CP-V(EE-506)

“Computer hardwares”
INDEX

S.No Topics Remar

.
k
1. Explain Computer system &
Component with their block
diagrams.
2. Explain various DOS
commands.
3. Explain the motherboard with
diagrams.
4. How to do Partition of Hard
disk using f-disk command.
5. Format the partition created
by FAT-32.
6. Installation of windows 98.
 7. Installation of Linux.

8. Installation of XP.

Q.1 Explain block diagram of Computer

system with their diagrams.
A computer is a machine that manipulates data according to a set of
instructions. Although mechanical examples of computers have existed
through much of recorded human history, the first electronic computers
were developed in the mid-20th century (1940–1945).

These were the size of a large room, consuming as much power as

several hundred modern personal computers. Modern computers based on
integrated circuits are millions to billions of times more capable than the
early machines, and occupy a fraction of the space. Simple computers are
small enough to fit into a wristwatch, and can be powered by a watch
battery. Personal computers in their various forms are icons of the
Information Age and are what most people think of as "computers". The
embedded computers found in many devices from MP3 players to fighter
aircraft and from toys to industrial robots are however the most numerous.
A computer can process data, pictures, sound and graphics. They can solve
highly complicated problems quickly and accurately.
There are the main Component of Computer, which are given:

Input Unit:
Computers need to receive data and instruction in order to solve
any problem. Therefore we need to input the data and instructions into the
computers. The input unit consists of one or more input devices. Keyboard is
the one of the most commonly used input device. Other commonly used
input devices are the mouse, floppy disk drive, magnetic tape, etc. All the
input devices perform the following functions.
Accept the data and instructions from the outside world.
Convert it to a form that the computer can understand.
Supply the converted data to the computer system for further
processing.
Storage Unit:
The storage unit of the computer holds data and instructions
that are entered through the input unit, before they are processed. It
preserves the intermediate and final results before these are sent to the
output devices. It also saves the data for the later use. The various storage
devices of a computer system are divided into two categories.
1. Primary Storage: Stores and provides very fast. This memory is
generally used to hold the program being currently executed in the
computer, the data being received from the input unit, the intermediate and
final results of the program. The primary memory is temporary in nature.
The data is lost, when the computer is switched off. In order to store the
data permanently, the data has to be transferred to the secondary memory.
The cost of the primary storage is more compared to the secondary storage.
Therefore most computers have limited primary storage capacity.
2. Secondary Storage: Secondary storage is used like an archive. It stores
several programs, documents, data bases etc. The programs that you run on
the computer are first transferred to the primary memory before it is
actually run. Whenever the results are saved, again they get stored in the
secondary memory. The secondary memory is slower and cheaper than the
primary memory. Some of the commonly used secondary memory devices
are Hard disk, CD, etc.
Memory Size:
All digital computers use the binary system, i.e. 0’s and 1’s. Each character
or a number is represented by an 8 bit code.
The set of 8 bits is called a byte.
A character occupies 1 byte space.
A numeric occupies 2 byte space.
Byte is the space occupied in the memory.
The size of the primary storage is specified in KB (Kilobytes) or MB
(Megabyte). One KB is equal to 1024 bytes and one MB is equal to 1000KB.
The size of the primary storage in a typical PC usually starts at 16MB. PCs
having 32 MB, 48MB, 128 MB, 256MB memory are quite common.

Output Unit:
The output unit of a computer provides the information and results of a
computation to outside world. Printers, Visual Display Unit (VDU) are the
commonly used output devices. Other commonly used output devices are
floppy disk drive, hard disk drive, and magnetic tape drive.

Arithmetic Logical Unit:

All calculations are performed in the Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) of the
computer. It also does comparison and takes decision. The ALU can perform
basic operations such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, etc
and does logic operations viz, >, <, =, ‘etc. Whenever calculations are
required, the control unit transfers the data from storage unit to ALU once
the computations are done, the results are transferred to the storage unit by
the control unit and then it is send to the output unit for displaying results.
Control Unit:
It controls all other units in the computer. The control unit instructs the input
unit, where to store the data after receiving it from the user. It controls the
flow of data and instructions from the storage unit to ALU. It also controls
the flow of results from the ALU to the storage unit. The control unit is
generally referred as the central nervous system of the computer that
control and synchronizes its working.
Central Processing Unit:
The control unit and ALU of the computer are together known as the Central
Processing Unit (CPU). The CPU is like brain performs the following functions:
• It performs all calculations.
• It takes all decisions.
• It controls all units of the computer.
A PC may have CPU-IC such as Intel 8088, 80286, 80386, 80486, Celeron,
Pentium, Pentium Pro, Pentium II, Pentium III, Pentium IV, Dual Core, and
AMD etc.

