTe KOja HacTaje caropeBaHbeM npeflaje
ce BOflM y KanopwMeTpy. Ak o je nosHaTa Maca BOfle
n hbeHa cneflMcjDMHHa TonnoTa, MepeH>eM TeMnepa-
Type BOfle npe m nocne caropeBarba y3 Oflpetjene
KopeKflMje 3or TonnoTHMX ry6MTaKa, MO>Ke ce M3-
panyHaTM KonMHMHa TonnoTe HacTana npn carope-
Baiby. flenberbeM OBe TonnoTe MacoM ropMBa flOM-
ja ce roprba TonnoTHa MOh. floHba TonnoTHa MOh
Oflpetjyje ce M3 ropi-be, y3MMajyhM y o63Mp caflp>Kaje
BOflOHMKa m Bnare y ropMBy.
OflpetjMBarbe TonnoTHe MohM racoBWTMx ropMBa y
npoTOHHOM KanopwMeTpy pa3nMKyje ce no TOMe
uj t o ce caropeBarbe oflBMja y3 npwcycTBO Ba3f lyxa m
Ha aTMoccjjepcKOM npwTMCKy.
CnnKa 2.1. - KanopnMeTap
KaMeHM yrarb je 3acTynn3eH y MariviM KonnMMHaMa.
KapaKTepncTMKe flOMaKer yrrba flaTe cy y Taenn 2.1.
M
H T
CnnKa 2.2. - Ochobhm e/ ieMeHTMKanopnMeipa:
0 - oMOTan, R- TepMocTaT, P- noflMeTan, M- Meujamina,
T - TepMOMeTap, K - Ka/ iopnMeTapcKHcyfl, L - noK/ ionai^.
TonnoTHa moK ce panyHCKn Oflpe1jyje HajHemtie Ha
ocHOBy no3HaTor eneMeHTapHor cacTaBa, a cy-
niTHHa penor npopaHyHa cacTojn ce y eneMeHTapHOj
aHann3n ropnBa, KojoM ce o,qpe1)yje eneMeHTapHM
cacTaB ropnBa n TonnoTHe moKm nojeflHHnx eneMe-
HaTa - KOMnoHeHTH ropnBa. MaTeMaTHHKa cf)opMy-
napnja 3a M3paHyHaBaHDe TonnoTHe Motin rnacn:
Hg\ I =340xC +1420
r?]+93x;
Hd
vkS
340xC +1190 | H - ^ | + 93 x S - 25 x W.
Ta6ena 2.1. - KapaKTepncTHKe yrn>a flOMatie
npon3BOflhbe
BPCTA
yn b A
TOPHdA
03HAKA TOnJl OTHA
MOTi MJ/ kg
AOHdA
TOnnOTHA
MOTi MJ/ kg
1 2 3 4
nHTHMT L 13,5-20 12,5-18,5
MPKM
yran>
M . I v 18-22
- % * _
16-20
KaMOHM
yrarb
T '
K * 20-31 19-30
- MOTOpHM 6eH3MH
y JyrocnaBnj n ce npeMa nponncnMa npoii3BOfle flBe
BpcTe MOTopHor 6eH3MHa:
- mot ophm 6eH3MH OKTaHCKor 6poja 98 - MB 98 M
- mot ophm 6eH3MH OKTaHCKor 6poja 86 - MB 86.
Mot ophm 6eH3MH KopncTM ce 3a noroH CBMX cyc
MOTOpa OCHM aBMOHCKMX. EeH3MH Ce npOM3BOflM Kao
3MMCKM m neThbM. y 3mmckom nepnof ly MOpa ce
o6e36eflMTw naK CTapT, a y neTHbHM MecepnMa He
CMejy ce CTBapaTM napHM nenoBn. npernef l KapaK-
TepncTMKa f l aT je y Ta6enn 2.2.
Ta6ena 2.2. - KapaKTepncTMKe mo t o phmx 6eH3MHa
i-fle cy:
C - MaceHH npopeHaT yrrbeHMKa y ropwBy,
H- MaceHM npopeHaT BOflOHHKa y ropnBy,
0 - MaceHH npopeHaT KnceoHHKa y ropwBy,
S - MaceHM npopeHaT cyMnopa y ropnBy,
W - MaceHMnpopeHaT Bnare y ropwBy.
0B3KBy ct3opMynaflMjy nocTaBno je CaBe3 HeManKMx
MH>Kei-bepa 1899. roflMHe w OHa ce yrnaBHOM m cafla
KopncTM y EBponn.
a.l .E. K R P f i K TEFM CTH K E
f l OMf i F.MX r OFM Ef i
- yran>
npeMa flOKa3aHWM pe3epBaMa ocHOBy Hamer yrrba
HMHe nnrHMT (90%) wMpKn yrarb (10%).
KAPAKTEPMCTMKE MOTOPHH 5EH3HH
98 - 86
OKTaHCKM 6poj 98 86
caflpx<aj onoBa g/ dm3 0,6 0,6
caflp>Kaj cyMnopa % 0,1 0,1
caflp>Kaj CMona mg/ 100 m! 6 6
- f lw3en-ropwBa
npeMa nocTojetiMM nponncnMa npow3BOfle ce
HeTnpn BpcTe flM3en-ropnBa:
- flM3en-ropwBO Bpno naxo - D1
- f lnaen-ropnBO naxo - D2
- flM3en-ropnBO cpef libe - D3
- f l W3en-ropnBO naKO ca MannM caflp>KajeM
cyMnopa - D2S.
f lM3en-ropnBO D1 kopmct m ce 3a noroH 6p30xoflHMx
flM3en-ivioTopa koj h pafle ca necTHM npoMeHaMa
onTepe+iei-ba. f ln3en-ropnBO D2 je 3a flM3en-MOTope
Kojn paf le y yo6nHajeHMM ycnoBHMa pafla. D3 ce
kopmct h 3a MOTope BetiMX CHara a flH3en-ropnBO
D2S cny>KM mct o Kao n D2, ann MMa Mai-bMnpoi^eHaT
cyMnopa.
f l pernef l KapaKTepncTMKa f l aT je y Ta6enn 2.3.
Ta6ena 2.3. - KapaKTepncTi i Ke f l H3en-ropnBa
KAPAKTE-
PMCTMKE
D1 D2 D3
1 2 3 4
rycTMHa wa 15C 0,8-0,84 0,81-0,86 0,83-0,88
BMCK03H0CTHa
20C (mm2/ s)
1,0-6,5 1,8-9,0 5,0-25,0
TeMnepaTypa
narbeHDa C
40 55 65
cyMnop % 0,5 1,0 1,5
neneo % 0,001 0,02 0,05
L(eTaHcKM 6poj 45 45 35 'V
- TacoBMTa ropnBa
Hana3HLUTa npnpof lHor raca cy y: EneMnpy, Kmkmh-
fln, ri naHf l mi jTy (BojBOflHHa).
CacTaB n KapaKTepncTMKe npnpof lHor raca f laTe cy
y Ta6enn 2.4.
3a ecjDMKacHMje KopmutieHje npnpof lHor raca y Ha-
moj 3eMTbn M3rpatjyje ce Mpe>Ka racoBOfla.
Ta6ena 2.4. - KapaKTepncTHKe npnpoflHor raca
CACTAB
rACA (%)
KI/ IKHHf lA I KMKHHf l A II
KMKI/ IHflA
III
1 2 3 4
MeTaH 90 66 96
eTaH 4,5 19,5 4
nponaH 1,5 6
6yTaH 1,5 5,5
TPflHCnOF TOEflhbE H
CKTIRflJMLUTEI-BE H E P C T M X ,
TEHHMX MrflCOEMTMX
rOPMBfl
HBpcTa ropnBa Mory ce npeB03MTM OTBopeHMM nnn
3aTBOpeHMM npeB03HMM CpeflCTBMMa, flOK ce TeHHa
m racoBMTa ropMBa npeB03e y cnepMjanHMM, 3a t o
KOHCTpyMcaHMM nocyflaMa. TaKBe nocyf le Ha3MBajy
ce L^MCTepHe m Mory 6mt m KOHCTpyMcaHe y OKBMpy
KaMMOHa MnM BaroHa (ayTO-L(MCTepHe m BaroH-i^M-
CTepHe). Ako ce TenHO ropMBo npeB03M 6poflOM, y
LbeMy Mopa nocTojaTM 3a t o HaMei-beH npocTop
of lroBapajytier onMKa 36or cTa6MnHOCTM m 6e36ef l-
HOCTM 6pOfla.
racoBMTa ropMBa (Hnp. 6yTaH) ce TaKotje TpaHcnop-
Tyjy (y flpyMCKOM cao6patiajy) y cnepMjanHMM nocy-
flaMa LjMnMHflpMHHor onMKa, Manor npenHMKa, a
BenMKe fly>KMHe, Koje ce npeB03e no HeKonMKO k o-
Mafla Ha B03Mny 3a t o HaMei-beHOM. 06nMK m flM-
MeH3Mje obmx nocyf la, Kao m flMCTepHM, M3BefleHM cy
T3K0 fla rapaHTyjy 6e36eflHOCT y TpaHcnopTy, neMy
Tpe6a nocBeTMTM HapoHMTy na>KLby f l a He 6m f lomno
flo He>Kej"beHMX nocneflM^a.
y 33BMCH0CTM ofl arperaTHor CTaLba y KOMe ce Ha-
na3e, ropMBa ce Mory TpaHcnopTOBaTM Ha pa3nM-
HMTe H3HMHe.
- flpyMCKMM cao6patiajeM - KaMMOHMMa m ayTO-flM-
CTepHaMa (cnMKa 2.3) TpaHcnopTyje ce ropMBO y
Mai-bMM KonMHMHaMa Ha KpaTKa m cpeflHba pacTO-
jai-ba. Kopmct m ce mckj t d^hmbo 3a f lonpeMarbe ropM-
Ba flo noTpomana (Ha 6eH3MHCKe nyMne, y cj>a6pM-
Ke, nocTpoj eba 3a rpejai-be 3rpaf la m cn.) 6v\no flM-
peKTHO ofl MecTa npoM3BOflibe mom naK ofl caMpHe
CTaHML(e rfle ce f lonpeMa Ha HeKM flpyrM HanMH.
- >Kene3HMHKMM cao6pat i aj eM - BaroHMMa m Ba-
roH-L| MCTepHaMa (cnMKa 2.4) TpaHcnopTyje ce ropM-
bo y BetiMM KonMHMHaMa Ha cpeflHDa m fly>Ka pacTO-
jaH^a, Ofl MecTa np0M3B0flrbe flo ca6MpHe cTaHMLje,
OflaKne ce flanDe flo noTpoujana TpaHcnopTyje flpyM-
ckmm caopatiajeM. riopef l Tora OBaj bma TpaHcnop-
Ta MO>Ke ce kopmct mt m m Ha KpatiMM pacTojarbMMa
aKO je pen o jaKO BenMKMM KonMHMHaMa ropMBa,
Hnp. TpaHcnopT yrnDa flo TepMoeneKTpaHe mcn.
- BofleHMM cao6patiajeM - mnenoBMMa mt 3hk obm-
Ma (cnMKa 2.5) TpaHcnopTyje ce ropMBO Ha BeoMa
BenMKa pacTojai-ba y BenMKMM KonMHMHaMa mhm Ha
MecTa rfle je TpaHcnopT HeMorytie M3BecTM KoriHe-
hmm nyTeM. Obmm h3hmhom Hajneujtie ce npeB03M
HacjjTa flo nyKe, of laKne ce flan^e o 6mhho >Kene3HM-
hkmm cao6patiajeM (36or BenMKMx KonMHMHa) npe-
B03M flo MecTa npepafle.
CnMKa 2.3. - Ayro-L| MCTepHa
CnnKa 2.4. - BaroH-L(MCTepHa
- Hac}3TOBOflnivia - ci/ iCTeMMMa qeBOBOfla Hac})Ta ce
TpaHcnopTyje k3ko ofl 6yuuoTMHa flo canpHnx CTa-
Hnqa, t 3ko n ofl htnx flo OTnpeMHnx CTaHML^a. Ha-
cjrra ce TaKO^e flarbe MO>xe boamt m peBMMa flo yTO-
BapHnx MecTa y npeB03Ha cpeflCTBa mj im naK Ha-
cfiTOBOfl Mfle flMpeKTHO ofl OTnpeMHe CTaHMqe flo
MecTa npepafle - pacjiMHepMje.
Flo flo6Mjauby M3 6yiuoTMHe, nacpTa ce f larbe MOMce
TpaHcnopTOBaTM flo ca&MpHMX CTaHMfla noceHMM
HacpTOBOflMMa 3a cBaKy 6ymoTMHy mj im 3ajeflHM-
HKMMHaCpTOBOflOM 3a BMtue 6ymoTMHa. llpM TOMe cy
y OKBMpy meBOBOfla noTpe6He m MepHe CTaHMpe y
KojMMa ce Mepe KonMHMHe HacpTe M3 nojeflMHMx
6ymoTMHa.
yo6MnajeHO je fla ce peBOBOflM 3a TpaHcnopT HacpTe
nocTaBTbajy nofl3eMHO, ocmm aKO ce paflM o Kpa-
t k mm pacTojahbMMa, Kafla Mory 6mt m Hafl3eMHM. 3a
nonarahbe fleBOBOfla noTpeHO je MCKonaTM of l ro-
Bapajyhe KaHajie fly6MHe 0,6-1,0 m, l ut o 33bmcm ofl
npeHHMKa peBOBOfla m BpcTe 3eMJtMmTa. rionpeHHM
npeceK KaHajia MO>Ke 6mt m npaBoyraoHM m Tpa-
ne3HM. npe nocTaBjbai-ba y KaHane fleBM ce Mopajy
M30JioBaTM. LjeBM ce HacTaBJbajy 3aBapMBai-beM 3a
mTa je y KaHajiy Ha MecTMMa 3aBapMBarba noTpe-
ho ypaflMTM of lroBapajytia npomMpeH>a. TaKot je ce
Ha MecTMMa rpaHarba peBOBOfla npaBe 6eTOHCKM
maxTOBM paflM ji aKmer npMCTyna.
CnuKa 2.5. - Bpof l -L(ncTepHa
Hafl3eMHO nocTaBJbanbe fleBOBOfla BpmM ce Ha 6e-
t ohckmm mj im nejiMHHMM cTy6oBMMa, a npMMehbyje
ce yrjiaBHOM y OKBMpy pacpMHepMja Kao mcaMpHMX
MJIMOTnpeMHMX CTaHMfla.
- racoBOflM TaKo^e cjiy>Ke 3a TpaHcnopT. Hacjn'a ce
M3 6ymoTMHe floMja ca pacTBopeHMM npMpoflHMM
racoM y ceM. Ohm ce 3ajeflH0 TpaHcnopTyjy flo
OTnpeMHMX CTaHMpa rfle ce rac M3flBaja, 33t mm ce
ca6Mja KOMnpecopMMa m majbe flo noTpomana
fleBOBOflMMa.
npnpoflHM rac ce TaKotje floMja M3 6ymoTMHa Ha
jie>KMUJ TMMa npMpoflHor raca oflaKJ ie ce fleBOBOflM-
Ma (OflBOjeHMM MJIM3ajeflHMHKMM) OflBOflM flO fleH-
TpajiHe racHe cTaHMpe. OBfle t obopmmo o npMpofl-
hom racy c o63mpom fla je oh HajpacnpocTpahbeHMje
racoBMTO ropMBO. flaKjie, noMeHyTM CMCTeM peBOBO-
fla 3a TpaHcnopT raca Ha3MBa ce racoBOfl.
flpeMa HaMeHM racoBOflM Mory 6mt m P33j imhmt m.
- MarncTpajiHM ce OfljiMKyjy BpJio BejiMKOM ,qy>KM- yBeK ce nocTaB/ bajy BaH Hace/ ba c 03np0M Ha bm-
hom (Mory 6mt m flyraHKM mnpeKO xn/ bafly kmj io- coKe npMTMCKe monacHOCT of l eKcnno3nje. HajMa-
MeTapa) m BemiKMM KanaflHTeTOM. l-tMMa ce rac H>a flynHa KaHajia 3a nonaraHse flMCTpn6yTMBHnx
flOBOfln y 6/ JM3MHy rpaflCKor Hacejba. racOBOfla omhho je oko 0,8 m, flOK ce MaH>a fly6M-
- flMCTPM6yTMBHM cjiy>Ke sa pasBOfl ofl MarMCTpa/ 1- Ha fl03BOJbaBa C3M0 Ha KpatiMM fleoHMpaMa m t o y
Hor eofla flo noTponjana (rpaflCKO nace/ be, mh- M3y3eTHMMcnyHajeBMMa.
f l ycTPMjcKa 30Ha...). Ynopef lO ca TpaHcnopTOM roPMBa jaB/ ba ce m no-
- Pa3B0flHM nPMnaflajy noTpomaHMMa raca. Tpe6a HaeroBor jiarepoBaHaa. floiiiTO hm npoM3BOfl-
H>a hm noTpoiuH>a ropMBa HMcy cTariHe, noTpeHO je
MarncTpajiHM m flMCTPM6yTMBHM racoBOflM M3BOfle 6j iaroBpeMeHO o6e36eflMTM OflpetjeHe 3ajiMxe (pe-
ce Kao nof l3eMHM, a Tpace MarMCTpajiHMx BOflOBa 3epBe).
CnnKa 2.6.a. - Barep ca noBpiunHCKMXKonoBa
HBpcTa ropi/ iBa ce / iarepyjy Ha OTBopeHMM nnn y
3aTBOpeHMM (nOKpMBeHMM) CKJiaflMLLJTMMa Koja MX
ujTMTe ofl aTM0ccjjepcKMX yTMi4aja (KMLua, CHer).
llpeMa BpcTM MexaHM3aMa KojM ce KopMCTe 3a
MaHMnyjiai4Mjy ropMBOM Ha CKJiaflMiiJTy, OHa Mory 44a
6yfly:
- CKjiaflMLiiTa ca opt hmm ypetjajeM 3a cjiararbe yrjba
mpoTopcKMM npeTOBapMBaneM - ryceHMnapoM;
- npcTeHacTa cKjiaflMLUTa ca ypetjajeM 3a cji arai be
m npeTOBapMBaneM KojM ce OKpetiy ok o Bep-
TMKanHe oce peHTpajiHor cTy6a;
- CKJiaflMLUTe ca mochmm KpaHOM m
- CKJiaflMUJTe ca 6yjiflo>KepMMa.
Ha criMflM 2.6.6 npeflCTaBJbeHO je cKjiaflMiUTe ca
paflMjajiHMM ypetjajeM 3a cji araj be m pot opck mm
npeTOBapMBaneM ryceHMnapoM. Of l MCTOBapHor
MecTa yraj b ce flOBOflM Ha MecTO npecMnai-ba (1)
oflaKJie ce TpaKacTMM TpaHcnopTepoM 6poj 1 (2) mo-
x<e nocuaTM Ha noTpomHO CKjiaflMLUTe (3) mj im Tpa-
KacTMMTpaHcnopTepoM 6poj 2 (4) Ha pe3epBH0 CKJia-
flMiuTe (8). CKjiaf lMiuTe je KanaflMTeTa flo 300 000 t
m MMa paflMjanHM ype^aj 3a cnarart>e (5) KojM ce
OKpetie ok o BepTMKajiHe m xopM30HTajiHe oce m Ha
HMjoj je cTpejiM nocTaBJbeH cTaflMOHapHM (6) m
noKpeTHM (7) TpaKacTM TpaHcnopTep ca MoryhHO-
ujtiy npoMeHe CMepa. Yraj b ce ca cKJiaflMiuTa rnajue
noMohy poTopcKor npeTOBapMBana (9) npeKO nof l-
3eMHMX CKJiaflMLUHMX 6yHKepa (10) m TpaKacTMX
TpaHcnopTepa (11).
Kofl npcTeHacTor CKJiaflMLUTa ca o pt hmm ypet)ajeM
3a cnaraHDe mpot opc kmm npeTOBapMBaneM (cjiMKa
2.6.b) yrajb ce ca MCTOBapHor MecTa flOBOflM Tpa-
KacTMM TpaHcnopTepMMa (1) Ha opTHM ypet)aj 3a
cjiaraHae (2), Ha HMjoj cy cTpejiM nocTaBjbeHM jeflaH
HenoKpeTHM (3) m jeflaH noKpeTHM (4) TpaKacTM
TpaHcnopTep. Ca ypet>aja 3a cjiaraHDe KojMce o6phe
Cnma 2.6.6. - CKnaflMUJTe ca paflnjajiHMM ypetajeM 3a
cuarahbe n pot opck mm npeTOBapnBaneM - ryceHHHapoM
6 2 4 3 1 11 5 10 9 7 10
Cj iHKa 2.6.b . - npcTeHacTO CKjiaf lmuTe 3a yrajr. ca o p t h m m
ypetjajeM3a c/ iaran>e n p o t o p c k h m npeTOBapnBaneM
ok o CTy6a (5) yrarb ce flOBOflM Ha cKjiaflMiuTe (6)
Koje MMa oj i mk npcTeHa f pane30Mf lH0r npoc| 3Mna.
Ca CKJiaflMiuTa ce yraj b M3flaje pot opck mm npeTO-
BapMBaneM (7), KojM ce TaKotje OKpehe ok o CTy6a
(5). Yrarb ce ca CKnaflMLUTa y3MMa noMohy Kocf>M-
nacTor poTopa m TpaKacTMM TpaHcnopTepMMa (10),
KojM ce Hajia3e Ha CTpejiM m MOCTy (9), flOBOflM Ha
TpaKacTM TpaHcnopTep (12) KojMM ce oflBOflM y
noTpoiuiby. l_(eHTpajiHM BepTMKajiHM CTy6 (5) m 6e-
t ohck m npcTeH no yHyTpaLurbeM o6MMy CKJiaflMLUTa
Ha KOMe ce Hajia3M KOjioceK (1) cy ocj i oham no KojM-
Ma ce bpl um KpeTaibe ypet)aja 3a cji arai be m npeTO-
BapMBana. Kanaf lMTeT OBor CKJiaflMuiTa m3hocm
500 000 flo 600 000 t yrjba.
Jl arepoBarbe t bhhmx m racoBMTMx ropMBa mhot o je
CJ10>KeHMje C063MPOM Ha lbMXOBe 4>M3MHKe OCOMHe
(3anajbMBOCT, eKCriJ103MBHOCT).
Hacj>Ta ce y canpHMM cTaHMpaMa cKjiaflMLUTM y pe-
3epBoapMMa, of laKjie ce TpaHcnopTyje flo pacJjMHe-
pnje. HaKOH npepaf le, Hac(>THMf l epMBaTM ce TaKot>e
CKJiaflMLUTe y pe3epBoapMMa.
Pe3epBoapM 3a TeHHa ropMBa Mory 6mt m Hafl3eMHM
(CHMKa 2.7) (BepTMKariHM MX0pM30HTajlHM) MyKO-
naHM (cjiMKa 2.8). XopM30HTajiHM pe3epBoapM ce
M3patjyjy flo 200 m3 3anpeMMHe, a BepTMKajiHM mflo
HeKOJiMKOf leceTMHa xMjbaf la Ky6HMx MeTapa.
Vk oj i mk o ce y pe3epBoapy nyBa t ol uk o yj be (Hnp.
Ma3yT), Mopajy 6mt m yrpa1jeHM rpejanM 3a 3arpeBa-
ibe yj ba, KaKO 6m ce noBehajia bmcko3h o c t m omo-
rytiMOHecMeTaH TpaHcnopT nyMnaMa.
f l a He 6m f lomjio flo pasjiMBaba ropMBa y cnynaj y
Keapa mum H3K nynaHj a pe3epBoapa, ok o rbera ce
M3rpat^yje 6a3eH flOBOJbHO BenMKM fla MO>Ke npM-
x b3t mt m 4enoKynHy M3nMBeHy 3anpeMMHy.
ri pMpof l HM rac ce CKnaflMiuTM y nofl3eMHMM CKna-
flMLUTMMa, npM neMy je rac ca6MjeH nofl oflpetjeHMM
npMTMCKOM. ripMpoflHM rac ce Mo>xe flpxcaTM nofl
BMCOKMM npMTMCKOM My TeHHOM CTahby, Mt o y cc(>ep-
hmm pe3epBoapMMa BMcoKor npMTMCKa.
a)
\
CnnKa 2.7. - Hafl3eMHM pe3epBoapn
\
n H T d h b O H 3Q A *L I>1
1. Hl Ta je ropnBO?
2. Kano cmo nof lennnn cBa ropnBa?
3. Hl Ta noflpa3yMeBaMO no,q eneMeHTapHMM cacTaBOM ropnBa9
4. Koje cy ropnBe KOMnoHeHTe ropnBa, a iuTa hhhh anacT?
5. LLlTa jo TonnoTHa Mots ropnBa?
6. KaKO ce momo OflpennTM Ton/ ioTHa Moti ropMBa?
7. Koje cy KapaKrepMCTMKe flOMat\ Mx ropMBa?
8. KojM cy HasMHM TpaHcnopTOBai-ba ropMBa?
9. Koj m cy H3HMHM ycKnaflMtUTeHba ropMBa?
2 . 2 . HB P CTf i r OPMBf i
a .a .l . B P CTE ' HBPCTMX
r OPM Bf i , Kf i Pf i K TEPM CTM K E
n u JEf l MHMX B P CTf i
OcHOBHa nof leoa hbpct mx ropMBa je nof lena Ha
npMpoflHa m npepaljeHa ropMBa. npMpoflHa HBpcTa
ropMBa ce TaKotje Mory nofle/ iMTM Ha oHOB/ bMBa m
HeoHOB/ bMBa. OHOB/ bMBa HBpcTa ropMBa cy OHa
Koja cTa/ iHO HacTajy, Tj. o6HaBJbajy ce. y oHOBJbM-
Ba npMpoflHa HBpcTa ropMBa cnaf lajy ap b o , npoflyK-
t m MexaHMHKe npepaf le m opaf le f lpBeTa m pa3He
BpcTe MJbHMX Maca. Ba>KHO je petiM fla je obmx
ropMBa BeoMa Ma/ io.
HeoHOBJbMBa ropMBa cy Haora/ ia flaBHo ofl ocTaTa-
Ka M/ bHor m >KMBOTMHDCKOr CBeTa flyroTpajHMM npo-
LjecMMa pacnaflaH^a y noceHMM npMpoflHMM yc/ io-
BMMa. Pe3epBe obmx ropMBa ce He o6HaB/ bajy na hx
je cBe Manbe. y OBy rpyny ropMBa cnaf lajy pa3He
BpcTe yr/ ba, TpeceT m t opmbm LUKpM/ bflM. Ha cj iml j m
2.9, npMKa3aHM cy M3rpatjeHM KanapMTeTM noBpiuMH-
ckmx KonoBa m pyflHMKa nofl3eMHe eKcn/ ioaTaflMje.
f l pBO. - y cacTaB f l pBeTa y/ ia3e peji yji o3a, j i mj hmt
(cno>KeHOjeflMHjense yr/ beHMKa, BOflOHMKa m KMceo-
HMKa), 33t mm cMona, BocaK, MacHotia, enaHseBMHe
m MMHepanHe npMMece.
OpraHCKM cacTaB f lpBeTa je pa3nMHMTm 33bmcm ofl
BpcTe f lpBeTa, a Hajneiutie je t o cnefletiM npnnM-
>K3H OflHOC: yr/ beHMK 50%, KMCeOHMK 43%, BOflO-
hmk 6%, a30T 1%. noLUTO y flPBeTy HeMa cyMnopa,
t o ce iberoBa opraHCKa Maca MO>Ke CMaTpaTM m ropM-
bom MacoM. Caflp>Kaj enare y f lpBeTy Kpetie ce y rpa-
HnpaMa ofl 20% flo 65%, a caflpx<aj nenena flo 2%.
TonnoTHa Moti f lpBeTa je 18,4 MJ/ kg. KopMintieH>e
Kony6apa
floibe E>
florbe^
TaMHdBdi/lcioK l l j S l
TaMHaea3anafl
3 1
$ 1
i i
1 2
_ 2
1
KocTonai ^
KneHOBHMK 1
\2
TtMpMKoeau
11
KOCOBO
Zio6po Ceno
6enafiesaq i
1HO
fmm, -\
o 10 20 30 A0 50 60
'***:*''l 2
yrarv>- nnnMOHa t OTKpHBKa MMHMona m3mbpct o Mace
CnMKa 2.9. - M3rpat}eHMKanaL| HTeTHpyflHMKa n noBpujMHCKMX
KonoBa
95%, npn Meiyiy ce cyuieHaeM Ha Ba3flyxy caflpx<aj
B/ iare MO>Ke CMaHbMTMHa 40%. Ca,qp>Kaj nenena je
flo 5%, Hajneujtie je naKO Ton/bHB, l l it o OTe>KaBa
eKcnjioaTaL| njy. floHoa ToruiOTHa moK je 11,75-
12,58 MJ/ kg. JlaKO ce nann, n BeoMa je ck j i oh caMO-
narbeHby. Topn flyrnM njiaMeHOM. llorof laH je 3a
eKcrmoaTaflnjy Ha MecTHMa y 6j i h3mhh Hana3muTa.
Mo>Ke ce npepaljMBaTM, a i i o t o m k opmct mt m y BMfly
pnKeTa.
yra/b. - OpraHCKy Teopnjy o HacT3HKy yrjba flecpn-
Hncao je rnHeji KpajeM XIX BeKa n no Hroj yrarb
BOfln nopeKjio HajBetiHM flejiOM M3 njbHe npaMa-
Tepnje, a caMO MajiMM flejiOM M3 ocTaTaKa >kmbot mhd-
ckmx opraHM3aMa. OcTaTaK 6mbHe npaMaTepnje,
6e3 o63npa fla j im je na cyBOM mj im y BOfln, Hanafla-
jy aKTepnje, nnjnM flenoBarbeM HacTaje TpeceT.
TpeceT t o k om fly>Ker BpeMeHa 3acnnajy necaK n
Myjb. noujTO HacTajin cnojeBM pacTy, pacTe n npn-
TncaK, flona3n flo n3flBajaHja racoBa, Te caflpx<aj
yrjbeHMKa pacTe. OBa Maca nofl npviTMCKOM noMepa
ce cBe fly6jbe y cjiojeee rfle cy mnpnTncaK mTeM-
nepaTypa 6mj im CBe BetiM, a ycjiefl rara ce CTBapao
yrarb. OBaj npoqec Tpaje BeoMa flyro jep je 3a 1 m
cnoja npaMaTepMje noTpeHO 3 000 roflMHa. OflHoc
nojeflMHMX opraHCKMX cacTojaKa 33bmcm Ofl BpcTe
yrrba.
Ha cj imhm 2.10 npMKa3aH je CTeneH npoM3BOflibe
yrjba, a y Ta6enM 2.5 npMKa3aHa je ocTBapeHa npo-
M3B0flrba yrrba.
APBeTa Kao ropMBa HMje onpaBflaHO, Te HberoBy npn-
MeHy Tpea carneflaTM y flpyrMM TexHonoLUKMM npo-
ujecMMa.
TpeceT. - l1pBy c}>a3y y npoL(ecy TpaHCCpopMagMje
6nrbHe MaTepMje y yrarb npef lCTaBjba TpeceT, Ma-
Tepnja cMBe flo CMBOLjpHe 6oje. TpaHccpopMaLjMja
Mox<e fla 6yf le y p33j imhmt mm CTaflMjyMMMa na ce
pa3nnKyje:
BnaKHacTM TpeceT - cacTojM ce M3 HepacnaflHyTMx
ocTaTaKa MibHor pacTMiba;
3eMJbacTM TpeceT - floinno je flo TpaHccpopMaLjMje
y TaK03B3Hy TpeceTHy Macy ca
MaibMM flenoM Hepacnaf lHyTor
MjbHor pacTMba;
CKOnacTM TpeceT - cacTojM ce M3 xoMoreHe Tpece-
THe Mace Koj a He caflp>KM hm-
KaKBe ocTaTKe 6MjbHe npaMa-
Tepnje.
LUt o je BetiM cTeneH TpaHccpopMagMje, mKBanMTeT
TpeceTa je 6orbM. TpeceT ce HapoHMTO jaBJba y
MOHBapHMM npeflenMMa. hberoBy opraHCKy Macy ca-
HHhbaBajy: yrrbeHMK 50-60%, KMceoHMK' 90-40%,
BOflOHMK 4 -6 %, a30T 1,5-3%, cyMnop 0,3%. Ca-
flpx<aj Bnare ce Kpebe y rpaHML(aMa ofl 80% flo
MMnMona
CcnKa 2.10. - flp0M3B0fli-ba yrrba
llpeMa CTeneHy yrrbeHMcaHOCTM, yraj b ce flenM Ha
BMLue rpyna.
Jl nmMT. - flo cbom cacTaBy MO>Ke 6mt m flpBeHacTM,
3eMJbacTM m xyMycHM..JlMmMTy CLi r je HajHemtie xy-
MycHM momhho ce Hana3M Ha Manoj fly&MHM flo He-
KonnKO fleceTMHa MeTapa, t 3ko fla ce eKcnnoaTMme
noBpiuMHCKMM KonoBMMa. Caflp>KM 60-65% yrjbe-
HMKa, 20-30% N m O m 4-6% H, Bnare 40-60% a
nenena flo 18%. f lorba TonnoTHa Mob nnrHMTa je
5-9 MJ/ kg. JImt hmt je yrnaBHOM CKnoH caMona-
JbeH>y.
Ta6e/ia 2.5. - OcTBapeHa npon3Bo,qhba yrn>a
JABHO nPEf l y3ET,E n/ iAH OCTBAPEHO OCTB./ n/ l AH
Kony6apa 26 379 000 25 334 450 96,0
KocTonaf l 6 572 000 5 164 648 78,6
Koj i y6apa + KocTonag 32 951 000 30 499 098 92,6
Ko cobo' 6 102 000 4 681 170 76,7
YKynHo noB. eKcnn. 39 053 000 30 499 098 78,1
riofl3eMHa eKcnn. 705 000 554 841 78,7
yKyr i HO Enc 39 758 000 31 053 939 78,1
MpKH yran>. - TaMHiije je 6oje ofl TpeceTa n y
nope^ehby ca h>mm MMa Befcy rycTHHy, ann je 3aT0
MaH>e xnrpocKonaH. y 3aBMCH0CTM ofl CTeneHa
yrn3eHMcaH0CTM, mpkm yrarb MO>Ke 6mt m jinrHHTHe,
3eM/bacTe n CMonacTe CTpyKType. y opraHCKii cac-
TaB MpKor yrrba yna3e: yrjr.eHHK 65-76%, KnceoHMK
17-28%, a30T 17-28%, BOflOHMK 5 -6 % n cyMnop
oko 5%. HMa 5-45% nenejia n 20-55% BJ iare.
MpKn yrarb caropeBa flyrnM nnaMeHOM, npn HeMy
ce ocj ioatj a TonnoTa nnja je florba TonnoTHa MOti
29,3 MJ/ kg.
KaMeHki yran. - V nope1)eHby ca mpk hm yrn>eM,
KaMeHn yran> je MaH>e xnrpocKonaH, a noceflyje
Betiy rycTMHy m HBpcTOtiy. OpraHCKM cacTaB je cne-
fletiM: yrrbeHMK 75-90%, BOflOHMK 4-6%, KMceoHMK
2-28% m cyMnop 5%. Caflp>Kaj nenena Kpetie ce y
rpaHMflaMa ofl 10-20%, a Bnare 3-15%. flohba
TonnoTHa MOti je y MHTepBany Ofl 20,9-29,3 MJ/ kg.
KaMeHM yran> je xeMMjcKM cTa6nnHnjn, penaTMBHo
nocTojaH, a nojeflMHe BpcTe cy CKnoHe caMona-
Tbei-by.
AHTpaf l MT. - AHTpaflMT je yraTb KOfl Kora je npoqec
TpaHccjjopMaflnje 6nTbHe npaMaTepnje y yraTb Haj-
BMuje M3pa>KeH. OpraHCKM cacTaB aHTpapnTa je:
yrrbeHMK 97-98%, a ocTaTaK HMHe CBe ocTane
MaTepnje. Caflp>KM 8-20% nenena m ok o 6% Bnare.
floH>a TonnoTHa Moti je 21,1-27,2 MJ/ kg. AHTpaf lHT
je BeoMa cTa6nnaH npn cKnaflmiJTeH>y, BennKe je
rycTMHe, a Bpno Mane xnrpocKonHOCTM.
ropnBM uiKpiin>f lii. - HacTaj y M3 opraHCKor Myjr.a
pacnaflaH>eM 6mj t>hmx m>kmbot mh>ckmx opraHM3aMa,
Hajneujtie 6e3 npMcycTBa Ba3flyxa. TopMBM ujKpMn>L(M
cy y CTBapM cTeHe npo>KeTe opraHCKOM MacoM. l-bMX0B
opraHCKM cacTaB je: yrn>eHMK 70%, boao hmk 9,5%,
cyMnop 4,5%. Caflp>Kaj MMHepanHMx MaTepMja je
70%, a Bnare 20%. TonnoTHa MOti je 27,2-33,5 MJ/ kg.
2 . 2 . 5 . n O C T v n U M
On . n EM EH a -M B f i l -b ' R M
n F E P R f l E H B P C TM X TO P M B h
f la 6m ce yrarb ecpMKacHOm 6kohommmho eKcnnoa-
TMcao, noTpeHO ra je npe ynoTpe6e Ha of lroBapa-
jytiM HasMH npMnpeMMTM - onneMeHMTM. hocTynflM
npMMeHe yr/ ba f l ene ce Ha:
- OflCTpahbMBarbe rpy6nx MexaHMHKMx npMMeca,
- flpo6jbeH>e m cMTtbeH>e,
- peujeTart>e mKnacMpaH>e no BenMHMHM,
- flenMMMHHO0flCTpaH>eH>e Bnare.
Ocnoat^arte yrn>a ofl rpy6nx MexaHMHKMX HeHM-
cTotia Ha3MBa ce mcjjnoTaflMja mnpeflCTaB/ ba jeflHy
ofl Mepa 3a no6ojbiiiaH>e KBanMTeTa ropMBa. Obo je
cno>KeH npoflec HMjMje koh3hhm uy\n* OflCTpaH>ert>e
MMHepanHMx npMMeca m h>mxobo cBot^eibe Ha Haj-
Man>y Moryt.y Mepy. JeflaH ofl nocTynaKa cj>noTaflM-
je je m nocTynaK no3HaT nofl MMeHOM MOKpa cena-
paflMja. CyiiiTMHa nocTynKa je y KopMiutiett>y pa3nM-
Ka y rycTMHM, n cacTojM ce y TOMe fla ce yrarb noTa-
na y B0fly o6oratieHy necKOM, TaKO fla ce flOMja
cycneH3Mja Koja v\ua Betiy rycTMHy ofl yr/ ba.
MMHepanne npMMece M3 yrn>a 36or Te>KMHe naflajy
Ha flHo ypet)aja, flOK yran> nnMBa no noBpibM cy-
cneH3Mje. ypetjajM y KojMMa ce oflBMja oBaKaB npo-
flec no3H3TM cy nofl MMeHOM cenapaTopM, a Mory
6mt m qeHTpMcf>yranHM mrpaBMTaflMOHM.
f l f OE. t EI -b E M CHTh b EHb E V ntrFl
flpo6n>ett>e je npogec cMan>MBaH>a KOMafla yrn>a
flMpeKTHMM flenoBatt>eM MexaHMHKe cnne m oho
MO>Ke 6mt m:
- npMnpeMHO(y flMJby 0flCTpaH>MBaH>a MMHepanHMX
npMMeca mbpuj m ce Ha BetiMM KOMaflMMa) m
- 3aBpujH0 (aKO cy npo,qyKTM npnnpeM/ beHn 3a yno-
Tpe6y y BennHMHM Ha KOjy cy n3flpo6/ beHn).
CaM npoflec ce peann3yje Ha HeKonnKo HannHa, Kao
iiit o cy rtbesehbe, yf lap, flenatbe, a necTO ce npn-
Metbyjy n KOMMHOBaHM nocTynpn. y 3aBMCH0c ofl
KpynHotie npof lyKaTa f l poj bet t a pa3JiHKyjeMo:
- rpy6o f lpojbei be (KOMaflM ofl 100-200 mm),
- cpefltbe flpo6jbehbe (25-80 mm),
- c{)mho f l po6jbeibe (3-25 mm),
- rpy6o cnTi bei be - MjieBeibe (0,5-3 mm),
- <J)mho cnTHjeibe - MJieBehbe (ncnof l 0,5 mm).
flpo6njinfla ca HeKMtiHMa cnaf la y pefl 6p30xoflHnx
MaiunHa n pafln Ha npnHqnny yf l apa yf lapHnx Tena o
MaTepnjan Kojn ce f l pon. CacToj n ce ofl poTopa
Kojn je y cyujTMHM BpaTMJio ca flBa ocjiOHna Ha KOje
cy nocTaBJbeHa yf lapHa Tena. Ha yj ia3y y f l pon-
Jinpy Hajia3M ce pemeTKa pafln cnpenaBaiba yj i ac-
Ka BejinKnx KOMafla, a Ha M3Jia3y f l pyra pemeTKa ofl
HMje BejlMHMHe OTBOpa 3aBMCH Cf)MHOtia flpOJbeiba.
y cjiynajy BejiMKe cjjnHotie f l poj bei ba Bjia>KHor
yrjba flOJia3n flo 3aTBapaiba pemeTKe Ha H3jia3y,
36or nera 3H3t h o onaf la KanaflMTeT flpo6nnnf le.
flpo6miML(e ca BarbflHMa cy cnopoxof lHe MamnHe n
Mory 6h t h ca jeflHHM n flBa BajbKa, a KopncTe ce 3a
ycuThbaBatbe t bpamx n cpeflrbe t bpahx yrjbeBa. no
CBOjMM paflHMM KapaKTepMCTMKaMa Matbe cy yHM-
Bep3anHe Ofl npeTxoflHMx.
P EL UETRHb E M K / l RCM FRh b E
t TJb R - COP TM P R H b E i -T. l t -R
OBaj nocTynaK ce npMMeHDyje y L(MJby floMjatba
yrjba Of l roBapaj ytie BenMHMHe noTpeHe 3a of l pe-
1^eHMeHepreTCKM npoqec, o ah o c h o nocTpoj et be. no-
CTynaK pemeTat ba je h mc t o MexaHMHKM nocTynaK
KojMce y oc hobm cacTOjM y copTMpatby yrrba no Be-
j i mhmhm, npMMeHOM of lroBapajytiMx CMTa m pemeTa
(CJlMKa 2.11). ri omTO npOf lyKTM flOMjeHM OBaKBMM
nocTynKOM yBeK MMajy 0f lpe1)eHe flMMeH3Mje Koje
3aBMce Ofl OTBopa Ha CMTy, Ha3MBajy ce Knace, a m
caM nocTynaK - nocTynaK KjiacMpaiba.
ll03HaTa je cjief letia nof leaa Ha Kjiace:
KOMafl - yraj b BetiM of l 60 mm,
K0L(Ka - yrajb BetiM ofl 30 mm f lo 120 mm,
opax - yrajb BetiM ofl 15 mm f lo 65 mm,
rpax - yraj b BetiM ofl 5 mm flo 35 mm,
npamMHa - yraj b BetiM ofl 0 mm flo 20 mm.
X2J 'isT
- U-, . o ______
!
o o o
OOOI
o o o
o o o j
o o o
(AJUUl
0000
0000 (
n n n
n X
(VTJ nL'
m
CnnKa 2.11. - BpcTe cnTa m peiueTa
y eKcnnoaTaflMjM ce flejiMMMHHOOflCTpatbyje Bjiara
Ha BMme HanMHa:
- npMpoflHMM cymerbeM,
- flpeHMparbeM (npMpoflHO OflCTpaHaeHDe BOfle nofl
yTMpajeM concTBeHe Te>KMHe),
- L(eHTpMCj)yrMpaibeM,
- Cj)MJlTpMpaibeM.
5.a.3. nPMMEHE
HEPCTMX TOPMEfi
Yrarb ce k opmct m:
- 3a flMpeKTHy ynoTpe6y (Kao ropMBO) y jio>KMmTMMa
netiM MKOTJ lOBa,
- 3a npepaf ly y f l pyre KBajiMTeTHMje BMflOBe HBp-
CTMX, TeHHMX MJIMraCOBMTMX TOpMBa.
[IpMJ iMKOM npepafle yrrba y flpyre BMflOBe eHeprMje
pa3J iMKyjeM0 npMMapHe mceKyHflapHe npoL(ece npe-
pafle. ripMMapHM npoi^ecM cy 6pMKeTMparbe m MJ ie-
Berbe yrrba y npax, a ceKyHflapHM npopecM npefl-
CTaBJ bajy flOMjatbe flpyrMx h bpc t mx , t bhhmx mj im
racoBMTMxropMBa.
MneBeibe yrjba y npax je npMMapHM npoLiec npe-
pafle yrjba. npMMeibyje ce paflM flo6Mjaiba yrjba y
cnpameHOM CTarby, Koje flaHac npef lCTaBJba ochob-
hm h3hmh caropeBaiba y no>KMmTMMa KOTnoBa T ep-
MoeneKTpaHa.
Ochobhm 3aflaMM MnMHa y npopecy npnnpeMe yrjbe-
Hor npaxa cy:
- ycMThbaBaHDe yrjba flo cmt hmx HecTMqa paflM 6o-
jber m6p>Ker caropeBaba,
- cymetbe ynba flo Oflpel^eHe Bna>KHOCTM,
- o6e36et)MBaibe noTpeHe 6p3MHe necTMLia caMne-
BeHor yrjba Ha yna3y y ropMOHMKe.
CnnKa 2.12. - BeHTnnaTopcKM m/imh
Mj i mhobm Mory 6ht h pa3/ iMMMTe KOHCTpyKL\ nje, a
HajHeiiitie ce npnMeHayjy BeHTnnaTopcKn mj i mhobm
(cnnKa 2.12).
EP H K ETH P f l h b E
BpnKeTnpan^e je npoL(ec KOjnM ce ofl cnTHnjnx
flenntia yrn3a, yrnaBHOM npaniMHe, cnen/bMBaHbeM
no,q npnTncKOM flonjajy KOMafln npaBnnHor onn-
Ka - 6pnKeTM, Hnja Maca MO>xe 6mt m ofl 1 kg flo 8 kg.
CaM nocTynaK ce ocTBapyje y npecaMa. y npoflecy
pnKeTnpai-ba k ophct m ce n Be3HBHi/i MaTepnjan
opraHCKor nnn HeopraHCKor cacTaBa. Kopnmtiehbe
opraHCKMix MaTepnja Kao Be3MBHnx cpeflCTaBa je
6o/be, jep noBefcaBajy TonnoTHy mo1t m noonDiJ ua-
Bajy caropeBahbe. yTML|aj Be3HBHor cpeflCTBa je 3Ha-
najaH n 3a BennnnHy paflHor npnTncKa npn can-
jaHsy. BpnKeTnpai-be OMorytiaBa n ncKopniiiTaBaHae
yrn>eHe npainnHe Koja ce nHane He 6h Morna mck o-
pncTHTM. EpnKeTM oMorytiaBajy paBHOMepHMjy Ba-
Tpy jep cy n ohm caMH npn6nn>KHe, na n ncTe Be-
nMHMHe. BpnKeTn cy nocTojaHM Ha CKnaflniiiTy, TpaHC-
nopT je eKOHOMnnaH n h h c t .
n o c T^ n R K c l -'b e .o e c t m j i r u m j e
nocTynaK cyBe f lecTnnaf lnje je ochobhm ceKyHf lap-
hm npoflec npepaf le yr/ ba Kojn ce cacTojn y pa3na-
raHay yr/ ba 6e3 npncycTBa Ba3flyxa. no3HaTO je fla
npn 3arpeBahby HeKe HBpcTe MaTepnje - ropnBa, y
nocTopy ca HeflOBO/ bHOM KonnHMHOM Ba3flyxa, nnn
6e3 Ba3flyxa, f lona3n flo i-beHor pacnaflaHsa Ha
BI/ILLie HBpCTHX, TeHHMX MnH raCOBHTHX npOH3BOfla.
Haj3HaHajHnjn je Ofl cbhx CBaKaKO k o k c .
r l H T G h b O H 3 a . q O I J P
1. LUTa cy MBpcTa ropkiBa m KaKOce ,qene?
2. HaBefl n KapaKTepncTMKe monacT npmvi eHe fl pBeTa.
3. LLlTa 3Haii o TpeceTy?
4. HaBef ln BpcTe yrrba, ocHOBHe oco6nHe n npmvieHy nojeflMHiix BpcTa yrrba.
5. HaBeflM m onmun nocTynKe onneiviehbMBaFba ynrba.
6. LLlTa 3Ham o nocTynL(mvia npepaf le yr/ ba?
7. Koja cy nof lpynja npmvieHe hbpc t h x ropnBa?
8. Kojmvi nocTynKOM ce no6nja k ok c ?
2 .3 . TE' H H R r O P M ER
2.3 .1. EF'CTE TEHHHX rOF'MER
TenHa ropnBa mviajy npeflHOCTn y 0flH0cy Ha HBpcTa
ropnBa: Befca TonnoTHa ivioti, Marbn caflp>xaj 6ana-
CTa, 6ofbe caropeBaHDe n eKOHOMHHHMje eKcnnoaTM-
caHae.
noLUTOcy HeflOCTapn TeHHnx ropnBa - naKa 3ana-
HdMBOCT M eKCnn03MBH0CT, OTpOBHOCT MCnHHHO,
3H3THO Mahbn Hero LUTO je yTML(aj fl06pnx 0C06MHa,
TenHa ropnBa MMajy mnpoKy npnMeHy y MHflycTpnjn,
cao6paTiajy n eHepreTnpn.
TenHa ropnBa ce f l ene npeMa nopeKny Ha npnpof l-
Ha, npepa^eHa n cMHTeTMHKa.
2 .3 .2 . nFMPO.DJ HR TEHHR
rOPMER
HacjjTa je npnpoflHO TenHO ropnBO m no cacTaBy je
cnox<eHa CMema BennKor 6poja yrrbOBOflOHMKa
pa3nnHMTor xeMnjcKor cacTaBa, cyMnopa, Knceonn-
xa m a30Ta. OpraHCKy Macy nacjDTe HMHe: yrrbeHHK
83-87%, BOflOHMK 11-14%, a30T 0,5-1,5%, KMceo-
hmk 0,1-1%, cyMnop 0,1-0,5%. Caflpx<aj MMHepan-
hmx npMMeca je ok o 0,1-0,3%, a Bnare flo 2%.
TonnoTHa moK HacpTe je 42-43 MJ/ kg. Hacjrra ce He
eKcnnoaTMme y CTarby y k 3k bom ce Hana3M y npn-
poflM, BeK ce npepat>yje y hm3 f lpyrnx ropMBa m
M33MBa. TycTMHa HacjDTe Kpetie ce y rpaHMflaMa ofl
0,82 flo 0,92 g/ cm3.
nocToje TeopMje o opraHCKOM mHeopraHCKOM nope-
Kny HacpTe. TeopMja o opraHCKOM nopeKny je flaHac
npM3HaTa m BetiMHa HayHHMKa roBopM o HacT3HKy
HacpTe M3 ocTaTaKa >kmbmx opraHM3aMa flyroTpajHMM
cno>KeHMM npopecoM.
HacpTa ce flOMja 6ymerbeM 3eMibe f l o fly6MHe of l
5 000 m na m Bniue, rf le ce HacpTa o6mhho Hana3M.
HacpTa MCTMHe M3 6ymoTMHa nof l npMTMCKOM KOjM
Bnaf l a y fly6MHM m yHyTap 6ymoTMHa Kao nocnef lM-
pa pacTBopeHor raca y HacpTM. y TOKy eKcnnoaTa-
flMOHor nepMOf la npMTMcaK ce y 6ymoTMHM nocTe-
neHO cMarbyje, na ce HacpTa noTMCKyje nyMnaMa
mhm yf lyBaBarbeM raca MnM BOf le nof l npMTMCKOM y
Hana3MmTe HacpTe. npM noBpmMHM ce M3flBaja
pacTBopeHM rac M3 HacpTe, t 3k o fla ce f lo6Mja CMe-
ma HacpTe m raca Koja ce OflBOflM y cenapaTope, rf le
ce TenHa cpa3a of l Baja Ofl racoBMTe y 3ace6He pe3-
epBoape. H3 obmx pe3epBoapa HacpTa ce Ha pa-
3nMHMTe HaHMHe (peBOBOflMMa, TaHKepMMa, flMCTep-
HaMa) TpaHcnopTyj e y pacpMHepMje. PacpMHepnje cy
nocTpoj ei ba y KojMMa ce HacpTa npepapyj e y of l ro-
Bapajytie npoM3BOfle.
2.3.3. CHHTETMHKR TE'HHR
rOF'MER
To cy TeHHa ropMBa floMjeHa npepaflOM M3 hbpct mx
ropMBa. nocTynpM OBaKBe npepaf le cy flaHac BeoMa
MHTepecaHTHM jep cy pe3epBe HacpTe BeoMa Mane,
3a pa3nMKy ofl pe3epBM yrrba Kora 3a caf la MMa y
flOBorbHMM KonMHMHaMa. CymTMHa obmx npopeca je
y o6oratiMBai-by yrrba boaohmk om, a no3HaTa cy flBa
npopeca mt o xMflpMparbe mCMHTe3a.
riocTynaK, koJmce M3B0flM nofl npMTMCKOM ofl 2 MPa
y TeMnepaTypHOM MHTepBany ofl 300 flo 500C,
Ha3MBa. ce xMflpMpai-be m cacTojM ce y 3arpeBaiby
yrrba Ha ok o 350C, npM neMy ce M3flBajajy racoBM-
t m npoflyKTM m HacTaje nonyKOKc. npM OBOMe ce
flOBOflM BOflOHMK KOjM3ay3MMa npa3Ha MecTa y Be-
3aMa - pemeTKaMa, m t bk o ce yrarb 6oraTM BOflOM.
CnHTe3a npef lCTaBjt a f lpyrn nocTynaK 3a flonjai-be
TeMHMX ropnBa H3 h bpc t h x ropnBa, a OflBnja ce y
HeKoni/ iKOc}3a3a.
- npeKO y>KapeHor KOKca npeBOfln ce BOfleHa na-
pa, npn neMy HacTaje BOfleHM - cmht 63hh rac
c + h 2o = c o +h 2.
- 3aTMM ce oflCTpahbyje cyMnop n HacTaB/ ba ce
yBOtjei-be BOflOHMKa
CO + 2H2 = (CH2) + H20.
- Ha Kpajy ce Bpmn cnajaibe CH-rpyna, npn neMy
HacTajy y/ ba BeoMa crmHHa HacjiTM, Koja ce fla/ be
npepat>yjy Beti HaBefleHMM nocTynL| HMa.
5 . 3 . H . n P E P R T ^ E H R T E H H f l
r O P M B f l
ripepatjeHa TeHHa ropnBa ce flo6njajy npepaflOM
npnpOflHor ropnBa, npe CBera HacjDTe. MMajytiH y
BHfly CBe Behy HecTamnfly m noTpe6y 3a papnoHan-
HnjnM Tpome+ieM Hacj^Te, flaHac ce CBe Brnije Te>KM
flo6njaH3y t ghhmx npepatjeHnx ropMBa M3 hbpct mx
ropnBa, HapoHHTo yrrba.
CyuiTHHa npepaf le npnpoflHe Hacj>Te y npepatjeHo
TenHO ropnBO cacTojn ce y c})M3MHkom nocTynKy
pa3naraHaa - pa3flBaja+>a HacjJTe Ha hm3 KOMnoHe-
HaTa, l l it o OMorytiaBa HMibeHMfla - fla je Hacjrra ca-
cTaBjbeHa M3 BennKor 6poja pa3nMHMTMx yrnDOBO-
flOHMKa. riOLIITOCB3KM yrJbOBOflOHMK MM3 CBOjy TeM-
nepaTypy ,,ncnapaBaHDa, t o he ce nocTeneHO jeflaH
no jeflaH yrjbOBOflOHMK M3flBajaTM. CBaKy rpyny
yrrbOBOflOHMKa Ha3MBaM0 cfrpaKpnja, a caM nocTy-
naK cf>paKflwoHMcaibe. XnatjeH>eM yrrbOBOflOHMKa,
KOjn cy ce M3flBojnnn, f lo6njajy ce oflroBapajyhn
npon3BOflw - ropnBa, Ma3MBa, Ma3yT.
HajcTapnjn nocTynaK 3a flo6njaHbe obmx npof lyKaTa
je 0paKL(MOHa f lecTnnaf lnja HacjDTe. CywTMHa OBor
nocTynKa je y nocTeneHOM 3arpeBaHDy HacjDTe,
i+eHOM ncnapaBaH3y m K0HfleH30BaHjy. CaBpeMe-
HMjn nocTynf ln npepaf le ce 3acHMBajy Ha nocTeneHoj
KOHfleH3apnjM Koja MO>Ke f la 6yf le jeflHocj3a3Ha m
flBocj>a3Ha.
Hacj>Ta, KOja je ocnootjeHa BOfle, conn m Mexa-
hmhkmx npnMeca, noTMCKyje ce nyMnaMa. f l arbn no-
cTynaK npepaf le ce cBOfln Ha yBot5ert>e Hacj>Te y
TaK03B3He cj >paKL\ MOHe cj>a3e, rf le ce nocTynKOM
4>paKflMOHMcaH>a f lo6njajy cnef l ehn npon3BOfln:
- racoBMTa ropMBa,
- 6eH3MHCKe cjjpaKflMje,
- cjjpaKflMje neTponeyMa,
- cjj paKf lMje f l M3en-ropMBa,
- yrba 3a no>KeHbe,
- Ma3MBa yrba m
- 6MTyMeH.
ripMMep flBOCj>a3Hor nocTynKa npMKa3an je Ha meMM
BaKyyM flecTMnapMje (cnMKa 2.13).
< 30 C
MeTaH 5%
BayyM nyMna
npef lrpejan
f lorpejan
TeiiJKO yrbe
3a no>Kehbe
Ma3yr
6MTyMeH
CnMKa 2.13. - BaKyyM-f lecTnnaL| i/ ije
Ilopefl npwviapHMX nocTynaKa npepaf l e, nocToj e n
ceKyHflapHki nocTynL(M npepaf le.
Pa3rpaflHba yribOBO,qoHMKa (KpeKOBahbe) je nocTy-
naK r,qe ce M3 Te>Knx yrjbOBOflHMKa flo6njajy naKian.
Kao cnpoBMHa k opmct m ce ocTaTaK nocne npBe
c{oa3e cjjpaKflMOHncahba, a Kao npon3BOfl flonja ce
6eH3MHCKa cjspaKflnja.
M3rpaflHaa ym>OBOf lOHHKa (nonmviepii3af lkija) je
cynpoTaH nocTynaK npeTxoflHOM, rfle ce M3 Bmne
MoaeKyna naKrner CTan>a flo6nja jeflaH MoneKyn
BMLuer pefla. Kao cnpoBMHa KopncTe ce racoBMTM
yrnjOBOflOHMfln, a Kpajrbn uy\rb je flo6njahbe 6eH-
3MHCKe cjjpaKflnje.
KoHBep3nja yrjbOBOflOHMKa (pecpopMncafbe) je no-
CTynaK rfle je cnpoBHHa 6eH3MHCKa cjjpaKflnja, a mflo-
6nja ce 6eH3MHCKa ctDpaKflnja, ann ca 3H3t h o no6on>-
LuaHMMocoMHaMa 3a npMM6Hy k o a oTo-MOTOpa.
YrpaflH>a yrnOBOf lOHMKa je nocTynaK KojM ce CBOflM
Ha yrpafltt>y yrnDOBOflOHMKa k o a cbmx npeTXOflHMX
nocTynaKa: KpeKOBai-ba, nonMMepM3aqMje mpecjDopMM-
caba.
S.3.E. n PMMEHE
TEHHMX r OPM Bf l
TenHa ropMBa ce npMMeHbyjy y o6nMKy pa3nMHMTMx
BpcTa ropMBa.
MOTOPHM EEH3MHM
Obm 6eH3MHM ce KopMCTe 3a noroH OTO-MOTopa ca
yHyipaiiJH3MM caropeBai-beM. Ochobhm cacTOjflM cy
cfjpaKflMje HacpTe, HMja je TanKa Kn>yHaHba flo 200C.
6eH3MHM Kao ropMBa, nopefl oc hobhmx, MOpajy fla
ncnyHe m flBa cneflMcjDMHHa 3axTeBa: fla naKO mc-
napaBajy (HeonxoflHO 3a o6pa30Ban>e CMeme) mfla
He caropeBajy fleTOHaTMBHo (l ut o je BeoMa 3HanajHO
3a nponec caropeBarba).
y 3EBMCHOCTM Of l OKTaHCKOr 6pOja, Kao HajBaMCHMje
KapaKTepMCTMKe 3a oqeHy KBanMTeTa 6eH3MHa npe-
Ma fleTOHaTMBHOM caropeBaHby, 6eH3MHM ce y Hamoj
3eMn>Mf lene Ha:
- mot ophm 6eH3MH 98 OKTaHa (cynep) m
- mot ophm 6eH3MH 86 OKTaHa (perynaTop).
OBa KapaKTepMCTMKa ce McnMTyje Ha cneflMjanHMM
jeflHOflMnMHflpMHHMM MOTopMMa, npM HeMy ce yno-
pe^yje npoqec caropeBarba 6eH3MHa, KojMMcriMTyje-
mo, ca npoflecoM caropeBaH>a yrn>oBOflOHMKa
(C8H18) - M300KT3H m HopManHor xenTaHa C7H16.
l/ l300KTaH je M3BaHpeflHO OTnopaH npeMa fleTOHa-
t mbhom caropeBan>y na je y3eT Kao Mepnno KBa-
jiMTeTa ca oqeHOM ct o (100), flOK je xenTaa BeoMa
CKnoHfleTOHaTMBHOM caropeBaHby moh je y3eT Kao
Mepnno ca oqeHOM Hyna (0). OTnopHOCT 6eH3MHa
npeMa fleTOHaTMBHOM caropeBan>y MCKa3yje ce
npeKO oKTaHCKor 6poj a KojM je 6pojHO jeflHaK npo-
fleHTHOM yHemtiy M3ooKT3Ha y CMeaiM ce xeKTaHOM.
rOPMBH 3 l i HSE.n-MOTOPE
OBa ropMBa ce npMMett>yjy 3a noroH flM3en-MOTopa,
k 3ko 6p30xoflHMx, t 3k o m cnopoxoflHMx (t o cy cjjpaK-
flMje HacjDTe Koje y npoqecy pacjDMHMcarba ncna-
paBajy y rpaHMflaMa ofl 220-350C).
flM3en-ropMBa Mopajy mm3t m f l ope ocoMHe caro-
peBarba, fla naKO McnapaBajy m f la cy npoTOHHa
(npe CBera Ha hm>kmm TeMnepaTypaMa).
KBanMTeT flM3en-ropMBa ce Oflerbyje y nornef ly KBa-
nMTeTa ynan>MBOCTM m bpl um ce Ha cneqMjanHMM je-
flHOflMnMHflpMHHMM flM3en-MOTOpMMa. Of leHa KB3-
nMTeTa ce cacTojM y ynopel5MBaH3y ynan>MBOCTM of l-
pe1>eHor flM3en-MOTopa ca cMeiuoM C16H34 qeTana
m HacjDTanMHa C^ H^ . LjeTaH npnnaf la napacjDMH-
ckmm yrjbOBOflOHML| MMa m BeoMa je ynan>MB, t bk o
fla je y3eT 3a eTanoH ynan>MBOCTM ca OfleHOM c t o
(100).
Ca f lpyre CTpaHe MeTMn-HacjDTanMH je y3eT ca oqe-
hom Hyna (0). LJeTaHCKM 6poj je OfleHa ynarbMB0CTM
flM3en-ropMBa m 6pojHO je jeflHaK 3anpeMMHCKOM
npoqeHTy qeTaHa y CMemM ca MeTMn-HacjjTanMHOM.
CBa flM3en-ropMBa MO>xeMO c bpc t 3t m y cneflet>e
rpyne:
- f l M3en-ropMBO Bpno naKO - 3a 6p30X0f l He f l M-
3en-MOTope, MOTope nyTHMHKMX B03Mna;
- flM3en-ropMBO naKO - D2 3a flM3en-MOTope TpaHc-
nopTHMX B03Mna, Kao m 3a cTa6MnHe MOTope
(poflOBM, >Kene3HMqa).
TopMBa 3a Mna3He MOTope npMMerbyjy ce 3a noroH
aBMOHa m npeflCTaBJbajy cJjpaKflMje Koje ce M3flBaja-
jy M3Mel5y 6eH3MHCKe m flM3enMOTopcKe cjjpaKflMje
Ha TeMnepaTypM Ofl 140C flo 280C. 36or CMryp-
hoct m neTenMfle m 6e36eflHOCTM nyTHMKa m TepeTa,
KojM ce npeB03M, OBa ropMBa Mopajy MMaTM of lpe-
tjeHe otoMHe.
rio HaujMM CTaHflapflMMa nponMcyjy ce flBe BpcTe
Mna3HMxropMBa:
- TMn 1- GM1 - ropMBO3a Mna3He MOTope, neTpo-
nejcKe c| DpaKL(Mje,
- TMn 4 - GM4 - ropMBO3a Mna3He MOTope inMpoKe
cjjpaKL(Mje.
Yn>a 3a no>KeH>e ce KopMCTe KaKO3a KOTnoBe pa-
3nMHMTMx HaMeHa, t 3k o m 3a noroHe flM3en-MOTopa
BenMKMX cHara, a Mannx 6pojeBa o6pTaja. l-bMX0Be
ocoMHe Mopajy OflroBapaTM 3axTeBMMa y nornef ly
caropeBarba, o6pa30BaH>a cMeuue m npoTOHHocTM.
Y/ ba 3a no>Kei-be ce f l ene npeMa bmcko3h o c t h , a
OHa je 3HanajHa k bk o 3a o6pa30Bahbe cMeuue, t bk o
h 3a caropeBaHae. UJt o je bhck o3h o c t yjba Betia,
yj be ce jnoujnje pacnpcKaBa, a caMMM t mm jioujnje m
caropeBa. Bmcko3h o c t ce MeH>a ca npoMeHOM TeM-
nepaType, na ce CTora npenopyHyje npef lrpeBaibe
yjba npe ynoTpee. OBa 3aBMCHOCTje npMKa3aHa Ha
c j i 2.14.
CnnKa 2.14. - ri poMeHa bmc k o 3h o c t m 3a npoMeHOM
TeMnepaType
Ham CTaHflapfl npM3Haje cjief letie BpcTe jio>K-yjba:
EL - eKCTpa j i aKO yj be 3a noKej be (k opmc t m ce 3a
3arpeBaibe cTaM6eHnx npocTopnja - HacjDTapmje),
L - J iaKO yj be 3a jio>Keibe (npnMeibyje ce y MHfly-
cTpnjn 3a fleHTpajiHO rpejaibe a y nojbonpnBpefln
MMa Lunpy HaMeHy),
S - cpef lhbe yj be 3a jio>KeHbe (ynoTpe6j baBa ce y
MHf lycTpnj n m eHepreTMf l M 3a nocTpoj ei ba Man>er
Kanaf l MTeTa),
T - TeujKO yj be 3a jio>Kehbe (k opmct m ce Kao ropMBO
y BejlMKMM MHflyCTpMjCKMM nOrOHMMa MBetiMM eHep-
reTCKMM o6jeKTMMa - TepMoeoeKTpaHaMa),
LS - cneflMjajiHO yj be 3a j io>Kei be (k opmct m ce Kao
ropMBO 3a poflCKe MaoiMHe, a npBeHCTBeHo 3a
njiOBHe ojeKTe MopHapMfle),
TM1 m TM2 - TeiuKa MeTaoypujKa yj ba 3a jio>KeH>e
(KopMcre ce y MeTajiyprMjM, Kao m y cbmm nocTpo-
jerbMMa rf le ce Tpa>KM mbj i m caflp>xaj cyMnopa).
a.H. TRCOEHTR TOPMER
a . H . l . E P C T E r f i C O B M T M K
r O P M E f i
r acoBMTa ropMBa cy CBe 3HasajHMjM eHepreTCKM m-
Bop y nope1)eiby ca TeHHMM m hbpct mm ropMBMMa.
r acoBMTMM ropMBMMa ce JiaKiue pyKyje, peryjiaflMja
npofleca caropeBarba je jeflHOCTaBHMja, caropeBajy
noTnyHMje m ca 3H3t h o Marbe o t pobhmx KOMnoHeHTM
Hero Apyra ropMBa. TacoBMTa ropMBa MMajy BeoMa
Mano 6anacTa (BJiare m nenejia), ajiM cy jiaKiue 3a-
najbMBa, eKcnjio3MBHa cy m 3axTeBajy MaKCMMariHy
onpe3HOCTm npM TpaHcnopTy m pyKOBarby.
l l peMa HanMHy f lo6Mj arba racoBMTa ropMBa MO>KeMO
nof l enMTM Ha npMpof lHa m npepat j eHa, a npeMa ca-
CTaBy Ha:
- eneMeHTapHa (boaohmk ),
- xoMoreHa jeflMrberba (MeTaH, 6yTaH) m
- MeuiaBMHe ejieMeHaTa mj im jeflMhbeiba (npMpoflHM rac).
n H T O h b - O H 3 O . C I . ' j L I . H
1. LLlTa H33MBaM0 TeHHMM TOpMBMMa? %
2. LLlTa je HacpTa?
3. LLJTa cnaf la y npepatjeHa TeHHa ropMBa?
4. HlTa cy cMHTeTMHKa t c h h 3 ropMBa?
5. Koje cy ofljiMKe mot ophmx 6eH3MHa?
6. LLlTaje o k t 3hckm 6poj?i
7. Koje cy KapaKTepMCTMKe flM3en-ropMBa?
8. HlTa je peTaHCKM 6poj?
9. HaBeflM BpcTe ropMBa 3a MJia3He MOTope.
10. HaeeflM BpcTe no>K-yjb.'-
! -*
2 . H . 2 . n P M F O n H R r f l C O E M T R
r O F H B R
To cy ropnBa KOja ce Ha/ ia3e y npnpof ln, Ha npnMep
jaMCKn rac, pyflapcKM rac, npnpoflHn 3eMHM rac,
apcKH rac n Tpynn rac. Ofl cbhx HaBefleHnx jeflHHO
ce KopncTM npnpof lHn 3eMHn rac K.ojn je no3HaT nofl
MMeHOM npnpoflHM rac. npnpof lHii rac je npaTef ie
ropMBOHa MecTHMa rf le HMa HacpTe, a He peTKO ce
Hana3n n caMOCTanHO y npnpof ln. HacTao je mct hm
npopecoM TpaHCCpopMapnje ofl ncTe npaMaTepnje
Kao mHacpTa. 3eMHM rac ce Hana3M Kao cnoof laH y
T3B. rnenep Kann M3Hafl HacpTe, a MOxce 6ht m m
Be3aH - pacTBopeH y HacpTM.
y cacTaB npnpoflHor raca yna3e yrnDOBOflOHMflM
(eTaH, nponaH m 6yTaH), boaohmk , yrrbeH-flnoKCHfl,
a30Tm KiiceoHMK, a noHeKafl m cyMnop m M3y3eTHO
CyMnOp-BOflOHMK.
y npnpoflHOM racy Kojn ce Hana3M TaMO rfle nMa m
Hacjrre, caflpx<aj eTaHa je flo 10%, nponaHa flo 7%
m6yTaHa flo 7%. ripnpoflHM racoBM, KOjn ce Hana3e
y 6yinoTMHaMa 6e3 HacpTe, npBeHCTBeno ce cacToje
M3 MeTana nnjn ce npoi^eHaT npn6nn>KaBa m 100%.
TacoBn, Kojn caflp>xe Betiy KonMHHHy nponaHa m
6yTaHa, Ha3MBajy ce Bna>KHM nnn MacHM, 3a pas-
nnKy ofl racoBa ca 3H3t h o MaHaHM npofleHTOM 6yTa-
Ha m nponaHa Kojn ce na3HBajy cyBM nnn cnpo-
MaiilHH.
riocTynKOM f l era3onnHa>Ke M3 Bna>KHnx npnpoflHHx
racoBa M3flBajajy ce TeHHM racoBM, ym>OBOflOHMqn
Brnijer pefla M3 Kojnx ce flonja naK 6eH3MH (ra-
30bmh) n ocTaje cyBM npnpoflHM rac.
Ba>KHOje HanoMeHyTM fla je TonnoTHa Moh npnpof l-
hmx racoBa f lo6njeHHx H3 racHMX 6ymoTMHa neujTO
HM>Ka Ofl TonnoTHe Mofcn npnpoflHHx racoBa KOjn ce
flo6njajy H3 6ynjOTMHa 3ajeflH0 ca nacpTOM. Ca Be-
tMMcaflp>KajeM eTaHa, nponaHa n 6yTaHa pacTe m
TonnoTHa moIt racoBHTnx ropnBa.
Ilopefl HaBefleHnx KOMnoHeHaTa y HeKMM npnpof l-
hmm racoBMMa Hana3MMOm jeflni-berba cyMnopa, np-
BeHCTBeHOcyMnop-BOflOHMKa - flo 2%. CyMnop-BO-
flOHMK je BeoMa TOKCMnaH, f lopo ce pacTBapa y
BOflMMMMa K0P03MBH0 flejCTBO, T3KO f la je HaerOBO
npMcycTBOKpaji-be Heno>KejT>HO.
TonnoTHa MOti npMpoflHor raca je 36 flo 41 MJ/ m3N.
OnacT npMMeHe npnpoflHor raca je ujnpoKa, k bk o
Kao ropMBa, TaKO m y xeMnjcKoj MHflycTpnjM. Jl o-
>KMUJTa KOTnoBa, Kojn ce 3arpeBajy npnpoflHMM
racoM, cy jeflHOCTaBHMja m MMajy 3H3t h o Marbn 6poj
noMOtiHMx ypetjaja KOfl Kojnx cy Mai-bM ry6nqM no
jeflMHMflM CHare, Marbe je npn>aH>e rpejHnx noBpmn
mHeMa nenena n mn>aKe.
riopefl npeflHocTM Tpe6a HanoMeHyTM m HeKe HeflO-
CTaTKe, Kao uj t o cy Man>a ecpMKacHOCT03paneHMx
noBpuiM m noBetiaHa onacHOCTofl eKcnno3nje.
Kao TexHonoujKO ropnBO, npnpoflHH rac ce ynoTpe-
6n>aBa y HM3y npofleca TonrbeHja pyfle, 3arpeBan>a
MaTepnjana, TepMoxeMMjcKe o6pafle MeTana m Ma-
Tepnjana, cyuieH>a MaTepnjana n flpyro.
Kao cnpoBMHa y xeMnjcKoj MHflycTpMjn, npnpoflHM
rac ce k opmct m 3a flOnjaHse pa3nnHMTMX npon3BO-
fla m nonynpoM3BOfla Kojn ce oneT KopncTe 3a npo-
M3BOflH>y cneflMjanHMx cyncTaHL| M.
2 .H.3 . n F' EPRI i i EHR
r R COB H TR r OPM BR
pepatjeHa racoBMTa ropnBa Mory ce ao h t h Ha bm-
uie HaHHHa. V 3aBMCH0CTM ofl nona3He cnpoBMHe
nocTOje:
- npepatjeHa racoBMTa ropnBa M3 HacpTe m npo-
AyKaTa npepafle HacpTe,
- npepatjeHa racoBHTa ropMBa M3 hbpct mx ropnBa,
- npepatjeHa racoBMTa ropnBa M3 f lpyrnx racoBM-
t mx ropMBa.
(IpepatjeHa racoBMTa ropMBa M3 HacpTe nnn npo-
f lyxaTa npepafle HacpTe flo6njajy ce Kao npaTetin
npoM3BOfl npn npoLjecnMa cppaKL| MOHe f lecTnna-
flnje, KpeKOBaHaa m flpyror. (DpaKflMOHOM flecTMna-
qnj0M ce flo6njajy 3acntieHM yrjT30B0fl0HMflM, a
KpeKOBarbeM m n>eMy cnMHHMM nocTyni4MMa He3a-
CMtieHM, Kao uj t o cy nponaH, 6yTaH, nponMneH, 6y-
TMneH m cnMHHO. Obm racoBM MMajy BMuie aTOMa
yr/ beHMKa, na ce o6mhho y caMOj pacJ>MHepMjM k o-
pncTe 3a 3arpeBarbe netiM, Te cy flonnM m MMe
pacj>MHepMjcKMracoBM.
riopefl pacpMHepnjcKMx racoBa nocToje m TenHM ra-
cobm KOjM npeflCTaBTbajy yrrbOBOflOHMKe ca t pm m
neTMpn aTOMa yrrbeHMKa, Kao uj t o cy 6yTaH C4H10,
6yTMneH C4H8, nponaH C3H8 m nponnneH C3H6. l/ lMe
TenHM racoBM flo6MnM cy no TOMe ui t o npM HopMan-
hmm TeMnepaTypaMa m hmckom npMTMCKy npena3e y
TeHHOcTaH>e. TenHa ropnBa cy no3HaTa Kao 6yTaH
m flo6njajy ce M3flBajarbeM M3 pacf}HHepnjcKHx raco-
Ba nnn M3 npnpoflHor raca. riopefl npnMeHe TenHMx
ropnBa y flOMatiMHCTBy m MHflycTpnjM nocTOjn mo-
rytiHOCT H>nxoBe npnMeHe n 3a noroHe MOTopa ca
yHyTpami-bHM caropeBarteM, OTO-MOTope, jep MMajy
BennKy OTnopHocT npeMa fleTOHaTMBHOM carope-
Barby. Hdmxobm o k t 3hckm 6pojeBM cy: 6yTaH-96, M30-
6yTaH-102, nponaH-112 MTfl. MetjyTMM m3cobho ce
He npMMeit>yjy 3a noroHe OTO-MOTopa, jep Tpaxce
BetiMnpocTop 3a CKnaflnuiTerbe, a Maite cy m 6e3-
6eflHM ofl npnpoflHnx TeHHMX ropMBa.
ri ocTynKOM racncf)MKaL(Mje, Kojn j e y cyuiTMHM npo-
nec HenoTnyHor caropeBaf -ba, npeTBapaj y ce HBpcTa
ropnBa y racoBMTa. OBaj npoi^ec M3BOfln ce y ype-
IjajnMa cnef lMjanHe KOHCTpyKflMje, TaK03BaHMM ra-
coreHepaTopMMa, no KojMMa cy floMjeHM racoBM m
floMnM MMe reHepaTopcKM racoBM.
y npof lecy racMcjaMKaflMje kopmct m ce Ba3flyx, BOfle-
Ha napa MnMhbMXOBa MeiuaBMHa, na ce 33bmcho ofl
Tora Mory ao 6mt m Ba3flymHM, BOfleHM mhm MeiuaHM
reHepaTopcKM rac, ofl nera 3aBMce m KapaKTepM-
CTMKe caMor raca. ri ocTynaK racMCjjMKaLiMje ce oflBM-
ja y cj)a3aMa. ripBO ce bpl l im caropeBarbe yr/ beHMKa
M3 KOKca mhm nonyKOKca: C + 0 2 = 0O2, npn neMy ce
ocnoal ja M3BecHa KonMHMHa TonnoTe. Y HapeflHoj
cpa3Mce CTBapa yrrbeH-MOHOKCMfl, mt o: C02 + C = 2CO.
y flarbMM 4>a3aMa ce npBO TepMMHCKM pa3nax<e
yrano paflM M3flBajarba McnaprbMBMx KOMnoHeHTM, a
33t mm ce y HapeflHOj cjra3Myranb cyuJM.
TonnoTHa Moti Ba3flyuJHor, reHepaTopcKor raca je
3,7-4,7 MJ/ m3N, flOK reHepaTopcKM rac, flOMjeH
yflyBaBaH3eM BOfle, MMa Betiy TonnoTHy Moti ofl
7,5 MJ/ m3N. yKonMKO ce yf lyBaBa BOfleHa napa,
oflBMja ce peaKLjMja npMKa3aHa cnefletiOM xeMMj-
ckom jeflHaHMHOM: C + H20 = CO + H2.
npocenaH cacTaB reHepaTopcKOr raca je: yrrbeH-M0-
HOKCMfl 35,5%, BOflOHMK 26,5%, MeT3H 26,4%, a 30T
11,3%MKMCeOHMK 0,5%.
yKonMKo ce reHepaTopcKM rac flo6Mja, Tj. npoL(ec
racMcfc>MKaL(Mje oflBMja nofl iipmt mc kom ofl 10 MPa,
Taf la je TOnnoTHa Mot i mflo 18 MJ/ m3N.
TacMcjDMKai^Mja MOx<e fla ce peanM3yje m Kao nofl3e-
MHa racMcjDMKaL| Mja yrrba m cacTojM ce M3 cMCTeMa
6ymoTMHa Metjyco6HO noBe3aHMX KaHanMMa. y obom
npoL\ ecy, nopef l yo6MHajeHMx eneMeHaTa 3a racn-
c(DMKaLjMjy, ynecTByjy mnofl3eMHe BOfle.
CyBOM flecTMnaL(MjoM f l pBeTa nnn yrrba, Koja Mox<e
6mt m npnMapHa nnn bmcoko TeMnepaTypHa, f l o6nj a-
jy ce racoBMTM npof lyKTM Kojn ce Ha3MBajy f l ecTnna-
flnoHM racoBM. Oco6nHe f lecTnnaf lMOHOr raca mc-
K/ byHMBO 3aBHce Ofl BpcTe HBpcTor ropMBa Koje ce
TepMMHCKM pa3narano.
TonnoTHe Mofcn cy TaKotje pa3nMHMTe n Kpetiy ce y
rpaHMflaMa Ofl 5,8 flo 30,5 MJ/ m3N, a y 33bmchoct m
ofl HBpcTor ropMBa Koje cmo nof lBprnn cyBoj flecTM-
naflnjn.
2.E. H^K J lE R F Hfl rOP MER
a . E. 1. EP CTE , CB OJCTEf i
M OEJI f i CT n' PMMEHE
Hy K J1Ef i PHMX TOPM Ef i
HyKneapHa ropMBa cny>Ke Kao ochob 3a f lonjaibe
HyKneapHe eHeprnje. Pe3epBe HyKneapHMx ropnBa
HMcy jouj flOBorbHo McnnTaHe. 3a caf l a ce Kao rna-
bho ropMBOy HyKneapHOM peaKTopy ynoTpe6rbaBa
ypaHMjyM KOjn y npnpoflHOM cacTaBy caflp>KM Tpn
M30T0na: ypaHnjyM U235, ypaHMjyM U238 m ypaHMjyM
U234. HajpacnpocTparbeHMjn je ypaHnjyM U238 m
npeflCTaBrba 99,27% npnpof lHor ypaHa, Te ypaHM-
jyM U235 ok o 0,72% m ypaHMjyM U234 ok o 0,006%.
Ocmm ypaHa, Kao HyKneapHO ropnBO ynoTpe6rbaBa
ce nnyroHMjyM, o6mhho P239 Kojn ce flo6nja flejcTBOM
(6oM6apflOBaibeM) HeyTpoHa ypaHMjyMa U238, uj t o je
3a caf la flOCTa cyn nocTynaK. To je pa3nor f la ce
nnyTOHMjyM Kopncrn yrnaBHOM y peaKTopMMa KOjn cny-
>xe 3a eKcnepMMeHTanHe mMCTpa>KMBaHKe CBpxe.
Kao HyKneapHO ropnBO MO>Ke cny>KMTM m m30t o h
ypaHnjyMa U233 KOjn ce f lo6nja 6oM6apflOBarbeM
TopnjyMa HeyTpoHMMa.
HyKneapHa ropnBa ce f l ene Ha npnpof lHa, o6ora-
KeHa, hmct 3 m onnof lHa ropMBa.
JflMHO npnpoflHO HyKneapHO ropnBO je npnpoflHM
ypaHnjyM.
Oorati eHa HyKneapHa ropnBa cy MemaBMHe hmct mx
m onnoflHMx HyKneapHMX ropnBa, npn seMy je ca-
AP>Kaj hmct mx ropnBa y HbMMa Betin Hero KOfl npn-
pof lHor ypaHMjyMa.
HncTa HyKneapHa ropMBa cy: ypaHnj yM U235, nny-
TOHMj yM P239 m ypaHMj yM U233. f l of l f l ej cTBOM Hey-
riMTOhbCk M O.QAOI4M
. ...
1. l i l Ta a3MBaM0 racoBMTMM ropMBMMa?
2. Koje cy of lnnKe npnpof lHor aeMHor raca?
3. HaBeflM BpcTe npoM3BefleHMX racoBMTMx ropMBa. ;
4. HaBeflM epcTe npepat)eHMX racoBMTMx ropMBa. -
5. f l eTanbHO o6jacHM reHepaTopcKn rac.
TpoHa, aTOMCKa je3rpa o bmx MaTepnjana
nofl/ iex<y peaKflnjn c^ncnje, ocjio6at}ajytiM
npn t om eHepmjy.
On/ ioflHa HyKneapHa ropnBa cy: ypaHMjyM
U238 MTOpnjyM T 232 KOjkl Ce TaKOt^e Ha/ ia3M
y npnpofln Kao n ypaHMjyM. OrinoflHa ropn-
Ba He noflne>Ky HenocpeflHo peaKflnjn
cpncnje.
YpaHMjyMce flo6nja M3 pyfle ypaHa Koja je
eKOHOMMMHa 3a eKcnnoaTaMMjy aKOcaflp>KM
HajMahbe 0,1 % ypaHa. OBa pyfla ce Hana3M
Kao oKCMfl mt i m cpoccpaT a y npof l ecy npe-
pafle ce a p o 6m mt i m pacTBapa y KMceoMHa-
Ma mj im 6a3aMa, y 3aBMCHOCTM ofl o c h o bh o t
cacTaBa. riocjie npeHMintiaBai-ba xeMMjcKMM
nyTeM flo6Mjajy ce npepapeHM o k c mam
ypaHMjyMa, a M3 h >mx ropMBO3a HyKjreapHe
peaKTope.
C/ iMKa 2.15. - HyKJi eapHa peaKpnj a - cpncnja
TeMnepaTypa Tonjtehba ypaHMjyMa je 1 1 0 0 -1 150C.
Ca HaTpMjyMOM, >KMBOM, 6M3MyTOM, TMT3HMjyM0M,
oj i obom m aHTMMOHOM ypaHMjyM rpaflM nerype ca
hmckom TaHKOM Tonj bei -ba. YpaHMjyM ca MarHe3Mjy-
MOM, ajiyMMHMjyMOM, TBOK^eM, 6epMJ1MjyMOM, 6aKp0M,
flMHKOM, BOn4)paMOM, BaHaflMjyMOM MJIMTOpMjyMOM
rpaflMJierype ca bmc o k o m TanKOM Tonj bei -ba.
ypaHMjyM f loMjeH M3 pyf l e (ofl Kora ce npaBM peaK-
TOpCKO ropMBO) XeMMjCKM j e CTaMJiaH Ha c o 6hoj '
TeMnepaTypM, ajiM Beti Ha TeMnepaTypaMa o k o
100C CHa>KHOOKCMflMpa. Cmt 3h npax ypaHMj yMa ce
aaKO najiM m caropeBa Beti Ha coHOj TeMnepaTypM.
y flOflMpy ca BOflOM ypaHMjyM mh t 6H3mbho Kopo-
flnpa.
HyKJieapHa eHeprnja ce M0>Ke ao 6mt m M3 HyKjie-
apHor ropMBa Ha flBa HaHMHa: cpMCMjOMmcj3y3MjOM.
cpMCMja je npoflec (cjiMKa 2.15) y KOMe ce TemKO
aTOMCKOje3rpo nofl flejcTBOM HeyTpoHa fle/ iM - Ljena
Ha flBa JiaKLua, npM neMy ce f lo6Mjajy HeyTpoHM m
ocjio6a1ia BejiMKa KOjiMHMHa eHeprMje, 3H3t ho Betia
ofl eHeprMje ocjiootjeHe caropeBahbeM. HoBOHa-
CTajiM HeyTpoHM M3a3MBajy fla/ be flenaibe je3rpa
aTOMa, npM neMy ce f lo6Mjajy hobm eoeMeHTM m
ocno6at)a hob3 eHeprMja. Ha Taj h3hmh ce OBa peaK-
flMja caMa ofl ce6e HacTaBjba mH33MBa ce jiaHHaHa
peaKflMja. Of l noMeHyTMx ejieMeHaTa ypaHMjyM U235,
ruiyTOHMjyM P23g Kao m M30Ton ypaHMjyMa U233
MMajy oco6MHy f l a Oflp>KaBajy naHnaHy peaKflMjy.
(Py3Mja je npoqec cynpoTaH cpMCMjMy KOMe ce flBa
jiaKLua aTOMCKa je3rpa cnajajy y jeflHO Tex<e, npM
neMy ce TaKotje ocjio6atja 3H3THa koj i mhmh3 3t o m-
cxe eHeprMje. Oy3Mja HacTaje TeK npM BeoMa bm-
coKoj TeMnepaTypM Koja m3hocm mmj i mohc CTeneHM.
Obm ce npoflecM Ha3MBajy TepMOHyKjieapHMM peaK-
flMjaMa. Ha npMHflMny HyKJieapHe c| >y3Mje carpat^eHa
je BOflOHMKOBa, Tj. H 6oM6a y Kojoj ce bpl l im cpy3Mja
TeiuKor BOflOHMKa, a noTpeHa TeMnepaTypa o c t -
Bapyje ce cpMCMjOM, TaKotje y BOflOHMKOBOj 6om6m.
H nopef l Tora i ut o y HyKJieapHOM npof lecy cf)MCMje
HeMa caropeBaiba, 3a ypaH m f l pyre eneMeHTe, KojM
MMajy oco6MHy jiaHnaHe peaKflMje cpMCMje, yo6Mna-
jeH je Ha3MB - HyKjieapHa ropMBa.
YpetjajM KojMMa ce OflBMja flenaibe aTOMa - cpMCMja,
Ha3MBajy ce HyK/ ieapHM peaKTopM.
Yf l eo HyKJieapHor ropMBa y yKynHMM eHepreTCKMM
M3B0pMM3 HMje BejlMKM, ajIM HMje HMflOBOJbHO MCIIM-
TaH, na CTora CBe pe3yj iTaTe t mx McriMTMBaiba
Tpe6a npMXBaTMTM ca onpe3Homtiy. npeMa hckmm
npofleHaMa 3eMJbe MCTOHHe EBpone pacnojia>Ky ca
ok o 0,5 MMJiMOHa t o h 3 ypaHa y pe3epBaMa, a ocTa-
jie 3eMJbe ca ok o 3 mmj i moh3 TOHa. CAf l pacnojia>Ky
KOJiMHMHaMa ypaHa flOBOjbHMM 3a concTBeHe no-
Tpe6e y flornef lHoj 6yflytiHOCTM.
3eMj be Koje He pacnojia>Ky npMpoflHMM Haua3M-
ujTMMa ypaHa mj im naK pacnona>Ky HeflOBOJ bHMM
KOJ iMHMHaMa M3na3 BMfle y npepaflM 03paneH0r ypa-
Ha, npM neMy ce floMja nuyTOHMjyM KojM cny>KM Kao
HyKJ ieapHO ropMBO y onji of l HMM peaKTopMMa - 6pM-
flepMMa.
BMCOKa KOHfleHTpai^Mja eHepmje y HyKJ ieapHOM
ropMBy je noroflHOCT y HM3y cneflMjajiHMX cjiyHajeBa
npMMeHe, Ha npMMep, 3a noroH poflOBa jep mm ce
TMMe 6mt ho noBetiaBajy paflMjyc m6p3MHa KpeTaiba,
3a CHafleBaibe BacMOHCKMx CTaHMfla eHepmjoM, 3a
ejieKTpaHe 3a cneflMjajiHe noTpe6e KOje ce Mory
TpaHcnopTOBaTM y flenoBMMa m6p30 MOHTMpaTM, 3a
CHafleBaibe yflajbeHMX m HenpMCTynanHMx MecTa
eHeprMjoM. TaKotje, HapoHMTy npMMeHy HyKJ ieapHa
eHeprnja MMa y noflBOflHOM TpaHcnopTy 3a noroH
noflMopHMfla.
riMTOhbO M SO.D.OU.H
1. HaBef ln epcTe, CBojcTiBa m onacT npMMeHe HyK/ ieapHHx ropMBa.
2. Kano ce f lo6njajy HyKJieapHa ropMBa?
3. OnMUJM npoL(ec cJJMCnje. '
4. LLlTa je 4y3Hja? Onnmn npoflec cpy3nje.
5 . 6 . . D F ^ r M M 3 E O P M
E H E P r M J E
5 .3 .1. EHEPrHJfl EODJE
EHeprnjy penHnx TOKOBa, BOfleHy CHary, 3ana3nmi
cy Tbyfln joixi y HajcTapnja BpeMeHa, nocMaTpajytiM
BOflonafle n 6yjnL\ e. BeK y CTapoM BeKy jaBmia ce
Mncao khko ncKopncTHTn CHary BOfle, KaKO cnpe-
hht m nycTOLijeH3a, k3ko yKpoTMTM peKe n MCTepaTM
nx fla HaTanajy noj ba n 3aMeH>yjy jbyflCKM pafl. ri p-
bo cy y 3eMjtaMa Maj i e A3nje nonejia f la ce rpafle
npnMMTHBHa BOflHa Kona - f lonann, TepaHM bo ao m,
k 3k bh ce n flaHac Mory cpec. KacHnje, HeKOJinKO
BeKOBa npe Hauie epe, nonejie cy fla ce rpafle
BOfleHHfle KOje cy Ha cjinnaH HannH KopncTHJie
eHeprnjy BOfle. TaKBe BOfleHnpe ce jouu yBeK Kopn-
CTe y Hamoj 3eMJtn.
y cpeflibeM BeKy rpaf l mi a cy ce BOflHa Kona Koja cy
3a o6pTai-be KopncTnna CHary BOfle npn hbeHOM
naflart>y Ha MaibHM BOflonaflHMa, npnpoflHHM mj i h
BeLUTaHKMM. 36or caBpeMeHOj HannHa Kopniiitiehba
CHare BOfle, Tj. rt>eHe noTeHpnjajiHe eHeprnje, BOflHa
KOJia cy pa3Bnjajia 3HaTHO Betiy CHary Hero npnMH-
t h b h h f lonann n noKpeTana cy MJiMHOBe, MexaHn-
HKe neKMtie y KOBanHnpaMa, TKanHnpe nTf l ... TeK
cpeflHHOM XIX BeKa f lomjio ce Ha Hflejy fla ce
nojio>KajHa (noTeHpnjajiHa) eHeprnja BOfle Hajnpe
npeTBopn flejiMMMHHOy KMHeTMHKy, a flejiHMMHHOy
eHeprnjy npnTncKa, na f la ce TeK 33t i /im noMotiy
BOflHor MOTopa npeTBapa y MexaHMHKM pafl.
TaKO cy ce M3 npMMMTHBHMX BOflHHX MOTOpa, KOjn cy
HepapnoHanHO KopncTnnn eHeprnjy BOfle, pa3Bmie
BOflHe Typ6nHe Koje flo KpajHOCTH KopncTe pacno-
no>KMBy eHeprnjy BOfle, naK flo 90%, na m Bmue.
flOCTOjH HeKOJlMKOTMnOBa pa3JIMHMTMX BOflHMX Typ-
6MHa, a CBaKa ofl i-bMXhocm MMe CBor npoHana3ana.
ripBy Typ6MHy cppaHCMCOBor TMna KOHCTpyMcao je
UeMC OpaHCMC 1849. roflMHe y hbyjopKy. ripBy l l en-
TOHOBy Typ6MHy carpaflMO je 1880. roflMHe llejiTOH
y CaH OpaHL(MCKy, a npBy nponejiepHy Typ6MHy ca
noKpeTHMM jionaTMpaMa M3yMeo je 1912. joflMHe m
carpaflMO 1919. roflMHe y EpHy flp KarmaH. CpeflM-
hom XIX BeKa, Kafl ce nonejio ca npMMeHOM hobot
HaHMHa KopMiutiertja eHeprMje BOfle, OTnoneo je m
HarjiM HanpeflaK y rpatjeHjy MaiuMHa. CacTaBHM f l e-
j iobm Typ6MHa mno o6jiMKy mno KBaJ iMTeTy M3pafle
6mj im cy 36or Tora caBpeMeHMjM Hero flejioBM BOfl-
hmx KOjia, ry6ML(M eHepmje cy nocTajiM MHoro MamM,
na ce mpacnoao>KMBa eHeprMja mhot o 6ojbe mcko-
pMLutiaBajia.
Eojbe MCKopMiutiaBahbe pacnojio>KMBe BOflHe
eHeprMje OMorytiMJio je fla ce Harjio noBetiajy CHare
Typ6MHa. Ha cj iml (m 2.16 npMKa3aHa je cpeflhbeBe-
KOBHa BOfleHMfla ca M3fly6jbeHMM jionaTMpaMa Ka-
KBe ce mflaHac BMfle Herfle ko a Hac.
ripeTena caBpeMeHe llejiTOHOBe Typ6MHe - poTop
flaBao je CHary CBera HeKOJ iMKO b3t m. Ha mct om
npMHL(Mny pafla ca KopMiutieLbeM eHeproje c j io6o-
flHor BOfleHor MJ ia3a KojM flejcTByje Ha M3fly6rbeHe
jionaTML^e rpafle ce m liejiTOHOBe Typ6MHe. J eflHa
nejiTOHOBa Typ6MHa (meH poTop) janMHe 13 000 kW
npMKa3aHa je Ha cj iml (m2.17.
BenMKM Hanpef l aK y TexHML(M rpat j ei ba Typ6MHa no-
CTMrHyT j e y Tpehoj fleqeHMjM XX BeKa. OMoryheHO j e
rpat j erbe BenMKMx Typ6MHa Ha nnaHMHCKMM noTOf l M-
Ma mj i m paBHMnapcKMM peKaMa Koj e KopMCTe ca--
c bmm Mane mj i m Bpuo Bej iMKe BOf leHe TOKOBe. Ca-
BpeMeHe Typ6MHe MMajy caHry of l 77 000 kW. Caf l a
ce rpaf lM j oi u h o k o j i mk o BehMX nocTpoj erba j anMHe
2 200 MW. nocToj M npoj eKaT f l a ce y Kmhm Ha peflM
JaHr nof l MrHe orpoMHO XMf l ponocTpoj ei be j anMHe
o k o 10 000 MW.
rioflM3aibeM BeriMKMx BOfloja>Ka cTBapajy ce BejiMKM
pe3epBoapM KOjM Mory f la npMMe m 3aflp>Ke HeKO-
j imko fleceTMHa, na m h6koj imko c t ot mh3 mmj imoh3
MeTapa Ky6HMX BOfle, HMMe ce Mo>xe y6na>KMTM
HaflOJ ia3aK BOfle m cnpenMTM KaTacTpocpanHe no-
nnaBe. riopefl CHafleBahba eHepmjoM HMTaBMx
oJ iacTM, 0B3KBM pe3epBoapM peiuaBajy npo6jieM
HaBOflrbaBaiba o6ajiHMx nojba necTO BenMKMX He-
koj imko fleceTMHa, na mc t ot mh3 xMJ bafla KBaflpaT-
hmx KMnoMeTapa.
Ha>KajiocT, f lo6ap f leo BOflOTOKa He caMo l ut o ce He
kopmct m, Beh je npaKTMHHo mM3ry6jbeH y OBe cBpxe
y 6yflyhHOCTM. Ycnef l Hame yp6aHM3aqMje mMHflyc-
TpMjariM3aL(Mje penHMX flonMHa floiuno je flo cMaibe-
CnuKa 2.16. - Cpef lhbeBeKOBHO BOfleHHHHo k oj i o
C/ iHKa 2.17. - nenTOHOBa Typ6nHa
Hba mj im ry6nTKa xnflpoeHepreTCKor noTeHpnjana.
Me1)yTMM, pa3BojeM HMCKonaflHMX Typ6nHa OMory-
tieHO je eKOHOMMHHO MCKopmutiaBaH^e hm>kmx bo-
fleHnx TOKOBa, HMMe je flOHeK/ie HaflOKHaljeH ry6n-
T3K HeKnx Ba>KHMjnx jiOKaqnja. YKynHO CTarbe aKy-
MyjiaL|nja npnKa3aH0 je Ha cjinnn 2.18.
BoflHki mot opm cy Bpjio CTapn n Bpjio pacnpocTpa-
hbeHM. BncoKe 6paHe Mory Ha jeflHOM MecTy fla koh-
L| eHTpmuy Bpjio Be/ inKe KomiHMHe eHepriije penHnx
TOKOBa, Typ6MHe BennKnx cHara Mory f la ncKopncTe
Te BennKe KonMHMHe eHepmje, a flaneKOBOfln Mory
fla nx 0f lBef ly flo yflaji>eHMX noTpoLuana. 3axBarby-
jyt\n omuTeM HanpeTKy HayKe flaHac cmo y Mory-
tiHOCTM fla MCKOpncTMMO CHary cBaKe peKe, 6nna
OHa Bpno Mana, nnn naK BennKa. riorbe npnMeHe
BOflHMX MOTopa nocTano je Bpno l l impoko m BeoMa
p33H0BpCH0.
fla 6m 6orbe HanpaBnnn yBMfl y xnflpoeHepreTCKM
noTeHLflijan Ha cnnKaMa 2.19, 2.20 m 2.21 npnKa-
33HM cy npOCeHHM MOCTBapeHM CeflMMHHM flOTOL(M
peKa: f l yHaB, f l pnHa m JImm.
mvs peKa fl yHaB
ceflMHL(a
1- npoceK 1926-1975. 2 - ocTBapeHOy 2001.
CnnKa 2.19. - flpoceHHM n octBapeHH flOTOK peKe flyHaB
1 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52
ceflMMfla
1-npoceK 1926-1975. 2- ocT B apeH oy 2001.
CnnKa 2.20. - f l poceHHn n ocTBapeHH a o t o k peKe f l pnHe
mVs peKa fll4M
ceflMMfla
1- npoceK 1926-1975. 2 - ocTBapeHO y 2001.
CnnKa 2.21. - npoceHHM m ocTBapeHM ao t o k peKe JImm
2 . 6 . 2 . E H E P r M J R C ^ ' H U f l
CyHL\ e Mo>KeMO CMaTpa npon3BOflOM cbmx eHep-
rnja Koje ,qaHac k opmct hmo. CBa xeMnjcKa ropnBa
BOfle nopeKno o^ 6nrbHHX mt im >k mbot mh3Ckmx opra-
HM3aMa, HacTana cy Kao nocTieflML(a CyHHeBor 3pa-
nehba. llyTeBM TpaHccjDopMncaita eHeprnje npnKa-
33HMcy y Taenn 2.6.
rioy3flaHo ce 3Ha fla CyHpe flaHauurbHM MHTeH3MTe-
t om 3pann HajMarbe neT Mnnnjapfln roflHHa oacja-
Bajytin 3eMTby Koja je ofl HDera yflaTbeHa oko 150
MnnnoHa KnnoMeTapa. 3eMTba npnMa caMOMann fleo
Tor 3paneH3a, TeK ok o nona MnnnjapflMTor f lena,
ann ia ja eHeprnja npeMaujyje npeKO 100 000 nyTa
cHary cbmx eneKTpaHa Ha 3eMTbM.
Ta6ena 2.6. - nyTeBM TpaHccpopMncai-ba eHeprnje
CHara 3paHeH>a Koja Ha ynacKy y 3eMTbMHy aTMOc-
cj>epy f locneBa Ha KBa,qpaTHM MeTap noBpmnHe yn-
paBHe Ha npaBai^ CyHHeBMx 3paKa, Ha3MBa ce co-
napHOM KOHCT3HTOM MM3HOCM1 353 VV/ m2.
Ha 3eMTbMHy noBpi u f l ocne caMO j ef l aH f l eo oBe
eHeprnj e, (cnnKa 2.22) j ep ce j ef l aH f l eo pecpneKTy-
je (oflnja) ofl aTMoct f >epe m Bpatia y npocTop, a
f l pyrn ce y rboj ancop6yj e. KonnKO t>e CHare flo-
cneTn Ha 3eMTby, 3aBncn Of l yr na nof l KojnM
CyHHeBM 3papn npona3e Kpo3 aTM0ccf )epy Kao n of l
MeTeoponoiiiKHx ycnoBa. LUt o j e yrao M3Me1)y Bep-
THKane n CyHneBnx 3paKa BetiM, t o j e f l ocnena
CHara 3panerba Ha 3eMTbn Marba, j ep j e nyT 3paKa
fly>KM.
C/ nnKa 2.22. - rof lmui -be npoceMHO rnoanHo 3paMehbe Ha xopn30HTa/ i Hy noBpuiMHy
y paBHM T/ i a 3eM/ be y W/ m2 (cBef leHO Ha c b 3km caT y roflMHM)
HayMHnqn ,qyro Hncy Momn npaBH/iHO qa ojacHe
nopeK/io o b3k o BennKe CyHneBe (conapHe) eHeprn-
je. TeK 1920. roflMHe t o nona3M 3a pyKOM eHrne-
CKOM HayMHMKy, |3M3MMapy H aCTpOHOMy EflHHrTOHy.
Oh o6jaBTbyje Teopnjy no Kojoj bo ao h h k , Kojn je
HajnaKiiJ M ofl cbmx xeMnjcKnx e/ieMeHaTa, npefl-
CTaBJ ba rnaBHO HyKjieapHO ropnBO KOje CyHqy flaje
ycnjai-be. Ha Hbera OTnafla naK 50% CyHneBe Mace
y Kojoj ce aTOMCKa je3rpa, npoTOHM, HenpeKMflHO
cnajajy y je3rpa xennjyMa (npopec c(Dy3Mje) y3 mct o-
BpeMeHo ocjio6a1jahbe BennKnx KOJiMHMHa TonjiOTe
Koja 3arpeBa CyHqe, nnja je TeMnepaTypa Ha noBp-
iij m 5 800 cTeneHM KejiBMHa, a y cpeflmiJ Ty flocTnace
H3K 15 MMJ lMOHa CTeneHM KejlBMHa.
Ob3ko orpoMHy CyHHeBy eHeprnjy, 6ecnjiaTHy mhm-
CTy, jbyfln KopncTe oflBajKafla 6mj io y flnpeKTHOM
nnn TpaHccjjopMMcaHOM o6jiMKy. l1o3HaTo je fla cy
CTapn Tpqn tbOMe najinjin 0J iMMnMjcKy BaTpy, fla je
jom y V BeKy npe Hame epe CoKpaT npoynaBao M3-
rpaflhby cojiapHMX Kyha, f la je cfc>paHqycKM HayHHMK
J laBoa3Mje KOHCTpyMcao cojiapHy neti ca cohmbom
3a Torubejbe MeTajia MTfl.
KopMiutieHae CyHneBe eHeprMje nocTaje cBe 3Hanaj-
HMje 36or cMatbeHMx pe3epBM npMpoflHMx ropMBa.
OBaj HenpecyujHM M3Bop Beti ce yBejiMKO kopmct m
3a 3arpeBaibe 3rpafla mBOfle, a no3HaTa je mJ bero-
Ba npMMeHa npM Hanajaiby nyMnM 3a HaBOflibaBaibe,
3a ocBeTjbaBajbe 3bmohckmx nMCTa, 3a pafl cyHne-
bmx netiM mt 3ko f larbe, npM neMy ce mf larbe MHTeH-
3MBHO paflM Ha HOBMM npOjeKTMMa M3 OBe OJ iaCTM.
McKopMLutiaBajbe CyHneBe eHeprMje nopefl npeflHO-
ct m MMa mHeflocTaTKe: Majia koj imhmh3 eHeprMje no
nOBpiUMHM, 33BMCH0CT Ofl MeTe0p0J 10UJ KMX yCJ IOBa,
^MKjiMHHa npoMeHJ bMBOCT y BpeMeHy m npocTopy.
To ce y eKcnjioaTapMjM CyHneBe eHeprMje Mcnojba-
Ba Kpo3 TpM ocHOBHa npojieMa: caKynjbaibe, koh-
qeHTpMcatbe (paflM nocTM3aiba TeMnepaTypa) mny-
Baiba (cKJ iaflMUJ Teiba) eHeprMje. C o63MpoM fla je
CyHneBa eHeprMja npaKTMHHo HeMCflpnHa, ecrmaT-
Ha, muj t o je noceHO 3HanajHO y flaHaiuibMM ycno-
BMMa BejiMKe 3ara1jeHOCTM HOBeKOBe oKOJ iMHe Beo-
Ma HMCTa, HaBefleHM HeflocTaflM He Mory 3HanajHO
yMaibMTM hbeHe BpeflHocTM, Te oHa ocTaje eHepreT-
CKM M3BOP 6yflytiHOCTM. TOflMlUlbe npocenHO flO-
3paneHa eHeprMja Ha OflpetjeHy TepMTopMjy CBefle-
Ha Ha c b3km flaH y roflMHM flaTa je Ha cj iml (m2.23.
14 16 18 2Qo 22 24
45
44
43
42
41
46
CnnKa 2.23. - rof lni ni -be npoceHHO f l 03paneHa eHeprnj a Ha xopn30HTanHy noBpi nnHy
y paBHH Tna 3eMTbe y Wh/ m2 (CBef l eHa Ha cBaKM f laH y roflMHM).
3 .6 .3 . EHEPrM JR EETPR
EHepreTCKM noTeHiflnjan BeTpa no3Ha.T je o,q flaBHM-
Ha. Xnrbaf l aMa roflMHa, cBe flo nojaBe napHe
MaiiiMHe, eHepmja Mmuntia rbyfln n >KMBOTMiba,
npeflCTaBTba/ia je jeflMHM M3Bop MexaHMHKe eHeprn-
je. KopmutieHa je npBonTHO 3a noKpeTaibe 6poflo-
Ba jeflpehbaKa. CaMO ofl 1880. roflMHe flo flpyror
CBeTCKor paTa HapoHMTO Ha T/iy CAf l m 3anaflHe
EBpone M3rpaijeHO je HeKO/iMKO MnnnoHa Mannx
BeTpehbana 3a MneBehbe >KMTa, pe3aibe flpBeHe
rpatje, ppnrbehbe BOfle m ct i mhho.
ycuef l CyHneBor 3paneiba 3eM/ ba ce 3arpeBa Hepa-
BHOMepHO jep HMje MCTOBpeMeHO Ljeua M3no>KeHa
t om 3paneiby. 36or Tora ce HepaBHOMepHO3arpeBa
n HbeHa aTM0cc(3epa. OrpoMHe Mace Ba3flyxa 3aTo
npe/ ia3e ca Tonj i or M3Bopa, ocBeTTbeHe xeMnc-
cjiepe, Ha xTiaflHMjn M3Bop, Tj. HeocBeTTbeHy xeMnc-
cj>epy, Te t 3k o HacTaje CTpyjaibe Ba3flyxa - BeTap.
Mo>Ke ce petin f la je 3eMjbMHa aTMOccpepa jeflHa
BejiMKa Torui oTHa MarnnHa KOja OMoryhaBa fla ce
ToruiOTHa eHepmja, nocpeflCTBOM KMHeTMHKe eHep-
rnje BeTpa, npeTBapa y MexaHMHKy. LUt o je Betia
pa3Jim<a y TeMnepaTypn M3Metjy Tonuor m xj iaf l Hor
M3Bopa, Betia j e m ecjjHKacHOCT ToruiOTHe MaiunHe.
npoqei byj e ce fla TexHMHKM mc k o pmc t mb noTeHflMjaji
KMHeTMHKe eHepmj e BeTpa TeopMjcKM m3hocm
3x1013 kWh roflMiuH^e, uj t o j e neKOJiMKO nyTa BMUje
of l f laHauube npoM3BOflhbe eneKTpMHHe eHepmj e y
CBeTy.
BeTap npef lCTaBJba HeMCflpnaH M3Bop eHepmj e, a
yjef lHO je m Bpji o h mc t M3Bop, uj t o je y BpeMe Be-
jiMKe 3ara1)eHOCTM HOBeKOBe cpef lMHe 3HanajH0.
Kao m f l pym M3BopM eHepmje, m BeTap MMa Heflo-
CTaTKe. Ba3f lyx je cf>jiyMfl Majie 3anpeMMHCKe Mace
m MMa Majiy CTpyjHy eHepmj y, uj t o M3Mcyje noTpe-
6y M3rpaflH3e BeJiMKMX, a TMMe m CKynMx HanpaBa 3a
HjeroBO KopMUJheibe. 3aTMM, oh je npoMeHTbMBor
npaBfla, 6p3MHe m BpeMeHa Tpajaiba, 36or nera Te
HanpaBe paf le nof l HeyjeflHaneHMM noroHCKMM
ycjiOBMMa, a TMMe ce m npoJieM ycKjiaflMUJTeiba
ejieKTpMHHe eHeprnje noBetiaBa.
C o63MpoM Ha cTajiHOCT CyHHeBor 3paHehba, aKO
nocMaTpaMO 3eMTby y L(ejiMHM, m CHara BeTpa je
TaKotje CTauHa. Me^yTMM, Te CTajiHOCTM HeMa Kafla
cy y nnTaHay Kpahn BpeivieHCKM nHTepBann, Ha
npnMep, 3hmh nMa Brniie BeTpa Hero ne (l ut o je
noBorbHO ca rneflHLUTa noTpoLUHse eHeprnje), 33t mm
nepnof ln BeTpoBHTnx n mmphhx flaHa, nnn naK npo-
MeHe y npocTopy, OflHOCHO reorpacjjCKoj innpnHH.
JloKanHM pe>KMMBeTpa MO>Ke jane fla Bapnpa y 3a-
BMCHOCTM Ofl HM33 CpaKTOpa, Ha npMMep, KOHCf)Mry-
paflMje TepeHa, 6nM3MHe rpaf lOBa m BenMKMX
BOfleHMx noBpujM, BereTaL| Mje MTfl. 3aTO ce HanpaBe
3a KopMLutLehbe eHeprMje BeTpa He M0ry noflM3aTM
6Mno rf le. H3rpaflhbM npeTX0f le once>KHa McnMTM-
Bai-ba, Mepehba m npMKynrbaiba MeTeoponoLUKMx
nof laTaKa.
riojaBOM c| )ocMnHMx ropMBa, npe CBera HacfjTe, eHep-
rMja BeTpa je Mna 3anocTaBTbeHa y oflHocy Ha
jec}3TMHy m y BenMKMM KonMHMHaMa pacnono>KMBy
eHeprMjy. Me^yTMM, cMaibehbeM KonMHMHa cj>ocMn-
Hor ropMBa, BeTap je y nocneflhbe BpeMe Kao anTep-
HaTMBHM M3B0p eHeprnje nocTao CBe aKTyenHMjM.
Flopefl HaBefleHMx M3Bopa eneprv\\e nocToje join
HeKM KOjM ce penaTMBHo Mano eKcnnoaTMLuy, mum
cy jom y cj>a3MMcnMTMBai-ba.
EHEPrHJR n.HMME MOCEKE
3acHMBa ce Ha BMCMHCKOj pa3nML(M HMBoa Mopa y
BpeMe nnMMe moceKe. flpBO M3rpaijeH0 nocTpojehbe
3a KopMLutiehbe OBe eHepmje je y OpaHi4ycK0j, ann y
flaHaujhbMM pa3MepaMa npoM3BOflhbe eHeprMje OBaj
BMfl HeMa 3Hanaja.
rEOTEPMRJlHR EHEPrMJR
3acHMBa ce Ha KopMUjtiehby TonnoTHe eHeprMje yHy-
TpaujhbOCTM 3eMJbe. 3a cafla ce OBa eHeprMja 3Ha-
najHMje KopMCTMna Ha MecTMMa BynK3HCKMx bk t m-
bhoct m m t o Kpo3 M3Bope Bpene BOfle MnM nape.
EHEPTM JR M3 CO.HMMCi--'HU.M
no3HaTO je fla ce Mcnofl xnaf lHor noBpujMHCKor cno-
ja cnaHe BOfle Mo>Ke Hana3MTM cnoj Bpno oraT
coj t y Koja nofl flejcTBOM CyHneBe eneprMje Mo>xe
floCTMtiM TeMnepaTypy m flo 80C. Ob3k o 3arpejaHa
BOfla k opmct m ce y pa3nMHMTe CBpxe, a 33t mm Bpa-
tia y fly6MHy rfle ce noHOBO3arpeBa.
rioMeHMMOjouj eHeprMjy mopck mx Tanaca, (Jj ot o cmh-
TeTMHKMx npoL(eca, MOMace m cnMHHo.
r i M T Q h b O H S C l A ' j U . H
t .
2.
3.
4.
KaKaB je 3Hanaj BOfle Kao M3Bopa eHepmje?
Ha KbjM HaHMH k opmct mmo CyHf le Kao M3Bop eHeprMje?
OjacHM ynory BeTpa Kao M3Bopa eHeprMje.
KojM cy joLu MorytiM M3BOpM eHeprMje m Ha HeMy ce 3acHMBajy?
TPfiHC-^OPMRUMJfl
E H E P m JE M
nOCTPOJEHsfi Sfi
TPfiHC<|>OPMfiMMJy
3 . 1 . T P R H C < ] > O P M F l U H J R
E H E P r M J E
B . i . i . n P H H u n n rh
TPf l HC<| >OPMf l L4JHJE '
EH EP r H JE, U.H.rb H 3 HRHRJ
TPf l HC<J>OPMf l U.H JE
TpaHcc|3opMai4nja eHeprnje je Hew36e>KaH npopec y
peaan3apnjn enepreTC K or pnK nyca y c b 3k o m eHep-
reTCKOM riocTpojehb'/.
no3HaBas-be cyiiiTHHe m OflnMKa nojeflMHHx TpaHCcjoop-
Mapnja eHeprnje OMorytiaBa KOHCTpynca.hbe enep-
reTCKnx nocrpojer-ba n ojeK aTa ca u j t o MaHsiiM ry-
upnMa, t o j ecT ca l ut o setiMM cTeneHOM K opncHor
flejcTBa.
TpaHccjoopMapnja eneprnje je y CTBapn npeTBapai>e
eHeprnje H3 jeflHor nojaBHor onnKa y flpyrn. Tep-
MOflMHaMHKaje HayKa Koja ce nopefl ocTanor aBM
mnpoynaBaH3eM3aK0na 6 TpaHccjoopMapnjn Tonno-
THe eHernje.
TepMOflMHaMMKa, Kao Haynna f lncpnnnnHa n noce-
Ha rpaHa cjDM3MKe, nopefl npoynaBaHba npoMeHe
TonnoTHor CTai-ba paflHe Marepnje n3ynaBa n pa3He
o6nnKe n CBojcTBa MaTepnje, Met)yco6HO flejcTBO
pa3Hkix MaTepnja Kao n hbnxoBOKpeTarbe. OBa f\v\c-
pnnnnHa ce pa3nMKyje Ofl ocTannx rpana cjrnanKe n
THM6 UJTO KOpHCTH TepMOflMHaMHHKy MGTOfly H3y-
naBaHja n onncnBarta cj3H3MHKnx nojaBa. MaTepnja
ceHana3M y HenpecTaHOM KpeTaH>y Koje cyurHCKn
M0>K6 6MTH BeOMa pa3nMHMTO. ripMpOflHH 33K0HH M
MCKycTBo noTBp1iyjy fla nojeflMHn onnpn KpeTarba
MaTepnje Mory npena3ny f lpyre o6nnKe KpeTai-ba.
4a 6n ce npena3aK jef lnor onnKa KpeTarba MaTe-
pnje y f lpyrn Morao onncarn, 3a KBaHTnraTHBHM onnc
je neonxoflHo flecjjnHncaTn HeKy Mepy KpeTarba Koja
6m 6nna jeflHana 3a CBe onnKe KpeTaH>a.
KnacnHHa cj>M3HKa je n flana oflroBop. OnujTa KBaH-
TiiTaTMBHa Mepa KpeTan^a MaTepnje y cbmm H>ero-
bmmonniJiMMa HaaMBa ce eHepmja.
rioujTOnocToje pa3HMonMflMKpeTarta MaTepMje,
yo6MnajeHOje fla ce tobopm mo pa3nMHMTMMo6nM-
pMMaeHeprMje. MetjyTMM, Mopa ce yBeK3HaTMfla je
eHepmja jeflMHCTBeHa, na je noflena eHepmje Ha
pa3He onMKe caMOycnoBHa, fla 6mce MCTaKao
caMOHaHMHpa3MeHe oflpetjeHe KonMHMHe eHepmje.
y cBpxy npoynaBaHDa nojaBa Be33HMX3a TpaHccjjop-
MapMjy eHepmje, y TepMOflMHaMMflMce npMMeHbyjy
flBa ocHOBHa 3aKOHa.
3.1.5. nP O M E H fl CTRH=-m ()
BO.D.E M BO.D.EHE HRPE
h p m 3RrPEBRH=.y
npM npopanyHMMa KojM cy noBe3aHM ca npoMeHaMa
cTaH>a BOfleHe nape, noTpe6HO je oflpeflMTM none-
t h o m Kpajtt>e cTarbe, npoMeHy yHyTpaujH>e eHepm-
je, pa3Meny T onnoTe m cnMHHO. B ofla, o a h o c h o b o -
flena napa, npM npoMeHM CTarba, OflHOCHO npM npe-
nacK y m jeflHor arperaT Hor CTarba y flpyro, oflnMKy-
je ce KBanMTaTMBHOM pa3nMK0M oflB M jarta npopeca
y nojeflMHMM o6nacTMMa. 3aTO je BeoMa 3HanajHO
fla ce yrBpflM y KaKBOM je CTaH>y BOfleHa napa Ha
noHGTKy m Ha Kpajy npopeca.
Cj iMKa 3.1. - f l poMeHa ct ai t a Bo,qe n BOfleHe nape npn 3arpeBahby
Pa3M0TpntieM0 cnefletin eKcnepnMeHT, nnjn je no-
cTynaK npnKa3aH Ha c/ inpn 3.1. y cyfly ,,l, Ha TeM-
nepaTypn OKonnHe, Hana3M ce 1 kg BOfle. ripn f lo-
Bot)ehby TonnoTe npn KOHCTaHTHOM npnTMCKy TeM-
nepaTypa pacTe CBe flo nojaBe npBor Mexypntia
nape ,,ll. Bof la y o b3k bom cTai-by Ha3HBa ce K/ by-
nana TeHHocT. rycTMHa Mexypntia nape je MaHaa Ofl
rycTHHe TenHe 4>a3e n ohm tie ncnnnBaTM Ha no-
BpniMHy. Ak o HacTaBMMO ca flOBOt^eibeM TonnoTe
M3Hafl cnoja t o h h o c t m, o6pa30Batie ce cnoj nape.
MemaBMHa KTbynane TeHHOCTM m nape Ha3MBa ce
Bna>KHa napa, cyfl ,,lll. Kafla ycnef l fla/ ber ao bo -
tjeiba TonnoTe CBa t bh h o c t ncnapn, y cyfly tie ocTa-
t m caMO cyB03acntieHa napa ,,IV. flarbMM 3arpe-
BaibeM o6pa3yje ce nperpejaHa napa, nocyfla ,,V .
fla/ bMM 3arpeBaibeM KBanMTaTMBHe npoMeHe Ha-
CTatie TeK npn TeMnepaTypaMa ofl HeKonMKOxnrba-
fla CTeneHM.
3a onncaHy npo6neMaTMKy BeoMa je b3>k ho m:
- nocne CTahba III, flaTbe flOBotjeHae TonnoTe He
vi3SL3iABSi nopacT TeMnepaType, cBe flo CTaiba ,,IV.
Obo ce o6jaaihbaBa TMMe fla ce flOBefleHa
eHeprnja He Tpomn Ha noBetiaHDe TeMnepaType,
Beti caMO Ha npoMeHy cj>a3e, a t o je 3aTO l ut o
MoneKynn BOfle y napHOj cj>a3M MMajy Betiy
eHeprnjy Hero y TeHHOj cj>a3n.
- Ba>KHo je 3anaMTMTM fla TeMnepaTypa sacntieHaa
tg, 3aBMCM MCKTbyHMBOOfl npMTMCKa TeHHOCTM ps,
t o j ecT fla 3a jeflHy TeMnepaTypy 3acntiehba no-
CTojn caMO jeflaH npnTMcaK 3acntiehba. Of laBf le
cnef ln m: f la ca noBetiaibeM npiiTMCKa m TeMnepa-
Typa Kjbynaiba pacTe, a ca CMaHjenbeM npMTMCKa
TeMnepaTypa onafla.
OBa 3HanajHa KOHCTaTamnja je BeoMa Ba>KHa y npa-
kcm, jep BOfla MO>Ke fla KTbyna n npn hhckmm TeM-
nepaTypaMa, aKO je n npnTHcaK flOBOTbHO HM3aK.
Taf l a o b3k o HMCKa TeMnepaTypa, npeflCTaBTba TeM-
nepaTypy 3acntieHDa 3a oflroBapajytiM npnTncaK.
BennHMHe cTai ba m KapaKTepiicTMKe npopeca ce
Mory oflpeflMTii noMotiy oflroeapajytiMX Taena m m3-
pa3a, a jom npaKTMHHMje KopMiutiehbeM of lroBapa-
jytiMx flMjarpaMa.
3 .3 . n OCTP OJEh b R SP
TFRHC<I >OFMf i Uk l j y
EH EF r H JE
B.a .l . OCHOEHE E F C TE ,
K OHCTP ^ K UM Jf i M
nPMHUMn <0^HKUMOHMCf i l -bf i
EneKTpaHe cy flenoBM eneKTpoeHepreTCKor cMCTe-
Ma y KojMMa ce eHeprMja pa3HMx BMflOBa, noMotiy
OflrOBapajytiMx t ox hmhk mx ype1jaja, npeTBapa y
eneKTpMHHy eHeprMjy. llpeMa BpcTaMa eHeprMje,
Koje ce npeTBapajy y eneKTpMHHy, Kao m npeMa
HaHMHy Ha KojM ce BpujM t o npeTBapahbe, eneKTpa-
He ce f l ene Ha: xMflpoeneKTpaHe, TepMoeneKTpaHe
(ca f lM3en-eneKTpaHaMa), aepo-eneKTpaHe m HyK-
fleapHe eneKTpaHe.
y xMflpoeneKTpaHaMa ce noTeHpMjanHa eHeprMja pa-
3nMKe HMBoa BOfle npeTBapa y KMHeTMHKy eHeprMjy
BOfleHora Mna3a KOjMnOKpetie BOflHy Typ6MHy; Hbe-
Ha MexaHMHKa eHeprMja k opmct m ce 3a noKpeTanbe
eneKTpMHHor reHepaTopa, y KOMe ce OBa MexaHM-
HKa eHeprMja npeTBapa y eneKTpMHHy.
y TepMoeneKTpaHaMa ce xeMMjcKa eHeprMja ropMBa
(yrj ba, raca mhm Hacj>Te) npeTBapa y oflroBapajytiMM
ypet>ajMMa (k ot hobm m Typ6MHe, racHM mhm flM3en-
-mot opm) y TonnoTHy eHeprMjy, na 33t mm y MexaHM-
HKy; OHa ce k opmct m 3a noKpeTahbe eneKTpMHHor
reHepaTopa.
y aepo-eneKTpaHaMa ce KMHeTMHKa eHeprMja BeTpo-
Ba oflroBapajytiMM ypet)ajMMa flOBOflM flo eneicrpMHHor
reHepaTopa y KOMe ce npeTBapa y eneKTpMHHy.
y HyKjieapHMM eneKTpaHaMa ce eHeprnja HecTnpa
ypaHa nnn cpoflHnx eneMenaTa noMoti'/ peaKTopa
npeTBapa y TonnoTHy eHeprnjy; OHa ce y of lroBapa-
jytiMMTypnHaMa npeTBapa y MexaHHHKy eHeprnjy
KOjy eceKTDMHHn reHepaTopn npeTBapajy y eneK-
TpMHHy.
nPMHUki n FRn f i t e p m o - e j i e k t p r h e
JeflHa Ofl MHoro6pojHnx rneMa paf la TepMO-eneK-
TpaHe ca napnoM Typ6MHOM Kao noroHCKOM Maiun-
hom f laTa je Ha cj i ml (h 3.2, rioMotiy jbe Mtie onMcaH
peo npopec flo6MjaHja eneKTpMHHe eneprMje y nap-
Hoj eneKTpaHM.
y no>KtmiTy na pemeTKKi (1) caropeBa yrarb, na npo-
M3BefleHa TonnoTa 3arpeea / <orao (2), a caropenM
racoBM, HMjMje t o k 03HaHen, f lona3e y flMMi-baK, npM
neMy ce HbMX0Ba TonnoTa kodmct m y ,qpyre CBpxe.
fla 6mcaropeBaHDe 6nno MHTeH3MBHMje mnoTnyHMje,
ca iiiTO Marbe ry6nTaKa, CTBapa ce BeuiTaHKa npo-
Maja; y OBy CBpxy eeHTnnaTop 3a Ba3pyx (3) y6af ly-
je nofl pemeTKy Ba3flyx, npeTxof lno 3arpejaH y 3a-
rpeBany Ba3flyxa (4).
fla 6m ce noTnyHO ocymnna, nponsBefleHa BOfleHa
napa y ropi-beM KOTny nperpeBa ce y nperpeja<-iy
nape (5), na o b3k o nperpejaHa 0flna3M y napHy Typ-
6my (6), Koja OKpetie eneKTpnHHH renepamp (7), a
OBaj flaje eneKTpnHHy eHeprnjy.
HcKopnmtieHa BOf lena napa KOHfleH3yje ce y
napHOM KOHpeH3aTopy (8) y BOfly, Kojy ppnna 3a
K0HpeH3arop (9) y6apyje y pe3epBoap KornoBCKe
BOfle (10), na ce t 3k o OBa MCTa BOfla ripeKO ppnxe
3a Hanajahbe KOTna (11) y6apyje y KOTao, npeTxof l-
ho 3arpejaHa y 3arpeBany eof le (12). KaKO ce y TOKy
npopeca jeflaH fleo KOTnoBCKe BOfle ry6n, y k o t noB-
ckm pe3epBoap Tpe6a cTanHO floCMnaTM npenMmtie-
Hy (OMeK.maHy) BOfly. Y OBy CBpxy cnyx<M npeHHCTan
Bope (13) m ppnKa 3a ponyHCKy BOfly (14).
napa ce KOHfleH3yje y napHOM KOHfleH3aTopy no-
Motiy xnaf lHe BOfle Koja ce ppnKOM 3a xna1)ehbe (15)
noTHCKyje Kp03 fleBM KOHfleH3aTopa.
Obo cy 6nnn rnaBHM flenoBM ypetjaja 3a npeTBa-
pai-be TonnoTHe eHeprnje ropMBa y eneKTpMHHy
eHeprnjy, a nocTojn jom hmt 3b HM3 f l pyrnx noMotiHMx
ypetjaja. MetjyTMM, f l a 6m ce napHa eneKTpaHa ca-
rnef l ana y flenMHM, Tpea mmbt m y BMfly f la BetiMHa
HdMx TpomM orpoMHe KonMHMHe yrjba, a mct o T3k o m
BenMKe KonMHHHe BOfle. 36or Tora Tpea fla ce
o6e36ef le flOBOJbHe KonMHMHe ynr>a m BOfle, mTO
vnytiyje Ha t o f la napHe eneKTpaHe Tpea rpaflMTM
y 6nM3MHM pyflHMKa yrj ba, ann m y 6nM3MHM peKa. y
noMeHyTe ypetjaje cnaf lajy m npocTopMje 3a flarbM
pa3BOfl eneKTpMHHe eHeprnje, mTO he 6mt m yKpa-
TKO M3HO>KeHO.
Ha cnMflM 3.3 f laTa je ocHOBa jeflHe napHe eneK-
TpaHe, Koja je carpaljeHa nopef l peKe, Kao m ibeHa
flBa BepTMKanHa npeceKa. y ochobm ce BMflM: rnaB-
Ha 3rpaf la (E), ppnHa cTaHMqa (L| C) ca oflejberbeM
3a MexaHMHKO npenMmtiaBai-be BOfle, CKnaflMmTe
yrj ba (E) m npeTOBapHM mo c t (M). - y BepTMKanHOM
npeceKy A-A BMflMce nyT yrj ba flO no>KMmTa k o t no-
Ba: oh ce Ha CTOBapniiiTe M36aL(yje npeTOBapHMM
moct om M3 >Kene3HMHKMx BaroHa nnn M3 mnenoBa, a
oflaBfle (oneT npeKo npeTOBapHor MocTa) y6aqyje ce
flMMHbaK
KOTnapHMfla
of le/ behbe qpnKn
n npnnpei vi e BOf le
MaLUHHCKa cana
eneKTpnHHa
eHeprnj a
MCKopnujtieHa BOf la
Tonao Ba3f lyx
=ri | pe3epBoap
o6HHe BOfle
CnnKa 3.2. - LLIeMa pafla TepMO-eneKTpaHe
T3
teE . I w
p e k a
CnnKa 3.3. - Xopn30HTanHM m BepTHKanHM npeceK TepMO-eneKTpaHe
y f l po6nnnL\ y (f l ). Of l a Bf l e ce npeKO x o p n 3 0 HTa a Ho r
Tp a Hc n o p Te p a (T1), BepTMKanHor e n e Ba To p a (T2) m
o n e T npeKO x o pn30HTanHo r Tp a Hcn o p Te p a (T3), yrarb
y6 a 4 yj e y 6yHKep (5) n3Haf l KOTnapHHf l e (K), a o f l a -
TJi e y no>Kmi JTe KOTJi OBa. - y BepTMKaj i HOM n p e -
ce Ky B-B Bi i f l n ce p a c n o p e f l n p o c To p n j a 3a k o t -
j i OBe (K), f l pnKe (M) n Mai anHe (MC) Koj n je cj i nnaH
p a c n o p e f l y KOMaHf l Hor o f l e j b e h t a (KO) pa3BOf l Hor
o f l ej bei -ba (PO).
k>
n PM HUHn F i W XM PFOEn EK TPFI HE
ripnHf l nn paf la xnf lpoejieKTpaHe 3H3t h o je jeflHo-
cTaBHnjn ofl npnHflnna paf la TepMoejieKTpaHe, ajin
i-beHa M3rpaflhba 3axTeBa o6nMHe 3eMJtaHe, xn-
flpoTexHMHKe n rpat^eBMHCKe paflOBe, na cy nHBe-
CTMflMOHM TpOUJKOBM 3HaTHM, flOK Cy TpOLlJKOBM npM
eKcnjioaTaf lnjn BOfle He3HaTHM.
flMcno3M4Mja T3B. flepnBaflMOHe XMflpoeneKTpaHe
npnKa3aHa je Ha cjinf ln 3.4. f loTpeaH BOfleHM nafl
H ocTBapeH je t 3k o l ut o je t o k peKe nperpatjeH
paHOM, 36or nera ce hmbo BOfle ncnpefl 6paHe
y3fln>Ke. Ha Taj HannH ce nocTM>Ke m bmuj m hmbo m
flOBOTbHa K0J1MHMH3 BOfle. ll0Ce6HMM KaHanOM BO-
fla ce nofl mbj i mm naflOM oflBOflM flo pa3BOflHma
BOfle, a necTO ce Mcnpefl OBora Hajia3M m BOflocraH.
OflaBfle ce oflBOflM fleBMMa nofl i i pmt mc k o m flo
maBHe 3rpafle y Kojoj ce Hajia3e XMflpayjiMHHe Typ-
MHe ca ejieKTpMHHMM reHepaTopMMa, Kao m ocrane
npocTopMje 3a flarbM ejieKTpMHHM pa3B0fl. Bofla
KOja flOJia3M y Typ6MHy Mopa 6mt m MexaHMHKM hm-
cTa, na ce Mcnpefl KaHajia Hajia3M rpy6a peinerKa,
M3a tt>e rano>KHHK 3a necaK, a Ha Kpajy KaHajia, Ha
MecTy rfle yna3M BOfla y L^eB, jom m cjDMHa pemeTKa.
BMiuaK BOfle ce npeKO 6paHe mj i m Kpo3 HapoHMTe
OTBope nymTa y peKy.
OcHOBHe KapaKTepMCTMKe 6jiOKOBa TepMoejieKTpa-
Ha Koje yjia3e y cacTaB EjieKTpoeHepreTCKor c mc t o -
Ma Peny6jiMKe Cp6nje, flaTe cy y radenn 3.1.
CnnKa 3.4. - flncno3HL| i/ ija f lepnBaunoHe XMf lpoeneKTpaHe
Ta6ena 3.1. - OcHOBHe KapaKTepncrnKe 6noKOBa TepwioeneKTpaHa
Ofl npBe cnHxpo-
PeflHM
6poj
EJIEKTPAHA EnoK HHCTanncaHa
renepaTop
MW
Pacnono>KMBa
reHepaTop npar
MW MW
ToflMHa
nyiiiTai-ba
y noroH
HM3apMje
ca 6poj
paaa ^
noKpeTarba
1. TE HMKOfla Tecna A ; A1 210 200 191 1970. 203 786
872
: A2 210 200 191 1970. 214 231 809
A3 305 305 280 1976. 153 070 931
A4 308,5 286,5 280 1978. 150576 740
A5 308,5 286,5 280 1979. 147 952 690
A6 308,5 286,5 280 1979. 122 607
622
VKVnHO 1 650,5 10564,5 1 502
2. TE HMKona Tecna E E1 620 620 580 1983. 141 045 415
; E2 620 620 580 1985. 122 277 405
yKynHO 1 240 1 240 1160
3. TE Kony6apa A1 32 32 29 1956. 303 8723 888
A2 32 32 29 1957.- 268 883 1040
A3 64 64 58 1961. 250 244 724
A4 32 32 29 1961. 229 153 982
A5 110 110 100 1979. 87 630 725
yKynHO 270 270 245
4. TE MopaBa A1 125 115 108 1969. 149 128 511
yKynHO 125 115 108
5. TE KocTonan A A1 100 100 90 1967. 229 896 460
A2 210 210 191 1980. 99 728 403
yKynHO 310 310 281
6. TE KocTonaM E E1 348,5 348,5 320 1987. 69 256 592
E2 348,5 348,5 320 1991. 49 832
497
yKynHO 697 697 640
7. TE Kocobo A A1 65 65 55 1962. 234 613 950
A2 125 110 99 1965. 174 755 785
A3 200 170 153 1970. 152 852 809
A4 200 170 153 1971. 153 663
817
A5 210 175 157 1975. 113 586 556
yKvri HO 800 690 617
8. TE Kocobo E E1 339 339 309 1983. 92 018 748
E2 339 339 309 1984. 80 842 737
yKynHO 678 678 618
9. TE-TO Hobm Cafl f A1 135 120 108 1981.
A2 120 110 100 1984.
yKynHO 255 230 208
10. TE-TO 3pehbaHMH A1 120 120 100 1989.
yKynHO 120 120 100
11. EH CpeMCKa MMTpoBMpa A1 6 6 5 1963.
A2 12 12 11 1963.
A3 32 32 29 1979.
yKynHO 50 50 45
JeflaH 6poj 6noKOBa He MO>Ke fla nocTnrHe fleKJiapncaHy cHarv 36or HeoflroBapajyfcer Oflp>KaBahba m Oflnarai>a
nnaHMpaHMX peBHTajiM3ai4Mja na cy npefly3eTe Mepe fla ce- noceHMM nporpaMMMa nojanaHor oflp>KaBahba m nap-
LjMjajiHOMpeBMTanM3aflMjoM noflMTHe i-bMXOBa cHara
OcHOBHe KapaKTepncTHKe xnflpoe/ ieKTpaHa y eHepreTCKoj cnTyai4njn Peny6nnKe Cpnj e npnKa3aHe cy y
Tae/ in 3.2.
Ta6ena 3.2. - OcHOBHe KapaKTepncmKe XMf l poeneKTpaHa
HHCTanncaH
CHAPA
PeflHM
6poj
EJIEKTPAHA
BPOJ
Ar PEr ATA
npoTOK no
arperaTy
m3/ s
jeflMHMHHa
MW
yKynHa
MW
ToflMHa nyiiJTahba y
noroH
1. XE Tbepflan I 6 800 176,3 1 057,8 1970-1972
2. XE "Bepflan II 10 422 27 270 198587, 98, 2001.
3. XE ri npoT 2 22,5 40 80 1990.
4. XE BnacnHa 10
129
Bpna I 2 4 11, 2 51 1955.
2 5 14,3 1975.
Bpna II 1 8,5 10,5 23,8 1954.
1 10 13,3 1975.
Bpna III 1 8,4 12, 8 29,4 1957.
1 10 16,6 1975.
Bpna IV 1 8 11, 2 24,8 1958.
T ;
10 13,6
1957.
* nAn ji ncnHa 2 3,7 14 28 1978.
5. XE BajnHa BaaiTa
'' 4 .
150 91 364 1966-1968.
6. PXE BajHHa Baai Ta j : 2 .1 63 307 614 1982.
7. XE 3BOpHMK : 4
150 23 92
1955-1958.
8. XE EneKTpoMopaBa 4 ' .' 1:3."
MetjyBpLiije 1 . 25 2,5 ' 7
1954-1957.
.1 15 4,5 1954-1957.
OBHap Baiba
1
25 2 6 1954-1957.
1 15 4 1954-1957.
9. XE JlnMCKe 8
211
XE l loTnet i 3 55 17 51 1967-1970
XE BncTpnpa 2 18
51
10 2 1960.
XE Kokmh Bpof l 2 18,7 11 22 1962-1967.
XE yBaf l 1 37,4 36 36 1979.
* flyMnHO nocTpojehbe

nPMHUHn PRJ3.Fl TOn.HRHE

llopef l eneKTpaHa y Kojnwia ce pa3nnMHTM BMflOBM
eHeprnje npeTBapajy y eneKTpnHHy, ca eHepreTCKe
cTpaHe 3HanajHe cy n TonnaHe. TonnaHe cy eHep-
reTCKn ojeKTn y Kojnivia ce npon3BOfln TonnoTa 3a
sarpeBan^e oj eKaTa nnn nH,qycTpnjcKe noTpee.
LUeiviaTCKH npnKa3 TonnaHe f l aT je Ha cnnpn 3.5.
noTpoLiian
nyivma
e -
roBa perynapnj a. f l a 6m ce y KOTny TpaHCcjjopMM-
cana eHeprnj a, Tj . f l a h c mo y KOTny f l onnn BOf l e-
Hy napy nnn Bpeny BOf l y, ropnBO ce cnanj yj e y
no>Ki/ iLUTy, npn neMy ce TonnoTHa eHeprnj a npef l aj e
rpejHMM noBpujMMa KOTna. y KOTnoBHMa, TanHnj e y
noKMLUTHMa KOTnoBa caropeBaj y HBpcTa, TeHHa n
racoBMTa ropnBa. nopef l KOTna Heonxof l HO j e
nocTpoj eLt e 3a npnnpeMy yrrba y KOMe ce yrana
Men^e - MnnHCKO nocTpo-
j eht e. Ob 3k o caMneBeH,
cnpameH yrarb, y6apyj e ce
y KOTnoBCKO nocTpoj enbe
n y hbeMy caropeBa y ne-
Ty. KpynHMj n yrarb caro-
peBa Ha pei ueTKaMa. Ko h -
CTpyKL| nj a pemeTKe yr na-
bh o m 3aBncn of l Tonno-
THe MOtiM TOpMBa M Ibe-
t o bmx CBOj cTaBa.
L
HanojHM pe3epBoap
HanojHa nyMna
<3---------------- ---------------------- <=>
9
CnnKa 3.5. - meMaTCKH npnKa3 TonnaHe
TeHHa ropMBa caropeBajy
y k o t noBCKOM no>KMiUTy,
TaKO mTO ce pacnpmyjy
noMotiy ropMOHMKa pa3nM-
HMTMX KOHCTpyKLJMja. Ha
CnMH3H H3HMH, caMO no-
Motiy ropMOHMKa of lroBa-
pajyhe KOHCTpyKL| Mje, y6a-
Ljyjy ce racoBMTa ropMBa,
a 33TMM caropeBajy.
llpMHLjMn pafla nocTpojeiba Mo>KeMO onMcaTM Ha
cneflehM h3hmh: KOTao cny>KM Kao M3Bop eHeprMje,
OflHOCHO TonnoTe, npoM3BOfletiM BOfleHy napy Koja
3arpeBa BOfly npeKO M3Mei-bMBaHa TonnoTe. Bofla
KOja M3na3M 3arpejaHa M3 M3Mei-bMBaHa TonnoTe ny-
TeM peBOBOfla flona3M flo noTpomana flo6MjajytiM
eHeprMjy 3a CBoje KpeTai-be ofl LjMpKynai4MOHe
nyMne. Bofla Koja je npeKO paflMjaTopa - rpejHor
Tena npeflana TonnoTy okoomhm y o6nMKy KOHfleH-
3aTa a y3 noMoh KOHfleH3aTHe nyMne noHOBO flo-
cneBa y KOTao. npopec ce 3aTMM noHaBnDa. KoTao
MO>Ke 6mt m napHM mom BpenoBOflHM t bko fla pa-
3nMKyjeM0 napHO mom BpenoBOflHO rpejai-be.
3 . B . K D T . n O E C K R
n O ' Z T P O J E h t - R
Ochobhm npoLjec TpaHcct>opMapMje eHeprMje y k o t -
noBCKMM nocTpojei-bMMa oflBMja ce caropeBaibeM,
npMneMy ce ocnoa^a xeMMjcKM Be3aHa eHeprMja y
ropMBy m npeTBapa y TonnoTHy eHeprMjy. npoLjec
caropeBai-ba je k opmc t 3h caMo aKOce caropeBanbe
oflBMja noTnyHO, a caM npopec OflBMja KOHTponM-
caHO. Ak o je npoLjec KOHTponMcaH, Moryha je m Lbe-
Ha Kpajy MO>KeMOpehM f la je LjM/ b TpaHcc}>opMaL| Mje
eHeprMje y KOTnoBCKOM npocTopy npeBotjeibe xeMMj-
cKe eHeprMje y TonnoTHy, paflM KopMmhei-ba Tonno-
Te 3a 3arpeBahbe BOfle flo CTaflMjyMa Bpene BOfle
MnMBOfleHe nape. Bpena BOfla ce kopmct m f larbe 3a
3arpeBahbe npocTopMja MnMy HeKOM MHflycTpMjcKOM
npopecy Kao paflHM MeflMjyM, a BOfleHa napa ce
kopmct m 3a noKpeTahbe napHMX Typ6MHa y Tep-
MoeneKTpaHaMa, oahoc ho 3a floMjahbe eneKTpM-
HHe eHeprMje m Kao rpejHM m paflHM MeflwjyM y
TexHonomKMM npopecMMa.
OEM HHH B R JB K R CTH K OTJI OEM
06mhhm Ban^KacTM KOTnoBM M3patjyjy ce y o6nMKy
Ba/ bKa Ofl nenMHHor nv\ua Kao mra je npMKa3aHO Ha
cnMLjM 3.6. flenoBM KOTna ce cnajajy 3aKMBai-beM
v\nv\ 3aBapMBaHaeM. HajHM>KMhmbo BOfle y KOTny He
CMe 6mt m Mcnofl 3/ 4 npeHHMKa KOTna.
ripeHHMK KOTna je flo d = 2 m a fly>KMHa flo L = 10 m.
Obm KOTnoBM cy jeflHOCTaBHM 3a M3pafly m jecfiMTM-
hm cy. BenMHMHa rpejHMX noBpmMHa je oko 50 m2.
BMme o6mhhmx BanjKacTMX KOTnoBa KojM cy nocTa-
B/ beHM jeflaH nopefl f l pyror mjeflaH mnafl flpyror, a
Met)yco6HOcy noBe3aHM LjeBMMa, canMibaBajy 6aTe-
pMjcKe KOTnoBe KojM cy ecfJMKacHMjMy pafly.
2 1
JI OKOMOTMBCKM KOTJHOBM 3
CnnKa 3.6. - 06nHaH ea/bKacTMKOTao: 1- oMOTanKOT/ia,
2 - npeflH>Mn3afli-bn OMOTan(3aTBapan) KOT/ia,
3 - npMKjbyHHH BeHTM/i 3a oflBOfl nape, 4 - napocKynrbaH.
BEPTMKf l .HHM KOT.HOBM
3a Mai-ba napHa nocTpojei-ba, rfle cy noTpee y npo-
M3B0flhbn BOfleHe nape orpaHMneHe m MMajy ceKyn-
flapHM 3Hanaj 3a ochobhm TexHonoujKM npopec, npn-
MeHbyjy ce BepTMKanHM KOTnoBM.
BennnnHa rpejHe noBpmnHe obhx KOTnoBa je flo 25 m2,
a npnTncaK y KOTny je pk = 1,4 MPa. KanapnTeT k o-
Tna je 0,55 kg/ m2s. BepTMKanHM KOTao je npMKa3aH
Ha cnnpn 3.7, rfle ce BMflMhberoB pa3B0j y nepnof ly
Ofl 1920. flo 1970. roflMHe.
J lOKOMOTMBCKM KOTnOBM Ce CaCTOje M3 BepTMKanHOP
flena, xopM30HTanHor flena m flBe flMMHe KOMope
KojM cy noBe3aHM y jeflHy penMHy. J Iokomot mbckm
KOTao je npMKa3aH Ha cnMflM 3.8.
8 9
> ^
1 5
CnnKa 3.8. - JIokomot mbckm kot so: 1- CTojefcu KOTao ca
yHyTpaiiihbHMno>KMLUTeM, 2 - y3fly>KHMkot bo, 3 - rpejHe peBM,
4 - flHMHMKaHan, 5 - naaMeHH moct, 6 - napocKynrban,
7 - npocTop 3a napy, 8 - BOflOMepHOCTaKno, 9 - MaHOMeTap,
10 - BeHTMTl CMrypHOCTH.
JiOKOMOTMBCKM KOTnOBM Ce M3patjyjy y fly>KMHM flO
7 m m npeflCTaBTbajy BapMjaHTy KOMMHOBaHor jef l-
nocTpyKor KOTna ofl jeflHe MnM BMiue nnaMeHMx
peBM mBetier 6poja rpejHMx peBM noBe3aHMX y jeflHy
penMHy.
JI OKOMOEHJI CKM KOTJI OEH
J lOKOMOMnCKM KOTnOBM Cy flMnMHflpMHHM KOTnOBM
y HMjeM je npeflhbeM fleny nnaMeHa peB, a y rt.eHOM
3aflhbeM fleny Hana3M ce BetiM 6poj rpejHMx peBM. Obo
je jeflHOCTpyKO kom6mhob3hm ko t bo ca nnaMeHMM m
rpejHMM peBMMa. npMKa3aH je Ha cnMLjM 3.9.
C/ iMKa 3.9. JIOKOMOnncKHKOTao: 1- nnaMeHa peB ca yHyTpauihbHMno>KMUJTeM, 2 rpejHe LjeBH
3 - LjnnMHflpnHHMnperpejaMnape, 4 - flHMhbaK.
BenMHMHa rpej He noBpni HHe Ak j e o a 10 flo 150 m2,
paflHM npnTncaK j e pk ofl 1,18 f l o 1,47 MPa, npe-
hhmk Koma d j e 1 f l o 2,35 m, a fly>KMHa KOTna L j e
2,5 flo 6,2 m.
EPO.D.CKM KOTJI OBH
OBaj KOTao je KOMnaKTHa KOHCTpyKL(nja, mTo ce
MO>Ke BMfleTM Ha cnv\uy\ 3.10. HMa cnef letie k oh-
CTpyKTMBHe KapaKTepncTMKe: BennnnHa rpejHe no-
BpmnHe Ak je ofl 10 flo 300 m2, paflHn npnTMcaK y
K0Tny je pk ofl 1,47 MPa, a npenHHK KOTna je d = 1
flo 2,35 m.
m',
l ' C/ iMKa 3.10. - Bpof lCKM KOTao: 1 - yHyTpaiat t)e jio>KMiiiTe,
2 - nj iaMeHa peB, 3 - nTiaMena KOMopa, 4 - nperpej an nape,
5- rpej Ha peB, 6 - j i mmbhm flMMTbaK.
KOT.nOBH CR KOCM M
B Of l Or P EJH M M U.EBMMR
KoTnoBM ca kocmm BOflorpejHHM LjeBMMa cacToje ce
ofl jeflHor nnn flBa flooma Kojn cy cnojeHM ca flBe
BOflorpejHe KOMope, noBe3aHe HM30M Han3MeHMHH0
nocTaBnDeHnx BOflorpejHnx fleBM. Obm KOTnoBM ca-
AP>Ke BOflorpejHe LjeBH Kpo3 Koje CTpyjn BOfla, a
cnorbHe cTpaHe obhx LjeBM M3no>KeHe cy flejcTBy
Bpennx racoBa, KojnMa ce Ofly3HMa TonnoTa n npe-
flaje BOflocTpyjHMM fleBMMa KOTna 3a 3arpeBahbe
BOfle. Obm KOTnoBM ce flene Ha KOTnoBe ca Hamy-
t mm BOflorpejHMM fleBMMa ca flBe HenofleTbeHe bo-
florpejHe KOMope m KOTnoBe ca flBe nofleTbeHe bo-
florpejHe KOMope Ha ceKflnje - ceKflMOHM KOTnoBM.
KoTao ca f l Be Henof l en>eHe BOf l or pej He KOMope
npnKa3aH je Ha cnnf ln 3.11.
BennHMHa rpejHe noBpmnHe je Ak = 450 m2, paflHM
npnTncaK je 2,5 MPa, a Kanaf lMTeT KOTna je
1,59 kg/ m2s.
CeKf l MOHi i KOTnoBM ca y3f l y>KHMM f l ooui eM pa-
3nnKyjy ce Ofl KOTnoBa ca kocmm BOflorpejHMM qeBn-
Ma no TOMe mra cy KOfl HdMXKOMope nofle/ beHe Ha
3ace6He ceKflnje Koje Mory MMapa3nMHMTe o6nn-
Ke. flpnKa3 o bo t KOTna flaT je Ha cnvtuy\ 3.12.
BenMHMHa rpejHMX noBpmnHa obmx KOTnoBa je
A| < = 600 m2, a paflHM npMTMcaK je pK= 4 MPa.
5 1 9
C/ iMKa 3 .1 1 .- KoTao ca f lBe Henof le/ beHe BOf lorpej He KOMope:
1 - y3fly>KHM f looLu, 2 - 3af lhba BOf lorpej Ha KOMopa,
3 - npef lhba BOf lorpej Ha KOMopa, 4 - HarHyTe BOf lorpej He L| eBM,
5 - nperpej an nape, 6 - 3arpej an BOfle, 7 - ammhm KaHan,
8 - flMMLbaK, 9 - fleB 3a Hanajai-be KOTj i a BOflOM,
10 - fleB 3a cnpoBot j ei be o6pa30BaHe nape,
11 - peB 3a ncnyLUTahbe BOfle, 12 - BeHTnj i aTop 3a Ba3f lyx.
CnMKa 3.12. - CeKflMOHM KOTnoBn: 1- HamyTe BOflorpejne
peBn, 2 - 3aflH=e ceKf lnje BOflorpejHnx KOMopa,
3 - npeflH>e ceKpnje BOflorpejHMx KOMopa, 4 - y3fly>KHH f loom,
5 - nperpejan nape, 6 - 3arpejan BOfle, 7 - 3arpejan ea3flyxa,
8 - X0pM3OHTanHM flMMHMKaHan, 9 - flMMhbaK.
K OTn OEM CR CTP M HM
EOA Or P EJH M M UEEM M R
KoTnoBM ca c t pmmm LjeBMMa KopMCTe ce 3a BenMKy
npoM3BOf l hby BOf l eHe nape BenMKMX paf l HMX npMTM-
caKa. ripMHL^Mn paf l a obmx KOTnoBa 3acHMBa ce Ha
npMpof l HOj L| MpKynaqMjM BOf l e. CacTOj e ce Of l 1 flo 2
ropi -ba f l ooma m1f l o 2 flOHaa f l o6oma mCHona CTp-
mmx fleBM KojMMa ce noBe3yj y f l oomM. Oj acHMheMO
TpM CMCTeMa OBMX KOTnOBa.
Ko t h o b i i CMCTeMa TAPEE of l nMKyj y ce noTnyHOM
npMMeHOM npaBMX f leBM HMMe ce nocTM>Ke ymTef l a y
C/ inKa 3.13. - Ko t j i o b m cncTeMa PAPBE: 1 - CTpMe BOflorpejHe peBH,
2 - TOphbMflOOLU, 3 - flOhbUflooiu, 4 - CnOJ-bHe CTpMe peBH,
5 - nperpejan nape.
8 2 4 9 10 14
pe3epBHMM peBMMa, a/ iM je Be-
jiMKM Hef locTaTaK LUTOce y pp-
oLUMMa npecyjy rHe3fla 3a pe-
bm, na ce CTora flooiiiM Mopajy
paflMTM M3 flBa ,qena Ha HeiuTO
BetiMM npenHMLjMMa. KoTao OBor
CMCTeMa npMKa3aH je Ha ct i ml i m
3.13.
Be/ iMHMHa rpejHe noBpuiMHe mm
je = 200 m2, a paflHM npMTM-
caK je oko 3 MPa.
CTMpjlMHrOBM KOTTIOBM Cy MO-
flepHMje KOHCTpyKpMje m M3B0fle
ce y KOMMHaLjMjM 3 f lo 5 f l o6o-
ma ca 2 f lo 3 cHona c t pmmx bo-
florpejHMx ifleBM. Of lnMKyjy ce Be-
t imkmm KanaiflMTeTOM of l 5,4 kg/ m2s,
npM neMy je paflHM npMTMcaK p^
of l 5 f lo 12 MPa, a BeuMHMHa rpej-
hmx noBpLUMHa je oko 3 000 m2.
Ha cnMiflM 3.14 j e npMKaflaH
CTMpnMHroB KOTao ca flBa rop-
H>a MjeflHMM flOHbMM flOOLUeM.
Kotjiobm ca ctpmmm fleBMMa m
03paneHMM eKpaHMMa mBope
ce Kao 03paneHM ko t j io bm, a t o
3HanM f l a MMajy pa3BMjeHe eK-
paHe of l fleBM 3a xjiatjeH>e j io-
>KMiuTa, KOje KopMCTe Ton/ i oTy
3paHehba nji aMeHa. Paf lHa TeM-
nepaTypa mm j e Bpj i o bmc ok3
T = 1 873 K. BejiMHMHa 03pane-
He noBpiuMHe = 3 000 m2 f lo
6 000 m2, a paflHM npMTMcaK je
oko 12 MPa. KoHCTpyKL(Mja OBa-
kbot KOTJia f l aTa j e Ha cj imam
3.15: 1 - mj imh 3a npMnpeMy yr-
j t eHe npaujMHe, 2 - jio>KMLUTe,
3 - TOpHaM flOOLU, 4 - flOHsM f lO-
6oi u, 5 - eKpaHCKe peBM 3a 3a-
rpeBahbe BOf le m npoM3BOfli-by
BOf leHe nape.
Obm kot j iobm MMajy bcj imkm 6poj
BOflorpejHMX peBM, oko 800 ko-
Mafla, fly>KMHe f l o 15 m.
Cj iHKa 3.14. - CTnpnnHroBu k o t j i o bh : 1 - rophbn neBn f lo6oiu, 2 - rophbn flecHM f lo6om,
3 - flOH.M f l o6om, 4 - f lecHH cHon BepTHKanHHx BOflorpejHHX ueBH, 5 - JieBM cHon ct pmmx
BOflorpejHnx peBH, 6 - npBi/ i flMMHH KaHan, 7 - f lpyrn ahmhm' KaHan, 8 - nperpejan nape,
9 - TpetiM flMMHMKanan, 10 - 3arpejan BOfle, 11 - 3arpejan Ba3flyxa, 12 - ammhm KaHan,
13 - flMMhtaK, 14 peB 3a 3arpejaHy BOfly, 15 napoBOflHa peB.
3.3.1. KOTJI OEM
Cn ELJHJFl / l HE
K OHCTP ^ K UM JE $)
y OBy rpyny KomoBa cna,qajy kot /iobm 3a npon3BO-
fl/by BOfleHe nape Bp/10 bmcokmx npnTMcaKa n TeM-
nepaType.
n R P H M K O T / I O B M J l E 4 : - . n E P
ilecjDnepoB napHM KOTaoje npnKa3aH Ha cnnpn 3.16.
Kao LOTO ce na c/i ml (m BMflM OBaj napHM KOTao ce
cacTojn M3 flBa Mel5ycofiHO noBe3aHa fle/ ia - Ba/ b-
KacTor f l ena y KOMe ce Hana3M KOTnoBCKa BOfla n
qeBHor fle/ ia y KOMe ce aacntieHa napa nperpeBa m
npeBOfln y nperpejaHy BOfleHy napy.
r i R P H M K O T J I O B M J I R M O H T
JlaMOHTKOTao ce cacTojn Ofl qeBn Koje cy Me1>yco6-
ho noBe3aHe y cHonoBe y BMfly eKpaHa.
CnnKa 3.16. - Koiao / 1EOJ1EP: 1 - Ba/ bKacfleo KOTna,
2 - qpeBHM f l eo KOTna, 3 - HanojHa LjeHTpnct3yranHa nyMna,
4 - rpej as BOf le, 5 - paflHa 4eHTpncj 5yranHa nyMna,
6 - rpejan Ba3f l yxa, 7 - nox<nmTe.
OBaj KOTao je Bpno 3HaHajaH 3a TexHMHKy npaKcy,
jep je noflecaH 3a paf l k bk o 3a HMCKe, t h k o m 3a
cpeflHae m BMCOKe npMTMCKe. npMKa3 OBor KOTna
f l aT je Ha cnMflM 3.17.
PaflHe KapaKTepMCTMKe oeor KOTna cy: paflHM npM-
t mc bk pk = 13,7 MPa, TeMnepaTypa nperpejaHe bo-
fleHe nape 780 K m cTeneH MCKOpMu/ heHba je 90%.
8
CnnKa 3.17. - KoTao / 1AMOHT: 1 - eKpaHCKMcncTeM
BOflorpejHiix neBn, 2 - peHTpncpyranHa nyMna 3a noTHCKHBan>e
KOTnoBCKe BOfle, 3 - peHTpncjDyranHa nyMna 3a noTMCKHBahbe
BOfle y pe3epBoap CMeiue, 4 - rpejas BOfle, 5 - pe3epeoap
CMerne BOfle n nape, 6- nperpejas BOfleHe nape,
7 - 3arpejaHBa3flyxa, 8 - napoeof l Hn peBOBOfl, 9 - no>KHLUTe.
nfiPHM K0 TJ10BMBE/ 10KC
BenoKC napHM KOTao je KapaKTepncTHHaH no TOMe
LLITOOCMM npMHyflHe L4MpKy/ iaL(Mje KOTJlOBCKe BOfle
MMa m npMHyflHO Kpy>KeLte ammhmx racoBa nofl npn-
t mck om Ofl 0,34 MPa. KoHCTpyKflMja OBor nocTpoje-
Hba npMKa3aHa je Ha criMflM 3.18. CTeneH mckopm-
ujtiei-ba OBOr KOTTtoBCKor nocTpojei t a je 91 flo 94%,
npM paflHOM npMTMCKy Ofl 13,73 MPa m TeMnepa-
TypM Ofl 825 K. llpMKa3 KOTnoBCKor nocTpojeLta
BeooKc:
CnnKa 3.18. - KoTao BEJIOKC: 1- Typ6o-KOMnpecop
3a Ba3flyx 3a caropeBahbe, 2 - KOMopa 3a caropeBaibe nofl
npnTMCKOMCMeLUTeHa ynyTap KOTna, 3 - ijeBMy K0Tny,
4 - nperpejan 3a napy, 5 - racHa Typ6nHa 3a Typ6o-KOMnpecop,
6 - eK0H0Maj3ep 3a BOfly 3a Hanajahbe KOTna, 7 - oflBajan nape
ofl BOfle 3a Hanajahbe, 8 - pe3epBoap 3a B0fly 3a HanajaHse
(Tpe6a fla 6yfle nncTa n MeKa BOfla), 9 - nyMna 3a Hanajaibe
KOTna, 10 - i4npKynapnOHa nyMna 3a npnHyflHy pnpKynaL(Mjy
BOfle y peBMMa 3 ca 6p3MHOMf l o 100 m/ s, 11 - pe3epBoap
3a Ma3yT, 12 - nyMna 3a Ma3yT, 13 - npeHMCTaHm3arpejan
3a Ma3yT, 14 - 6pn3rarbKa 3a Ma3yT, 15 - eneKTpoMOTop.
nRPHM K0T.H0BM
Xf l PTMf l H-LUMMT
llocTojM BMme BapMjaHTM napHMX KOTJiOBa, ajiM je-
flHo ofl 3HanajHMjMX MecTa MMa mXapTMaH-LilMMTOB
KOTao KojM MMa flBa Kpyra Kpyx<ehba KOTnoBCKe
BOfle, a KojM cy noTnyHO He3aBMCHM m OflBOjeHM.
OBaj KOTao npMKa3aH je Ha cj i ml (m 3.19. PaflHM npM-
TMcaK je 15,4 MPa a TeMnepaTypa nperpejaHe nape
je 773 K, npM neMy je KanapMTeT 5,4 kg/ m2s.
CnMKa 3.19. - KoTao XAPTMAH-LUM14T: 1- flSBH npnMapHor
KOTna, 2 - pe3epBoap nape mBOfle, 3 - cncTeMpeBM
ceKyHflapHor KOTna, 4 - nperpejan nape, 5 - cnorbHa peB,
6 - 3arpejan HanojHe BOfle, 7 - rpejan BOfle npnMapnor KOTna,
8 - fleHTpanHa HanojHa nyMna.
CnnKa 3.20. - Kot so Cy/ 1L(EP: 1- cnnpanHe peBn,
2 - Oflsajan BOfle, 3 - nperpejan nape,
4 - HanojHa peHTpnct>yranHa nyMna,
5 - rpejan HanojHe BOfle, 6 - noTMCHn BeHTnnaTop,
7 - nperpejan Ba3flyxa, 8 - flOBOfl ropnBa.
nf l PHM K 0 TU0 BH Cy/ 1UEP
OBaj KOTao paflM Ha npMHflMny npMHyflHe L(MpKy-
jiaflMje HanojHe BOfle m cacTojM ce ofl cnMpa/ THe
LjeBM Koja ce nocTaBM y jio>KMUJTe Mcnpefl BaTpo-
cTa/ iHor 3Mfla no>KMLUTa. KoHCTpyKflMja obmx k o t h o -
Ba npMKa3aHa je Ha cnMflM 3.20.
PaflHM npMTMcaK obmx KOTnoBa je ofl 5 flo 20 MPa.
nf l PHM K0 T.H0 BH BEHCOH
Ochobhm eneMeHT BeHCOHOBor napHor KOTnaj e LjeB
KOja hmhm rpejHy noBpuj KOTna Kpo3 Kojy CTpyjM ko t -
noBCKa BOfla (cnMKa 3.21).
KoTao ca o bbk bo m KOHCTpyKL(MjOM je cMrypaH y no-
roHy ann ce Mopa HanajaTM npeTxoflHO npMnpeM/ be-
hom BOflOM Koja Mopa 6mt m MeKa.
C/iMKa3.21. - KoTao BEHCOH: 1- eKpancKMpeBHn
eneMeHTH, 2 - nojKHiiiTe, 3 - HanojHa neHTpncj)yrajiHa nyMna,
4- rpejan BOfle, 5a npnwapHn nperpejan nape,
' 56- ceKyHflapHHnperpejan nape, 6 - cpnnTap a h m h h x racoea.
nflPHH KOTRO Pf i MSHH
PaM3MHOB napHM K0T30 je no CBOjoj KOHCTpyKL(Hjn
c/iMHaH CyrmepoBOM KOTjiy. Kopmct m ce 3a npon-
3B0flHby BOfleHe nape BMCOKor n Bpoo BHcoKor npn-
TkiCKa. Obm k ot t i obm ce rpaf le yBnc n flOCTn>Ky bm-
CMHy ofl 40 flo 100 m. KoHCTpvKpnja obot KOTJia
npnKa3aHa je Ha cj t ml (h 3.22.
KanapnTeT obot KOTna je flo 140 kg/ m2s, npn pafl-
hom npnTMCKy pk flo 18 MPa mTeMnepaTypn 773 K.
BeanHMHa rpejHe noBpniMHe je flo 3 000 m2.
CnnKa 3.22. - Kcrrao PAM3MH: 1- neBHH cncTeM,
2 - HanojHa peHTpncp'/ ranHa cnna, 3 - 3arpejan BOfle,
4 - HajHMxcMfleo KOTna, 5 - npnMapHM npeflrpejan,
6 - ceKynflapHM nperpejan, 7 - 3arpejan Ba3flyxa,
8 - o t b o p 3a ropnBO, 9 - napoBOfl 3a napHy Typ6nny.
3 . H . T l ^ P E M H C K F l
T I O C T P O J E H s . f i
Typ6nHCKO nocTpoj ehbe y o c h o b h caHMhbaBa Typ6n-
Ha ca npaTet i MM noMoti HMM ypet )aj nMa n apMaTypoM.
CBa Typ6onocTpoj ensa y 3aBncHOCTM of l Mef l nj a -
MaTepnj e Koj a ce k o p mc t m, MO>KeMO nof l ej i MTM Ha:
- napHOTyp6MHCKa - sa HsHx o b o noKpeTahbe ce ko-
Pmc t h BOf l eHa napa;
- racHOTyp6nHCKa - 3a HsMx o b o noKpeTaHse ce
k o p h c t m rac;
- xnflpoTyp6nHCKa - 3a h>hxobo noKpeTaHse ce Kopn-
c t h nocTojetiM xnflponoTeHL(Mjaji pexa n j e3epa.
r i M TO t t O M 3 Q A C i LJ. M
1. KaKaB j e 3HaHaj TpaHccjjopMa^Mje eHepmje?
2. KaKO paflM TepMoeJieKTpaHa?
3. Onrnun pafl xnf lpoejieKTpaHe.
4. KojM cy eneMeHTM Tonj iaHe?
5. LLlTa je flMJTs TpaHccjDopMapMje eHeprMje y KOTnOBCKOM npocTopy?
6. Koja je KOHCTpyKTMBHa nof lena napHMX KOTJiOBa?
7. OriMUJM KOTJiOBe ca nnaMeHMM pesMMa.
8. OnMLUM KOTjiOBe ca kocmm BOflorpejHMM peBMMa.
9. OnMLLIM JlaMOHTKOTaO.
10. OnMUJM XapTMaH-LLJMMTOB KOTaO.
11. OrrnujM LJJyjii4epoB KOTao.
3.H.I . n RPHOT^ FEM Hi ZKFi
n O C T F ' O JEhtfl
ri apa npon3Be,qeHa y k ot j i obc k o m nocTpojert>y, y
TonnoTHMM ManiMHaMa je paflHO Teno Koje cny>KM
Kao HocnnaL; eHepmj e y npou[ecy TpaHCcJjopMai^nje
TonnoTHe eHeprnje y MexaHMHKM paq. TpaHC($>opMa-
L[Mja eHeprMje y napHOM 6/ iOKy npMKa3aHa je Ha
C/ 1M14M3.23.
- ri of l ena napHMx Typ6MHa
riOCTOjM Be/ IMKM6poj pa3JlMHMTMX TMIlOBa Typ6MHa M
TO K3KO nO KOHCTpyKTMBHOM M3BOljeLby, T3KO MHO
npMHL|Mny pafla, na ce Typ6MHe f l ene:
1) npeMa npaBqy cTpyjaH>a paflHor cf)jiyMfla Ha:
- aKCMja/ iHe (cjiMKa 3.24),
- paflMjajiHe (cjiMKa 3.25);
CBojcTBO BOfleHe nape f l a npM uiMpeH>y MOxce M3-
BpujMTM MexaHMHKM paf l k opmct m ce y paf ly napHe
Typ6MHe. ripoM3BefleH MexaHMHKM pafl ce peajiM3y-
je Ha 6a3M KMHeTMHKe eHeprMje cTpyjahba MJia3a
BOfleHe nape.
Bof leHa napa npoM3BefleHa y napHOM KOT/ iy pacno-
jia>xe TonjiOTHOM eHeprMjoM Kojy KapaKTepMLuy bm-
cokm npMTMcaK m TeMnepaTypa. ripMJiMKOM npoji a-
CKa BOfleHe nape Kpo3 cnpoBOflHe KaHa/ ie, ona ce
l umpm, cMaH>yje ce npMTMcaK, a noBetiaBa ce 6p3M-
Ha, t 3ko fla ce TonjiOTHa eHeprMja npeTBapa y km-
HeTMHKy. OBaKBa TpaHccjDopMaflMja eHeprMje ce
OflBMja y CTynn>eBMMa napHe Typ6MHe Koje HMHe
npeTKona (HenoKpeTaH f leo) m paflHa KOJia (noKpe-
TaH f leo). f l peTKona m paflHa Kona cacTaBJbeHa cy
M3 HM3a JionaTMqa M3Me1jy KojMx cTpyjM napa. PaflHM
npoflec y napHOj Typ6MHMcacTojM ce m:
1) npeTBapaHba eHeprMje BOfleHe nape y KMHeTMHKy
eHeprMjy cTpyje Mna3a nape;
2) npeTBapan>a KMHeTMHKe eHeprMje CTpyje Mjia3a
nape y MexaHMHKM pafl Ha JionaTMflaMa paflHor
KOJi a Typ6MHe. 23
Cj i uKa 3.24. - npMHLtunnj eji Ha uieMa aKcnja/ i He Typ6nne
Cj iMKa 3.25. - f lpnHL(MnMjejiHa uieMa paf l nj aj i ne Typ6nHe
2) npeMa HanMHy flejiOBaiba MJia3a pa-
f lHor cj)JiyMfla Ha:
- aKflMOHe,
- peaKflMOHe,
- KOM^MHOBaHe;
3) npeMa 6pojy CTynibeBa (cTeneHa) Ha:
- jef lHocTeneHe,
- BMiuecTeneHe.
riocTOje mf lpyre nofle/ ie Koje cy Mai-be 6m-
THe.
CjiMKa 3.23. - TpaHccjjopMapnja eHeprnje y napHOM6noKy: 1- napHH
KOTao, 2 - nperpejan nape, 3 - maBHa napoBOflHa peB, 4 - napHa Typ6nna,
5 - ejieKTpidHHHreHepaTop, 6 - KOHfleH3aTop, 7 - pacxjiaflHMToparb,
8 - nyMna 3a pacxjiaf lHy BOfly, 9 - K0HfleH3apn0HM BOfl,
10 - KOHfleH3aL|HOHa nyMna, 11- 3arpejan BOfle (eKOHOMaj3ep),
12 - nanojHa rjiaea.
Ha CJIM14M3.26 je npMKa3aHa iueMa aKflM-
OHor f lejcTBa MJia3a BOfleHe nape. M/ ia3
nape, M3Jia3etiM h3k oh eKcnaH3Mje M3
cnpoBOflHor anapaTa (A), f lejiyje cmj i om
npMTMCKa (Fp) Ha jionaTMfle KOJia (K) m
CnHKa 3.26. - Ak u h o h o
flejcTBOMJia3a
noTMCKyje ra y CMepy fle-
noBai-ba cnae. Cnoa npn-
TMCKa Moa3a nape je aK-
pnoHa cnoa, a flejcTBO
nape je aKpnoHO flejcTBO
nape. CaMa Typ6MHa ce
Ha3MBa aKpnoHa Typ6nHa.
Ha cnnpn 3.27 npnKa3a-
Ha je aKLjMOHa napHa Typ-
6nHa.
C/ inKa 3.27. - AKHHOHa napHa Typ6nHa: 1- KOMopa ca
maBHMMBSHTHTIOM, 2 - JlaBa/IOBHMJiaaHMpM, 3 - poTop
Typ6nHe, 4 - cnpoBOflHe jionaTnpe, 5 - ejiacTHHHOBpaTHJio,
6 - oKJion Typ6nHe, 7 - 3anTMBaHM, 8 - jie>KMUJTa, 9 - cnojHML| a.
C/ iMKa 3.28 npnKa3yje npnH-
pnn peaKLjnoHor f l ejcTBa
Mna3a BOfleHe nape. Mna3
BOflene nape M3na3n n3
npocTopa (A), npona3M Kpo3
cnpoBOflHM anapaT (C) pa-
flnjanHo, fla 6m TaHreHpn-
janHO Ha cMep o6pTahba
M3na3no Hanofbe. flejcTBO
Mna3a nape M3a3MBa cy-
npoTHo KpeTai-be paf lnor k o -
na. Cnna Koja noKpetie k o -
no je cnna peaKpnje, a flej-
c t b o nape je peaKflMOHOflej-
c t bo nape, flOK ce caMa Typ6nHa Ha3MBa peaKpnoHa
Typ6nHa.
Ha cnnLjn 3.29 npnKa3aHa je peaKpnoHa Typ6nHa.
KoMMHOBaHe napHe Typ6nHe MMajy CTyni-beBe
3KL(MOHOr MpeaKLjMOHOT flejcTBa. 06mhho cy npBM
CTynHaeBM OBaKBMX Typ6MHa aKflMOHM, a ocTann
peaKflMOHM. To je noroflHOCT 3a pafl y npoMeHTbM-
CnviKa 3.28. - PeaK^MOHO
flejCTBO Mna3a
bmm ycnoBMMa. f laHac ce napHe Typ6MHe 3a Behe
CHare rpafle MCKTbyHMBOKao BMinecTeneHe.
Cj i nKa 3.29. - PeaKL| noHa napHa Typ5uHa: 1- KOMopa
ca maBHMM BeHTMJioM, 2 - BeHaLj CTaTopcKMX j i onaTnua,
3 - BeH3L( paflHMX - poTopcKnx j i onaTMua, 4 - oKJi on Typ6nHe,
5 - flooiii, 6 - BpaTMJio Typ6nHe, 7 - cnojHmia, 8 K0MneH3a-
pMOHM KJlMn, 9 - Ji a6npMHTCKM 3anTMBaHM, 10 - JiejKMUJTa.
Pa3no3M KOjM cy 3axTeBanM yBotjeH>e BMiuecTene-
hmx Typ6MHa 6mom cy:
1) eKOHOMCKM pa3no3M (f la ce floMje nocTpojehbe
Koje he flaBaTM uj t o Befcy CHary ca uj t o MahbMM
yTpomKOM eHeprMje),
2) nocTM3ahbe HajnoBOTbHMjMx npof leca TpaHcc}3op-
MapMje eHeprMje,
3) KOHCTpyKflMOHM pa3no3M (cjeflMHbaBapbe eKO-
homckmx mTepMOflMHaMMHKMx ycnoBa).
nPMMEHR nf l PHMX TVPE-MHf l )\ )
riapHe Typ6MHe ce npMMehbyjy y eHepreTMflM, MHfly-
CTpnjM mcao6pafcajy. OHe paf le mmpho , 6e3 BenMKMx
noTpeca m BM6paflMja, anM 3axTeBajy BenMKy Ta-
HHOCTMnpeL(M3H0CTnpM M3paflM MM0HT3>KM. 3aXTe-
Bajy penaTMBHO BenMKa MHBecTMLjMona ynarahba,
Kao mbmcok hmbo ayTOMaTM3aflMje nocTpojert.a.
napHe Typ6MHe ce npnMeibyjy y TepMoeneKTpaHa-
Ma, rfle ce nocpeflCTBOM napHe Typ6nHe npeTBapa
TonnoTHa eHeprnja y MexaHMHKM pafl Kojn ce ko-
Pmct m 3a noKpeTahte eneKTpnnHor reHepaTopa 3a
npoH3BOflLt>y cTpyje. Ha cnnpM 3.30 npMKa3aHa je
MaujMHCKa cana TepMoeHepreTCKor nocTpojetba.
napHe Typ6nHe ce Mory npnMeHHTH m y kommho-
b3Hom TepMoeHepreTCKOM nocTpojehby Koje cny>KM
3a npoM3BOfltby eneKTpnHHe mTonnoTHe eHeprnje,
y TaK03B3HMM TepMoeneKTpaHaMa - TonnaHaMa. Obo
je Bpno noroflaH o6nnK eKcnnoaTapnje TonnoTHe
eHeprnje. Ha cnnflM 3.31 je npnKa3aH cnojtaujHDM
M3rnefl KOMMHOBaHor nocTpojeHaa 3a npoM3BOflH>y
eneKTpMHHe n TonnoTHe eHeprnje. y obom cnynajy
TonnoTHa eHeprnja ce kopmct m flBOjaKO, m t o 3a Te-
XHonouiKM npopec m3a rpejan>e noTpouiana.
Ocmm OBora, napHe Typ6nHe ce Mory npnMerbHBa
n y cao6patiajy 3a noroH poflOBa, l ut o je flaHac Beh
petje, my o6nnKy CTai4MOHapHnx napHnx Typ6iiHa.
O npnMeHii napHnx Typ6nHa y HyKneapHMM eneKTpa-
HaMa 6nt i e roBopa y 3ace6HOM nornaBf by o HyKne-
apHMM nocTpoj ei -bMMa.
CnnKa 3.31. - Cnorbamhbn M3rnefl nocTpojehba 3 a npon3BOflrby
eneKTpnHHe n TonnoTHe eHeproje
3.H.2. rflCHOTVFEMHCKO
nOCTFOJ EhbE
racHe Typ6iiHe y6pajaMO y HajcaBpeMeHiije ypetjaje.
To cy poTa^noHe MarnnHe Mnjn je npnHLji/ in pafla
Bpno cnimaH napHoj Typ6nHn. PaflHii dpnyv\f\ y ra-
CHOj Typ6tiHn je rac. TacHa Typ6i iHa ce npnMerbyje
Kao CTamiHa MainnHa 3a npon3BOflrtjy eneKTpnHHe
eHeprnje n 3a rioroH aBHona.
TacHa Typ6nHa je HeuiTO cno>KeHMje rpalje ofl napHe
Typ6nHe. riof l racHHM Typ6nHCKiiM nocTpojerbeM no-
flpa3yMeBaM0, ocmm Typ6iiHe, jorn KOMnpecop m rpej-
Hy KOMopy. Paf l racHe Typ6iiHe je Moryti Ha ocHOBy
eKcnaH3nje raca Kojn ce npeTXOflHO canja y k om-
npecopy m 3arpeBa y rpejHoj k omopm. KoMnpecop
ycncaBa cnoibaujrbn Ba3flyx m canja ra, a 33t hm
noTMCKyje y rpejHy KOMopy. H3 rpejHe KOMope fleo
caMjeHor Ba3f lyxa nponyujTa ce Kpo3 nnaMeHy flee
rfle ce ropMBOnanM, a ocTaTaK ce ynyftyje ok o OBe
fleBM Kojy yjeflHO m xnaflM. MemaBMHOM OBor f lpyror
f l ena Ba3f lyxa ca cTBopeHMM racoBMMa y nnaMeHoj
fleBM cTBapa ce >KejteHM rac, cnocoaH 3a o6pTart e
Typ6MHe.
Of l npoM3BefleHe CHare ok o 1/ 3 ce npeflaje ej i eK-
t pmhhom reHepaTopy, flOK ce 2/ 3 KopMCTe 3a noroH
concTBeHor KOMnpecopa. KoMnpecop, Typ6MHa m re-
HepaTop ce Hana3e Ha 3ajeflHMHK0M BpaTMJiy. Y
rpejHoj k omopm ce pa3BMja TeMnepaTypa 3H3t h o bm-
uja ofl noTpeHe Ha yna3y y Typ6MHy. noTpeHa
BpeflHOCT TeMnepaType je 700-900C, ui t o ce no-
CTM>xe MeuiaHieM ca BefcOM k oj i mhmhom Ba3flyxa.
CaBpeMeHe racHe Typ6MHe KopMCTe pa3JiMHMTa
ropMBa, Kao uj t o cy Kepo3MH KOfl aBMOHa, 3aTMM
racoBMTa m TenHa ropMBa KOfl cTaflMOHapHMx racHMx
Typ6MHa y eHepreTMflM.
CaBpeMeHO racHOTyp6MHCKO nocTpojeHae npMKa3a-
ho je na criMflM 3.32.
riyMnoM ce ropMBO flOBOflM flo ropMOHMKa. Ba3f lyx
noTpeaH 3a caropeBarbe ca6Mja ce KOMnpecopoM,
a npeTXOflHO ce 3arpeBa y rpejHoj k omopm.
CaropeBaH>e y k omopm je nofl k o h c t 3ht hmm npMTM-
c k o m, a eKcnaH3Mja npof lyKaTa caropeBai-ba bpuj m
ce flo aTMOCcjjepcKor npMTMCKa.
OCMM 0B3KBMX jeflHOCTaBHMjMX raCHOTyp6MHCKMX
nocTpojeHaa f l aHac ce cBe BMUie rpaf le cno>KeHMj a
racHOTyp6MHCKa nocTpoj erba ca BMi uecTeneHOM ra-
chom Typ6nHOM .1moi ytiHOUJtiy MCKopMUJtiaBarba t o -
nnoTHe eHeprnj e M3Jia3HMX racoBa.
3a ca6njai-be racoBa n nape cny>Ke KOMnpecopM k o-
jn cBojoM noMotiHOM onpeMOM TaKOlie Mory, a Haj-
Heuutie m HMHe, jeflHO eHepreTCKO nocTpojeibe.
1 2 3 4 5 6
CnnKa 3.32. - racH0Typ6uHCK0 nocipojeH=e: 1 - aKcnjannn KOMnpecop,
2 - 6pn3rarbKa 3a ropnBO, 3 - nnaMGHa peB, 4 - rpej Ha KOMopa, 5 - cnojHHL(a,
6 - racHa Typ6nHa, 7 - en. reHepaTop, 8 - cTapTep (aHnacep), 9 - yna3 aTMOccj/ epcKor
Ba3flyxa, 10 - H3na3 npof lyKaTa caropeBarba.
CBaKM eaeMeHT xnflponocTpo-
jehta MMa oflpel5eHy 4)yHKqnjy y
CKnony HMTaBor XMflpoTyp6nH-
CKor nocTpojes-ba. KnacncjDHKa-
qwja xnf lponocTpojeH3a MO>Ke
ce M3BpLUMTM Ca pa3J1MHMTMX
CTaHOBMLUTa.
i f lpeMa HanMHy KopMLutiei-ba
BOfleHe eneprMje Mory 6mt m:
1. npoTOHHa XMflponocTpojeHDa
(rpaf l e ce Ha peKaMa, Hnp.
"Bepflan"),
2. aKyMynai4MOHa XMflponocTpo-
jerba (rpafle ce Ha MecTMMa
rfle nocTojM npMpoflHa mhm
BeLUTanKa aKyMynaqMja - je-
3epa, Hnp. BnacMHa, JlMMCKe
eneKTpaHe).
B.H.B. :
flOCTF'
MJDJF O T y FBHHC K R
j J Eht-h
XMflpaynMHHM mot opm cy MamMHe KOje npoM3BOfle
MexaHMHKM pafl Ha panyH noTeHflMjanHe eHepraje
BOfle. f l a 6 m pacnono>KMBy eHeprMjy BOfle npeTeo-
pMnM y MexaHMHKM pafl, OflHOCHO y eneKTpMHHy
eHeprMjy, HeonxoflHO je pacnonaraTM HM30M ypet5aja
n o6jeK3Ta nopef l Typ6MHe m reHepaTopa Kao rna-
BHMX CaCT3BHMX f lenOBa XMflpOTyp6MHCKOr nocTpo-
jerba. EneMeHTM XMflpOTyp6MHCKor nocTpojeeba
M3BaHTyp6MHCKe Kyhe HMHe cnojbamrbM f leo xMflpo-
Typ6MHCKor nocTpojeHba (xMflponocTpojei-ba).
li ripeMa onTepeherby Mory 6mt m:
1. epiuHa xMf lponocTpojei-ba (paf l e noBpeMeHO y ne-
pMOflMMa senMKe noTpoiuhbe eneKTpMHHe eHep-
rnj e),
2. ocHOBHa xMflponocTpojeH3a (paf le CKopo Henpe-
KMflHOy TOKy roflMHe).
TnaBHM f l eo xMf lpoTyp6MHCKor nocTpojeLba cy xm-
f lpaynMHHe (BOf lHe) Typ6MHe Koje no KOHCTpyKflMj-
ckmm peiueibMMa Mory 6mt m pa3nMHMTe. Typ6MHe
Koje ce f l aHac Hajnemhe yrpat j yj y y XMf lpoTyp6MHCKa
nocTpojerba cy: f l enTOHOBa Typ6MHa, OpaHCMCOBa
Typ6MHa m KannaHOBa Typ6MHa.
CnnKa 3.33. - l l pemi BHa 6paHa xnf l poTyp6nHCKor nocTpoj erba
n E/ l TOHOER T^ FEM Hf i
rnaBHM flenoBM Typ6nHe cy: cnpoBOflHo k oho
(ycMepeno k o/i o nnn npeTKono) n o6pt h o paflHO
KOJIO(pOTOp).
Ha cnnf l n 3.34 j e npnKa3aH noj ef l HOCTaBTbeH npe-
ceK Typ6nHe. Bof l a ce f lOBOf l M H3 pe3epBoapa nnn
BOf l He CTaHHf l e noMOt i y qeBH (1) y cnpoBOf l HM ana-
paT. CnpoBOf l Hn anapaT ce cacTOj n M3 yBOf l He Kpn-
BMHe (2), 3aBpi uHor f l ena - cncKa (3) n Konrba (4) ca
t o hk o m (5). Ob3k o M3rpa1)eH cnpoBOf l HM anapaT
nopef l ycMepaBahba Mna3a paf l He MaTepnj e cny>KM
m 3a perynncahbe paf l a Typ6nHe.
Typ6nHa npnKa3aHa Ha cnnfln peryjimije ce pynHO
TaKO uj t o ce Konrbe (4) noMepa pynHO npeKo t o h k 3
(5).
CnMKa 3.34. - f lpeceK (noj ef lHOCTaBrbeH) l l enTOHOBe Typ6nHe
OBaKaB h3hmh peryjincahba npnMeHDyje ce k oa
Typ6nHa BeoMa Mannx CHara, flOK ce KOfl Typ6nHa
BetiMX CHara npnMeHDyje ayTOMaTCKO perynncai-be,
na cnpoBOflHM anapaT MMa flpyraHnjn M3rnef l , Kao
uj t o je npnKa3aHOHa cnnfln 3.35.
CnnKa 3.35. - EneMeHTM perynaijMje nejiTOHOBe Typ6MHe:
1 - Konrba, 2 - BotjMfla Konj ba, 3 - Bpx Konjba, 4 - MJia3HMpe,
5 - CKpeTan MJia3a.
CeKan Mna3a cny>KM 3a 6p30 of l Baj ai be Mna3a Ofl
paf lHor Kona, na ce Ha Taj HannH CKpatiyje BpeMe 3a
3aycTaB/ baHDe Typ6nHe. Paf lHO Kono (cnnKa 3.34)
ce cacToj n M3 BpaTnna (6), flMCKa (7) m paf l Hnx no-
naTMfla (8).
Mna3 M3 cnpoBOflHor anapaTa Hauna3i4 Ha paflHy
nonaTMfly y o6nnKy KaniMKe m 6i4Ba npenonoB/ beH
cennflOM Ha flBe CMMeTpi4HHe nonoBMHe. Mna3
CKpetie fly>K paflHe nonaTHf le n CBojy eHepri4jy
npeflaje nonaTHf ln y BMfly MexaHHHKor pafla, uj t o ce
M3pax<aBa o6pTarbeM paf lHor Kona. Aohdm fleo
Kytii4UJTa (10) hoci 4 ne>Ki4UJTa Koja OMoryhyjy
o6pTaHDe paflHor Kona n npeKO cnojHMfle CHara ce
npeflaje paflHoj MaiunHn Kojy noKpehe xi4flpaynnHHa
Typ6i4Ha. FophdH fleo OKnona (9) cny>Ki4 Kao 3a-
uiTHTa Typ6nHe a yjeflHO cnpenaBa npcKaHDe BOfle.
^JJ-FRHCMCOBR TVFEM Hf i
TnaBHM flenoBM OpaHcncoBe Typ6i4He cy y ochobh
HCT14 Kao 14KOfl fleHTpncpyranHe nyMne. f l ocTpojeibe
ca OpaHcncoBOM Typ6i4HOM npi4Ka3aHo je Ha cnnfln
3.36, a i43rnefl caMor paf lHor Kona Ha cnnf ln 3.37.
Bof la 143 oKHa (1) f locneBa y npeTKono (9) ca
nonaTMflaMa. ri peTKono (ycMepeHO Kono) je k oh-
fleHTpnHHO nocTaBjbeHO y 0flH0cy Ha paflHO (o6pT-
ho) Kono, t 3k o f la ce BOfla flOBOfln paflHHM nonaTM-
flaMa (10) no HMTaBOM o6nnKy.
f laKne, OpaHcncoBa Typ6nHa je Typ6nHa ca noT-
nyHMM flOBOflOM (TOTanHa). JlonaTHf le npeTKona
opTHe cy ok o CBojnx ocoBMHMfla, t b k o f la ce
npoMeHOM hbi4XOBor Metjyco6 Hor nono>Kaja ocTBapy-
j e perynaf l nj a n Of lroBapajyhe ycMepaBaHDe BOfleHor
Mna3a.
riopef l Typ6i4He, o b o nocTpoj ei be cannHDaBa reHe-
parap (6) CMeuiTeH y Mami4HCKy cany y Koj oj ce
Hana3e n KOMaHflHM cepBO ypetjajn (7). 3a nof l i 43a-
me eneMeHaTa Typ6i4He n reHepaTopa cny>Ki4 moc t -
Ha fli43ani4fla (5). H3na3Hi4 n yna3Hn TyHen ce MO>Ke
3aTBopnTi4 noMohy ,,Ta6nacTHx 3aTBapana Kojn ce
cnyuiTajy f lnsanmjaMa (4) n (8). 3a nnuiheibe pe-
uieTaKa nocToje MexaHi430BaHe nncTnnnf l e (3).
Paf l HO Kono y uinpeM CMi4cny HMHe paflHe nonaTHf le
(2) ynBpuiheHe n3Mel5y ropHber BeHfla (1) i4 flOHDer
BeHfla (3) i4 BpaTnna (6). Ha cnnf ln cy npi4Ka3aHi4
B14jIflH(4) 143anTI4BHI4 npCTeHH (5) 14(7).
f lpeMa cnnfln, Ha yna3y y npeTKono jeflHHMfla Mace
TenHocTM pacnona>Ke eHeprnjOM (HanoHOM nnn na-
flOM) H-| . y npeTKony ce jeflaH fleo HanoHa H, nnn
(ui t o je h c t o ) jeflaH fleo npi4Ti4CHe eHeprnjoM P-,
npeTBapa (TpaHCcfjopMnuje) y Ki4HeTHHKy eHeprnjy.
Kf l r mf i HOBf l TVPEHHf i
Ochobhm eneMeHTM KannaHOBe TypMHe cy MfleH-
t mhhm ochobhmm e/ieMeHTMMa OpaHCMCOBe TypM-
He, jep je KannaHOBa Typ6nHa, Kao mOpaHcncoBa,
peaKflnjcKa Typ6nHa. Bof la no penoM o6nMy yna3M
y paflHO koj io M3 npeTKoaa. Kpo3 paflHO koj io BOfla
CTpyjn y aKcnjariHOM npaBpy. TpaHccjJopMaflnja eHep-
rnje y Kony KannaHOBe Typ6nHe je MCTa Kao m
TpaHccpopMapnja eHeprnje y OpaHCMCOBOj Typ6MHM.
Ha cjinf ln 3.38 npnKa3aH je y3fly>KHM npeceK no-
cTpojensa ca KanjiaHOBOM Typ6nHOM Ha KOMe ce
BMfle cbm rjiaBHM flejioBM nocTpojeHja ca noMotiHMM
ypet)ajMMa monpeMOM, a Ha cjinpn 3.39 je ynpowfce-
hm npnKa3 nocTpojei-ba.
KannaHOBe Typ6kiHe ce npMMeH>yjy 3a cnepncpMHHe
6pojeBe opTaja n =350-950 mHanope H =40-12 m,
Tj. npnMeH>yjy ce TaMo rfle ce He Mory npnMeH>n-
BaTMpaflno-aKcnjajiHe Typ6nHe OpaHCMCOBor Tnna.
ripn aHanM3M <t>paHcncoBMX Typ6MHa ycTaHOBn3eno
je fla ce ca noBetiai-beM 6p30X0flH0CTM OpaHcn-
cobmx Typ6nHa HaMetie noTpe6a M3MeHe o6jiMKa pa-
hmx j i onaTnpa paflHor KOJia. 36or yMai-beH3a Hano-
pa, npn KojnMa pafle OpaHcncoBe Typ6MHe, y3
noBetianbe npoTOKa ca nopacTOM 6p30X0flH0CTM,
CBe BMiiie ce yjia3Ha MBnpa paflHe Ji onaTnpe no-
BjiaHM Ka rjiaBHMHM, flOK ce aohdm BeHap CBe Brniie
yf larbaBa ofl BpaTMJia. Ljmb je, CManei-beM cpef l ner
npeHHHKa KOJia, oflp>KaTn oflpet)eHy, He Many, Bpe-
flHocT o6nMHe 6p3HHe, a TMMe o6e36eflHTM npnMeHy
KOMnaKTHnx i/i jecj>THHnjnx eneKTporeHepaTopa. Obo
je flOBejio flo Tora fla paflHe jionaTHf le 6yfly Koce,
TaKopetin fla 3ay3My xopn30HTajiaH nojio>Kaj, a
flOhbn n ropi-bn Benafl CBefleHn cy na HajMaH>y Mepy.
Obo je CBe Mopano flOBecTH flo o6jiMKOBaH>a KOJia
y o6jiMKy nponenepa 6es ropner n floi-ber BeHpa n
ncTOBeTHor yjia3Hor n H3Jia3Hor npeHHHKa. 36or no-
BetiaHor npoTOKa 3axTeBaH je BejiHKM npoTOHHM
npeceK KOJia, a t o ce Morno ocTBapnTH M3pa3HTHM
CMarberbeM 6poja paflHnx nonaTHf la. Ob3k o k oh-
CTpyncaHO Kono ca npeTKonoM n 3aKonoM ca-
HMHaaBa nponenepHO Kono.
3
CnnKa 3.38. - nocTpoj et t>e ca KannaHOBOM Typ6MHOM
C/ iMKa. 3.39. - noj ef l HOCTaBjbeH BepTMKa/ iHM npeceK
nocTpojett>a ca Kan/ iaHOBOM t y p 6mhom: 1 - paf lHO k oj i o ,
2 - cnpoBOflHOk o/ 70, 3 - BpaTM/ io, 4 - reHepaTop, 5 - cmcJj o h.
*
n H TO I - t - O H
1. Ksk o ce f l ene napHOTyp6nHCKanocTpojen>a?
2. Onni un aKL\ MOHOflejCTBO BOfleHor wna3a.
3. Onnuun peaKL(H0H0 flejcTBO BOf leHor Mna3a.
M'
4. KaK3B je 3HaHaj KOMHHOBaHMX aKL| HOHO-peaKLjMOHMX Typ6MHa?
5. Onnuj n racHOTyp6i4HCKO nocTpoj ei -be^ 1
6. HaBefln BpcTe XMflpaynMHHHx Typ6nHa.
7. OnnuJH Fl enTOHOBy Typ6nHy n ojacHH npnnpnn pafla.
8. OnnLUM OpaHcncoBy Typ6nHy M'-ojacHH npnHflnn paf la.
9. Onnujn KannaHOBy. Typ6nHy n ojacHM npnHpnn pafla.
3 . B . M OTOP M CR
^ Hi -' TFRL L H-b M M <f t)
C R r OP EB f l h b EM
MoTopn ca yHyTpauihbMM caropeBanbeM cy y mhom
o6nacTHMa n>yflCKe flenaTHOcTM rnaBHM npon3BO-
l^ann eHeprnje.
npnMerbyjy ce KOfl MauiMHa mot ophmx B03nna Koja
ce xpetiy flpyMOBMMa mnpoM CBeTa. y BOfleHOM n
Ba3flymHOM cao6paKajy TaKO^e flOMHHnpajy mot oph
ca yHyTpaLui-bMM caropeBarbeM. CBaKaKo He Tpe6a
3aHeMapnTM >Kene3HHHKn cao6pahaj hm MHoro6poj-
He npnBpeflHe rpaHe rfle ce KopncTe obm mot opm.
lilnpoKa npnMeHa MOTopa ca yHyTpawhbMM carope-
Bart>eM ocTBapeHa je 3axBarbyjytiM npeflHOCTHMa
obmx MOTopa aafl ocTannM MamnHaMa. Of lnw<e obmx
MOTopa cy:
- eKOHOMHHHOCT,
- Mana Maca y oflHocy Ha pa3BMjeHy CHary,
- npnnaroflTbMBOCT ycnoBMMa eKcnnoaTaL(Mje,
- He3aBMCH0CTofl n3Bopa noroHCKe eHeprnje.
riopefl HaBefleHnx npeflHOCTM MOTopa ca yHyTpa-
LUi-bMMcaropeBai-beM MMajy n HeflOCTaTKe:
- KOMnnnKOBaHOCTrpaflhbe,
- HecaMOCTanaH noneTaK pafla,
- HeMorytiHocT npeonTepeheHDa.
3aflOBonbehbe 3axTeBa y pojHMM onacTHMa npn-
MeHe 3axTeBano je n pa3nnnnTa TexHHHKa n k oh-
CTpyKTMBHa pemei-ba. Of l aTne je 6poj TnnoBa n Bp-
CTa MOTopa ca yHyTpamHaHM caropeBaibeM BeoMa
BennKn.
3.E.I . KJI Hr i HM MOTOPM C^ C
MOTOpH CYC cy TOnnOTHH MOTOpH KOjM xeMMjCKy
eHeprnjy ropnBa nyTeM caropeBahba, y 3a t o npeflBM-
tjeHOM npocTopy, npeTBapajy y noTeHL(njanHy eHep-
rnjy npoflyKaTa caropeBahba, Koja ce mnpeibeM, no-
cpeflCTBOM oflroBapajytier MOTopHor MexaHM3Ma,
npeTBapa y KopncHy MexaHHHKy eHeprnjy.
Pa3nnHHTe KOHCTpyKL(nje flOBene cy n flo pa3nnnn-
Te nof lene MOTopa CYC, a mh tieMo npaTetiH peflo-
cnefl npeTBapan^a eHeprnje HaBeccaMo ocHOBHe.
1. ripeMa BpcTM npnMeibeHor ropnBa flene ce Ha:
- MOTope Ha TenHa ropnBa (6eH3MHCKM n flM3en),
- MOTope Ha racoBHTa ropnBa (racHn),
- MOTOpe Ha HBpcTar opnBa.
2. llpeMa npnHL|nny cTBapahba, oahocho nart>ehba
CMeme, flene ce Ha:
- ot o (6eH3MHCKe) MOTope (cMema ce cTBapa
M3BaH L^nnnHflpa n nann ce cTpaHHM TenoM),
- f l M3en-MOTope (cMema ce CTBapa y pnnnHf l py,
a Bpmn ce caMonanbei -be).
3. llpeMa HannHy pafla flene ce Ha:
- flBOTaKTHe,
- HeTBOpOTaKTHe.
4. flpeMa KOHCTpyKpnoHHM CBOj cTBHMa flene ce:
a) npeMa HannHy M3Bot)ehba MOTopHor MexaHH3Ma:
- ca HopManHHM (6e3 yKpcHe rnaBe),
- ca cno>KeHHM (ca yKpcHOM rnaBOM),
- 6e3 MOTopHor MexaHH3Ma (ca cno6oflHHM Knn-
noBHMa);
6) npeMa cnorbamib>eM H3rnefly:
- npeMa 6pojy KnnnoBa y pnnnHf lpy (jeflHOKnnn-
HH, flBOKnHHHH M6o KC),
- npeMa 6pojy pnnnHf lapa (jeflHopnnHHflpnHHM n
BMmepHnMHflpHHHH),
- npeMa pacnopef ly pnnnHf lapa (nnHMjcKn, 6o k c ,
V, W, X, Y n 3Be3fla),
- npeMa nono>Kajy pnnnHf lapa (BepTHKanHn, xo-
pw30HTanHM n kocm);
p) npeMa HaHHHy xnat>eiba:
- f l HpeKTHHM (Ba3f l ymHMM),
- nHflnpeKTHMM (BOfleHHM) xna1jeibeM;
fl) npeMa cncTeMy MexaHM3Ma 3a pasBot^eHse:
- Ca BeHTkinCKMM,
- ca KaHancKMM,
- ca KOMMHOBaHHM pasBotjeibeM.
f lopef l obmx nocTojn jom mhot o nof lena, Ha npnMep,
npeMa npnMeHn MOTopa (ayTOMo6nncKn, aBMOHCKM,
poflCKn), npeMa BennnnHn (naKM, TernKn), npeMa
CMepy KpeTaiba (jeflHocMepHM, neBOxoflHM, peBep-
3H6l/ inHH) HTfl.
TnaBHM flenoBH MOTopa CYC cy:
- KnnnHa rpyna - o6yxBaTa Knnn, Knnnny oco-
BHHHL(y n KnnnHe npcTeHOBe,
- Knnnhbana - o6yxBaTa Many necHHfly (ne>KM-
mTe KnnnHe ocoBMHHfle), Teno KnnnnbaHe n
BennKy necHHfly (ne>KnmTe pyKaBqa KoneHa-
CTor BpaTnna),
- KonenacTO BpaTnno,
- saMajaL),
- pa3B0flHM MexaHM3aM - y cnynaj y BenTnncKor
pa3BOfla (nocTOje jom KaHancKM n KOMnHOBa-
hm) rnaBHn f lenoBn oBor MexaHM3Ma cy ycncHH
n H3flyBHn BeHTnnn, BeHTnncKe onpyre, nof ln-
sann BeHTnna n peracTo BpaTnno.
Obm flenoBH HHHe rpyny noKpeTHMX f l enoBa mo t o -
pa, flOK y rpyny HenoKpeTHMx cnaf lajy:
- ^nnnHf lap (6h o k MOTopa) - cacTOjn ce ofl rna-
Be pnnnHf lpa n Tena i^nnnHflpa (i^nnnHflapcKor
6noKa),
- MOTopHa Kytini4a,
- KapTep,
- ne>KnmTa.
riopef l obmx f lenoBa, c b3km mo t o p nMa n ypet)aje
Kao mTO cy:
- 3ajeflHHHKM ypetjajn (3a xnatjeibe n noflMa3n-
Baibe) n
- noceHn ype1jajM (y OTo-MOTopnMa ypet>aj 3a
CTBapaibe CMeiue m ejieKTpMHHM ypetjaj 3a na-
rbei-be, a y flM3en-MOTopMMa ypetjaj 3a y6pn3ra-
Baibe CMeiue).
Ha C/ 1M4M3.40 npMKa3aHM cy ochobhm flenoBM ne-
TBOpOTaKTHOr OTO-MOTOpa.
KOMe ce KJiMn Haua3M Ha HajBetioj yfla/ beHOCTM ofl
oce KOJieHacTor BpaTMjia.
yHyTpauiH>M Kpaji-bM nono/ Kaj (yKn), o ahoc ho f l o-
H>a MpTBa TaHKa (f l MT), je nono>Kaj y KOMe ce kj i mi i
Hana3M Ha HajMan>oj yfla/ beHOCTM of l oce KOJieHac-
TOr BpaTMjia.
CnMKa 3.40. - Ochobhm fle/ ioBH HeTBopoTaKTHor
6eH3HHCKor MOTopa: 1 - Kap6ypaTop, 2 - ycncHn KaHan,
3 - BeHTnn, 4 - cBetimia, 5 - pminHflapcKa rnaBa,
6 - pnnnHf lap (6j i o k ), 7 - KJinn, 8 - KJinnhbaHa, 9 - paf l mi nna,
10 - 3ynnaHML| MnpeHOca KpeTarba ofl paflMJiMpe Ha 6peracTy
ocoBMHy, 11 - 6peracTa ocoBMHa ca noflM3aHKOM LUMnKOM,
12 - KJiapKajiMpa, 13 - KapTep, 14 - k opmt o KapTepa.
f l M3en-MOTop je Bpno cjiMnaH, c t mm l ut o ce yMecTO
CBetiML(e KOfl i bera nocTaB/ t a 6pM3ra/ bKa 3a y6pM-
3raBaHDe ropMBa.
MoTope CYC MO>KeMOnofleJiMTM y neTMpM rpyne:
) HeTBOpOTaKTHM OTO-MOTOPM,
) HeTBOpOTaKTHMf l M3ej 1- M0T0pM,
L|) flBOTaKTHM OTO-MOTOpM,
fl) flBOTaKTHM flM3e/1-M0T0pM.
f l a 6mcmo MorriM TyM3HMTM npMHL(Mn pafla noMeHy-
t mx MOTOpa, npeTxoflHO tieMOflecf>MHMcaTMHeKe noj-
MOBe MBeJIMHMHe.
Kpaj hbii nono>Kaj K/ iMna je nono>Kaj y KOMe ce Me-
i-ba CMep HaeroBor KpeTai-ba (6p3MHa K/ i Mna je Taf la
jeflHaKa HyjiM), oahoc ho Kafla je KJiMn HajMaHse, Tj.
HajBMme yf l ajbeH ofl oce opTatba KoneHacTor
BpaTMJi a.
CnojbaiuhbM KpajtbM noji o>Kaj (CKn) mj i m, KaKO ce
j oi u Ha3MBa, roptba MpTBa TanKa (f MT) je noao>Kaj y
Xof l KJi Mna (4) npeflCTaBJba xof l KJiMna M3Met>y flBe
MpTBe T3HKe.
KoMnpecMOHa 3anpeMMHa (Vc) je 3anpeMMHa 14M-
jiMHflpa Kafla ce kj imii Hajia3M y cnojbaLUHaeM Kpaj-
ibeM nojio>Kajy.
PaflHa 3anpeMMHa (V/,) je 3anpeMMHa L(MJ iMHflpa
M3Metjy cnojbaiuiber m yHyTpaLuiber Kpajiber no-
J io>Kaja KJ iMna.
yKynHa 3anpeMMHa (Vu) je 3anpeMMHa flMJiMHflpa
Kafla ce KJiMn Haua3M y yHyTpaiuibeM KpajibeM no-
uo>Kajy m OHa je y CTBapM 36np KOMnpecMOHe m
paflHe 3anpeMMHe.
CTeneH KOMnpecMj e (s) npef lCTaBjba oflHoc yKynHe
mKOMnpecMOHe 3anpeMMHe jef lHor flMJiMHflpa mot o-
pa. Oh npBeHCTBeHO 3bbmcm ofl TMna MOTopa m
BpcTe ropMBa m3a OTo-MOTope m3hocm ofl 6 flo 12,
a 3a flM3eji-MOTope Ofl 12 flo 24.
r i P H H Uk i n PHHf l R
HETEOPOTRK THOr OTO-MOTOPf l
y OTO-MOTopy (cjiMKa 3.41) ce CTBapa CMeiua ropM-
Ba m Ba3flyxa y noce6HOM ypet)ajy KojM ce Ha3MBa
Kap6ypaTop, flaKJie M3BaH flMJiMHflpa, flOK ce na-
jbetbe CMeme bpi um cTpaHMM TeuoM Koje ce Ha3MBa
CBetiML^a. PaflHM qMKJiyc ce oflBMja y neTMpM TaKTa y
TOKy flBa opTaj a KoaeHacTor BpaTMJia (cjiMKa
3.42).
I t 3k t : ycMcaBaibe cBe>Ke cMeuue (cnMKa 3.42).
K/ iMn ce Kpet i e ofl CKn npeMa yKI T Vcmchm BeHTMJi
je oTBopeH na ycnef l cnojbai uiber aTMOccjiepcKor
npMTMCKa cMerna yna3M y L(MJiMHflap.
II t 3kt : caMjaibe CMerne (cuMKa 3.42)
Kj inn ce epatia Ofl yKn npewia CKn, a 06a BeHTMJia
cy 3aTBopeHa t bk o fla flona3M flo caMjatba cMeuie,
npM neMy joj ce npMTMcaK mTeMnepaType noBeta-
Bajy, ajiM TeMnepaTypa Ha Kpajy Mopa 6mt m Matba
ofl TeMnepaType caMonajbeHja cMeuie. ripM Kpajy
OBor TaKTa CBetiML(a najiM CMeuiy, npM neMy HacTaje
BeoMa 6p30 (eKcnno3MBHo) caropeBai be y3 HarjiM
nopacT npMTMCKa mTeMnepaType y L(MnMHflpy.
III t 3kt : uiMpeibe (cjiMKa 3.42).
KuMn ce Kpete of l CKn npeMa yKI1 mnoHMibe flpyrM
o6pTaj KOJieHacTor BpaTMJia. f loTeHf lMjajiHa eHeprM-
CjiUKa 3.41. - flenuMMHHH npeceK HeTBoporaKTHor
6eH3HHCKor MOTopa
ja npo,qyKaTa caropeBaHaa, Koja flenyje Ha ne/ io
Knnna, npeTBapa ce y MexannHKM pafl. Jef laH fleo
flonjeHe eHeprnje cny>KM 3a Bpme>be KopncHor
pafla, flOK ce Man>K f leo Tpornn Ha caBnafjMBanbe
OTnopa Tpei-ba, 3a concTBeHM noroH (Hnp. peracTor
BpaTnna), a ocTaTaK eHepmje aKyMynnpa 3aMajap
3a npnnpeMHe TaKTOBe; ycncaBaH3e, canjahbe m
M3flyBaBaHje. Flpefl Kpaj OBor TaKTa oTBapa ce M3-
flyBHM IV t 3k t : M3flyBaBaHje npof lyKaTa carope-
BaH=a (cnnKa 3.42).
Knnn ce Kpefce ofl yK!l npeMa CKi l MCTMCKyjy+iM
Hanonje npof lyKre caropeBanja. (Ipn Kpajy OBOr
TaKTa OTBapa ce ycncHn BenTnn TaKO fla cy 3a
KpaTKO BpeMe MCTOBpeMeHO OTBOpeHM MyCMCHM M
noTMCHM BeHTMn pafln ncnnpaH>a pnnnHf lpa CBe>KOM
CMeaiOM, h3koh nera ce M3flyBHM BeHTi/ in 3aTBapa.
TnMe je 3aBpuueH f lpyrn opTaj KoneHacTor Bpa-
na, l ut o 3H3HM m jeflaH paflHM flMKnyc, hbk oh nera
ce pnKnycM noHaBTbajy.
n PM HUM n p r j :.i=i h e t b o p o -
TRK THOr .qM3E .n-MOTOP R
y flM3en-MOTopy (cnnKa 3.43) cTBapa ce cMeiua
ropnBa m Ba3flyxa y i4nnnHflpy MOTopa npn ypn-
3raBarby ropnea, a cMeuja ce nann caMonarb6H>eM
ycnefl BMcoKe TeMnepaType npn ca6njaH>y, flaKne
6e3 CBetiMLte Kao KOf l OTO-MOTopa.
PaflHM L| MKnyc ce n OBfle oflBnja y neTnpn TaKTa, Tj .
3a flBa o6pTaja KoneHacTor BpaTnna (cnnKa 3.44).
UV - yCMCHM BeHTkin IV - M3flyBHM BeHTMn
UV IV UV IV UV IV UV IV
OTBOpeH 33TB0peH 3aTB0 peH 3aTB0peH 33TBOpeH 33TBOpeH 3aTB0 peH OTBOpeH
SMT | KnnnH>aHa
SMT KOneHO SMT
KoneHacTor - -
BpaTiina
f-
UMT -I o6pTaj UMT
ycncaBaH>e canjahbe
UMT 2 opTaj UMT
paflHM T3KT M3flyBaBaHbe
CnnKa 3.42. - PaflHM unKnycn HeTBopoTaKTHor 6eH3MHCKor MOTopa
C/ iw<a 3.43 - l lpeceK f lM3en-MOTopa MAN D1246MV3A: 1 - 6pn3ra/ bKa 3a Ma3HB0
- 3a KJia^ehbe K/ inna, 2 - maBHa Ma3ajytia MarncTpa/ ia, 3 - npnnpeMa 3a xnaflHO
CTapTOBaHse, 4 - 6pn3rajbKa, 5 - 3acyH peryj iaTopa xjiaf lHor n Tonj i or Ba3flyxa,
6 - KOMopa caropeBaj ba.
I TaKT: ycncaBai-be HMCTor Ba3flyxa
(c/ ii4Ka 3.44).
CBe LUTO CMO peKJIM 3 a I T3 KT KOf l
HeTBOpOTaKTHOr OTO-MOTOpa Ba>KH
m OBf l e c a caMO j ef l HOM 6 mthom
pa3/ i i 4KOM, a to j e fla c e KOf l f l n -
3 e n -MOTOp a Bpmn ycncaBahbe hm-
CTo r Ba3f l yx a, a He CMeme Kao KOf l
OTO-MOTOpa.
II t3 kt: canjarbe Ba3f lyxa (c/ii4Ka
3.44).
14 OBaj t3 kt Tene c/imhho II TaKTy
KOfl OTO-MOTopa, c Ti4M mTO ce
oBf le canja hhct Ba3flyx, tbko fla
My TeMnepaTypa npn Kpajy ca6n-
jarba 6yf le Bnma ofl TeMnepaType
caMonarbeH^a ropnea Koje ce npefl
Kpaj OBor TaKTa nyTeM 6pi43rarbKi4
y6aqyje y 1414/ iMHflap nof l Be/ iHKHM
npnTHCKOM, yc/ iefl nera ce pac-
npmyje y BpenoM Ba3f lyxy n na/ in
caMO Ofl ce6e 6e3 CBetikme.
III TaKT: mnpeebe (cnnKa3.44).
y noneTKy OBor TaKTa Bpmn ce no-
cTeneHO y6pn3raBa/ be ropnBa n
caropeBarbe CMeme y3 npeTBapa-
H^e xeMnjcKe eHepmj e ropnBa y
Ton/ iOTHy i4noTeHqi4ja/ iHy eHeprnjy
npof lyKaTa caropeBarba. OcTa/ i o
mTO CMO peK/ IM 3a III TaKT KOfl
OTO-MOTOpa B3>KI4 14 OBfle.
IV t3 kt: n3flyBaBa/be npoflyKaTa
caropeBarba (c/ iMKa 3.44).
OBaj t 3k t noTnyHO OflroBapa IV
T3 KTy KOf l OTO-MOTOpa, CTI4M mTO
ce ncnnparbe Bpmn CBe>Ki4MBa3fly-
xom, a He cMemoM.
CjIMKa 3.44. - PaflHH Lll4KJiyCI4 HeTBOpOTaKTHOr flH38Jl-MOTOpa
Cnm<a 3.45. - KoHCTpyKL(nja n tueMa pafla flBOTaKTHOr 6eH3MHKor MOTopa: a) ycMcaBarbe (n M3flyBaBarbe) - ncnaperbe,
6) canjaHje, b ) caropeBarbe m r) M3flyBaBaft,e, 1 - ycncHM KaHan, 2 - ycncnn o t bo p flnnnHflpa, 3 - H3f lyenn o t bo p,
4 - ycMCHM Kanan, 5 - Kap6ypaTop, 6 - eneKTpnHHa cBeliMfla.
n p n H Uk i n p r a f i j n ^ o Tf i K TH o r
O TO -M O TO P f i
3a pa3nnKy Ofl 4eTBopoTaKTHnx MOTopa, k o a obmx
MOTopa paflHM L(MKTiyc ce oaerba y flBa t b k t b y
TOKy jeflHor opTaj a KoneHacTor BpaTn/ ia, uj t o
3H3hm fla ce y jeflHOM TaKTy o6aBjr>ajy f l sa npoi^eca.
Obo je HapoHMTO 3HanajH0 3a Majie MOTope r,qe je
flOBOJTsaH caMO jeqaH qmiMHflap, npn neMy ce >Kenn
flo6nTM MOTop, l ut o Mahte Mace (cjiMKa 3.45).
I T3KT (CJIMKa 3.45).
LjMJlMHflpa, a 33TMM M npejlMBHM KaHaJl Kp03 KOjM
3anoHMhbe nyjberbe flMJiMHflpa cBe>KOM paflHOM
CMeiuoM M3 KyhMfle MOTopa. Kao ui t o ce BMflM, npe-
j i mbhm m M3flyBHM KaHaji cy 3a KpaTKO BpeMe
MCTOBpeMeHO oTBopeHM, npM neMy ce flMJiMHflap
Mcnnpa of l 3aocTajiMx npof lyKaTa caropeBai-ba.
Obmm ce 3aBpui aBa j ef l aH o6pTaj KOJi eHacTor Bpa-
TMJia, Tj . j ef l aH paf lHM qMKJiyc m 3anoHMi be f l py.
n P H H U H n Pf i .D/ H JD JB OTf i K TH Or
A M 3 E. n -M OTOP f i
KjiMn ce Kpehe Ofl yKn npeMa CKn. CMeuua, Koja je
y npeTxoflHOM TaKTy npeflca6MjeHa y KyhMflMmo t o -
pa, Kpo3 npejiMBHM KaHaji nyHM flMJiMHflap M3Hafl
KjiMna. CBojMM KpeTanbeM (of l YKn flo CKf l ) KJiMn
(ropHaOM mbml (om) npBO3aTBapa npejiMBHM KaHaji, a
33TMM M3flyBHM KaHaji, npM HeMy caMja cMeijjy y
L(MJiMHflpy y3 nopacT npMTMCKa m TeMnepaType. V
TOKy Tor KpeTahba kj i mh florbOM mbml ;om
OTBapa ycMCHM KaHan t 3k o fla Kpos
rbera yjia3M CBe>Ka CMema y KyhMqy
MOTopa. Kaf la KjnMn f l o^e HemTO
Mcnpefl CKn, CBehMfla najiM CMemy,
ycnefl nera Harno pacTy npMTMcaK m
TeMnepaTypa.
II T3KT (CJJMKa 3.45).
KjiMn ce Kpehe ofl CKIl npe.Ma yKn Ha
HMje neji o f leayje npMTMcaK npof lyKaTa
caropeBatba, HMMe ce flOMja xofl
mMperba (eKcnaH3Mje), o ahoc ho paflHM
xofl. ripM t o m KpeTarby KJiMn florbOM
MBMflOM npBO 3aTBapa ycMCHM KaHaa
(3) TaKO fla npecTaje ycMcaBarbe, a
3anoHMH>e npeflcaMjaHae CMeme y Ky-
tiMflM MOTOpa. flajbMM KpeTaibeM KJIMn
TOphbOM MBMflOM OTBapa M3flyBHM
KaHaa (2), npM neMy flOJia3M flo M3fly-
BaBaHba npof l yKaTa caropeBarba M3
flBOTaKTHM flMsen-MOTOpM rpafle ce Kao mot opm cpefl-
ibMx m BejiMKMx cHara 3a noroH TemKMX B03MJ ia, Kao
CTaMjiHM mo t o pm m Hajnemhe Kao 6poflCKM mot opm.
MoTopcKa KyhML(a ce mo >k g m OBfle k opmct mt m 3a
npeflcaMjarbe ea3flyxa, arm ce nemhe 3a t o k o -
pMCTe KOMnpecopM paflM 6ojber ca6Mjarba ea3flyxa,
Kao mMcnMparba mnvrberba pMJiMHflpa (cnMKa 3.46).
U - ycncHM KaHan
I - M3f l yBHl 4 KaHaJl
P - Kanaj i 3a npecTpyjaBaibe
l
CnnKa 3.46. - npnHijMn pa3BOfla KOfl flBOTaKTHnx fln3en-MOTopa: a) OTBapan>e
ycncHor KaHana, 6) npeflcanjame ycncaHe cMeuie n b) yna3 cMeiue.
m
m
Hcnnpahbe MnnnHflpa MO>Ke 6mth:
- y3fly>KH0 MJIMjeflHOCMepHO,
- nonpenHO n
- rtOBpaTHO.
I T3KT
Knnn ce Kpetie Ofl YKn npeMa CKn. Ba3flyx ce H3
jeflHe canpHe KOMope, y Kojoj je npeflcanjeH
noMOtiy KOMnpecopa, f lOBOf l n y pmniHflap, npn neMy
ce Bptun MHTeH3MBH0 ncnnpaHDe MCTor. KpeTajbeM
Kjinna HaBmue npBO ce 3aTBapa yjia3HM, a 33tmm 113-
jia3HM KaHan m nonm-be canjahbe Ba3flyxa y3 no-
pacT npnTMCKa n TeMnepaType. HetuTO ncnpefl CKIl
noMotiy 6pn3rajbKM y6pn3raBa ce ropnBO y Bpenn
Ba3flyx, ycnefl nera ce oho najin 6e3 CBetinpe.
II TBKT
Kjrnn ce Kpetie ofl CKn npeMa yKn. y noneTKy OBor
TaKTa HacTaBjba ce nocTeneHO y6pn3raBai-be n
caropeBajbe ropnBa y3 npeTBapai-be xeMnjcKe eHep-
rnje ropnea y TonnoTHy n noTeHpnjajiHy eHeprnjy
npoflyKaTa caropeBanba Kojn flejiyjy Ha nejio KJinna
noTMCKyjytiM ra HaflOJie, npn weMy HacTaje uunpeHbe
(eKcnaH3nja), Tj. paflHM xofl. ripefl Kpaj o bo t TaKTa
OTBapa ce M3flyBHM KaHaji, npn neMy fl0Jia3M flo
M3flyBaBahba npoflyKaTa caropeBaHDa, a 33TMM ce
OTBapa n yna3HM KaHan Kpo3 ko j m yna3M npeflca6n-
jeH Ba3flyx n npopec ce noHaBJba.
y obom nornaBJby jooi tieMOyKpaTKO ojacHMTM npnH-
pnn paf la ypetjaja 3a cnpaBJbaibe CMetue y o t o -mo-
TopnMa. Beti cmo paHMje peKnn fla ce OBaj npoflec
oflBnja M3B3H pnnnHf lpa y noceHOM ypetjajy Kojn ce
H33MBa Kap6ypaTop, nnjn je ineMaTCKM npnKa3 f l aT
Ha cnnL| M 3.47.
Ba3flyx
Ochobhm f l enoBM Kap6ypaTopa cy noHne (1) m Ky-
t i npa (2). Jl OHne je noBe3aHo ca flOBOflHMM peBO-
BOflOM ropnBa, a y i bera je cMet uTeH nnoBaK Ha Kora
ce ocnaH>a MexaHM3aM ca nrnoM. Il noBaK (3) nnMBa
y ropnBy, perynmuyt i M npeKO Mrne OTBapaj be, of l -
hocho 3aTBapat be f lOBOf lHe peBM ropMBa, a TMMe
f l OTOKropMBa y noHne.
Kyt iMpa Kap6ypaTopa o6e36et j yj e Metuatbe ropMBa m
Ba3f l yxa m perynMt ue KBanMTeT CMet ue 3aBMCH0 Of l
nono>Kaja nenTMpa KojMM ce perynMt ue npoTOK Ba-
3f l yxa.
f la ropMBO He 6m npM npecTaHKy paf la MOTopa
McpypMno M3 noHneTa, Bpx cmck b ce nocTaBjba 3a 2
flo 3 cm M3Hafl HMBoa y noHneTy.
["IpMHflMn paf la eneMeHTapHor Kap6ypaTopa je cne-
fletiM: npM ycMCHOM TaKTy MOTopa y pMnMHflpy ce
ycnef l KpeTaib>a Knnna jaBjba nof lnpnTMcaK. Ycmchm
BeHTnn je Taf la OTBopeH, a notuTO je pnnnHf lap
npeKO ycncHor BOfla noBe3aH ca Kap6ypaTopoM,
ycnef l pa3nMKe npnTMCKa y pnnMHflpy m ycncHOj
LjeBM, Kpo3 Kap6ypaTop tte noneTM fla cTpyj n Ba3flyx
npeMa L(MnMHflpy. V cy>KeHOM f leny Kyt>Mfle 6p3MHa
cTpyjatt>a Ba3flyxa t>e nopacTM, a npnTncaK onacTM,
t 3ko fla tie Ba3flyx noBytiM ca co6om pacnpmeHo
ropnBo Kpo3 cncaK M3 noHseTa y KOMe Bnaf la
aTMOccpepcKM npnTMcaK. f l ajbe, cBe flo ynacKa y
pnnnHflap MOTopa, HacTaBJba ce Mematbe ropnBa m
Ba3flyxa.
(M >
3 .E.2 . m j i r s h h n p o n y.n 3 DRM
Paf l Mna3HMX nponyn3opa 3acHMBa ce Ha npnHflMny
peaKTMBHor noroHa KojM ce necTO H33MBa n Mna3HM
noroH. PeaKTMBHM noroH 6a3npa ce Ha hbyTHOBMM
33KOHMMa. tbyTHOBM 33K0HM npMMejbeHM Ha cj>nyMfl
rnace: npoMeHa KonMHMHe KpeTaib>a HeKor cj>nyMfla
jeflHaKa je MMnyncy cnne Koja je Ty npoweHy ma-
3Bana; CBaKOj cnnn aKpnje Of lroBapa jeflHaKa cnna
peaKflnje, ann cynpoTHor CMepa.
npMHflMn Mna3Hor peaKTMBHOr noroHa o6jacHntieMO
Ha npMMepy OBanHor cyf l a ca Mna3HHKOM, npMKa-
3aHor Ha cnnnn 3.48.
Cnui Ka 3.47. - Kap6ypaTop
CunKa 3.48. - 06j aui hben>e npnHpnna M/ ia3Hor peaKTMBHOr
noroHa: 1 - OBanHM cyf l , 2 - MJia3HMK, 3 - CBet nua.
MeiuaBHHa ropnBa m Ba3flyxa nann ce noMotiy cee-
tiML^e, npn neMy flona3M flo caropeBaHaa cMeiue y3
nopacT TeMnepaType m npnTMCKa ko]m f lenyje Ha
yHyTpaniHbocT cyfla Ha CBe CTpaHe nofljeflHaKO. no-
uj t o je Ha 3aflhbeM flejiy cyfl OTBopeH, t o tie npoflyK-
t m caropeBaHsa Kpo3 Taj o t bo p y BMfly Mnaaa Be-
J1MKOM P3MHOM Oflna3MTM y aTM0CCj3epy, T3K0 fla
yHyTpaiui-bM npnTMcaK Ha t o m flejiy cyfla Hamo na-
fla 0CTaBjbajytiM HeypaBHOTe>KeHM npnTncaK Ha cy-
npoTHOM Kpajy cyfla. OBaj npnTncaK Te>KM fla no-
Kpetie cyfl y cynpoTHOM CMepy ofl M3Jia3etier MJia3a.
y flarbeM TeKCTy ojacHMtieMO yKpaTKO npnHflnn pa-
fla m rjiaBHe flenoBe hbk o j i mk o TnnoBa Mna3Hnx npo-
nyn3opa.
Ti -' P EOM / i R SH M n p o n ^ j i s o p
OBaj Tnn Typ6nHe Bpj i o je cjiMHaH racHoj Typ6nHM, a
Haj Bet ia pa3HHKa j e y TOMe uj t o Ha Typ6oMJia3HOM
nponyj i sopy nocToj n MJiasi-baK 3a npeTBapanbe
noTeHf l nj ari He eHepmj e paf l Hor cj>jnynfla y KMHeTM-
HKy eHeprnj y Koj a CTBapa noTncaK, flOK y CTami Hoj
racHoj Typ6nHM nocToj n M3MeHDMBaH TonJi OTe.
Typ6oMjia3HM nponyn3op ce cTaBJba y noKpeT CTap-
TepoM. Ba3f lyx ce ycncaBa KOMnpecopoM, canja n
noTMCKyje y KOMopy caropeBarba. Y t bk o canjeHM
Ba3flyx nyMna 3a ropnBO 6pn3rarbKaMa y6pM3raBa
ropnBO, rfle HacTaje Memarbe. CMeiua ropnBa n Ba3-
f lyxa nann ce CBetiMflaMa. f lpof lyKTn caropeBai-ba
CTpyje Ka Typ6nHM, npn neMy jeflaH fleo eHeprnje
npeflajy poTopy Typ6nne, a f lpyrn fleo ce Kopncrn
3a noBetiaHDe M3na3He 6p3nne Mna3a (ok o 600 m/ s)
H3 MnasHMKa, Ha ocHOBy nera ce CTBapa noTMCHa
cnna. LUeMa n npnHunn paf la Typ6oMna3Hor npo-
nyn3opa npnKa3aHn cy Ha cnnf ln 3.49.
Typ6oMna3HH nponyn3opn ce KopncTe 3a 6psnHe
Ofl 800 flo 2 000 km/ h. hbnxoBa HajBetia npef lHOCT y
of l Hocy Ha enncHOMna3He nponyn3ope j ecTe 6orbw
CTeneH MCKopmutieHDa n MaHba cneflMcjsnHHa no-
TpOLUhba ropnBa.
n y n c n p R j y F , M n p o r r ^ . n s o p -
r t o n MA
OBaj Tnn nponyn3opa paf l n 6es KOMnpecopa n ra-
CHe Typ6nHe Ha cnef l et i n HannH: Ba3f l yx yna3n y
ycncHMK n Kpo3 HenoBpaTHe BeHTnne y KOMopy ca-
ropeBaHba. ri oi UTO j e ycncHMK Ha Kpaj y npomnpeH,
f l ot in t ie flo nopacTa npnTHCKa Ba3f l yxa Koj n ynasn
y KOMopy caropeBanba rf l e ce y6pn3raBa ropnBO n
Bpi un MHMflnjanHO narbei be, ycnef l nera npnTncaK y
komopm caropeBarba Harno pacTe, l ut o H3a3nBa 3a-
TBapai -be HenoBpaTHnx BeHTnna. Taf l a HacTaj e l um-
peHae, OflHOCHO npeTBapai -be noTeHf l nj anHe eHeprn-
j e y 6p3MHCKy, TaKO f l a npof lyKTM caropeBanba se-
nnKOM 6p3MH0M Hanyi uTaj y Mna3HMK CTBapaj yt iM y
komopm caropeBaHDa noTnpnTncaK, ycnef l nera ce
OTBapaj y HenoBpaTHM BeHTs/ mn m npof l ec ce noHa-
Brba y BMfly nyn3aqnj a. UJeMa nyn3npaj yt i er nponyn-
3opa f l aTa j e Ha cnnf l n 3.50.
F f i K ETH M
n p o n ^ . n s o F - -
P f i K ETA
f l o caf l a onncaHM nponyn3opM
KopMCTe aTMOccpepcKM Ba3flyx
KojM y HdMX yTMne k bk o 6m c bo -
jMM KMceoHMKOM oMorytiMO ca-
ropeBarbe m nocTao paflHM cpny-
Mfl. MetjV'TMM, KOfl paK6THMX
nponyn3opa t o HMje cnysaj.
KOf l HdMX Ce KMCeOHMK MnM
OKCMflaTop noTpe6aH 3a caro-
peBaHe, Kao m ropMBO, Hanaae
y caMOM nponyn3opy t 3ko f l a
HMje noTpeaH aTMOccpepcKM
Ba3flyX. OBO npaKTMHHO 3HaHM
f l a ce paKeTa MO>xe KpeTaTM m
y 6e3Ba3flyujHOM npocTopy.
l ileMa paKeTHor nponyn3opa
f laTa je Ha cnMflM 3.51.
C/ iMKa 3.49. - UJeMa m npnHLinn paf l a Typ6oMaa3Hor nponyn3opa: 1 - ycncHHK (f l ncpy3op), 2 - cnpoBOf l HO k o j i o KOMnpecopa,
3 - paf lHO Kooo KOMnpecopa, 4 - 6pn3rarbKe, 5 - CBeKmte, 6 - KOMopa caropeBarba, 7 - BpaTnno TypoKOMnpecopa, 8 - cnpoBo-
f l Ho Kono racHe Typ6nHe, 9 - paf lHO Kono racHe Typ6nHe, 10 - f loropeBHa KOMopa, 11 - TaHe, 12 - npournpeHn (Jl aeanOB) Mna3HHK.
ropi/ iBo
C/ iMKa 3.50. - UJeMa ny/ i3Mpajytier npony/ i 3opa: 1 - ycncHMK (flnc(3y3op), 2 ~ HenoBpaTHM BeHTM/ in, 3 - 6pM3ra/ bKe, 4 - CBefiMLja,
5 - KOMopa caropeBaHaa, 6 - HenpOLUMpenn (KOHBeprenTHM) M/ ia3HWK.
cd
f
o3
CQ
0
O.
O
i_
C0
o
*
cC
o
o.
c
C/ iMKa 3.51. - UJeMa peaKTMBHor npony/ i3opa: 1 - pe3epBoap ropnBa, 2 - pe3epBoap OKCMf laTopa, 3 - pnsra/ bKe, 4 - CBehmi e,
5 - KOMOpa caropeBahba, 6 - npomnpeHn (JlaBanoB) MJia3HHK, 7 - cTa6nnM3aTopn.
Kor/ opa caropeBahta no KOHCTpyKpnjn M0>Ke 6ht m
nonTacTa n L| nnnHflpnHHa. f l ope cTpaHe nonTacTe
KOMope cy: Maebe TonnOTHO onTepeKeLbe, paBHO-
MepHnje caropeBaLbe ropnBa m c j i . y oflHocy Ha
L| M/ inHflpnHHy, flOK flmiMHflpnHHa KOMopa MM3 npef l-
hoct m y nomef l y jeflHocTaBHOCTM KOHCTpyKflMje, naK-
Luer pacnopef l a 6pM3ra/ bKe m cj i mhho. y obmm
KOMopaMa ce pa3BMjajy TeMnepaType ofl 2 273 K flo
3 273 K.
y MJia3HMKy ce TaKO^e ujMpe npoflyKTM caropeBahba
y3 nafl npMTMCKa - TeMnepaType, ycji ef l nera pacTe
M3/ ia3Ha 6p3MHa MJia3a, a TMMe ce nocTM>Ke BeJiMKa
CMjia noTMCKa.
3a noroH paKeTa, nopef l TenHor ropMBa, k o p mc t m ce
MHBpCTO ropMBOKOje y Ce&M CaflP>KM KMCeOHMK no-
Tpe6aH 3a caropeBai-be. Hajno3HaTMje h b p c t o ropM-
b o je flpHM 6apyT, a k o p mc t m ce ymaBHOM y paKeTa-
Ma jeflHOCTaBHe KOHCTpyKflMje ca k p b t k mm flejcTBOM
m t o 3a npojeKTMJie m 6oM6e.
r i M TO h b O H
1. KaKo cy nof lerbeHM mo t o p m CVC?
2. HaBef l M BpcTe f l M3ej i -M0T0pa m onMLUMnpMHflMne pafla.
3. HaBeflM pcTe 6gh3MHCkmx MOTopa m onMLUMnpMHpMne pafla.
4. Ha6poj paflHe TaKTOBe MOTopa m onMUJMnpopece KojM ce npM t mm TaKTOBMMa oflBMjajy.
' :#s:.
5. OnMUJM MJi a3He nponyj i 30pe m Haaef lM BpcTe m nof l ej i y.
3 . 6 . f l ' j i Mna M
eljeHa noTpeHa pa3nnKa npnTncKa 3a ocTBapenbe
4>a3e ycncaBai-ba.
nywina je paflHa MaiiiMHa Kojoj ce CTaBTba Ha pacno-
narahbe MexaHMHKn pafl noroHCKor MOTopa. l lyMna
TpaHccjDopMMiiie MexaHMHKH pafl y npnTMCHy eHeprn-
jy npoTMHytie t b h h o c t h , o6e36et)yjytiM Ha Taj HannH
TpaHcnopT Te TeHHOCTM ca jeflHor Ha f lpyrn hmbo.
riyMne ce Mory pa3BpcTaTH Ha Bmue BpcTa.
1) 3anpeMMHCKe nyMne
Ty cnaflajy:
- Knnrme nyMne ca TpaHcnaTopHHM KpeTaHseM
Knnna,
- 3ynnacTe nyMne ca o pt h h m KpeTahbeM Knnna,
- nyMne ca KpnnflHMa n ocflnnaTopHMM KpeTaiteM
Knnna,
- MeMpaHCKe nyMne ca ocflnnoBaibeM MeM6paHe.
2) riyMne ca HenpeKHflHMM npoTOKOM
y OBy rpyny cnaflajy fleHTpnctyranHe n aKcnjanHe
nyMne. hbnxoBe ocHOBHe KapaKTepncTHKe HMHe
o6pt ho Kono Koje flaje CTanaH npoTOK.
3) OcTane nyMne
Ty cnaflajy CTpyjHe (Mna3He nyMne - nHjeKTopn n
ejeKTopn), MaMyTnyMne n nyn30MeTpn.
3.6.1. l 4EHTPM<t >yr R.HHE
n t - ' M n E
l lpn cTpyjatt>y TenHOCTn Kpo3 Me1jynonaTMHHe Ka-
Hane Koje o6pa3yjy flBe cyceflHe nonaTMfle (9), npe-
flHjM m3aflH>n flMCK, BOflMce caoniiiTaBa npMpauiTaj
eHeprMje. Taj npMpauiTaj ce M3pax<aBay npMpaujTajy
m KMHeTMHKe m noTeHflnjanHe eHeprMje TpaHcnopTO-
BaHe TeHHocTM. YnpaBo y TOMe m jecTe pa3nMKa y
nornefly TOKa TpaHCCpopMaflMje eHeprnje M3Me1jy
3anpeMMHCKe m fleHTpMC| DyranHe nyMne. Beti 3H3mo
Aa ce y 3anpeMMHCKoj nyMnM pacnono>KMBa eHeprM-
ja - MexaHMHKM pafl noroHCKor MOTopa HenocpeflHO
k opmct m 3a npMpaiuTaj eHeprnje npMTMCKa TenHO-
CTM.
f lpyra 6mt h3 pa3nMKa M3Me1jy fleHTpMcjDyranHe m
3anpeMMHCKe nyMne je n KOHTMHyanHOycncaBaib>e m
noTMCKMBaibe, na m KOHTMHyanHM npoTOK. npoflec
TpaHCCpopMaflnje eHeprnje Hnje 3aBpineH y paflHOM
Kony. Bofla, noiiJTOje HanycTnna paflHO Kono (6),
HacTaBTba fla ce Kpetie Kp03 3aKono (cnpoBOflHO
Kono) KOje je 3a nyMny M3pa1jeHo y o6nnKy cnn-
panHor KytiMuiTa (10).
PaflHO Kono m rt>eMy npnnaflajytie 3aKono HMHe cTy-
naH> (cTeneH) L(eHTpMCpyranHe nyMne. To 3Hann fla
je nyMna ca jeflHMM cTeneHOM jeflHocTeneHa i^eH-
Tpn4>yranHa nyMna.
lloujTo je HaMeHa nyMne fla noBetia npMTMCHy
eHeprnjy paflHe MaTepnje (t 6hho ct m), t o he ce y 3a-
Kony (cnpoBOflHOM Kony) fleo KMHeTMHKe eHeprnje
TpaHccf)opMMcaTM y npMTMCHy, na tie TMMe paflHn
HMKnyc CTyniba 6mt m 3aBpmeH, a paflHa MaTepnja
Ha cnnflM 3.52 je npMKa3aHa qeHTpMc| Dy-
ranHa nyMna ca flenoBMMa. CnojbauirbM
flenoBM OBor nyMnHor nocTpojerba hm no
neMy ce He pa3nMKyjy y oflHocy Ha no-
CTpojeH>a ca KnMnHOM nyMnoM. Tpe6a Ha-
rnacMTM f la ce pafl fleHTpncj3yranHe nyM-
ne, y nornef l y t o k 3 TpaHCcj)opMaflMje
eHeprnje, pa3nMKyje Ofl paf la KnnnHe
nyMne. PaflHO Kono (6) roi-beHO noroH-
c k mm mo t o p o m 3axeaTa CBojMM nonaTMf la-
Ma (9) BOfly f l ocneny M3 flOH>er pe3ep-
Boapa (1) npeKO ycncHe Kopne (2), BeHTM-
na (3), ycncHor BOfla (4) n 3axBan>yjytiM
f lejcTBy L| eHTpMcjDyranHe cnne n f lpyrnx
y3poKa noTMCKyje je Ka nepncjjepMjM Kona.
ycMCMBaH>e je nocnef l nqa f lejcTBa h b t -
npMTMCKa p = p0~Pi rf le je
p0 - 6apoMeTapcKM npnTncaK,
p-j - anconyTHM npMTMcaK Ha yna3HOM npe-
ceKy Kona 11.
npn o6pTarby paflHor Kona ok o cpef lnuiTa
Kona cTBapa ce BaKyyM, Te je THMe o6e3-
6)
C/iMKa 3.52. - L(eHTpM4)yranHa nyMna
C/ ii/ iKa 3.53. - Jef l HOCTeneHa L(eHTpnc}3yranHa nyMna
6ntie noTMCHyTa Ha 3axTeBaHM hhbo m npn TOMe he
ce caBnaf laTn cbh ycncHn ry6m.| M.
JeflHOCTeneHOM nyMnoM (cnnKa 3.53) Moryfce je no-
CTntin Hanop H = 30 ,qo 70 mVS, a n3y3eTHO n flo
120 mVS. Ak o Tpe6a TenHocT npeaflHTM Ha eetie
BHCMHe, ynoTpe6ntie ce BnmecTeneHa nyMna.
nof l ena fleHTpncj3yranHHX nyMnn
I flpeMa Hanopy:
1. riyMne HMCKor npnTncKa flo 30mVS
2. riyMne cpef lhter npnTMCKa ofl 30 mVS flo 100 mVS
3. riyMne BncoKor npnTHCKa npeKO 100 mVS
II ripeMa npoTOKy:
1. l1yMne Manor npoTOKa f lo 0,5 m3/ min
2. nyMne cpeflhber npoTOKa ofl 0,5 flo 30 m3/ min
3. riyMne Be n n Ko r n po TOKa npeKO 30 m3/ min
III npeMa 6pojy CTynhbeBa:
1. JeflHOCTeneHe nyMne (cnii Ka 3.54)
2. BnoiecTeneHe nyMne
IV npeMa flocTpyjaBahby TesHocTn:
1. Jef lHOCTpyjHe nyMne
2. flBOCTpyjHe nyMne
3. BnujecTpyjHe nyMne
V npeMa nonox<ajy BpaTnna
1. Xopn30HTanHe nyMne (cnnxa 3.55)
2. BepTHKanHe nyMne (cnnKa 3.56)
riof l ena fleHTpncpyranHMx nyMnn ce MO>Ke m3bpl um-
tm n npeMa flpyrnM cBojcTBMMa, Kao Ha npnMep npe-
Ma noroHCKOM MOTopy, npeMa bpct m TenHOCTn MTfl.
3.e.a. n p o r i E.n EPHE
( O C H O - f l K C M J f i . n H E ) n y M n E
ponenepHa nyMna npnnaf la rpynn poTaflMOHMX
nyMnn, ann ce no cMepy cTpyjart>a paflHe MaTepnje,
Kao m no k o h c t p^k t mbhom o6nnKy paf lHor Kona m
3aKona pa3nnKyje ofl L| eHTpncpyranHMX nyMnn o
KojnMa cmo flo caf la roBopnnn. ri o CMepy cTpyjahba
TesHocTi i f lo caf l a TpeTnpaHe MeHTpncj5yranHe
nyMne 6nne cy aKCMjanHO-paflMjanHe nyMne. Hpo-
nenepHe nyMne npeflCTaBTbajy nyMne ca aKcnjan-
hmm CTpyjahbeM TenHOCTM (na OTyf la m h33mb). Ha
cnMflM 3.57 uieMaTCKM je npMKa3aHa nponenepHa
CnnKa 3.54. - Xopn30HTanHa jeflHOCTeneHa
peHTpMcpyranHa nyMna
CnnKa 3.55. - Xopn30HTanHa BMii iecTeneHa
MeHTpncpyranHa nyMna
CnnKa 3.56. - BepTMKanHa BMiuecTeneHa
L| eHTpncpyranHa nyMna
nyiyma. Paf l Ha MaTepnja y cpa3n ycncaBatt>a
f locnena je H3 flOhber pe3epB0apa Kp03 ycncHM BOfl
Ha y/ ia3He MBmje pa,qHMX j i onaTn^a (2) n 3axBatieHa
H^MMa noTncKyje ce aKcnjariHO.
IlpeMa noflai^MMa npon3Bot)aHa npon3BOfle ce y t h -
m/i3i/ipaHi/iM BennHHHaMa 3a npoTOKe Ofl 0,150-10 m3/s
ca bhcmhom M3flH3aH3a flo 8 mVS. Pafle ca bmcokmm
BpeflHOCTHMa CTeneHa ncKopmutiaBaHaa r| = 90% flo
98%, HapoHMTo aKO cy ca noKpeTHHM paflHMM nona-
TMflaMa. KoMnaKTHe cy n Mane Mace. Mory ce k o-
pncTMTM 3a TeHHOCTi/i Koje caflp>Ke MexaHHHKe npn-
Mece. BpaTnno ce MO>xe HenocpeflHo cnajaTM ca no-
roHCKHM MOTopoM. HeflocTaTaK mm je BeoMa Mana
Bi/icnHa ycncaBahba nnja ce BpeflHocT Kpetie y rpa-
HMflaMa Ofl 1-3 mVS.
1
t t P'
Cni/ iKa 3.57. - riponenepHa nyMna:
1 - BpaTnno, 2 - paflHOKono, 3 - cnpoeoflHOKono,
4 - KyhnLUTe.
3 . 6 . 3 . KJl k i r i HE n ^ ' Mr i E
CacTaBHM f l enoBi i m npMHflMn paf l a KminHMX nyM-
nn - l1yMnHO nocTpojehbe y cbom cacTaBy MMa cne-
flehe eneMeHTe: nyMny, i^eBOBOfl (ycMCHM m r o t mc -
HM) M nOTOHCKM MOTOp.
KnMnHa nyMna, Kao paflHa MaiiiMHa 3a TpaHcnopT
TenHocTM, cacTojM ce ofl f l enoBa KojM cy npMKa3aHM
Ha cnMflM 3.58. Ha ocHOBy flo caf la M3nox<eHor,
KnnnHa nyMna cnaf la y xMflpaynMHHy paflHy Ma-
LLiMHy. OnMcatieMO npMHflMn paf la KnnnHe nyMne.
Xof l Ofl CMT flOYMT:
rioiuTO je flMnMHflapcKM npocTop XepMeTMHKM 3a-
TBopeH, npM KpeTai-by KnMna Ofl CMT Ka YMT y rbe-
My ce cTBapa pa3pe^eH0CT, t o j ecT y rbeMy Bnafla
BaKyyM. riofl flejcTBOM pa3nMKe aTM0ccj>epcK0r npM-
TMCKa Ha cnoof laH hmbo t o hhoc t m y flOHDeM pe-
3epBoapy (1) m npMTMCKa y nyMnM BOfla ce npeKO
ycMCHe Kopne (2), ycMCHor BOfla (3), ycMCHe Ba-
3flyiuHe KOMope (4) m ycMCHor BeHTMna (5), ycMcaBa
y flMnMHflap KnnnHe nyMne, CBe flo f lonacKa Knnna
y YMT. TMMe je npBM xof l 3aBpmeH, na he ce flo-
nacKOM KnMna y yHyTpami-by MpTBy TanKy npoMeHM-
t m CMep KpeTahba KnMna.
Cj i mi o 3.58. - Knnri Ha nyMna: 1 - flOHaMpe3epBoap (6yHap),
t om nomcHOM xof l y noTMCKMBaHse je
npafceHOcMaH>iiBart>eM 3anpeMMHe paflHor
xof la, na je yo6iiHajeHO fla ce OBe n rt>MMa
crniHHe nyMne Ha3MBajy 3anpeMMHCKe
nyMne.
Il of l ena KJi nnHi i x nyMnn ce MO>Ke i i3Bp-
LJJHTHHa pa3JlMHMTe HaHMHe. Mrt tieMOKJia-
CMCf)MKaL(Mjy M3BPLUMTM:
I npeMa HannHy f lejcTBa:
- KnnnHe nyMne jeflHOCTpyKor f lejcTBa
- KnnnHe nyMne flBOCTpyKor f lejcTBa
- flncjiepeHflMjanHe KnnnHe nyMne
II npeMa npoTOKy:
- KjnnriHe nyMne Manor npoTOKa
Q = 0,5 m3/ min
- KJi nnHe nyMne cpef l hber npOTOKa
Q = 0,5 - 30 m3/ min
2 - ycncHa Kopna, 3 - ycncHM BOfl,
4 - ycncHa Ba3f l ywHa KOMopa, 5 - ycncHM BenTnn,
6 - Teno nyMne, 7 - f l nanHf l ap, 8 - K/ inn, 9 - KnMnhbaMa,
10 - 3anTMBaH, 11 - yKpcHa rnaBa, 12 - MOTopcKa nonyra,
13 - pyHMLja KpMBaje, 14 - ho t mc hm BeHTMn, 15 - noTMCHa
Ba3f lyi ii Ha KOMopa, 16 - i i o t mc hm b o a ,
17 - ropi-bM pe3epBoap, Hgu - reof l eTCKa ycncHa bmc mhb,
Hgp - reof l eTCKa noTMCHa BMCMHa, Hg - reof l eTCKa BMCMHa,
- K/ innHe nyMne BennKor npoTOKa
Q = npeKO 30 m3/ min
II! llpeMa Hanopy:
- KnnriHe nyMne Majior Hanopa
H = flo 30 m
Xof l Ofl YMT Ka CMT:
floK je 6ho y TOKy npBH xofl KJinna, ycncHM bbh t h j i
(5) je Mopao 6ht m OTBopeH. flojiacKOM Kjinna y YMT
n npoMeHOM CMepa KpeTart a Ofl YMT Ka CMT, ycn-
chm BeHTmi ce 3aTBapa. KaKO ce npeKO KpnBaje (13)
nyMnn npeflaje pafl ofl noroHCKiix MOTopa (Ha cj i ml (m
Hnje npnKa3aH), Taj ce pafl f l aj t e npeHOCn npeKO
MOTopcKe nonyre (12), yKpcHe maBe (11) n KJinn-
rtane (9) Ha KJinn (8). Kj inn (8) f lenyje oflpetjeHOM
c hj i om Ha TenHocT Koja je ncnpef l rt>era n caoniuTa-
Bajoj oflpetjeHH npnpauuTaj npnTncKa. 3axBajbyjytiM
t o m npnTncKy TenHOCT ce npeKO noTHCHor BeHTiina
(14), noTMCHe Ba3flyuJHe KOMOpe (15) n noTMCHor
BOfla (16) noTHCKyje y ropi-bn pe3epBoap (17), n t o
CBe flo f lonacKa Knnna y cnojbaLui-by MpTBy TaHKy.
Kaf la KJinn CTnrHe y CMT, noTHCHn BeHTHJi ce 3a-
TBopn, a ca npoMeHOM cMepa KpeTart>a KJinna o t -
nOHMhbe HOBMpaflHM L(HKJiyC.
I/I3n3Jio>KeHor ce Biifln fla ce y KnnnHoj nyMnn Me-
xaHMHKM pafl npeTBapa y noTeHL| njajiHy eHeprnjy
TeHHocTn. 36or Tora je yo6wHajeHO fla ce OBaKBe
nyMne Ha3HBajy n nyMnaMa ca HenocpeflHMM npe-
TBapai-beM MexaHMHKe eHeprnje npMTMCKa. y f lpy-
- KjinnHe nyMne cpef l rt er Hanopa
H = 30 - 100 m
- KJinnHe nyMne BennKor Hanopa
H = npeKO 100 m
IV npeMa 6pojy flmiiiHflapa:
- jeflHOflmiMHflprtHHe KJinriHe nyMne
- flBOflnjiHHflpnHHe KnnnHe nyMne
- TpoflHJiHHflpMHHe KJinnHe nyMne
MetjyTHM, Morytie cy noflene n ca joai HeKnx cTa-
HOBMLUTa, Hnp. npeMa bpct m TenHOCTH, bpct m noro-
O E P TH O - K n n n H E n ^ M n E
3ynnacTe nyMne, npnnaf lajy rpynn 3anpeMHHCKnx
nyMnn. Of l TMnMHHiix npeflCTaBHMKa OBe rpyne
nyMnn pa3nnKyjy ce no TOMe l ut o nocef lyjy KJinnoBe
y o6jiMKy 3ynnaHMKa Kojn Bpiue o p t h o , a He npa-
BOJiMHMjcKOTpaHcnaTopHO KpeTart>e (cnnKa 3.59).
C/ i nKa 3.59. - 3yrmacTa nyMna: 1 - 3ynHaHHL| M,
2 - Te.no nyMne, 3 - neoHM amc k ,
4 - ycncHM npMKrbyHaK, 5 - t i ot mchm npMKJbynaK.
CnEL4.MJR.nHE n ^ M n E
H H JE K TO P M
Ha cnv\uyi 3.60 liieMaTCKM j e npnKa3aH MHjeKTop.
f l apa Koja ce f lOBOf ln y npooi npeHM Mna3HHK (4)
Kpo3 npnKTbynaK (2) perynmt i e ce BeHTnnoM Ha
BpeTeHy (3). y Mna3HMKy (4) ce eHepr nj a npnTMCKa
nape npeTBapa y KMHeTMHKy, f l a 6a ce y Henpouj n-
peHOM Mna3HMKy (5) HacTaBnno noBetiahbe 6p3MHe.
y HenpomnpeHOM Mna3HHKy (5) Merna ce napa m
L^pneHa BOf l a npn neMy ce napa KOHf l eH3yje. 36or
nopacTa KHHeTMHKe eHeprnj e MemaBMHe, oahocho
KOHf l eH3aTa, y npocTopy ok o Mna3HMKa Bnaf l a Ba-
KyyM. npeMa TOMe, ycncaBaKbe BOf le n3 pe3epBoa-
pa j e noTnyHO aHanorHO Kao ia k o a ocTannx nyMnn.
8
y f lncj3y3opy (6) j e npof l ec o6pHyT ofl npof l eca y
Mna3HMKy, Tj. caf l a HacTaj e npeTBapai be KMHeTHHKe
eHeprnj e y eHeprnj y npnTMCKa. TaKO npon3Bef l eHM
npnTncaK Mopa 6mt h ia Hei uTO BetiM of l npMTMCKa y
napHOM KOTny 36or caBna1i HBai-ba ycnyTHnx xm-
ApaynuHKMX OTnopa. ri oBpaTHM BeHTnn (9) cnpe-
naBa BpatiaHDe Hanoj He BOf l e M3 KOTna y MHjeKTOp.
ri pn CTaBTbahby nHj eKTopa y paf l , npnTncaK cTpyj e
Mna3a nape Hnje f lOBO/ baH f l a 6n o t bopmo noBpaT-
h i a BeHTnn, na ce nof l f l ej cTBOM t o t npnTMCKa
noMot iHn npennBHM BeHTnn (8) OTBapa, Te napa
npeKO OTBopa (7) cTpyj n Hanorbe noBnanet i H 3a
co6om y MHj eKTopy caflp>KaHM Ba3f l yx. Kaf l a npnTn-
caK MemaBMHe KOHf l eH3aTa HapacTe flo Bpef l HOCTi i
f l OBoni He 3a OTBapaHbe noBpaTHOr BeHTnna ia 3a
HopManaH paf l MHjeKTopa, y npocTopy ok o npoqeca
KOMope 3a Memaht e (5) ia flnc| 5y3opa (6) HacTaj e
pa3pet j eHOCT m npennBHM BeHTnn (8) ce 3aTBapa.
Jl aKO j e yoHMTM npef l HOCTM CTpyjHMx nyMnn. ri pe
cBera, neMa KOf l ht>MXnoKpeTHMx eneMeHaTa, a k oh-
CTpyKf l Mj a j e j ef l HOCTaBHa. ri omTO HeMaj y BeHTMne,
Mory ce ppneTM t o hho c t m Koj e caf l p>Ke Mai-be npM-
Mece. TonnoTa Kojy caflp>KM paf l Ha MaTepnj a (napa)
He ry&M ce, Beti ce Bpat i a y KOTao. Metj yTMM, He-
f l ocTaTaK mm j e Mana bmcmh3 ycMcaBan>a - CBera 1
flo 2 MeTapa m orpaHMneHM Hanop f l o 10 6apa. Cny-
>Ke MCKn>yHMBo 3a Hanaj ahbe KOTnoBa. H3patjyjy ce
Kao ycMCMBajytiM m HeycMCMBajytiM, o6mhhm m ab o -
CTpyKM.
E JE K TO P M
Ha cnMflM 3.61 j e npMKa3aH ej eKTOp KojM j e no npMH-
L(Mny paf l a BeoMa cnMnaH MHj eKTopy. Paf l Ha MaTe-
pnj a, TenHOCT i a h i a rac, flOBOflM ce nof l HaTnpM-
TMCKOM y Mna3HMK (2)
Kp03 f lOBOf lHy L\eB(1).
36or TpaHCCjDopMaflM-
j e eHeprMj e npMTMCKa
y KMHeTMHKy, y npece-
C/ iMKa 3.60. - MHjeKTOp C/ i HKa 3.61. - Ej eKTop
Ky o k o M3na3Hor npeceKa Mna3HMKa (2) ocTBapeH je
BaKyyM. ycnef l ,qejcTBa pa3nnKe npnTncKa Boqa ce
Kpo3 ycncHy qeB n ycncHn npnK/ bynaK (3) ycncaBa y
ej eKTop. Bof l a Koja je f l ocnena y ej eKTop, Mema ce
y KOMopn 3a Memai-be (4) ca paflHOM b o ao m, a 33t mm
HacTana MeiuaBMHa cTpyj n Kp03 flncj3y3op (5). Kao
niTO j e no3HaTO, y flnc| 3y3opy ce f l orat ja opHyTO
npeTBapai be eHeprnje y 0f l H0cy Ha Mna3HMK. Ca
ocTBapehmm HaTnpnTMCKOM y flnc| Dy3opy (5) BOfla
HacTaB/ ba f la CTpyj n Kpo3 noTMCHM bo a (6) flo MecTa
noTpouj i be. Ej eKTop ce npnMeibyj e y uj mpok om
f lnj ana30Hy npoTOKa ofl HeKOJiMKOjiMTapa f lo HeKO-
hmko CTOTMHa nnTapa y MMHyTM. BncnHa ycncaBaHaa
3aBncn ofl HaTnpnTMCKa y npoTOKy paflHe BOfle m
Kpetie ce ofl 6 flo 25 mVS.
CTeneH ncKopmutieiba HMje mct m m oh Bapnpa y rpa-
HnqaMa ofl 0,15 flo 0,38. 3aTO l ut o HeMa BeHTmna m
f lpyrnx noKpeTHnx f lenoBa, OBa nyMna ce Mox<e k o-
pncTMTM 3a rycTe TenHocTM, Menacy, Myjb m 3a-
ral5eHy BOfly.
riopef l HaBefleHMX cneL4MjanHMx nyMnM, y npaKCM ce
cpet\ y m MaMyT-nyMne (aeponMcjDTOBM), Kao m yf l ap-
He nyMne.
n H T C i h t - Q H 3 q p . G U > 1
. :. :a .
1. Koje BpcTe nyMHM nocTOje KaKBa je HjMXOBa noflena?
2. HaBeflM m ohmuj m maBHe f lenoBe peHTpMcj)yranHMx nyMiiM m o6jacHM HaHMH pafla.
3. OnMUJM nponenepHy nyMny.
4. OnMiuMTnaBHe f lenoBe m HanMH paf la KnnnHe nyMne.
5. OnMUjM 3ynnacTy nyMny m ojacHM HaHMHpafla.
6. PeflM Luta 3Hauj o cneflMjanHMM nyMnaMa.
m>' _ JMMr' m~
3.7. OCTR.HR
n OCTP OJEh b R 3 R
TPRHC4 >OPMRUMJy
EH EP r M JE
3 . 7 . 1 . n O J R M Mf l LUMHE
3 f l Cf l EMJf l hbE Ef l 3 .Dy Xf l ,
n PMMEHf l M B P CTE
rio3HaTo je f la je 3a oaBj bai be Hajpa3H0BpcHMjMx
nocnoBa noTpeHO o6e36eflMTM BenMKe KonMHMHe
caMjeHor Ba3f lyxa mmm raca, flOK je y HeKMM cny-
najeBMMa HeonxoflHO rac OflBecTM ca oflpetjeHor
MecTa, Hnp. LUTeTHe racoBe M3 paflHe cpeflMHe. fla
6mcmo t o nocTMrnM, noTpeHe cy HaM MauiMHe KOje
tie Ba3flyx mmm rac caMjaTM flo noTpeHor npM-
TMCKa. TaKBe MamMHe cy KOMnpecopM m BeHTMna-
TOpM. hbMX0Ba npMMeHay npaKCM je Bpno uiMpoKa, a
oBfle teMo HapojaTM caMO HeKe, onujTeno3HaTe
o6nacTM ynoTpe6e obmx MauiMHa Koje ce necTO Ha-
3MBajy m MauiMHe 3a ca6Mjaibe.
Yf l yBaBaibe Ba3flyxa y no>KMLUTa napHMx KOTnoBa m
y pMnMHflpe MOTopa ca yHyTpaujibMM caropeBabeM,
Hanajarbe Ba3flyxoM racHMX Typ6MHa Mna3HMx 3bm-
OHa, TpaHcnopT MaTepnjana ManMx Maca noMOtiy
caMjeHor Ba3flyxa, paf l nHeyM3TCKMx anaTa, pafl
MeTanypujKMX netiM, 3aTMM npoBeTpaBarbe npocTO-
pMja, paflMOHM^a m pyflHMKa, cHa6f leBaibe xeMMjcKe
MHflycTpMje Ba3flyxoM, k mcoohmk om m flpyrMM raco-
bmm3 MTfl., caMO cy HeKM npMMepM MHorocTpyKe
ynoTpe6e MauiMHa 3a caMjarbe.
l l peMa onui Toj KnacMtpMKaflMjM MauiMHa, MauiMHe 3a
caMj ai be cnaf l aj y y rpyny reHepaTopa, Tj . paf lHMx
MauiMHa. EHeprMj y f lo6Mj ajy Of l noroHCKor MOTopa m
TpaHC<opMMLuy j e y noTeHf l Mj anHy (npMTMCHy) eHep-
rMjy npoTMHyt ier raca, Koj a ocTBapyj e TpaHcnopT ra-
ca f l o MecTa ynoTpe6e. npeMa TOMe, nocMaTpajyti M
t o k TpaHccpopMapMj e eHeprnj e, cnef l M f l a M3Me1jy
MauiMHa 3a caMj aibe m nyMnn HeMa HMKaKBe pa3-
nMKe.
HanoMeHMMO caMO f l a cy 3a HopManaH paf l MauiMHa
3a ca6nj ai be, nopef l caMe MauiMHe, noTpeHM m f l o-
nyHCKM ypet)ajM Kao uit o cy:
- nOrOHCKM MOTOp,
- npenMCTan (cjjnnTap) Ba3flyxa Tj. raca,
- xnaf libaK,
- MepHM, KOHTponHM m3auiTMTHM ypet)ajM.
OBaKaB cncTeM ypet5aja, Metjyco6Ho cpyHKflMOHan-
ho noBe3aHMX, hmhm nocTpojerbe m t o KOMnpecop-
c ko Kono aKO je MauiMHa 3a canjarbe KOMnpecop,
oflHocHo BeHTMnaTopcKO aKO je MauiMHa 3a ca6n-
jarbe BeHTnnaTop.
Mai unHe 3a canjat-be Mory ce noflennTi/ i Ha BHLue
HaMHHa, a OBf le 1ieMOnoM6HyTM caMo ocHOBHe.
I f l peMa HaMeHM:
- BeHTnoaTopn,
- flyBart>Ke,
- KOMnpecopn.
II f l peMa npnTncKy cafiMjeHOr raca:
- HncKor npnTncKa (p = 7 bar),
- cpef lHber npnTMCKa (p = 7 - 20 bar),
- BncoKor npnTMCKa (p = 20 bar).
III l l peMa HannHy pafla:
) 3anpeMMHCKe MaiiiMHe
- MamnHe ca npaBOTiMHHjcKMM KpeTaHDM KJinna,
- MamnHe ca tiennjaMa,
- MamnHe ca BOfleHMM npcTeHOM.
) f lnHaMHHKe (cTpyj He) MamnHe
- OpTHM KOMnpeCOpM H BeHTMTiaTOpM,
- cTpyj He (Mna3He) MamnHe.
B.7.5. KOMnFECOPM
ri peMa TOMe k bk o cy KOMnpecopn HannhbeHn n k hk o
ce y HaMMa rac canj a, pa3nnKyj y ce ymaBHOM KTinn-
hh n opTHO-CTpyjHM KOMnpecopn.
y KTinnHHM KOMnpecopnMa ycncaHa KOTiMHMHa raca
ce canj a ycnef l CMarbeHja 3anpeMMHe n3a3BaHe
KpeTaH>eM KJinna, na ce OBaKBM KOMnpecopn Ha3M-
Bajy jom n 3anpeMHHCKH.
Kof l o6pTHO-CTpyj nnx KOMnpecopa noBeKaH>e npnTH-
cKa je M3a3BaHO flMHaMHHKMM npoMeHaMa eHeprnje
raca Kojn HenpeKMflHO Tene Kpoa KOMnpecop.
KnnnHn KOMnpecopn ce Mory nof l ennTM ca pa3nn-
HMTMX CTaHOBHLUTa.
1. l l peMa HannHy f l ejcTBa:
- KnnnHn KOMnpecopn j ef l HOCTpyKor f l ejcTBa,
- KnnnHn KOMnpecopn f l BOCTpyKor f l ejcTBa.
2. npeMa 6poj y cTynHDeBa (cTeneHa):
- j ef lHOCTynHn (jef l HOCTeneHn) KOMnpecopn,
- flBOCTynHH (flBOCTeneHn) KnnnHM KOMnpecopn,
- BMmecTynHM (BnmecTeneHn) KnnnHn KOMnpecopn.
3. ripeMa 6pojy o6pTaja:
- cnopoxoflHM KnnnHH KOMnpecopn
(n=200 o/ min),
- cpeflhbexoflHn KnnnHn KOMnpecopn
(n=200-450 o/ min),
- 6p30xoflHM KnnnHH KOMnpecopn
(n=450-1000 o/ min).
4. flpeMa nonox<ajy flnnnHflpa:
- xopn30HTanHH KnnnHM KOMnpecopn,
- BepTMKanHM KnnnHM KOMnpecopn,
- KnnnHM KOMnpecopn ca L|nnnHflpiiMa nofl yrnoM.
5. flpeMa BpcTM MaTepnje Kojy ca6njajy:
- KnnnHM KOMnpecopn 3a canjai-be Ba3flyxa,
- KnnnHM KOMnpecopn 3a canjarbe KMceoHMKa,
- KnnnHM KOMnpecopn 3a canjaHse aMOHnjaKa MTfl.
Ha cnnuiM 3.62 npnKa3aH je BepTMKannn jeflHOfln-
nMHflpMHHM KOMnpeCOp.
npnHf lnn pafla KOMnpecopa je cnefletiM: npn Kpe-
TaHjy Knnna ofl cnorbainrbe (ropi be) MpTBe TanKe
(CMT) npeMa yHyTpamrboj (florboj) MpTBOj t bhkm (YMT)
y flMnMHflapcKOM npocTopy M3Hafl Knnna cTBapa ce
noTnpMTMcaK (BaKyyM, Tj. npMTMcaK MaitM of l cno-
C/ niKa 3.62. - JeflHOLtnnnHflpnHHMK/innHn KOMnpecop:
1- pn/iMHflap, 2 - K/inn, 3 - ocoBMHmja K/inna, 4 - K/innHM
npcTeHOBH, 5 - Knnn, 6 - KO/ ieHacTo BpaTH/ io, 7 - ycncHHBOfl,
8 - noTncHHBOfl, 9 - cj/M/iTap, 10 - KapTep, 11- KantUHHK.
ibauiHjer), ycnef l a o*. ?nHi* '>poy*a3n
Kpo3 npeMMCTaM wycwcHM bcht mh nonyrt>aea]y!'H raj
npocTop, flOK je ncTiiCHK ssht mt ! saTBOpeH. f lpn
aonacKy K/ iMna y VIVIT vieHta ce cMep HteroBor
Kpera/ ba n t o ofl YMT opeMa CivlT, npn Hewy cy ca
eeHTnna aaTBOpeHa. Dom t o m xof lv Knura 3anpe-
MMHa M3Me1jy nena Knwna n LiHri-'.-ln,apcKO'" noK/ ran-
ua ce cMaHsyje. V CMT o^aapa ce hot mcho 3eHTnn
no^ aejcTBCM canjeHcr raca, raKo fla ce 3a npe-
ocTann fleo xof la flo f lonacKa Knnna y CMT bpuj m
noTncKMBaHbe caSnj eHor raca Kpo3 norncHHBeHTnn
npeMa noTpoiuaHHMa. FIpm f lonacKy Knwna y CMT,
oh Mehba cwep ceor KperaHba, sarsapa ce noTMCHM,
a orsapa ycncHMeaHTHn v, npouec ce flarbe no-
Haerba mct hm peflocneflOM.
ripn ca6njaHby, ca nopacroM npMTMCKa pacre n reM-
neparvpa raca. 3a f loap m eKOHOMvinaH pafl k om-
npecopa noTpeHo je nof lMaanBaf lenoee ko]h cy
M3no>KeHM Me1jyco6HOM TpeH3y, t j . xa&anby. To bhj km,
M3we1)y ocTannx f l enosa, n sa Knnn n i^nnnHflap.
KaKO Ba3flyx (rac) y roKy C9.&MjaHsa y qwnMHflpy
flona3M y Henocpeflan flOflnp ca yrbeM 3a noflMa3M-
Bai-be, t o je noTpe6nO f la T0MnepaTypa, a TMMe n
npnTncaK, Ha Kpajy cabnjanba 6yf ly y oflpetjeHMM
rpaHMflaMa k bk o ne on f loiuno flo caMosanarbei-ba
yrba a THMe n eKcnnoanje. Obb reMnepaTypa Kpehe
ce ofl 140C 3a pyf lapcKe KOMnpecope flo 160C 3a
ocTane.
3a nocT'/ isarbe BeTwx npMrncaKa. npn seMy 6m reM-
nepaTypa raca npeaina MaKCMManHy fl03B0/ beHy,
KopncTe ce BMUjecTeneHM KOMnpecopn (cnnKa
3.63).
Cnma 3.63. - BnujecTeneHU KOMnpecop (flBocTeneHH):
1 - pnnuHf l ap h h c k o t npnTHCKa, 2 - Knnn, 3 ycHe, 4 - noTnc,
5 - xnaflhbaK, 6 - ycHe bhc ok ot npMTHCKa, 7 - po t hc bhcok ot
npnTncKa, 8 - L(nnnHf lap bmc o k o t npnTMCKa, 9 - Knnn,
10 - noTMCHOBpaTnno.
/ nMrni -'f l pv ' * ) ce ca6wja ea3f l yx m an/ ioccpepe,
npH -ie.viy i -beroea Te* i neparypa ocraj e y p.ossorhe-
hmm rpaHMf l awa. Ta?o caMj eH sa3f l yx xnaf l n- ce y
x.naf lH-aKy (5), a aarMM of l sof l M y f l Hj MHf lap svcc<or
npMTMCKa !,B) rfl ce canj a f l o r cr peoHor rpM^M-cKa,
-'apsBHc ya ToujTOBai-fce ''paHMua vraKCHMa^e t m-
nepsT'j/ pe, 3a nocrvioaHbe jouj np^Tvi caKa
rpaflM- ce w KOM.npecop ca smue cTynHbeea.
3eti c mo noM0Hyjnn f l a ce k j i mhhm KOMnpecopn na-
3MBajy j ouj m aanpeMMHCKM. y OBy rpyny cnaf l aj y r a-
KOl56 M06pTH0-KpMnHM (henMjCKM) KOMnpeCOpM, Kao
m o6prHO-KnnnHM KOMnpecopM ca f i sa poTopa.
npMHf l nn paf l a opTHO-KnnnHor KOMnpecopa j e
cnefletin: aaj ef lHO ca sparnnoM (4) optie ce Knnr
(2) y KyhMixjxy (1) y oflnocy na Koje je nocTaBrben
eKcujeHTpMHHO (cnMKa 3.64).
Kpnnfla (3) cy CMeiuTeHa y paf l Mj anne vrm Koce
>Kne6oee ypa^6He y KJiwny. fly>K mneosa KpMnf la
ce Mory KpeTarM rope-f l one, of lHOCHO ysnaHMTM y
KJiMn m M3B.naHMTM M3 rtsera. l/ l3Me1jy f l Ba cycef l .Ha
Kpnnf l a m OMOTana Knma (2) m KytiMUJTa (1) o6pa3y-
je ce npocrop nnj a ce 3anpeMMna Mei-ba npn
o6pxarby Knnna. Ha CTpaHM ycMcnor npMKTbyHKa (5)
Ta ce 3anpeMMHa ncset i aBa, npn neMy f l onaaM ao
CTsapafcba BaKyvvi a m ycMcaBarba Ba3f l yxa, Tj . raca.
ripn6nM>KaBajy1iM ce noTMCHOM npMKrbysKy (6),
noMeHyTa 3anpeMMHa ce CMaHavje, npMTMcaK ce
noBet i aBa f l a 6m KOHanHO HannacKOM Ha noTHCHM
npMKrbynaK ca6MjeHM rac 6mo noTMCHyT y noTMCHM
BOfl.
OcHOBna Of lnviKa osaKBor TMna KOMnpecopa j ecTe
jef lHOCTaBHOcr KOHcrpyKLjwje, curypHOCT y paf l y Kac
m naKO nyLUTai-be y h o i o h . V'rnaBHOM ce npm/ en>y;y
3a ca6njai-be racoBa BenMKMx nporoKa m Mannx npM-
rncaKa.
OpTHO-KnMnHM KOMnpecop ca f l ea poTopa no k o h -
CTpyKflMjM m npMHU| Mny paf l a cnMHan j e o6pTHo-KnM-
nHMM 3ynnacTMM nyvt naMa (cnMKa 3.65).
CanKa 3.64. - OpTHO-KnunHM KOMnpecop
KoMnpecop npMKa3aH na cnm_jn 3.65 Ha3MBa ce
PyTOBa (Root) ,qyBarbKa. Ynory o6pthmx KJ innoBa
Bpiue ocMnuie (3) n (4) Koje noroH flo6njajy ofl flBa
jeflHaKa 3ynHaHMKa n o6ptiy ce y cynpoTHMM cMe-
poBHMa. ripn hj mxobom o6pTaHby Ha CTpaHM ycMCHor
npMKTbysKa (1) jaBjba ce noTnpMTMcaK (BaKyyM),
npM neMy flona3M flo ycMcaBahba raca, Hnp. M3
aTMOccjjepe, kojm je 3axBatieH ocmmmom (ktjmhom) m
McnyhtaBa npocTop M3Met)y ocMMfle mKyhMUJTa. flo-
ujto ce npM npoMeHM noyio>Kaja 0CMMqa 3anpeMMHa
tot npocTopa Mejta, t o he ycjiefl iberoBor cManbe-
J ta flohM flo ca6MjaHaa (Ha ctiml ^m mpacjjMpaHa
noBpoi npeflCTaBiba HajMatby 3anpeMMHy). ripM fla-
TbeM o6pTaiby ocMMqa 3anpeMMHa ce noBehaBa, qa
6m K0H3HH0 Ha CTpaHM TIOTMCHOr TipMI<JbyHKa rac
6mo noTMCHyTy tiotmchm BOfl.
Beh cmo noMeHyjiM qa nopef l ktimr hmx nocTOje m
o6pTHO-cTpyjHM KOMnpecopM, Kao mt o f la ce KOfl
HaMX nOBehaibe npMTMCKa nOCTM>Ke flMHaMMHKMM
npoMeHaMa eHeprMje MaTepnje (raca) Koja CTpyjM,
na ce OBe MauJMHe na3MBajy mflMHaMMHKe (cTpyjHe)
MaiiiMHe 3a ca6MjaHDe.
llpeMa npaBpy cTpyj ai ba paflHe MaTepnje pa3T)MKy-
jy ce:
- aKCMjaTiHO-paflMjajiHM (qeHTpMcj>yrajiHM) KOMnpe-
copM,
- aKCMj anHM KOMnpecopM.
llpeMa 6pojy CTynibeBa (cTeneHa) pa3JiMKyjy ce:
- jeflHOCTynHM (jeflHOCTeneHM) KOMnpecopM,
- BMiiiecTynHM (BMiiiecTeneHM) KOMnpecopM.
OCHOBHM CaCTaBHM ejieMeHTM flMHBMMHKMX MaLUM-
Ha, na m KOMnpecopa, cy paflHO (o6pt ho) kotio m
3aKono Koje je oBfle M3rpa1)eHO Kao cnMpanHO Ky-
hMmTe. PaflHO kotio ca cBOjMMsaKonoM HMHe CTy-
nai-b mjim CTeneH KOMnpecopa. OBa paflHa KOJia no
CnuKa 3.66. - HeTBopocTenenn aKCMjanno paf l nj anHn
KOMnpecop: 1 - paf lHO k o j i o , 2 - 3aKono, 3 - npeTKono,
I - ycnchm npnK/ byHaK, 11- noTHcnn npnKJbynaK.
KOHCTpyKflMjM Cy BeOMa CT1MHH3 paflHMM K0J1MM3
nempMc}>yra.nHMx nyMnM. Ha c j iml im 3.66 uueMaTCKM
j e npMKa3aH HeTBopocTeneHM aKCMj anHO-paf l Mj aj i HM
KOMnpecop.
Kafla je pen o npMMeHM aKCMjanHO-paflMjanHMx m
aKCMjanHMx KOMnpecopa, MO>KeMo pehM cneflehe:
aKCMjanHO-paflMjanHe KOMnpecope Tpe6a npMMe-
hdMB3t m y cnynajeBMMa Kafla Tpe6a ocTBapMTM Ma-
nM npoTOK y3 nocTM3aHDe BenMKor cTeneHa ca6v\~
jan>a (oflHoc npMTMCKa Ha noneTKy mHa Kpajy caM-
jarba), Kao my ycnoBMMa Kaqa je noTpeHa npoMeH-
TbMBocT npoTOKa y TOKy pafla KOMnpecopa. Akc m-
janHM KOMnpecopM norof l HMj M cy 3a noTpe6e BenM-
kmx npoTOKa anM y3 Maibe CTeneHe caMjarba. 3a
mct m Kpaj hbn npMTMcaK ca6Mj aHsa aKCMj anHM ko m-
npecop MMa BehM 6poj cTyni-beBa ofl aKCMjanHo-pa-
flMjanHor.
3a nocTM3ai-be BeoMa bmc o kmx KpajHaMx npMTMcaKa,
mom 3a caMjarbe penaTMBHO Mane KonMHMHe raca,
Kao m 3a ca6 Mjai-be Mane KonMHMHe raca Ha bmc o k
npMTMcaK, KopMCTe ce komohm KOMnpecopM. Me-
^yTMM, npeflHOCTM o6 pTHO-CTpyjHMX KOMnpecopa
Hafl KnMnHMM cy cnef lehe: BehM 6 poj opTaj a y je-
flMHML\MBpeMeHa, UJTOflOBOflM flOMaH>MX KOHCTpyK-
qMja 3a MCTe npoTOKe, HeMa Meujarba yjba ca racoM,
pafle t mx o, 6e3 noTpeca, jep HeMajy oci4MnaTopHMx
Maca Kao KnnnHM, na cy mm m TeMeTbM jecfjTMHMjM,
mhot o cy MaibM y cnynaj y Kafla paf le ca Bpno Be-
nMKMM npoTOflMMa 3a Koje 6m t o t o bo HeMoryhHO
6Mno HanpaBMTM paflMOHanHe KnnnHe KOMnpecope.
1/ lnaK je HeocnopHO npeMMyhcTBO KnMnHMX KOMnpe-
copa y cnynajeBMMa Mannx npoTOKa y3 bmc ok Kpa-
jlbM npMTMCaK.
3.73. BEHTH.nRTOFM
ripeMa npaBL| y CTpyjahba paflHe MaTepnje pa3/ inKyjy
ce paflnjanHMm aKcnjariHM(ochm) BeHTnnaTopn. Ha cnn-
4M3.67 LueMaTCKMje npnKaaaHpaflnjanHMBeHTMnaTop.
y nornef l y cacraBHwx f l enoBa M3Me1)y paflwjanHnx m
o6pTHo-CTpyjHMx KOMnpecopa cKopo m f la HeMa pa-
3nnKe, niTOje m nomHHo, jep m jeflHMm f lpyrn cnaf la-
jy y rpyny flMHaMMHKMX (cTpyjHMx) MatunHa 3a can-
janbe. 3HanM, o c h o bh m eneMeHTM BeHTnnaTopa cy
paflHo Kono m 3aKono. PaflHOKono ce cacTOjn ofl:
rnaBHMHe, npef lHier m 3aflHaer flncKa, paflHMx no-
naTML(a m BpaTnna. 3aKono je narpa^eHOy BMfly
cnnpanHor KytimijTa.
CnnKa 3.67. - Paf lnjariHM BeHTnnaTop: 1 - rnaBHHHa,
2 - paf lHe nonaTHf l e, 3,4 - npeflH=.n n 3af lHj n f l ncK paf lHor
Kona, 5 - BpaTnno, 6 - onnpanHOKyt i nuj Te, 7 - ycncnHM
npMKrbynaK, 8 - noTMCHMnpnKrbynaK.
LLJt o ce Tnne TpaHCcjjopMa^Mje eHeprMje y BeHTMna-
Topy, npoqec je mct m Kao KOfl opTHO-CTpyjHMx k om-
npecopa, c t o m pa3nMKOM uj t o cy npMTMCLjM no
CTynrby, a TMMe m KpajtbMnpMTMcaK caMjatba, mho-
ro MaibMHero KOfl KOMnpecopa. Ob3k o HM3aK npM-
t mc3k ca6Mjaiba y OflHocy Ha KOMnpecope ycnoBMO
je pa3nMKe y KOHCTpyKU)MjM caMor BeHTMnaTopa,
noroTOBy nonaTM^a. Paf lHe nonaTM^e BeHTMnaTopa
M3pat>yjy ce npecoBaibeM ofl nenMHHMX TpaKa Koje
ce 3aBapMBaHeM mbm 3aKMBan>eMcnajajy ca am-
CKOBMMa flOK ce KOfl KOMnpecopa obm flenoBM
M3pa1jyjy nMBerbeM.
Ha cnMi^M3.68.a LueMaTCKMje npMKa3aHo o6mhho
(HopManHO) paflHOKono, a Ha cnM^M3.68.6 paflHO
Kono flo6otiiacTMX BeHTMnaTopa KojMce KopMCTe 3a
BenMKe npoTOKe, a Mane npMTMCKe.
Ako BeHTMnaTopcKOnocTpojerbe Heivia ycMCHMbo a,
Beti BeHTMnaTop ycMcaBa ea3flyx HenocpeflHO M3
aTMOccjjepe, TaKaB ce BeHTMnaTop na3ma noTMCKy-
jytiM. y cnynaj y fla nocTpojeHae MMa ycMCHM, aim
HeMa noTMCHMBOfl, Beti BeHTMnaTop noTMCKyje Ba-
3flyx HenocpeflHOy aTMOccj3epy, Taf l a ce BeHTMna-
TOp H33MBa yCMCyjytiM.
Ha cnMi^M3.69 meMaTCKMje npMKa3aH aKCMjanHM
(ochm) BeHTMnaTop. OBaj TMn BeHTMnaTopa cnaf la y
CnnKa 3.68. - Paf lHa Kona BeHTnnaTopa: a) o mh h o paf lHo
Kono, 6) paf lHOKono f l o6ot uacTHx BGHTnnaTopa.
rpyny Typ6oMamMHa ca aKCMjanHMMCTpyjan>eMraca
(ea3f lyxa), na cxoflHOTOMe M3Metjy rbera m aKCMjan-
hmx KOMnpecopa HeMa 6mt h mx pasnMKa. Pa3nMKa je
caMOy KpajrbeMnpMTMCKy ca6Mjarba KojMje mh o t o
BMmMKOfl KOMnpecopa, a y Be3Mca t mm m y k o h -
cTpyKqMjM.
Ilopef l rnaBHMX f l enoBa npMKa33HMx Ha cnMflM, KOfl
BetiMx o c h mx BeHTMnaTopa, y L|Mn5y nocTM3arba no-
BOTbHMjer CTpyjatba, Kao cacraBHM flenoBM nojaBn>y-
jy ce ycMepHO Kono (npeTKono) m 3aKono. Ak c m-
janHM BeHTMnaTopM cny>xe 3a HajBetie npoTOKe.
y nornef l y M3pafle nonaTMf la Mory 6mt m ca npocfjM-
nMCaHMMMBMTOnepHMM, Kao Mca 3aKpMB/ beHMM
nMMeHMMnonaTML(aMa. Hopef l Tora, Kona o bmx BeH-
TMnaTopa Mory 6mt m ca c mmo t pmh h mm m HecMMe-
t pmh h mm nonaTMi^aMa. Kof l Kona ca c mmo t pmh h mm
nonaTML^aMa Moryhe je npoMeHOMCMepa opTarba
Kona npoMeHMTM CMep cTpyj atba raca (Ba3f lyxa)
Kpo3 BeHTMnaTop. JlonaTMt^e ce M3pa1jyjy of l ne-
nMHHor nMMa mhm nMBetbeM, anMce h mt 3bo Kono
MO>Ke M3paflMTMm npecoBatbeM of l nenMHHor nMMa.
Kof l ManMx BeHTMnaTopa KOjMce KopMCTe y f lo-
MatiMHCTBy, Kona cy M3pat)6Ha ofl nnacTMHHe Mace.
flOK Cy OCHMKOMnpeCOpMpeflOBHOM3BefleHMKao
BMmecTeneHM, oc hm BeHTMnaTopM ce MSBOfle Kao
jeflHocTeneHM, a caMOM3y3eTHOKao flBocTeneHM.
2
Cnw<a 3.69. - AKCMjanHHBeHTnnaTop: 1- rnaBHHHa,
2 - paflHe nonaTMLie, 3 - Kyfcmirre.
riHTOI-frO M iOAOLJH
1. KaKO ce nene MaiuMHe ia canjahbe ea3,qyxa?
2. l i l Ta cy KOMnpecopn?
3. MaKo ce f l ene KOMnpecopn? >:?' J ?' ,r
4. Onnuj n paf l KOMnpecopa (no M36opy).
5. LLlTa cy BeHTmi aTopn? *
-* I " f
6. HaeeflM ynory, 3HaHaj n HaMeHy BeHTnnaTopa.
7. ^MaBef ln rnaeHe f lenoBOM onmun npMHflnn
:Jpi f l a BeHTnnaTopa (no M3opy).
3.S. H^K.HERFHE
E.HEKTPRHE
3 . S . I . O C H O B H R L U EM m
E . H E K T R f i H E
HyKneapHe eneKTpaHe cy nocTpojenba 3a TpaHC-
cj3opMaL| njy TonnoTHe eHeprnje y MexaHHHKM pafl.
TopnBO Koje ce y HyKneapHMM eneKTpaHaMa k o-
Pmc t h 3a 3arpeBai-be BOfle n npon3BOflhby BOfleHe
nape, j ecTe eHeprnja Koja ce ocno6atja TepMOHyK-
neapHOM peaKflnjOM qenai-ba aTOMa (cjDncnja).
Ha nyTa) ofl TonnoTHe MOtiM yrn3a, flOK je oflHoc
hct mx Maca yrrba n ypaHMjyMa ok o f l eceTaK xnrbaf la
y k opmct ypaHnjyMa.
Ha cnnfln 3.70 ineMaTCKH je npnKa3aHa HyKneapna
eneKTpaHa Kpuj ko Koja je nonena f la pafln 1981.
roflMHe* n Hnja CHara h3hoch 632 MW.
Tpn rnaBHe TexHonomKe L(ennHe cBaKe HyKneapHe
eneKTpaHe cy: peaKTopcKO, Typ6nHCKO n eneKTpo-
nocTpojei-be. y nopetjeHay ca KnacnMHHM M3B0lje-
LbeM TepMoeHepreTCKnx nocTpojerba peaKTop OBfle
nMa ynory KOTnoBCKor nocTpojei-ba. y peaKTopcKOj
arpaf ln cMeoiTeH je peaKTop Kojn ce xnaf ln BOflOM.
flaneKOBOfl eneKTpnHHe eHeprnje
pacxnaflHM
TOphbeBH
C/ iMKa 3.70. - LUeMaTCKn npnKa3 HyK/ ieapHe eneKTpaHe: 1 - peaKTop, 2 - peaKTopcKa pacxnaf l Ha nyMna,
3 - reHepaTopn nape, 4 - perynaTop npnTMCKa, 5 - fleo Typ6nne bh c ok o t npnTMCKa, 6 - fleo Typ6nHe hhc k o t npnTHCKa,
7 - reHepaTop eneKTpMHHe CTpyje, 8 - cenapaTop nape, 9 - 3arpeBan nape, 10 - KOHfleH3aTopn, 11 - nyMna KOHfleH3aTopa,
12 - 3arpeeaH hhc k ot npnTncKa, 13 HanojHe nyMne, 14 - npefl3arpeBarbe bmcokmm npi/ iTMCKOM, 15 - nyMne pacxnaf lHe BOfle,
16 - pacxnaflHn ToptteBH, 17 - nyMne pacxnaf l nnx TopHeBa, 18 - TpaHccpopMaTop.
CyLUTMHCKa npef lHocT HyKneapHnx eneKTpaHa Hafl
ocTannM jecTe y TOMe l ut o cy Mai-bn t po l u k o bm ropn-
Ba no npon3BefleHOM KMnoBaT-nacy. TonnoTHa MOti
HyKneapHor ropnBa je mh o t o Betia (o k o Tpn Miinno-
* llpBa HyKneapHa eneKTpaHa y CBeTy nonena je fla pafln
1955. roflHHe y 06HMHCKy y CoBjeTCKOM CaBe3y.
nopef l Tora BOfla cnyx<n n Kao MOflepaTOp (ycnopn-
Bas) HeyTpoHa. y je3rpo peaKTopa CMeuiTeHH cy
ropiiBH eneMeh t m, rj. tuTanoBM ofl ypaHa 235 Kojn cy
nocTaB/ beHM y 3aTBopeHe peBn ofl pnpKOHnjeBe
nerype. CBaKe roflMHe bpu j m ce 3aMeHa 1/ 3 ropnBa,
flOK ce nyrbehbe bpl u m cBaKe Tpn roflMHe.
3awTMTHa 3rpa,qa, y Kojoj je cMeiiiTeH peaKTop, Ha-
npaBTbeHa je ofl yHyTpaniH3e HennHHe JbycKe mcno-
TbHe apMnpaHOeTOHCKe 3rpaf le y pnTby 3aiuTHTe
ofl 3panei-ba. Y3 peaKTopcKy 3rpaf ly Hanase ce 06-
jeKTn 3a noMotiHe cncTeMe, 3a xnaijehbe, 3a pyKO-
Bahbe ropnBOM m 3a noMotiHe f lM3eTi-arperaTe, Kao m
Typ6nHCKa 3rpaf la. Pacxnaf lHa BOfla (Koja MOx<e
6mt m BOfla, TeiuKa BOfla v\nv\ TeHHM MeTan) noTHCKy-
je ce peaKTopcKMM pacx/ iaflHMM nyMnaMa t 3ko fla
cTpyjn y 3aTB0peH0M Kpy>KHOM TOKy. y reHepaTopy
nape oBa pacxnaf lHa BOfla npeflaje CBOjy TonnoTy
BOfln M3 cnoTbaujhber Kpyra npeTBapajytiM je y BOfle-
Hy napy Koja ce napoBOflMMa oflBOfln y Typ6nHy.
ri apa 33t mm npona3n Kpo3 fleo Typ6nHe ca bmcokmm
npMTMCKOM, 33TI/ IMCe f lOrpeBa MBOflMKp03 fleo Typ-
6nHe HMCKor npnTMCKa, fla 6mce KacHMje y KOHfleH-
3aTopy K0HfleH30BaTia m nyMnaMa 6vina BpatieHa y
reHepaTop nape.
3HanM, eneKTpMHHa eHeprnj a ce y HyKneapHoj eneK-
TpaHM floMja TaKO l ut o ce npBo ocTiooljeHa t o -
nnoTHa eHeprMja y HyKTi eapHOM peaKTopy (npM L(e-
nanDy aTOMa ypaHa - c(DMCMjM) k opmct m nyTeM pacx-
TiaflHe BOfle 3a flo6Mjahbe 3acMtieHe BOfleHe nape y
reHepaTopy nape, Koj a 38t mm noKpetie Typ6MHy, a
OHa fla/ be reHepaTop 3a npoM3BOflhby eaeKTpMHHe
eHeprMje.
ripM paf ly eueKTpaHe HacTajy h bpc t m, t bhhm, m ra-
COBMTM paflMOaKTMBHM OTnaflM. CBM HBpCTM pa-
flMoaKTMBHM OTnaflM (f lOTpajano ropMBo) caKynTbajy
ce y jeflHy KOMopy, 33t mm ce 3aTBapajy y 6anBe Ofl
ne/ iMHHor JiMMa m npMBpeMeHO CKnaflMiuTe y Oflpe-
tjeHOM npocTopy y3 ejneKTpaHy. TpajHO oflTiarahbe
paflMoaKTMBHor oTnaf la m KOfl Hac m y CBeTy npefl-
CTaBTba 036MTbaH npo6neM.
TeHHe paflMoaKTMBHe oTnaTKe npenMiutiaBa nocTpo-
jehbe Koje ce cacTojM ofl pe3epBoapa, nyMnM, cJj mt i -
Tepa, KOMope 3a McnapaBahbe m fleMMHepajiM3aT0-
pa. LLJt o ce TMne OTnaflHMX paflMoaKTMBHMx racoBa,
nocTojM KaTajiMCTMHKa neti 3a cna/ bMBahbe BOflo-
hmk3 Kao m pe3epBoapM 3a pacnaf l m 3aflpx<aBahbe
ca6MjeHMX HyKJieapHO HecTa6MJiHMX racoBa. HaKOH
OflpetjeHor BpeMeHa KpaTKO>KMBetiM HecTaMjiHM ra-
cobm ce pacnaf lajy, a npeocTajiM racoBM 0fl/ ia3e y
aTMOccj>epy.
3a caf la yrjiaBHOM nocToj e CTiefletie MorytiHOCTM f l e-
Cj>MHMTMBHOr 36pMhbaBahba paf lM03KTMBHMX OTnaf l a-
Ka mt o :
- CKTiaflMLUTehbe nof l 3eMTbOM - cnaKOBaHM OTnaflM
oflua>Ky ce y cyBe reonoiUKe cJiopMapMje Kao l ut o
ce ne>KMiuTa cot i m, CTiojeBM r/ iMHe mj im HBpcTe
KpMCTajiHe cfjopMaflMje Kao l ut o je rpaHMT. Ofl-
narahbe 6m ce bpl umj i o Ha fly6MHM ok o 500 m rfle
6m ce OTnaflM cnymTajiM j imcJi t o m;
- CKTiaflMiuTehbe y Jiefly - cyf l ca OTnapMMa nycTM
ce y M36ymeHy pyny rfle ycj i ef l Tonj iOTe, KOja ce
y hbeMy pa3BMja, HacTaBTba fla TOHe. McTonjbeHM
Tiefl noHOBO ce TieflM a cyf l t bk o naf la flo flHa
(ok o 4 000 m) mt im ce naK MO>xe cJ>MKCMpaTM Ha
Oflpet>eHoj flyMHM;
cKJiaflMLUTehbe Ha flHy Mopa - cyf l ca OTnapMMa
OflTia>Ke ce Ha ah o Mopa m t o y 30Hy ca bot i mkom
6p3MHOM TaTIO>Kehba.
Of l HaBefleHMX MorytiHOCTM 36pMhbaBai-ba Hajpean-
HMja je npBa BapnjaHTa, Mafla m OHa mmb Hef locTaTa-
Ka jep ce npe cBera He Mo>xe rapaHTOBaTM f lyro-
poHHa cTaMnHOCT reonouiKMx cjDopMaflMja Koje f la-
Hac CMaTpaMo CTaMnHMM. Ty je CBaKaKO m Kopo-
3MBHO flejCTBO nOfl3eMHMX BOfla KOje je HapOHMTO
M3pa>KeH0 npM cKnaflMLUTehby y nef l y m Ha flHy
Mopa.
ripoM3BOflhba eneKTpMHHe eHepmj e y HyKneapHMM
eneKTpaHaMa y CBeTy je jom yBeK Ha hmckom HMBoy
y oflHocy Ha npoM3BOflhby eneKTpMHHe eHeprnje y
XMflpo m TepMoeneKTpaHaMa, anM ca TeHfleHflMjOM
flarber nopacTa. PanyHa ce f la fce f lo Kpaja OBOr
BeKa y ,,noroHy 6mt m yKynHO MMnMOH m f l BecTa xm-
jbaf l a MW m Taf la he HyKneapHe eneKTpaHe 3a-
flOBOJbaBaTM ok o 35% CBeTCKMX noTpe6a 3a eneK-
t pmhhom eHeprMjOM. TpeHyTHO OHe noflMMpyjy ok o
15% cBeTCKe noTpoujhbe eneKTpMHHe eHeprMje.
3.S.2. H^KJl Ef i FHM
PEf i KTOPM
nocTpojeHba y KOjMMa ce HyKneapHa eHeprnja pp6v\-
ja Oflp>KaBahbeM KOHTponMcaHe nannaHe peaKflMje,
Ha3MBajy ce HyKneapHM peaKTopM.
ripBM HyKneapHM peaKTop KOHCTpyMcao je ca CBojMM
capaflHMflMMa Ehpmko OepMM 1942. roflMHe, flaKne
TpM roflMHe ofl npoHanacKa HyKneapHe cJ>MCMje.
HyKneapHM peaKTop cacTojM ce ofl jef lHor eenMKor
nenMHHor pe3epBoapa McnyhbeHor TeiuKOM BOflOM y
KOjy cy ypohbeHe ujnnKe ypaHMjyMa 235. PeaKTop
noHMhbe f la paflM hmm ce y hbera yHece flOBOJbaH
6poj ujMnKM. IIouj t o ce ypaHMjyMOBa je3rpa pacna-
flajy caMa ofl ce6e, yBeK nocTojM flOBOJbaH 6poj Hey-
TpoHa KojM 3anoHMhby naHHaHy peaKflMjy. Kara ce
npM cBaKoj cfDMCMjM ocno6atjaj y 6p3M HeyTpoHM,
noTpe6Ho mx je ycnopMTM f la 6m flenahbe je3rpa 6Mno
LUTO ycneujHMje. 3a ycnopaBai-be, Tj. MOflepMpahbe
HeyTpoHa, ynoTpe6jbaBajy ce TaKBe cyncTaHL4e Koje
ecjDMKacHO ycnopaBajy, anM cna6o ancop6yj y Hey-
TpoHe. ll oKa3ano ce f la TaKBe oco6v\ne MMa TeujKa
BOfla. 3a perynMcahbe cjDMCMje, Tj. 6poja HeyTpoHa, y
peaKTop ce nocTaBJbajy MaTepnjanM KojM ancop6yjy
HeyTpoHe. Jef laH Ofl t 3kbmx j ecTe KaflMMjyM, na ce
mnriKa 3a peryna4njy cHare
6eT0HCKH 6hok TeaiKa BOfla
C/ iMKa 3.71. - npoL(ec perycaL| Mje - cpncnje
3a KOHTpony naHnaHe peaK^nje ynoTpe6rbaBajy mnn-
Ke ofl KaflMnjyivia Koje ce yBJiaMe M3Me1jy mnnKH Ofl
ypaHa (cnnKa 3.71).
YKonnKo cy amnKe ofl KaflMnjyMa BHLue yporbeHe, n
ynnjaH3e HeyTpoHa 6ntie Betie, n o6pHyTO, l ut o npaK-
t hhho 3Hann fla ce peaKTop nyujTa y pafl M3Bna-
neibeM LunnKn, a 3aycTaBJi>a LbnxoBHM yBnaHehbeM.
H3 6e36eflH0CHnx pa3nora y peaKTop ce y3a 3Hfl
pe3epBoapa nocTaBJbajy n mnnKe cnrypHOCTn, Ta-
Kot^e ofl HeKor eneMeHTa Kojn ynnja HeyTpoHe.
lilnnKe ce noMOtiy noceHor MOTopa Mory noflH3aTH
n cnyuj Ta.
fla 6m ce cnpenno 0f lna3aK HeyTpoHa, ok o pe3ep-
Boapa ce nocTaBj t a o6nora o a MaTepnjana koj 'm
0fl6nja HeyTpoHe HaTpar y peaKTop n Ha3MBa ce
pecpneKrop. TnMe ce OMory-
tiaBa CMaibehbe flHMeH3nja ca-
Mor peaKTopa m cMarbyje k o-
nnHMHa ypaHa n TeuJKe BOfle.
Ha npnKa3aH0j cnnpn rpacpn-
THa onora nMa ynory pe-
cpneKTopa.
fla 6m ce OKonHa cpefli/ ma n
JT>yflM3aUITHTHnH Ofl paflno-
aKTMBHor 3panehba (omhho
raMa-3paKa) M3rpatjyje ce l ut mt
peaKTopa Ofl OflroBpajyfcer
MaTepnjana (6eTOH, BOfla,
MTfl.), H flOBOJbHe fle6jbMHe
fla cnpenn n3na3aK raMa-3pa-
Ka M3 peaKTopa. Obmm je M3-
BpujeHa aaujTMTa k bk o y
HopManHOM paf ly, t bk o m y
cnynaj y KBapa, Kao Ha npn-
Mep Harnor noBetiahba 6poja
cjjncnja.
CaM pafl peaKTopa oflBnja ce Ha cnefletiM HannH:
nofl flejCTBOM cnopnx HeyTpoHa HacTaje ^enaibe
ypaHa 235, npn neMy M3neTe Tpn HeyTpoHa Benn-
kom 6p3MH0M. Ohm npona3e Kpo3 MOflepaTop (Te-
uiKy BOfly) npeflajytiM joj CBojy eHeprnjy y o6nnKy
TonnoTe, a 33t mm Kao cnopn HeyTpoHM f lonnpy flo
cnef letier cnoja ypaHa i/ i3a3MBajytm f l aj t e Ljenanbe m
ocno6at)ahbe hobmx HeyTpoHa. l/ l3a3MBajy naHnaHy
peaKL\ njy. Ako HeyTpoH yf lapn y je3rpo ypaHa 238,
oh Hetie M3a3BaTM f larby naHHaHy peaKLjnjy jep ce
ypaH 238 He pacnaf la, Beti caMO ancop6yje HeyTpoH
n npeTBapa ce y nnyTOHMjyM. ripeMa TOMe, caMO t e
HeyTp0H Kojn yf lapn y ypaH 235 ocno6oflMTM HOBy
KonMHMHy eHeprnje mhob3 Tpn HeyTpoHa.
Ycnef l ocno6at)anba TonnoTHe eHeprnje peaKTop ce
3arpeBa, na ra je noTpe6HO xnaflMTM. Kao pacxnafl-
hm c}3nyMflMHajnemtie ce npMMehbyjy:
- racoBMTn: yrjbeH-flMOKCMfl m xennjyM,
- TenHn: BOfla mTeuiKa BOfla, a pet^e TeujKM MeTa-
nn (HaTpnjyM nnn onoBo).
HyKneapHM peaKTopn ce ynoTpe6rbaBajy Hajneujtie
3a noroH napHnx Typ6nHa y HyKneapHMM enek -
TpaHaMa, nnjn je npnHLjMn pafla cnnnaH KnacMHHMM
LjeHTpanaMa Ha yrajb (cnnKa 3.72). HyKneapHM
peaKTop MO>Ke ce ynopeflMTM ca napHMM KOTnoM, c
TMM LUTO ypaH, KOjM Ce OBfle MO>Ke CM3TpaTM
ropnBOM caropeBa" mhot o, mhot o fly>Ke Ofl ropnBa
Koje ce ynoTpe6jbaBa y o6mhhom KOTny, HMMe je
M36emyTa o6aBe3a no>Kehba. OBf le HeMa nenena m
mjbaKe npM caropeBahby, a caMO MCKopMmtieHse
ropMBa je MHOro 6ojbe. HaKO He npoM3BOflM ujTeTHe
racoBe, yTMqaj peaKTopa Ha OKonMHy MO>Ke 6mt m
jaKO HenoBOJbaH. y ibeMy ce npoM3BOfle jaKa 3pa-
en. r eHepaTop
en. f l aneKOBOf l
KOHfleH3aTOp
33UITMTa npOTMB
paflMoaKTMBHor3paHejba
nnKa. 3.72. - npnHUnnnjenHa uieMa HyKneapHe eneKTpaHe
f lopef l Tora peaKTopn cny>Ke n 3a flo6nja4e Be-
LUTaHKnx paflnoaKTMBHMX eneMeHaTa. To ce nocTM-
>Ke t 3ko LiiTOce y yHyTpaiiJhbocT peaKTopa, rfle ce
qenajy je3rpa m rfle je Bpno jaKO 3paHehbe, y6aqe
HeKM eneMeHTM, Hnp. Kanu;MjyM, cpoccjDop, jofl,
CTpoHL(MjyM, Ko6anT m f lpyrn Kojn nocne n3eecHor
BpeMeHa nocTajy paflnoaKTHBHn. To cy BeiiiTaHKM
paflnoaKTMBHM eneMeHTM.
r i M TQ h b Q H S 0 .0 .0 U>1
1. LUTa cannHDaBa jeflHy HyKneapHy eneKTpaHy?
2. Onnum paf l HyKneapHor peaKTOpa.
3. Koje je rnaBHo HyKneapHO ropnBO?
4. Koje cy Mepe 3amTHTe ofl paflnoaKTMBHor 3paneHba?
5. Ha Kojn HannH ce xnaflw HyKneapHM peaKTOp?
SS
* k ' %*- V {i
v I v V-' -r
nerba ofl Kojnx cy HajBa>KHMja - 3paL| Mm HeyTpoHM.
OBa 3paHeH=a cy onacHa m ofl rbnx ce o6aBe3HO
Mopa 3aiiiTMTMTM oconDe moKonHa cpeflHHa.
Ha cnnnaH HannH, Kao Ha cnm_in 3.71, rfle ce 3a-
xBarbyjythi/ i orpoMHoj Tonno ocnoolieHoj y peaK-
Topy f lo6nja napa Koja noKpetie Typ6nHy, a oHa
eneKTpnHHM reHepaTop Kojn oneT np0H3B0fln eneK-
TpnHny eHeprnjy, peaKTopn ce KopncTe n 3a no-
KpeTaHje pof lOBa n noflMopHnpa.
3.3. C^HHEBH
KOnEKTOPM,
KOHU.EHTPf l TOPM
M Ef l TEPMJE
f laHac ce CyHneBa eHeprnja MOxce kopmct mt m Ha
flBa HannHa:
- npeTBapaibeM y TonnoTHy eHeprnjy (npeBotjeibeM),
- flnpeKTHMM npeTBapaibeM y eneKTpnHHy eHeprnjy.
f l peTBapai be y TonnoTHy eHepnj y Bprnn ce noMotby
KoneKTopa n K0HU,eHTpaT0pa Kojn cy cnox<eHMje k oh-
CTpyKf lnje y of l Hocy Ha KoneKTope, flOK ce 3a npeT-
Bapabe y eneKTpMHHy eHeprnj y KOpncTe conapHe
(cyHHeBe) aTepnj e.
CyHHeBor 3paneHba m Ofl6njeHO (f ln4iy3Ho) spanerbe
M3 cbmx npaBafla. 36or obmx f lo6pnx ocoMHa paBHM
npnjeMHMfln ce t o t o bo MCKnDyHMBO KopncTe 3a
3arpeBaibe BOfle m 3rpaf la.
Kao LUTOce Ha cnMujM3.73 BMflM, KOfl paBHnx npn-
jeMHMKa noBpuj, Koja ynMja 3paKe (ancop6ep), je
paBHa nnona. To je l ph o Teno KOje ynMja BMUie ofl
95% CyHHeBor 3paneiba Koje Ha hbera naflHe. Yj e-
flHO, ancopep je m pa3MeHDMBan TonnoTe jep npM-
M/ beHy eHeprMjy npef laje cj>nyMfly (boam MnM Ba3-
f lyxy KojM CTpyjM Kpo3 L\ eBM) y o6nMKy TonnoTe Kojy
4>nyMfl OflBOflM flo noTpouiana vmw y TonnoTHO
cKnaflMUJTe paflM KacHMje ynoTpe6e.
HcKopMLutieHOCT ancopOBaHe KonMHMHe TonnoTe
33BMCM Ofl KOHCTpyKTMBHMX KapaKTepMCTMKa KaO
LUTOcy:
3.9.1. C^HHEBH KOJIEKTOPM
ripeTBapaibe CyHneBor 3panehba y TonnoTHy eHep-
rMjy oflBMja ce Ha cnefletiM h3hmh: Kafla CyHneBM
3paflM naflHy Ha oflpe^eHM MaTepMjan, oh mx ynMja,
npM neMy ancopoBaHa eHeprMja npoy3poKyje 3a-
rpeBaibe flOTMHHor MaTepnjana. ype^aj y KOMe ce
OBaj npoflec oflBMja, Ha3MBa ce npMjeMHMK MnM k o-
neKTop CyHHeBe eHeprMje.
llpeMa KOHCTpyKUMjM m H3HMHy pafla pa3nMKyjeM0
paBHe m cpoKycMpajytie (ca KOHfleTpaflMjoM CBeTno-
ct m) KoneKTope.
PaBHM npMjeMHMflM MMajy flBe BenMKe npeflHocTM
Hafl cj>OKycMpajytbMM: He Mopajy ce CTanHO oKpeTaTM
npeMa CyHf ly m npMKynniajy nopef l flMpeKTHor
- TonnoTHa npoBOfljbMBOCT MaTepMjana fleBM,
- 6p3MHa cTpyjaba cpnyMfla y peBM,
- flejbMHa cnoja cpnyMfla y peBM,
- fly>KMHa nyTa cpnyMfla y KoneKTopy MTfl.
CyHHeBM 3paL(M
flOBOfl
BOfle
ancop6ep
OflBOfl
BOfle
KyTMja TonnoTHM M3onaTop
CjiMKa 3.73. - PaBHn npnjeMHMK
TeM paf lnjaTopa. Kof l f l aTe MHCTana4Mje npeflBn-
t>eHa je n MorytiHOCTo6e36etjehba Tonne caHHTapHe
BOfle. CncTeM pafln y aj iTepHapnjn ca k ohbbh-
ujnoHajiHMM ropnBOM Koje no noTpen caropeBa y
J10>KHUJTy KOTJia.
CncTeMM rpejai-ba o6jeKaTa CyHHeBOM eHeprnjoM ca
Ba3flyxoM Kao HOcnopeM Tonj i OTe cy jeflHOCTaBHMjn
c o63npoM fla je jeflHOCTaBHnja caMa KOHCTpyKqnja
eneMeHaTa cncTeMa, Kao n HenocpeflHnjn npeHoc
TonnoTe of l KoneKTopa (npnjeMHHKa) flo npocTopn-
ja KOje ce rpejy.
CojiapHM KOJieKTopn* ce nocTaBJbajy y HenocpeflHoj
6j i m3mhm noTpoiuaHa Tonj iOTe. Omhho ce CMeuiTajy
Ha paBHOM KpoBy (cjiMKa 3.75) mj im k ocom KpoBy
(cjiMKa 3.76). Mory noceflOBaTM 3ace6Hy HOcetiy
KOHCTpyKflMjy (CJlMKa 3.77 MCJlMKa 3.80).
CnnKa 3.75. - nocTaBj bai t e npnj eMHHKa conapHe eHeprnj e (r i CE) Ha k o c o m KpoBy
CnnKa 3.74. - T>yHKL| MOHanHa aieMa paf l a conapHor
nocTpoj erba
ypet)ajM OBor TMna HajHeuitie ce KopMCTe sa 3arpe-
BaH^e BOfle mj im Ba3f lyxa KojMtie ce f lajbe k opmct m-
t m y KJiMMaTM3aLjMjM, y npopecMMa cyuuerba nojbo-
npMBpeflHMX npoM3BOfla, npoM3BOflrbM fl ecTMJ i M-
caHe BOfle mt fl.
y npaKCM nocTojM hms pemerba mBapMjaHTM rpejarba
o6jeKaTa CyHHeBOM eHeprMjoM Koja ce Mory k j i bcm-
cjjMKOBaTM y flBe ocHOBHe rpyne y 33bmchoct m Ofl
HaHMHa m cpeflCTaBa 3a yBo1}eH>e TonnoTe y npo-
CTOpMje. TO Cy aKTMBHM MnaCMBHM COJiapHM CMCTeMM.
Bpji o je pamMpeH cmct om aKTMBHor rpejai-ba y npo-
pecMMa npMnpeMe Tonne BOfle m 3arpeBarba npo-
cTopMja ojeKaTa.
PaflHM cj>jiyMfl npMMapHor Kpyra k o a aKTMBHMx cmc-
TeMa Mox<e 6mt m TenaH (BOfla, aHTMCppM3, yjbe m
c j i .) m Ba3flyx, na ce obm cmct omm flejie Ha Ba3fly-
mHe m cMCTeMe ca TeHHomtiy.
CJiMKa 3.74 npMKa3yje cJjyHKi4MOHajiHy meMy pafla
cojiapHor nocTpojerba 3a rpejarbe npocTopMja ny-
HajeKOHOMMHHMje rpejaHDe oj eKaTa CyHHeBOM
eHeprMjoM ca rneflMmTa mh b 6c t m4mo h mx ynarahba m
noroHCKe ecj>MKacHOCTM 6a3Mpa Ha npMHpnnMMa
nacMBHor conapnor rpejaiba.
TO Cy TeXHMHKM BeOMa jeflHOCTaBHM CMCTeMM KOjM-
Ma ce oMorytiyje HajHenocpeflHMje 3axBaTaH3e t o -
nnoTHOr flejcTBa C yHneBor 3panehba nyTeM Oflpe-
t^eHMx noBpmMHa m eneMeHaTa c 3mmx ojeK aTa KojM
ce rpejy. V 6mt m, jeflHOCTaBHMM npMnarotjaBaHaeM
ojeKaTa MHT6H3MBHMjeM 3axBaTai-by CyHneBe eHep-
rMje cjJ opMMpa ce cnepncjDMnaH o 6o mk K oneKTopa
3paneH3a. O c h o b h 3 npeflHOCT nacMBHMx conapHMX
CMcreMa y oflHocy Ha aKTMBHe je y HenocpeflHMjeM
npeHOcy T onnoTe npocT opy Kojn ce rpeje. OBa
TonnoTa ,,3axBaTa o6e36et)eibeM MHTeH3MBHMjer
ynafla 3paKa y npocT op Kojn ce rpeje, npMnaro-
tjaBaibeM flenoB a noBpmnHa jy>KHMx cjsacafla m
KpoBOBa Bpmerby cjDynKqMje KoneKTOpa CyHweBor *
* ConapHM KoneKTopn - npnjeMHHL| n conapHe eHeprnje - flCE
CjnnKa 3.76. - flocTaBj-bahbe flCE Ha paBHOM KpoBy
C/iMKa 3.79. - nocTaBTbahbe I1CE na TepacaMa BHLuecnpaTHnpe
3paMehba, Kao m annMKapiijOM
T3B. CTaK/ ieHe 6aujTe Ha jy>KHe
3MflOBe oj eKaTa Kojn ce rpejy.
l/ lHTeH3MBHMjn ynaf l 3paKa y npoc-
Topnje o6e36etjyje ce BetiMM npo-
3opcKMM noBpiuMHaMa Ha jy>KHoj
CTpaHM ojeKTa.
ripMjiarol^aBai-be jy>KHMx noBpiuM-
Ha oj eKaTa mMpeM 3axBaTai-by
CyHneBor 3panehba, HajHeiutie ce
M3BOflM 6ojeHbeM TMX IIOBpLUMHa
TaMHOM 6ojoM (HajneLutie LJPHOM)
M JbMXOBMM 3aCTaKJbehbeM jef l-
HOCTpyKOM MJ1MflBOCTpyKOM CTa-
KJieHOM MJIMnJiaCTMHHOM TpaHC-
napeHTHOM h j io h o m. CnuKa 3.78. - nocTaBjbahbe flCE Ha 3ace6Hoj KOHCTpyKL|njn
CnnKa 3.80. - ri ocTaBrbai -be flCE Ha cj jacaf ln oj eKat a
3.-=i.5. Ci -'HHEEM
KOHU.EHTFf i TOPM
npnjeMHML(M KOf l KOJ HX Ce CyHHeBM 3paLlM 3a-
XBa'heHMca Befce noBpujnHe KOHL(eHTpniiiy Ha HeKy
MaHby noBpuunHy Ha3MBajy ce KOHpeHTpaTopn mhm
cf30KycnpajytiM KoneKTopn. Kof l o bmx npnjeMHHKa
Mory ce y saBMCHOCTMofl KOHCTpyKqnje ocTBapn-
BaTMBMCOKe paflHe TeMnepaType m a o nap XMTba,qa
CTeneHML| en3Mjyca, Mafla KOMepiiMjanHMTMnoBMnpM-
jeMHMKa ocTBapyjy T6MnepaType flo riap CTOTMHa
CTeneHM.
HajjeflHocTaBHMja KOHLieHTpapMja CyHneBMx 3paxa
nocTM>Ke ce noMotiy paBHMx ornef lana, Kao il it o je
npMKa3aHOHa cnMLjM3.81.
Ha cnMLjM3.82 je npMKa3aH0 KOHpeHTpMcahbe CBeT-
nocTMnoMotiy BMiiie paBHMX ornef l ana cMeiuTeHMX y
MCToj paBHM, TaKOfla CBaKOofl hbMX,,npaTM CyHL(e
ycMepaBajytiMoflMjeHe 3paKe y jeflHy TaHKy. OBa-
KaB CMCTeMornef lana Ha3MBa ce xenMOCTaT. He-
f locTaTaK OBaKBMX ornef lana jecTe u j t o ce hdmxo b
nono>Kaj Mopa noflemaBaTMnpeMa nono>Kajy CyHLja
t o k o m BpeMeHa - cnMKa 3.83.
y TaenM3.3 f l aTOj e nopetj erbe r naBHMX KapaKTe-
pMCTMKa HeKOBMKO TMf l OBa CnO>KeHMX COnapHMX KOH-
Lj eHTpaTopa. y 3aBMCHocTM ofl BpcTe MaTepMj ana
Koj Mce KopMCTe KOfl cpoKycMpaj yti Mx npMj eMHMKa y
Haj Beti Oj MepM3aBMCMM HdMXOB3 et pMKaCHOCT. Ta-
6ena 10 npMKa3yj e pecj aneKTMBHe KapaKTepMCTMKe
CnnKa 3.81. - KoHLienTpa^nja CyHHeBMX 3paKa
noMoby paBHnx orneflana
CnnKa 3.83. - l l of l ecMBa paBHa orne^ana CyHMeeor
KOHpeHTpaTopa
3a HeKe MaTepMj ane KojM ce KopMCTe 3a M3paf l y
or nef l ana cjDOKycMpajytiMx npMj eMHMKa.
- Mor y ce rpaflMTMpa3nMHMTe CHare,
- MMajy Many Macy.
JeflMHMBetiM HeflocTaTaK conapHMX tienMja jecTe
BMCOKa peHa EbMxoBe npoM3BOflHje.
Ta6ena 3.3. - KapaKTepi i cTMKe cno>KeHnx conapHnx KoneKTopa
Tnn KoneKTopa npn6nn>KHa BpeflHOCTKO
HOf i A
4>pecHenoBo cohmbo
... -,; .
flapaonoiiflHM KOHfleHTpaTop
MaKpo-KOHfleHTpaTop
; 50 ^ 150 - t
100-1000
0 - 3000
s 1000 - 3000
ripM6nM>KHa MaKCMManHa paflHa
TeMnepaTypa (C)
?' , 300 500
300-1000
500 - 2000
500 - 2000
KO - KOHLieHTpaflMOHM OflHOC
HOf l A - KoHpeHTpaTop ca HenoKpeTHMM ornef lanoM m noKpeTHMM ancop6epoM.
Hajno3HaTMjM MaTepMjan 3a npoM3BOflhby conapHMx
henMja jecTe CMnML4MjyM, ranMjyM-apceHMfl m 6aKap-
-cyncpnfl.
Me1)yTMM, Kao ochobhm MaTepnjan k opmct m ce
CMnMflMjyM m M3 cnefletiMX pa3nora:
- 36or BenMKe pacnpocTpart>eHOCTM (hmhm 26%
3eMTbMHe Kope),
- HMje OTpoBaH m He rpaflM OTpoBHa jeflMHiehba,
- naKO ce flo6Mja m npepa1jyje,
- naKO ce Hana3M jep npeflCTaBTba ochobhm cacTO-
jaK mhot mx cTeHa (Hnp. KBapui),
- npy>xa MorytiHocT ayT0MaTM30B3He o6pafle.
Kao nona3HM MaTepMjan npn
M3paflM conapHMx tienMja
k opmct m ce KBapL(HM necaK
M3 Kora ce floMja cnnnf ln-
jyM, a ofl Hbera ce fla/ be
ceKy nnoHMqe fleTbMHe
0,2-0,5 mm mom. ce npaBe
CMnML(MjyMOBe TpaKe TaKO-
1)e fleOTbMHe 0,2-0,5 mm, a
ofl HaMx nnoHML(e oflpet^eHe
senMHMHe Koje ce 3aTMM
3aBpaiHo o6pa1)yjy. Of lroBa-
pajytiMM cnaraHDeM t mx nno-
HML^a (t>enMja) m hdMx o bmm
n0Be3MBahbeM floMja ce
conapHa 6aTepMja.
flaHac ce Kao jeflaH ofl Haj-
Hemtie KOpMLLl1ieHMX M3BOpa
eHeprnje y k o c mmh k mm ne-
TenMflaMa 3a noTpee pa-
3hmx ype1^aja KopMCTe 6am
conapHe 6aTepMje. OHe ca
cacToje ofl BenMKor 6poja
(fleceTMHe na m cTOTMHe xMTbafla) rpynMcaHMx
cj>OToeneMeHaTa. cpoToeneMeHaT je nnoHMfla flM-
MeH3Mje 1x2 cm, fleTbMHe 0,35-0,5 mm Ofl CMnM-
flMjyMa MnM ranMjyM-apceHMfla. OBe nnoHMfle ce
h3k oh cneflMjanHe o6paf le nene 3a anyMMHMjyMCKy
Mpex<acTy nof l nory, eneKTpMHHO noBe3yjy Met)y
c o 6om m npecBnane 3amTMTHMM cnojeM KojM mx
mTMTM ofl omTetieHDa.
OBe 6aTepMje ce KopMCTe jom m 3a CHa6f l eBai be
eneKTpMHHOM eHeprMjoM paf lMO-of lamMTbana Ha
ycaMTbeHMM MecTMMa, ycaMTbeHMx HaBnraflMOHMx
cTaHMf la Ha Mopy, 3a M3rpaflH>y conapHnx eneK-
TpaHa m cn.
LLIeMaTCKM npMKa3 pafla conapHe eneKTpaHe f l aT je
Ha cnnL| M 3.84.
KoMnjyTep ynpaBjr>a conapHMM or/ ieflaniiMa (1) n
yBeK nx nocTaBTba y nono>Kaj Kojn ocnrypaBa of ln-
jai-be 3paKa TanHO y npaBpy Bpxa canpHor Toprba (2).
Ty ce y KOTny 3a je,qaH caT CTBapa ok o 5 000 kg
nape 3arpejaHe flo TeMnepaType Ofl 500C. napa
noKpefce TypMHy (3), a OBa eneKTpnHHM reHepaTop
(4). y KOH,qeH3aTopy (5) ce MCKopniiitieHa napa no-
hobo npeTBapa y BOfly, a noBpaTHa nyMna (6) je
Tepa oneT y Bpx canpHor TopHsa. TonnoTHM pe3ep-
Boap (7) cny>KM qa 6h npn HannacKy onaKa (Haj-
fly>xe flo nona naca) renepaTop Morao n flarbe fla
pafln. Tokom Hotin peHTpana noTnyHO npecTaje ca
paflOM.
r i M T Q h b Q * H 3 o j 3 . Q U > 1
1. KaKaB je 3Hanaj CyHneBe eHeprnje?
2. l i l Ta cy cyHHeBn KoneKTopn n\ KaKOpafle?
3. OnnLUM pafl cyHneBOr KOHflempaTopa.
4. Hl Ta cy cyHneBe aTepnje?
5. YKpaTKO onmim pafl conapHe eneKTpaHe.
3.10. EETPEhbRHE
Beti cmo peKnn fla je M3rpafli-ba BeTpemana 3a
pa3nnHMTe HaMeHe nonena jouj y npomnoM seKy, a
1931. rofli/ me Ha KpMMy je n3rpa1}eHa npBa y ceeTy
fleHTpana Ha BeTap, CHare 100 kW, ca t o hk om
npeHHMKa 30 m. 3aTMM je Ha KoncKOM nonyocTpBy
nofli/ imyTjeflaH BeTpoKOMnneKC CHare 1 000 kW.
f laHac je y BennKOM 6pojy seMama ycnef l CMa-
rbeHnx pe3epBH cpocnnHHX ropnBa o>KHBena Mfleja o
noHOBHOM KopnmtieH3y eHeprnje BeTpa. KonMKM ce
3Hanaj npnf laje obom n3eopy eHeprnje BMflMce M3
nof l aTKa f l a je peflMMO y CoBjeTCKOM CaBe3y
ypatjeH npojeKaT BeTpoKOMnneKca ofl 238 rpyna
BeTpoarperaTa, cBaKM cHare ofl MnnnoH KnnoBaTa,
3a Hiije 6m nocTaBJtarbe 6nno noTpeno ok o 44
xnji>afle KBaflpaTHnx KMnoMeTapa. V CAf l je naK
1978. roflMHe nyiiJTeH y noroH poTop ca flBe nona-
TMfle pacnoHa 60 m, a 1981. roflMHe t pm poTopa ca
pacnoHMMa KpMna Ofl no 90 m.
KopMintiehbe CyHHeBe eHeprnje npeKO BeTpa je pe-
naTMBHO cno>KeH nocrynaK. CBeTnocHa eHeprnja
Hajnpe ce npeTBapa y TonnoTHy eHeprMjy, TonnoTHa
eHepmja y KMHeTMHKy eHeprMjy, Tj. BeTap, KMHe-
TMHKa eHeprnja y poTaflMOHo KpeTai-be m k oh3hho
poTaflMOHO KpeTarbe y eneKTpMHHy eHeprMjy.
npeTBapaHje KMHeTMHKe eHeprMje BeTpa y poTa-
flMOHO KpeTarbe BpuuM ce noMotiy poTopa, nony-
napHO Ha3B3HMx BeTpei^aHe, a npeTBapame poTa-
flMOHor KpeTaHoa y eneKTpMHHy 6HeprMjy nOMotiy
reHepaTopa.
rio3HaTa cy flBa TMna BeTpeH^ana ca xopM30HTan-
hom m BepTMKanHOM ocobmhom. HajcTapMje BeTpe-
H^ane 3a Koje 3HaM0, 6nne cy poTopM ca Bep-
TMKanHOM ocobmhom a ok o VIII BeKa Haine epe y
EBponM cy ce nojaBMne m BeTperbane ca xopM30H-
TanHMM poTopoM, ca neTnpn Kpnna. f laHac ce Tex<n
M3rpaflhbM obmx poTopa ca jeflHOM nonaTMflOM m
npoTMBTeroM, l ut o je b3>k ho KOfl ypetjaja ca Be-
nnKOM 6p3MH0M poTaflMje, Kao l ut o cy reHepaTopn.
HajBetia MaHa poTopa ca xopM30HTanHOM ocobmhom
(cnMKa 3.85) jecTe noTpe6a CTanHor ycMepaBatt>a
napanenno BeTpy Kojn necTO Mei-ba npaBap. Pot opm
ca BepTMKanHOM ocobmhom npnnarotjeHM cy c b3kom
npaBfly BeTpa na HeMa noTpe6e 3a opnjeHTapHjoM,
l ut o je H>MXOBa BennKa npeflHocT.
C/ iMKa 3.85. - Bet peLbaHa ca xopvi30HTanHOM oc o bmho m
Hajrpy6jbOM nofle/ iOM CBe BeTpoeneKTpnHHe qeH-
Tpane (BeTporeHepaTopn) cBpcTaHe cy y Tpn rpyne:
Majie, flo 10 kW, cpeflhbe ofl 10 flo 100 kW n BejinKe
Ofl 100 kW flo 300 MW. noTpea f la ce npeBacxo,q-
h o 3afl0B0Jbe noTpouuann yflajbeHM ofl ejieKTpnHHe
Mpe>Ke HaMeTHyna je ycaBpuj aBaibe HajMaH3Mx
jeflMHMfla, flOK cy cpeflhbe n BejiMKe ocTaj i e cKopo
3aHeMapeHe. BeTpoeneKTpnHHe jeflHHHfle Majinx
CHara o6aBe3HO MMajy n eneKTpnHHe aKyMynaTope.
Ohh MMajy ynory ,,3aMajpa reHepaTopa, Tj. cny>xe
3a oflp>xaBaibe ycTaj beHor KBannTeTa CTpyje HMMe
ce M36eraBajy HenoBOJbHa cBojcTBa BeTpa Ha
Oflpel^eHOM MecTy, npoMeHJbMBOCT6p3MHe m npaB-
pa, Kao m TMiiiMHa". flOK BeTporeHepaTop pafln,
6aTepnje aKyMynaTopa ce nyHe a BmuaK eneK-
TpnHHe eHeprnje majbe noTpoajaHMMa, flOK ce y
BpeMe ,,TmiiMHe, Tj. Kafla HeMa BeTpa, CTpyja M3
6aTepnj a flpnn.
BeTpoeneKTpMHHa peHTpana ca p o t o p o m Ha xopn-
30HTanH0j o c o bmh m npMKa3aHa je na cnnfln 3.86.
hbeHM o c h o bh m flenoBM cy:
- BeTpoeneKTpMHM reHepaTop - cacTaBJbeH ofl
ennce, MexaHM3Ma npeHOca m eneKTpMHHor re-
HepaTopa ca CTy6oM,
- KOMaHflHO-MepHor ype1}aja,
- aKyMynaTOpa,
- npeTBapana.
CaM eneKTpMHHM reHepaTop HMHe: anTepHaTop, mc -
npaBjban m perynaT op HanoHa.
LjeHTpana je HaMeibeHa fla cny>KM Kao He3aBMcaH
M3Bop eneKipMHHe eHeprMje M3flBojeHMX noTpoma-
na (Hanajarbe MHCTanaflMje 3a ocBeTJbeibe, e n e K-
t p mh h mx ype^aj a m cn.), ycnef l nera MO>Ke mm3t m
BenMKM 3Hanaj m 3a onmTeHapof lHy Ofl6paHy.
J lonaTMfle poTopa M3nox<eHe cy BeoMa TeuuKMM pafl-
h mm ycnoBMMa. K ao npBO, OHe noflne>Ky BenMKMM
MexaHMHKMM onTepebeibMMa jep ce npMTMcaK BeTpa
Ha J bMx cTanHO Meiba, 33t mm caBMjaiby Kao m LjeH-
TpMCj>yranHoj c mo m. HecTMfle Koje h o c m BeTap fleny-
jy epo3MBHO Ha nonaTMfle, a Bna>KHOCT Ba3flyxa m
npMcycTBO 6a3HMX m KMcenMx MaTepMja y ibeMy, a y
6nM3MHM Mopa m conM, y3poK cy Kopo3Mje. rio pe fl
o bmx nocToje m flpyrM OTe>xaBajytiM ycnoBM pafla
nonaTMfla, na ce naKO 3aKJ bynyje fla je He ManM
1
CnnKa 3.86. - ripMHL(nraijenHa LueMa BeTpoeneKTpnMHe
peHTpane: 1 - ennca, 2 - npeHOCHM MexaHHsaM,
3 - anTepHaTop, 4 - ncnpaBJbaH, 5 - perynaTop HanoHa,
6 - KOMaHflHo-MepHM ypetjaj, 7 - 6aTepnje aKyMynaTopa,
8 - npeTBapan, 9 - nOTpoiuann.
nponeM M36opa HajnoBOJbHMjer MaTepnjana 3a
HjMXOBy rpaf liby. 3a caf la je M36op orpaHMHeH Ha
TpM MaTepMjana: flpBO, axo nonaTMpe HMcy cyBMLue
BenMKe, anyMMHMjyMCKe nerype m apMMpaHM nna-
CTMHHM MaTepMjanM.
TpaHMpa MCKOpMLU'heiba eHeprMje BeTpa k o a poTopa
TeopMjcKM m3hocm 59,3% eHepmj e caflp>KaHe y
CTpyjM Ba3flyxa KojM npona3M Kpo3 noBpiu KOjy no-
KpMBajy poTMpajyhe nonaTMpe. ripaKTMHHO OHa He
npena3M 40-45%, a ara poTop noKpehe eneKTpM-
hhm reHepaTop, MaKCMManHO MCKopMujheibe npn
TpaHccjJopMaflMjM y eneKTpMHHy eHeprMjy m3hocm
30-35%.
ripM3BOfliba eneKTpMHHe eHeprMje noMohy BeTpe-
hbana HapoHMTo 6m f l omna f lo M3pa>xaja y paTHMM
ycnoBMMa (3a cHa6fleBatt>e onHMfla, o6e36e^ett>e
paflMO KOMyHMKaflMja m cn.) MnM 3a KpajeBe yf la-
jbeHe MnMM30noBaHe (nnaHMHCKM KpajeBM, ocTpBa)
flo KojMx je eneKTpMHHy Mpex<y TemKo i/invi npaKTM-
hho HeMoryhe flOBecTM.
riopef l Tora, BeTpett>ane cy HapoHMTO norof lHe 3a
flpnjbeibe BOfle y CBpxe HaBOflhbaBaiba, l ut o je ofl
>KMBOTHor 3Hanaja 3a MHore 3eMJbe y pa3B0jy, rfle
HMTaBe o6nacTM joui yBeK HMcy eneKTpMC| >MflMpaHe,
a ynoTpe6y flM3en-nyMriM OTe>KaBa bmcok3 peHa ropM-
Ba Kao m Hef locTaTaK pe3epBHMx f l enoBa m cepBMca
3a onpaBKe. OHe ce TaKO^e KopMCTe m y arpoMH-
flycTpMjcKe CBpxe, HapoHMTOy ceocKMM o6nacTMMa.
r i H T O h b O H 3 q n . Q I 4 H
1. Kaxo ce k opmci m OHepiMja uci pa?
2. OnMUJM jeflHy BeTpeibany.
3. LLIeMaTCKM npMKi>KMi.ioipoojiOKipM'iny f l cmpnny.
ssssmmsmmsm
3;: T
TOnJlOTHE EHEPrHJE
O nOTPOLURHR
' o
H.l. TOnJIM-it-MKRUMJR
MTOnJlM-$MKRL| MOHM
CMCTEMM
TonnMcj3MKaL(Mja npeflCTaBJba flarbMHCKOcHaf leBa-
hbe Befier 6poja noTpoujaHa TonnoTOM M3 3aje,q-
HMHKor M3Bopa. TaKOce Mory CHafleBanojeflMHa
Hace/ ba, rpaflCKe neTBpTM, MHflycTpnjcKe 30He m
cjimhho.
Ob3kbo CHafleBai-be M3BOfln ce cncTeMOMKojn ce
Ha3MBa TonnncjDMKaflMOHO nocTpojei-be. 1-beroBM
o c h o bh m flenoBMcy:
- nocTpojei-be 3a npon3BOflhby Bpejie BOfle mj im
nape,
- TonjioflajieKOBOfln,
- M3MeibMBaHI/ l TOIUIOTe,
- L| npKyjiaL(MOHe nyMne.
ncTOspeMeHO w c(5JiyMfl Kojn npoTnne Kpo3 rpejHa
Tejia. TonjiOTa ce ca rpejHor cj)JiyMfla npeHocn Ha
CnMKa 4.1. - UJeMaTCKMnpMKa3 TonnMcjDMKaunoHor
noci'poj ei-ba: 1 - KOTao, 2 - Lfe3a of lBo^erbe Bpene BOfle,
3 - H3MeHjMBaHTonnoTe, 4 - noBpaTHMBOfl, 5 - ycnoHCKHBOfl,
6 - eKcnaH3MOHMcyf l, 7 - rpej HOTeno, 8 - cnna3Hn BOfl,
9 - L(MpKynannoHa nyMna.
LUeMaTCKMnpnKa3 Tonjinc(3MKa-
LjnoHor nocTpojeiba Hajia3M ce
Ha cj i ml j m 4.1.
Obo je rpejaHae rpyne 3rpafla
mj im Hacejba H3 jeflHor M3Bopa
TormoTe. TonjincjDMKaflnja (fla-
jbMHCKOrpejaHDe), cnnKa 4.2 y
KOMMHapnjMca npOM3BOflhbOM
ejieKTpMHHe eHeprnje ce Ofljin-
Kyje TMMe l ut o ce cj)yHKflnje no-
jeflMHMX ejieMeHaTa pa3rpaHM-
HaBajy, t 3k o f la nocToje caMO-
CTanHe pej inHe.
ct>jiynfl Koji/ i npoTnne Kpo3 t o -
nj iof laneKOBOf l, Haj Hemtie Hnje
flarbMHCKOrpejai-be
CnnKa 4.2. - flarbMHCKOrpej arbe
Cnm<a 4.3. - TnnoBn pa3BOflHMX Mpe>xa
c(DnyMfl Kojn rpeje npocTopnje y M3MeHDMBaHMMa
TonnoTe Kojn ce Hana3e y TonnoTHMM noflCTaHMfla-
Ma. Kao TonnoTHM H3Bopn 3a Tonnncj)MKaL(noHe c m-
CTeMe KopncTe ce KOTnoBCKa nocTpojei-ba, ann y
HOBnje BpeMe HMje peflaK cnynaj fla ce 3a OBe
noTpe6e KopncTe OTnaflHe BOfle ms nHflycTpnjcKnx
nocTpojenba mno>KmijTa mTonnoTa flonjeHa caro-
peBai-beM CMeKa. Kof l OBOr BMfla rpejahba HapOHMTH
3Hanaj MMajy m TonnoflaneKOBOflM m t o HapOHMTO
aKO je pacTojahbe \ A3Mety M3Bopa TonnoTe m no-
TpooiaHa BennKO. TonnoflaneKOBOfln HMHe Mpe>Ky,
T3K03BaHy MarncTpany, Koja ce y 30HaMa ko-
pnaitiehba TonnoTHe eHeprnje flenn Ha flBa Tnna pa-
3B0flHnx Mpe>xa: 3paKacT n npcTeHacT (cnnKa 4.3).
C o63npoM Ha BpcTy M3Bopa TonnoTe, flarbMHCKO
rpejaibe Kao o6nnK fleHTpann30BaHor CHafleeahba
MO>Kece ocTBapnTM Ha flBa HannHa:
- M34eHTpanHnx pejoHCKnx KOTnapHMfla, Tj. flo6w-
jaibeM i4CKTbyHMBOTonnoTHe eHeprnje Koja ce flo
noTpomaHa npeHOCM fleBHOM Mpe>KOMnyTeM Haj-
noroflHMjer Hocnofla TonnoTe (Tonne - Bpene
Bofle nnn BOfleHe nape);
npnHLinn paf la nocTpoj ei ba je cnef l et i n: napa
BncoKOr npnTMCKa ce f l onja y KOTny, of laKne ce
oflBOfln y Typ6nHy Koja noKpetie eneKTpi4HHi4 reHe-
paTop. V\3 npBor f l ena Typ6nHe jeflaH f leo nape ce
oflBOfln y i43Mehbi4BaHTonnoTe, a f l pyrn fleo y f lpyrn
fleo Typ6nHe. l/ bpatjeHa napa 143Typ6i4He 0f lna3n y
Typ6i4HCKi4 KOHfleH3aTop, rf le ce K0Hfl6H3yje m
nyMnoM Bpatia y KOTao.
Koni4Hi4Ha nape, Koja je 143 npBor f l ena Typ6i4He
OflBefleHa y i43wei-bi4BaH TonnoTe, cny>Ki4 3a 3arpe-
Bahbe BOfle Koja ce oflBOflM noTpomaHMMa noMotiy
4npKynaL| MOHe nyMne y cncTeMy BpenoBOf lHor rpe-
jaiba. KoHfleH30BaHa napa ce 143of lBajana KOHfleH-
3aTa nyMnoM Bpatia TaKotje y napHM KOTao rf le ce
McnapaBaHbe noHaB/ ba.
r i peMa TOMe, j ef l aH f l e o e He p r n j e n a p e m c k o p m c t m
ce y napHOj Typ6MHM 3a noKpeTaHbe eneKTpMHHo r
r e He p a To p a , Tj . 3a n p o M3 BOf l b y eneKTpMHHe e He p -
je, a f l pyr M f l e o cny>KM 3a f l ar bMHCKO r pej aHbe.
H.a. TOn.nOAFi / l EKOEO.O.M K
- M3 TonnaHa 3a k o m6mhob3ho flo6Mjaibe TonnoTHe
meneKTpMHHe eHepmje ca npeHomebeM TonnoTe
flo noTpomana Kao m y npeTxoflHOM cnynajy.
flpyrM h3hmh npeflCTaBn^a Bmuii m caBpeMeHMjM CTe-
neH f leHTpanM30BaH0r CHa6f leBaiba TonnoTHOM
eHeprMjoM jep ce Ha ocHOBy flo6Mjarba TonnoTHe
eHeprnje (noTpeHe 3a rpejahbe, BeHTMnaflMjy, npn-
npeMy noTpomHe Tonne BOfle, TexHonomKe npo-
flece y MHflycTpMjM m cn.) floMja m jec{3TMHMja eneK-
TpMHHa eHeprMja.
KoMMHOBaHM H3HMH flOMjahba TonnoTHe eHeprnje
3ajeflHO ca eneKTpMHHOM npMKa3aH je meMaTCKM Ha
cnMflM 4.4.
TonnoTHa eHeprnja npoM3BefleHa y oflroBapajytieM
TonnMCfJMKaflMOHOM nocTpojeiby (TonnaHM) npeHOCM
ce CMCTeMOM nenMHHMx fleBM, TonnoflaneKOBOflMMa
(TonnoBOf lMMa), flo MecTa noTpomtbe (Hacerba,
cf)a6pMKa m cn.).
ripBO t 3k b o nocTpojebbe M3rpat)eH0 je 1878. roflMHe
y flp>K3BM i-byjopK, CAf l , a 1900. roflMHe m y EBponM,
y HeManKoj.
riocTpojerba flan>MHCKor rpejarba noKa3ana cy y
TOKy eKcnnoaraflMje h m3 npeflHocTM Hafl qeHTpan-
h mm rpejarbeM, Metjy KojMMa cy HajBa>KHMja:
- Betia eKOHOMMHHOCTropMBa - noTMne ofl caBpme-
HMje KOHCTpyKflMje KOTnoBa, a TMMe je 6o/ bM cTe-

neH MCKopmufcei-ba TonnoTe ca,qp>KaHe y ropnBy,

a pacnnanbe ropnBa je Mahte jep ra Hnje noTpe-
ho pa3B03i/ ino L(enoM rpafly;
- Moryt\HocT paL(MOHajiHor caropeBai-ba flOMatinx
ropnBa, Hnp. nnrHHTa, Kojn Bpno TeaiKO caropeBa
y 3aceHMM netiMMa Kao m npn nojeflnnaHHOM
L(eHTpanHOM rpejai-by 3rpafla;
- Mai-bn 6poj ocoTba 3a oncny>KMBaHDe;
- cMarbeHDe TpouiKOBa 3a TpaHcnopT ropnBa, mjt a-
Ke n nenejia;
- Betia 6e36eflHOCT ofl no>Kapa - j i o>km ce Ha jefl-
hom MecTy a He y cBaKoj 3rpaflM oflBOjeHo;
- ocjio6at)arbe npocTopnja y CTaMeHMM 3rpaflaMa
- Hncy noTpeHe npocTopnje 3a KOTJiapHMMy,
CKJiaflMLUTe ropnBa n c.n.
- Marbe 3ara1iMBaHDe cpeflMHe, Hnp. Mamn 6poj
flHMi-baKa.
Ochobhm HeflocTai^n OBaKBor HaHMHa rpejama cy:
- BennKe nHBecTHflnje 3a M3rpaflhby;
- onacHOCTfla y HepeflOBHMM (Hnp. paTHMM) ycjio-
BHMa ycjief l oujTetiei-ba flaTbMHCKor rpejahba
MMTaBOHacerbe nnn jeflaH fleo ocTaHe 6e3 rpe-
jarba.
Kao l ut o je peneHO, L^eBHa Mpe>Ka, Kpo3 Kojy ce
TpaHcnopTyje HOcmiaL( TonooTe ofl ui3Bopa flo
noTpoujana, rpa^n ce ofl MennMHnx fleBM. Mpex<a
MO>Ke 6mt h npnMapHa n ceKyHflapHa, na npeMa
TOMe n HocmiaL; TonnoTe y 3aBMCH0CTM ofl Tora
Kpo3 Kojy Mpe>Ky cTpyjn MO>Ke 6mt m npnMapaH n
ceKyHflapaH.
Kao npnMapHn Hocnnafl TonnoTe, Tj. Hocnnafl
TormoTe Ha flarbHHy ofl M3Bopa flo noTpomaHa,
HajneLutie ce ynoTpe6TbaBa BOfla, 3aTHM napa a
pet^e flpyre TenHocTn.
CeKyHflapHM Hocmnafl TonnoTe je onaj Kojn ce
KopncTM KOfl noTpoujana, Hnp. BOfla 3a rpejahbe
npocTopnja, Ba3flyx 3a rpejaHae, BeHTnnaflnjy n
KTiHMaTM3aflnjy npocTopnja, BOfleHa napa 3a
noTpe6e nHflycTpnjcKMX npofleca, 3a CTepMnw3aqMjy
y onHMflaMa, 3a Kyxw-be, nepnoHMqe MTfl.
TonnoBOf l KojnM ce Bpena BOfla flOBOfln flo
noTpomaHa, Ha3MBa ce noTMCHM, a TonnoBOfl KojMM
ce Bpatia Ha t j ohobho 3arpeBaHDe y TonnaHy, Ha3M-
Ba ce noBpaTHM. LjeBHa Mpe>Ka ce nocTaBJba
nofl3eMHO, a pel^e Hafl3eMHO.
3a nocTaBTbaHae nofl3eMHe fleBHe Mpe>Ke noTpe6HO
je MCKonaTM KaHan oflpet>eHnx flMMeH3Mja Kojn ce
33t mm 6eTOHnpa f la 6m ce y hbera nono>KMna noTnc-
Ha n noBpaTHa fleB TonnoBOf la (cnnKa 4.5.a). PaflM
CMarberba TonnoTHnx ry6nTaKa neBn ce M3onyjy
Typ6nHe
C/ ni Ka 4.4. - KoM6i /tHOBaHOfl o6nj aH>e Tonj i OTHe meneKTpMHHe eHepmj e
C/ iMKa 4.5. - HanMHM nocTaBrbaeba fleBi/ i TonnoBOf l a
(bmcmhck m)
CTaKJieHOM ByHOM, ByHOM Ofl UJTbaKe, a36eCTOM HJIH
HeKMM flpyrnM M30/ iaflH0HMM MaTepnja/ iOM. KaHa/ in
ce 3aTpnaBajy 3eM/ bOM.
riocTaB/ bahbe peBn 3a TpaHcnopTOBabbe BOfleHe
nape Kao Hocnofla Ton/ iOTe npnKa3aHo je Ha c/ infln
4.6. l_| eB Betier npenHHKa je 3a napy, a Manber 3a
K0HfleH3aT.
LjeBM ce peTKO nona>Ky flnpeKTHO y 3eM/ by 3aTO
l ut o ce He Mory flOBO/ bHOocnrypaTn ofl B/ iare Koja
oiuTe1iyje M30/ iaL(Mjy n M3a3MBa Kopo3njy i^eBH, a n
3aT0 l l i t o cy HenpncTynaHHe 3a onpaBKy n Teu/ Ko ce
npoHa/ ia3M MecTO omTetiehba. Jouj pelje ce fleBii
pa3BOfle Hafl3eMHO Ha cTyOBHMa k 3k o 36or
hbnxoBor TeuiKor nocTaB/ baiba, HaponnTO y Hace-
JbeHMM MeCTMMa, T3K0 H30r OT-
K/ iaibahba KBapoBa. C f l pyre CTpa-
He, OBaKBM BOflOBH n3/ io>KeHM cy
HenocpeflHMM aTMOccj>epcKHM yTn-
qajnMa (HMCKe n BncoKe TeMnepa-
Type, BeTap, naflaBHHe n c/ i.), na
je noTpeHa 6o/ ba, a THMe n CKy-
n/ ba M3o/ iaL(Mja. llpeKO M3onaL(Mje
y o bo m c/ iynajy ce CTaB/ bajy 06/ 10-
re ofl noL(MHKOBaHor m/ im a/ iyMM-
HnjyMCKor JiMMa.
Hafl3eMHO BOl^eHbe Ton/ iOBOfla
MMa m npeflHOCTM, a necTO je m
jeflMHO Moryiie, Hnp. y c/ iyHajeBM-
Ma Kafla 6m Tpebano, y L(M/ by
cKpatieiba Tpace n/ m HeKnx f lpy-
rnx noTpe6a, npeMOCTMTM HM>xe
3rpaf le, cao6patiajHML(e, f lpyre
MHCTa/ iaflnje m c / i mhho. OBaKBO
pemehbe je onpaBflaHO Kao m y
MHflycTpnjcKMM noflpyHjnMa.
CTy6oBM (c/iMKa 4.7) cy ne/iMHHM
m/ im eTOHCKM a nocTaB/bajy ce Ha
Me.tjyco6HOM pacTojahby Koje 3a-
bmcm Ofl onTepetiehba, OflHOCHO
npenHMKa peBOBOfla m BpcTe ho -
CnnKa 4.6. - HaHMHM nocTaBJbahba i j obm TonnoBOf l a -
(paeaHCKM) *
CMOfla Ton/ ioTe. C o63mpom f l a ce peBM 3arpeBajy,
flO/ ia3M flo hbMX0B0r M3fly>Kenba m Hanpe3atba yc/ iefl
nera ce Ha c b8kmx 50 flo 60 MeTapa nocTaB/ bajy
K0MneH3aTopM, HMja je y/ iora f l a npMMe M3fly>Kehbe
peBOBOfla m TMMe cnpene xaBapMjy. H36op BpcTe
KOMneH3aTopa 33bmcm 0/4 npennMKa peBM m j i o -
k 3/ i hmx yc/ iOBa.
npM 0flpe1)MBaiby Tpace Ton/ ioBOflHe Mpe>Ke Mopa ce
BOflMTM panyHa o ocTa/ iMM KOMyHa/ iHMM MHCTa/ iapM-
jaMa, Kao uj t o cy: e/ ieK/ pMHHM bo ao bm, r i TT BOflOBM,
BOflOBOfl m KaHanM3apMja, racoBOflM m t b k o flarbe.
CnnKa 4.7. - CTy6oBM 3a Hafl3eMHo BOljehbe TonnoBOfla
Of l cbmx BOflOBa jeflMHo TonnoTHa n KaHann3a-
L(MOHa Mpex<a He Mory o,qcTynaTn ofl yTBpijeHe Tpa-
ce hh y xopn30HTanHoj, hh y BepTMKanHoj paBHH.
OflCTynanbe TonnoBOf la y xopn30HTanHoj paBHM,
HapoHHTO axo ce THMe noee-haBa fly>KMHa Tpace,
OTex<aBa noflnsaHae noTpeHHx Harn6a peBOBOfla,
flOK OflCTynai-be y BepTHKanHoj paBHM peMeTM nnn
H3K OHeMoryhaBa CTpyjaHse n Ofl3paHHBahbe. Kofl
c bhx ocTannx Mpe>Ka OBaKBa 0flCTynaHaa He
CTBapajy CMeTHae y pafly, t bk o fla npnnnKOM h^h-
xoBor yKpujTai-ba ca TonnoTHOM n KaHann3apnoHOM
Mpe>KOM OBe flBe yBeK nMajy npeflHOCTy 0f lH0cy Ha
TonnoTHy.
PlpoMeHa cnon^He TeMnepaType n3HCKyje perynn-
carbe y cncTeMy peHTpanHor cHafleBan^a TonnoT-
hom eHeprnjoM k 3ko 6h ce oflp>Kana cTanHa TeM-
neparypa y npocTopnjaMa ofl 20C flo 24C.
Perynncahbe Mo>Ke 6h t h : peHTpanHO (y TonnaHn),
noKanHO (y npnKTbyHHoj nof lCTaHnpn) n k om hho-
b3ho (peHTpanHO n noKanHO). y rpaflCKHM Tonno-
t hhm Mpex<aMa perynncan5e je HajHeujhe k om hho-
b3ho n ocTBapyje ce t bk o l i j t o ce ca Bnme nyMnn
npoTOK BOfle nofleiuaBa npeMa onTepeheH5y Mpex<e.
H.B. TOn .HOTHE ,
n Of l CTRHHU^ 9
Beh cmo peKnn fla nocToje npnMapHa TonnoBOflHa
Mpex<a (ofl M3Bopa TonnoTe flo noTpomaHa) n
ceKyHflapHa TonnoBOf lHa Mpex<a (3a f lncTpn6yqnjy
TonnoTe KOfl caMnx noTpoLuana). l/ l3Meiiy obhx flBe-
jy Mpe>xa yBeK ce Hana3e TonnoTHe (npnKTbynHe)
noflCTaHnpe.
3af laTaK npnKTbynHe noflCTaHnpe jecTe fla TonnoT-
Hy eHeprnjy npnMapHor Hocnofla npeHece na ceKyH-
flapHor Hocnopa n i-bHMe pa3Befle flo noTpoiuaHa.
Obo je Moryhe ocTBapnTM HHflnpeKTHHM n f lnpeKt -
HMMnpi/ IKTbyHHBai-beM.
ripn HHflMpeKTHOM npHKTbyHHBahby npHMapHa M
ceKyHflapHa Mpe>Ka noTnyHO cy OflBOjeHe jeflHa ofl
f lpyre. HHf lnpeKTHa Be3a n3Meijy h>mx ocTBapyje ce
npeKo pa3MeH>nBaHa TonnoTe Kojn ce Hana3n y
noflCTaHnpn n y H>eMy ce Bpiun npena3 TonnoTe ca
jeflHor Ha f l pyror Hocnopa TonnoTe, Tj. ceKyHflapHM
Hocnnap TonnoTe 3arpeBa ce npnMapHMM HocnopeM
TonnoTe. npn flnpeKTHOM npnKTbyHHBarby noTpo-
Luana Ha TonnoTHy Mpe>Ky npnMapHO n ceKyHflapHO
ronnoTHO Kono HHHe jeflHHCTBeHy pennHy.
Ha cnnfln 4.8 meMaTCKn je npMKa3aHa KyhHa hh-
CTanapnja ca n3Mei-bHBaHeM TonnoTe y TonnoTHoj
nOflCTaHHflM.
fla 6h noflCTaHnpa Morna ocTBapnTn CBojy c|3yHKflM-
jy, CHafleBeHa je hh30m ype1jaja Kao l ut o cy: BeH-
Tnnn 3a 3aTBapaH>e, noBpaTHM BeHTnnn, cKynibaHn
HeHMCTOhe, nyMne, yMaibMBaHM npnTncKa, Tep-
MOMeTpil, M3H0MeTpH, CMrypHOCHM BeHTMnM ca
onpyroM, perynaTopn npoTOKa MTfl.
MepHH MHCTpyMeHTM (MaHOMeTpM M TepMOMeTpn)
cTaBjbajy ce Ha MecTa rfle je noTpeHO ko ht po -
nncaTn pafl nojeflHHnx ype^aja. MaHOMeTpn ce
CTaBTbajy ncnpefl n M3a yMarbMBana npnTMCKa,
ncnpefl n H3a perynaTopa npoTOKa, M3a pnpKyna-
pnoHe nyMne Kao n Ha c b3kom noBpaTHOM BOfly
noTpoiuaHKe Mpe>xe. TepMOMeTpn ce cTaBTbajy Ha
MecTMMa rfle je noTpeHO KOHTponncaTM TeMnepa-
Typy npnMapHor n ceKyHflapHor Hocnopa TOnnoTe.
yTpoiueHa TonnoTa ce Mepn MepaneM TonnoTe y
noBpaTHOM BOfly npeflajHor ype1)aja TonnaHe.
Mepan noKa3yje TpeHyTHy noTpoiuhby a perncTpyje
n yKynHy noTpomrby TonnoTe. Obmm ce o6e36e1)yje
fla CBaKi/i noTpoLuan npeMa c bom KanapnTeTy flon-
je noTpe6Hy KonnnnHy TonnoTe mt o OflroBapajyhe
TeMnepaType.
H.H. K^RHH PR3BO.D. ^
Beh je peneHO fla ce Kao Hocnnap TonnoTe Haj-
neiufce ynoTpe6rbaBa BOfla, a 33t mm BOfleHa napa.
npeflHOCTM BOflHor rpejarba Hafl napHMM cy cne-
flehe:
- Hn>Ke TeMnepaType rpejHiix Tena - y3 t o n Marbe
cyLuerbe Ba3flyxa;
- flo6pa aKyMynapnja TonnoTe - 36or BennKe Mace
BOfle n rpejHnx Tena;
- MaH=a Kopo3nja - ycnefl cTanHe ncnyhbeHOCTM
peBM BOflOMJ
- MnpHMjn pafl - 6e3 iuyMOBa n yflapa;
- Beha cnrypHOCT y pafly - 36or Marber npMTMCKa y
Mpe>KM.
HeflocTapn BOflHor rpejai-ba y oflHocy Ha napHO cy:
- MoryhHOCT 3aMp3aBai-ba BOfle y nHCTanapnjn;
- cnopnje 3arpeBarbe - ycnefl Behe MHepTHOCTM
BOfleHe nape;
- Behe flMMeH3Mje nHCTanapnje m rpejHiix Tena -
ycnefl Marbnx 6p3MHa cf>nynfla.
Pa3Bo1jeLbe TonnoTHe eHeprnje flo noTpoujana y
OKBnpy 3rpafle MO>xe 6mt m flBojaKo:
- roprbn pa3BOf l ,
- flOlbM pa3B0fl.
rpejHM BOfl TonnoBOf la
noflCTaHML^a
CnnKa 4.8. - LUeMaTCKH npnKa3 KytiHe nHCTa/ iannje: 1 - pa3MeHaHBaH TonnoTe y TonnoTHoj noflCTaHHL(n, 2 - pa3BOflHa Mpe* a,
3 - BeHTnn, 4 - 9KcnaH3H0Hn cyf l, 5 - rnaBHa xopn30HTanHa peB, 6 - rpejHa Tena, 7 - oflBOflHa Mpe>xa.
r opi-fan pa3B0fl ce f l o n j a K a f l a c e 3 a r p e j a HM (f cj i yMf l
(HOc n n a L j To n n o Te ) o f l B Of l n j e f l HOM m a B HOM Lj eBM
flo x o p n 3 0 H Ta n H e Lj eBM K o j a c e Ha n a 3 M M3 Ha f l
Ha j BM i i i e r n o c Ta B j b e H o r r p e j H o r Te n a , a o f l a Tn e ce
p a 3 BOf l M n OCe HMM Lj eBMMa f l O Hd MX.
Oxna1ieHM cjDnynfl ce noceHMM LjeBMMa BOflM flo
canpHe LjeBn KOja ce Hana3M ncnof l HajHM>Ker
nocTaBTbeHor rpejHor Tena (omhho y no-
flpyMy), a OflaTne LjnpKynaij| MOHOM nyMnoM
y noflCTaHMLjy, Tj. y M3MeLbHBaH TonnoTe
rfle ce noHOBO3arpeBa.
OBaj cncTeM nocTM>Ke 6p>Ke 3arpeBaHbe, a
m naKine ce M3B0flM Ofl flarber pa3B0fla,
flOK My je HeflOCTaTaK liito MMa Betie to-
nnoTHe ryMTKe jep je nHCTanaLjnja fly>Ka a
TMMe n cKynrba.
OBaKaB pa3BOfl BOf l Hor rpejai-ba npnKa3aH
je Ha cnnLj m 4.9.
flOHaM pa3BOf l ce flo6nja Kafla ce 3arpejaHM
cj>nynfl of lBOf l n jeflHOM rnaBHOM LjeBM f lo
xopn30HaTanHe LjeBM Koja ce Hana3M nc-
nofl Haj HM>Ker nocTaBTbeHor rpejHor Tena,
a of l aTne ce pa3B0f l n noce6HMM LjeBMMa
flo H3MX. rioBpaTHM BOfl MCTM je Kao y npeT-
xof lHOM cnynaj y.
H3rpaflLfaa OBaKBor cncTeMa jecpTMHMja je
Ofl npeTX0flH0r jep je Mpe>Ka Kpatia. f l pef l-
h o c t je n t o iiiTO ce nojeflMHH cnpaTOBn Ofl03ro
HaHM>Ke Mory MCKrbyHMTM 6e3 OMeTan>a paf la hm>kmx
cnpaTOBa. UJeMaTCKM npi4Ka3 napHor rpejaiba ca
flOfeMM pa3BOflOM npnKa3aH je Ha cnnnn 4.10.
y BOflHOM rpejahby o6a pa3BOf l a Mor y 6 mt m M3Be-
fleHM Kao jeflHOLjeBHM nnn Kao f lBOLjeBHM CMCTeM.
flBOLjeBHM cncTeM j e Kafla ce Tonna BOf l a f l o rpej Hnx
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CnnKa 4.9. - Pa3Botehbe TonnoTHe eHepmje flo noTpouiaHa - ropKbn
pa3BOfl: 1 - flOBOfl BOfleHe nape H3 napHor KOTna,
2 - rnaBHa xopn30HTanHa L| eB, 3 - pa3B0f lna Mpe>Ka, 4 - rpejHa Tena,
5 - oflBOflHa Mpex<a, 6 - BeHTMnaLjMOHa peB,
7 - BeHTnn 3a ncnycT KOHfleH3aTa, 8 - noBpaTHM BOfl y KOTao.
f
Tena of l BOf l n j ef lHMM neBHMa, a
xnaf l Ha of l nbnx Of l BOf l n f l pyrnM qeBH-
Ma (cnnKa 4.10). Kofl j ef lHOf l eBHor
cncTeMa Tonna BOf l a ce jef lHOM qeBn
of lBOf l n f lo npBor rpej Hor Tena, CTpy-
j n Kpo3 n^era n f l o f l pyror rpej Hor
Tena TaKol j e ce of lBOf l n jef lHOM fleBM
n TaKo pef l OM. Bof l a j e y npBOM rpe-
jHOM Teny Haj Tonnnj a, a f l arbe CBe
BHine ce xnaf l n. 36or Tora ce f l aHac
yrnaBHOM n3BOf le f l Bo^eBHH cncTeMn
rpejaH=a.
Paf ln cnpenaBahba ry6rbei-ba ronno-
re Kpo3 3HflOBe Mpe>Ke, Mpe>Ka ce
H30nyje pa3nnnnTMM TepMOM3ona-
14MOHHMMaTepnjannMa. Hajmnpy npn-
MeHy y M3onai4Mjn TonnoTHe Mpe>Ke y
3rpaflaMa nMa nHcjDy3opnjcKa 3eMnja.
OHa ce nocTaBTba ncKTbywnBO Ha
3arpejaHe TonnoBOflHe nennHHe fleBM, l j j t o j e npaK-
t h h h o Hen3B0flTbHB0 KOfl fleBn 3a npeHOc TonnoTe
Ha flarbHHy. To 6h 3Hannno fla KaHann Mopajy ocTa-
t h OTBOpeHH flo 3aBpaieTKa L| enoKynHe Mpex<e n
HaKOH nyujTai-ba Bpenor 4>nynfla LieBHa Mpe>Ka 6h
ce n3onoBana.
nopef l nH<t>y3opnjcKe 3eMTbe Kao n3onai4noHn
MaTepnjan KopncTe ce n CTaKneHa n LurbaKHHa ByHa
M.
'i'-
mimm
'k.m, -
i mggg't
SlpifjSif
f l f l P
S|B
Cni'iKa 4.10. - Pa3BO^eHje TonnoTHe eHeprnje pfl
noTpoi naHa - f lorbn pa3BOfl
Koje cy Bpno cnnHHe y nornef ly TepMOM3onai4HOHMX
CBojcTaBa. Me1^yTMM, mrbaKMHa ByHa 6orbe ynnja
Bnary na je HenocTojaHnja n 3h3t h o 6p>xe nponaf la
Ofl CTaKneHe ByHe Koja flaHac cnaf l a y pef l Hajo-
rbnx TepMOM3onai4MOHnx MaTepnjana 3a M3onai4Mjy
TonnoBOf la. 3a onararbe, o ah o c h o oMOTaBarbe
o k o fleBOBOfla, HajeKOHOMMHHMje ce ynoTpe6rbaBa y
o6niiKy jacTyKa nnn rajTaHa.
r i HTCl f f cOl H 3qn.QI4H
1. LLlTa H33HBaM0 TonnncpMKaLjnjoM, a ima Tonnwdpmau,mmM cncTeMOM?
2. HanpTaj uieMaTCKM npnKa3 Tonnnc| 5MKai4MOHor nocTpojeiba.
3. Hl Ta je TOnnOftaneKOBOfl n Liira je norpeHO 3a HjeroBo nocTaBn>aH5e?
<* *
4. GkMflnpaj TonnoTHy noflCTaHMi4y.
5. l i l i a HI4HI4 Kyt i HM pa3BOfl?
f l
*
S - . . . _ .
..f , .............
Ml l gl
T -
i| BS
;k
1 1
; v iS m ;
yjEt
yUJTE.Q.Fl EHEPrHJE
M Ha-EHO PfiU.MOHRnHO
KOPMLUT.
y c bh m rpaHaMa / byflCKe fleaaTHOCTM Kao n 3a
CBaKOflHeBHe noTpe6e y >KMBOTy (Hnp. flOMahMH-
CTBy) Tpoi ue ce BennKe KOJinnnHe eHeprnje. no-
n/ieHMMOHeKe ofl t mx flenaTHOCTn: nHf lycTpnja (Me-
Taaonpepa^MBaHKa, npexpaM6eHa, flpBHa, TeKCTMn-
Ha), caopatiaj (>Kene3HMHKM, flpyMCKM, BOfleHM,
Ba3flyniHM), nojtonpMBpef la (norbonpMBpeflHe Ma-
uuMHe m ypei)ajM, cymape) MTfl. flocaflauiibM pa3Boj
noTpomi-be eHeprMje y o b 3k o mMpoKOM flOMeHy
HaMehe nMTaibe k o j i mk o t\ e jom BpeMeHa pe3epBe
yo6MnajeHMX ropMBa (yrj ba, Hacjrre m seMHor raca)
MotiM f la noflMMpyjy noTpee HOBenaHCTBa.
1/ lcnMTMBarbMMa cy yTBptjeHe pe3epBe c|3ocmj i hmx
ropMBa (yrj ba m HacJjTe). Te pe3yj iTaTe CBaKaKO
Tpe6a npMXBaTMTM ca oflpetjeHOM fl030M onpe3HO-
c t m, c o63MpoM fla ce CTarbe CTariHO Meiba. C jeflHe
CTpaHe, CTajiHO ce OTKpMBajy HOBa Haaa3MmTa, a c
f lpyre crpaHe ce yHanpel5yjy m MeTOfle eKcnnoaTa-
i(Mje. EHepreTCKM M3BopM ce CTaaHO MCLipnrbyjy
(yKOJ1MKOce He paflM OOHOBJbMBMM M3BOpMMa), na
ce HaMxoB iipMpoflHM cjjoHfl CMarbyje, Te pa3JiMKe y
npopeHaMa Mory 6mt m 3HaTHe. TaKO ce npoL| ei-byje
fla -he yrj ba 6mt m 3a HapeflHMx 200-1000 roflMHa,
Hacjue 20-60 roflMHa, a 3eMHor raca 20-50 roflMHa,
o neMy je Befc 6mj i o roBopa paHMje.
C o 63mpom Ha t o , npMCTyna ce hobmm M3BopMMa
Tonj ioTHe eHeprMje, ofl koj mx cy flaHac HapoHMTO
aKTyeriHM HyKJieapHa m CyHneBa eHeprMja. nopef l
Tora, noce6aH 3Hanaj npMflaje ce T3K03BaHMM ao-
TepHaTMBHMM M3BopMMa Kao mTO cy: reoTepMajiHa
eHeprMja, eHeprMja rmMMe m oceKe, eHeprMja eeTpa,
eHeprMja M3 coj i m m CyHL(a, Kao m Beh noMeHyTa
CyHneBa eHepraja.
Ca nopacTOM noTpomrbe ropMBa m CMarbMBarbeM
rt.eroBMx pe3epBM y CBeTy, jaBMJ ia ce noT pea fla ce
o h o mTO paflMOHariHMje MCKopMmhaBa, Tj. fla ce mTe-
flM. K ao pe3yjiT aT t mx HacTojarba ycaB pmaB ajie cy
ce MamMHe, anapaTM m nocT pojerba 6mj i o 3a a o 6m-
jarbe, 6mj i o 3a KopMmheibe ToruiOTHe eHepraje.
Ba>xaH cJiaKTop y eKOHOMMjM ropMBa j ecTe ycaBpma-
Barbe TexHMKe rpejarba. Ty je 3HanajaH HanpeflaK no-
cTMrHyTnpena30Mofl nojeflMHaHHor rpejarba 3rpafla,
ca c o 6hmm nehMMa, Ha LjeHTpajiHO rpejarbe, a noro-
t o b o yBo1jeibeM L(eHTpajiM30BaHor cHa6f leBahba t o -
njioTOM h mt 3bmx 6jioKOBa 3rpaf la m rpaflCKMX neT-
BpTM. 3 HanajHe ymTef le ce Mory nocTMhM CMaHaehbeM
ry6MTKa npM npeHocy eHepraje (cj>jiyMfla), nof l3eM-
HMMMJIMHafl3eMHMM BOflOBMMa, mTO 3aXTeBa M3OP
HajoriTMManHMjer M30JiaLjM0H0r MaTepMjana.
Tonj i OTHa eHepraja ce 3HaTH0 MO>Ke mTefleTM m
M3rpafli-bOM CTaM6eHMx m MHflycTpMjcKMX o6jeKaTa
Ofl MaTepMjajia BMCOKMX T0nJ10TH0-M30JiaL(M0HMXCBOj-
CTaBa. KopMmheibeM npMpoflHe c bbt j i o c t m mTeflM
ce noTpomrba ejieKTpMHHe eHeprMje.
l/ lMajyhMy BMfly HMtbeHML| y fla je erieKTpMHHa eHeprnja
f lanac 3acTynjbeHa y cbmm oaacTMMa jbyf lCKe fle-
jiaTHOCTM m fla je 6e3 hbe HeMoryhe 33mmcj i mt m pa-
3boj HOBenaHCTBa, t o heMo ce OBfle HemTO uiMpe
ocBpHyTM Ha ibeHO papMonajiHO KopMmtiehbe y3 nyHO
yBa>xaBaHDe mTef lHje m ocTajiMX BMflOBa eHeprMje.
C o 63mpom Ha BejiMKOyHemhe MHflycTpMje y yKynHoj
noTpomibM ejieKTpMHHe eHepraje (o k o 45%), ibe-
HMMpapMOHaJlHMM KOpMLLltiei-beM y MHflyCTpMjM Mory
ce nocTMhM 3HaTHe ymTef le. f la 6m ce t o ocTBapMJio,
noTpeHo je m3bpl l i mt m TexHMHKe npnnpeMe Kao
mTO cy: yrpaf lH.a 6pojMjia 3a aKTMBHy m peaKTMBHy
eHeprnjy, MepHnx MHCTpyMeHaTa 3a Meperbe Ha-
noHa, CBaKOflHeBHa aHann3a noTpoujrbe eneKTpn-
HHe eHeprnje paf ln camef laBaHaa cnepncjjMHHe
noTpomrbe, l ut o OMoryhaBa OTKnaHsaHje y3poKa
noBetiaHnx ry6nTaKa.
J efl Ha ofl 3Hanaj Hnx Mepa 3a paui noHari HMj e ko-
pmuti erbe eneKTpnHHe eHeprnj e y nHfl ycTpnj n j ecTe
ynpaBO paqnoHanHnj e Kopmut iei-be BennKor 6poj a
eneKTpoMOTopa, l ut o ce ornefl a y ncKTbyHHBaHby
eneKTpoMOTopa Kojn fl y>xepafl e Ha npa3H0, y npn-
MeHi/i ypetj aj a KOjn ayroMaTCKMy 3aBWCHOCTMofl
onTepeti erba perynmuy HanoH, npaBnnHOM Ofl pe-
tj MBan>y noTpeHe MHCTanncaHe CHare m cnnHHO,
f lpn ynoTpe6n eneKTpnHHe eHeprnje Kao M3Bopa
TonnoTe y nHf lycTpnjn, yLUTefle ce Mory ocTBapnTM
M36opoM onTHManHor pe>KHMa pafla eneKTpony-
hhmx, eneKTpooTnopHnx n eneKTpoi/ iHflyKL(MOHMX
netin, yBotjei-beM ayTOMaTCKe perynaunje TeMriepa-
Type y neliHMa, npaennHHM M36opoM inap>KH KOje ce
Tone i/ iTfl.
y npnMeHn eneKTpnHHe eHeprnje 3a noTpe6e eneK-
Tponn3e n ranBaHM3apnje ymTef l e ce nocTM>Ky
noBonaHnjMM n36opoM Bi/ icnHe Hanona n CTpyKe Kao
n OflroBapajyher cacTaBa eneKTponnTa n fly>KMHe
Tpajarba eneKTponMTMHKor nocTynKa.
Kopnutierbe eneKTpnHHe eneprnje 3a T3B. ocTane
HaMeHe y MHflycTpnjn oflHocn ce y HajBehoj Mepn Ha
o6e36et)eiue noBorbHnjnx ycnoBa pafla 3anocneHnx
n o6yxBaTa: ocBeTrberbe, BeHTnnaflnjy, xnal5eH3e n
rpejarbe, noroH nncj>TOBa n f lpyro, rfle ce TaKotje
MO>Ke LUTefleeHeprnja.
y LUMpOKOj nOTpOLUI-bH MflOMatlHHCTBHMa y Hauoj
3eMrbM npn6nn>KHO ce k opmct h jeflHa TpehnHa
yKynHe noTpoLUHae eneKTpnHHe eHeprnje, na je n y
obom noflpynjy Moryhe nocTnhn 3HaTHe yiUTefle. To
ce nocTM>Ke npaBnnHHM KopmutieHaeM eneKTpnHHnx
anapaTa 3a flOMatiMHCTBO (4>pn>KMflepa, uiTefli-baKa,
rpejannpa), papnoHanHMM KopnLuheHaeM Tonne bo-
fle Koja ce 3arpeBa eneKTpi/iHHMM rpejannMa, ym-
TeflaMa npn eneKTpnHHOM rpejan>y (ayTOMaTCKO pe-
rynncaH3e Tonnore y npocTopnjaMa, npnMeHe Tep-
MoaKyMynaqnoHnx nehn ca BenTnnaTopoM MTfl.)
ocBeTrbei-beM (KopnmtieHje jeflHe jane yMecTO Bwme
cna6njnx cnjannpa, ayTOMaTCKO ncKrb^HHBaiue CTe-
neHHHHor ocBeTrbena, 3aMeHa cj>nyopec4eHTHnx
cnjannpa hmm nonny fla Tpenepe) MTfl.
CBe o bo yKa3yje HaM Ha rnnpoKe MorytiHOCTM
yuiTef le eneKTpnHHe eHeprnje, l ut o cBaKaKO Tpe6a
i/ iMaTMy Biifly npn HeKOM KopwutieH3y.
y cBeTy cy flaHac BeoMa pa3BnjeHe ayTOMo6nncKa,
>Kene3HMHKa m aBMOHCKa MHflycTpnja.
Mot opm pa3nnHMTnx KOHCTpyKflnja m HaMeHa Benn-
km cy noTpomaHM TenHnx m racoBMTnx ropnBa, na ce
HenpecTaHO Tpa>Ke peuierba KOHCTpyKflnje MOTopa
ca UJTOeKOHOMI/ IHHMjOMOOTpOUJHaOM, Tj. Ca UITOBe-
tiMMCTeneHOM MCKOpMUJtieHba. y TOM CMMCny paflM
ce Ha no6orbmarby c}>M3MHK0-xeMMjcKMX ocoMHa
ropnBa (eneMeHTapHM cacTaB, TonnoTHa MOh, TeM-
nepaTypa caMonarbeHsa m CMp3aBarba, ncnaprbn-
BOCT, BHCK03H0CT MTfl.), KaO MMOTOpHO-nOrOHCKMX
KapaKTepi/ icri/ iKa (o k t 3hckm m peTaHCKM 6poj), flOK
ce y KOHCTpyKL(i/ ioHOM nornef ly CTanHO ycaBpmaBajy
o6nnK nena Knnna m pnniiHf lapcKe rnaBe, HajonTM-
ManHMje y6pn3raBaHbe ropnBa (o6nnK Mna3a, no-
no>Kaj 6pM3rarbKn) MTfl. f l oceHa na>Khba nocBetiyje
ce ypetjajy 3a narbei-be, noflMa3MBarbe m xnatjerbe
MOTopa, Kao i/i ypetjajy 3a opasoBaHse paflHe
CMeuie. HaK m Mane nojefliiHaHHe yuiTef l e Ha obom
norby, y flennHn nocMaTpaHO, BeoMa cy 3HanajHe, c
o63npoM Ha uinpoKy 3acTynrbeHOCT pa3Hnx BpcTa
MOTOpa.
Obo cy caMO HeKM npnMepn Moryhe uiTeflHbe n pa-
i4MOHann3afli/ ije noTpoinrbe ropnBa, a CBaKaKo fla je
OBaj flOMeH MHOrOLUI/ipi/l.
ynopef l o ca ujTeflHsOM yo6nHajeHMX ropnBa pa3Bn-
jajy ce n ycaBpiuaBajy n TexHonornj e uj t o eKOHO-
Mi/iHHi/ije eKcnnoaTaf lnje ocTannx BpcTa eHeprnje, n
t o y npBOM pef ly HyKneapne n CyHneBe. Ty cy join n
Beh n0MeHyTn anTepHaTMBHH H3Bopn KOjn 3a cafla
HeMajy 3HanajHy ynory y npoi43BOflHjH eHeprnje, n
Kojn y florneflHOj 6yflyhHOCTH Hehe MOhn y noTny-
hoct i /i fla 3aMeHe f laHac eKcnnoaTncaHe eHepreT-
CKe M3Bope, ann n fleni/ iMMHHa 3aMeHa MO>Ke 3Ha-
HHTM BeOMa MHOrO.
l/ lMajyhn cBe obo y BMfly, Bi/ iuie je Hero jacHO fla
pacnono>KHBe eHepreTCKe n3Bope Tpe6a k o pmc t ht h
paLjiiOHanHO, a MCTOBpeMeHO MHTeH3MBH0 paflMTM
Ha ycaBpmaBatby eKcnnoaTapnje nocTojehi/ ix pe3ep-
B|/| 1'OpHBa MOTKpMBaH>y HOBMX.
nHTOhbO M Sopou.n
1 .3aujT0 je 3HanajHa yi nref l a eHeprnje?
2. HaBeflM HaHMHe uiTeflH>e eHeprnje.
3. KaKO ce uiTeflM eneKTpMHHa eHeprMja?
4. K b k o t m LUTeflMui m paMMOHanHO KopMGTMUi enepi Mjy?
K
m m m
I Jl M TEFf i T^ Ff i
Jb. BpKnti , M. BeHMiueK, M. CTojaKOBnti , EHepreTCKa nocTpojeH>a, 3aBO,q 3a yy6eHHKe m HacTaBHa cpeflCTBa,
Eeorpaf l , 1991.
P. lile/ iMnti, "B. Ko3nti, TepMOflMHaMMKa MTepMOTexHi4Ka, 3aBOfl 3a ypeHHKe n HacTaBHa cpeflCTBa, Beorpafl, 1990.
M. ry/uiH, Jb. BpKMti, n. riepyHOBi4ti, llapHM k o t / i o bm, Mau/ HHCKHcf/ aKy/ iTeT, Beorpafl, 1988.
H. Bacn/ beBnti, napHe Typ6MHe, MamnHCKM4>aKy/ iTeT, Beorpafl, 1984.
fl. X. Mmj i t o h , P. M. JImh, CyflOBbie napoBbie KOT/ibi, MocKBa, 1985.
T. H. KpnBL(xeHKO, Hl draul i c Machi nes, MocKBa, 1986.
r. A. EpoHOBCKHH, A. 14. fo/ ibflcj3ap6, P. K. ct>acy/ iaTM, TexHonorMM rnf l poTyp6ocTpoeHMH, MocKBa, 1978.
fl. Mn/iMHHMti, fl. BopoH>eq, TepMOflMHaMMKa, fpatjeBMHCKa KhbMra, Beorpafl, 1989.
KaTa/ ior 3.E.n.-a, Beorpafl, 2001.
B. flyriHMHOB, Ton/ iOTHe MauiMHe, Beorpafl, 1972.
M. Mo/ iHap, Ton/ iOTHe MauiMHe, 3aBOfl 3a yy6eHMKe mHacTaBHa cpefl CTBa, Eeorpafl, 1974.
B. JlanoBMti, HacyujHO CyHqe, Ho/ i mt , Beorpafl, 1982.
M. PaflOBaHOBMti, fl. Bopotbei^, M. Bomep, EHepreTCKM npopecM, 3aB0fl 3a yy6eHMKe m HacTaBHa cpef l CTBa,
Beorpafl, 1985.
fl. Boporbea, B. "Bop^eBMti, M. Bomep, EHepreTCKM npopecM, 3aBOfl 3ayy6eHMKe m HacTaBHa cpeflCTBa, Beorpafl, 1981.
M. PaflOBaHOBMti, ri oroHCKe MaTepMje, MauiMHCKM c(DaKy/ iTeT, Beorpaf l , 1978.
C. HMKo/iMti, M. rpyjMti, TepMoeHepreTCKa nocTpoj ehba, 3aBOf l aa yy6eHMKe m HacTaBHa cpef lCTBa, Beorpaf l , 1984.
M. JaHKOBMti, M. JaHMhMjeBMti, TexHOnorMj a o6pa30BHor npocj)M/ ia ayTOMexaHMHap, 3aBOf l 3a yy6eHMKe m Ha-
CTaBHa cpef l CTBa, Beorpaf l , 2003.
fl. HBaHOBMti, B. ByjMMti, At o mc k s m HyK/ i eapHa cj)M3MKa, HayMHa KH>Mra, Beorpafl, 1975.
B. Kpy3, TexHMSKa t| )M3MKa, UJKO/ icKa Krt>Mra, 3ar pe6,1969.
Tpyna ayTopa, MauiMHCKM TexHMsap, Tpa^eBMHCKa KibMra, Beorpaf l , 1967.
Tpyna ayTopa, MauiMHCKM TexHMsap III, TpatjeBMHCKa KHbMra, Beorpaf l , 1971.
Jb. CTecjjaHOB, KoMnpecopM, BeHTM/ iaTopM, ocHOBe rpejaH>a m npoBeTpaBatt>a. 3aBOfl 3a yy6eHMKe m HacTaBHa
cpeflCTBa, Beorpaf l, 1970.
I4. ByuiKOBMti, OcHOBe TexHMKe MepeH>a, MauiMHCKM cj)aKy/ iT6Tj Beorpaf l , 1977.
H. >KMBKOBMt>. Jb. CTecjjaHOB, XMf l pay/ iMKa ca XMflpay/ iMHHMM Maui MHaMa, 3aB0f l 3a M3flaBan>e yy6eHMKa.
Beorpaf l, 1969.
M. JlaMMti, ripMpysHMK 3a co/ i apHO rpej aH>e, HaysHa KH>Mra, Beorpafl, 1992.
M. JlaMMti, Co/ i apHo rpej aH>e, 3aBof l 3a yy6eHMKe m HacTaBHa cpef lCTBa, Beorpaf l , 2002.
M. JlaMMti, M. MapjaHOBMh, K/ i MnHe m Typ6oMaui MHe, Bnuja TexHMHKa uiKo/ ia, 3peH>aHMH, 1998.
M. JlaM6Mt>, M. MapjaHOBtih, XMf l poeHeprercKa nocrpoj eH>a, 3aBof laa yy6eHMKe m HacTaBHa cpef lCTBa. Beorpafl, 1998.
M. MapjaHOBMti, f l. CTojaHOBMt., L| eHTpMcj)yra/ iHe nyrume, 3aBOf l 3a yy6eHMKe m HacTaBHa cpef l CTBa, Beorpaf l , 2003.
f l p Mn/ iopafl MapjaHOBnh
BpaHKO ByKocaB/ beMti
OCHOBE EHEPrETMKE
3a II pa3pe,q MaiuMHCKO-eHepreTCKe uiKoae
HeTBpTO, npepatjeHO M3qahbe, 2004. roqnHa
M3qaBaH
3aBoq 3a yy6eHMKe n nacTaBHa cpeqcTBa -
Beorpafl,
OnnntieB BeHan 5
Jl MKOBHH ypef l HMK
' ,X ' TnjaHa PaHHMti
, | AM3ai HH Ko p n q e
' ' V BpaHMCJ iaB CTaHKOBHti
npe/ ioM
, AreHpnja ,,J 1ACEP
JleKTOpM
flparnna Ty6nti Byqa
JapMiina CaafleneK
rpatjjMHKM ypeqHMK
CTeB3H riaKOBnti
KopeKTop
J 3 i* | . a Py>Knya JoBaHOBMti
mwm
0 6 mm: 121/2 LLiTaMnapcKHx Ta6aKa
Oo p M a T: 20,5 x 26,5 cm
: Tnpa/ K: 500 npnMepaKa
' a. PyKonnc npeqaTy iuTaMny HOBeMbpa 2003. rOflMHe.
i LLlTaMnaLbe 3aBpmeHO jaHyapa 2004. rOflMHe.
/ LUraMna
i l *