Q.2 Explain various DOS commands.

In the personal computer operating systems MS-DOS and PC-DOS, a number
of standard system commands were provided for common tasks such as
listing files on a disk or moving files.

Some commands were built-in to the command interpreter; others existed as

transient commands loaded into memory when required. Over the several
generations of MS DOS, commands were added for the additional functions
of the operating system.

Below is a listing of the top 10 MS-DOS commands most commonly used and
that you will most likely use during a normal DOS session.

1. cd

CD (Change Directory) is a command used to switch directories in MS-DOS.

Examples
cd\
Goes to the highest level, the root of the drive.
cd..
Goes back one directory. For example, if you are within the
C:\Windows\COMMAND> directory, this would take you to C:\Windows>

2. dir

The dir command allows you to see the available files in the current and/or
parent directories.

Examples
dir
Lists all files and directories in the directory that you are currently in.

dir /ad
List only the directories in the current directory. If you need to move into one
of the directories listed use the cd command.
dir /s
Lists the files in the directory that you are in and all sub directories after that
directory, if you are at root "C:\>" and type this command this will list to you
every file and directory on the C: drive of the computer.
 3. Copy

Allows the user to copy one or more files to an alternate location.

Examples
copy *.* a:
Copy all files in the current directory to the floppy disk drive.

4. Del

Del is a command used to delete files from the computer.

Examples

del test.tmp = Deletes the test.tmp in the directory that you currently are
in, if the file exists.

5. edit

Edit allows a user to view, create, and/or modify their computer files.

Example
edit myfile.txt
This would bring up a blank edit screen, as long as the file is saved upon exit
this will create the file myfile.txt.

6. move

Allows you to move files or directories from one folder to another, or from
one drive to another.

Example
move c:\windows\temp\*.* c:\temp
Move the files of c:\windows\temp to the temp directory in root, this is of
course assuming you have the windows\temp directory.

7. ren (rename)
Used to rename files and directories from the original name to a new name.

Example
rename c:\chope hope
Rename the directory chope to hope.

8. deltree

Short for delete tree, deltree is a command used to delete files and
directories permanently from the computer.

Example
deltree c:\fake010
Deletes the fake010 directory and everything in it.

Q.3 Explain the motherboard with

diagrams.
A motherboard is the central printed circuit board (PCB) in many
modern computers and holds many of the crucial components of the system,
while providing connectors for other peripherals. The motherboard is
sometimes alternatively known as the main board, system board, or, on
Apple computers, the logic board.
 Fig. Motherboard
Motherboard contains Some important components, they are:
 CPU sockets :
A CPU socket or slot is an electrical component that attaches to a printed
circuit board (PCB) and is designed to house a CPU (also called a
microprocessor). It is a special type of integrated circuit socket designed for
very high pin counts. A CPU socket provides many functions, including a
physical structure to support the CPU, support for a heat sink, facilitating
replacement (as well as reducing cost), and most importantly, forming an
electrical interface both with the CPU and the PCB. CPU sockets can most
often be found in most desktop and server computers (laptops typically use
surface mount CPUs), particularly those based on the Intel x86 architecture
on the motherboard.

 Integrated peripherals
With the steadily declining costs and size of integrated circuits, it is now possible to include
support for many peripherals on the motherboard. By combining many functions on one PCB,
the physical size and total cost of the system may be reduced; highly-integrated motherboards
are thus especially popular in small form factor and budget computers.

For example, the ECS RS485M-M, a typical modern budget motherboard for computers based
on AMD processors, has on-board support for a very large range of peripherals:

* disk controllers for a floppy disk drive, up to 2 PATA drives, and up to 6 SATA drives
(including RAID 0/1 support)
* integrated ATI Radeon graphics controller supporting 2D and 3D graphics, with VGA and
TV output
* integrated sound card supporting 8-channel (7.1) audio and S/PDIF output
* Fast Ethernet network controller for 10/100 Mbit networking
* USB 2.0 controller supporting up to 12 USB ports
 * IrDA controller for infrared data communication (e.g. with an IrDA-enabled cellular phone
or printer)
* temperature, voltage, and fan-speed sensors that allow software to monitor the health of
computer components

 Peripheral card slots:

A typical motherboard of 2009 will have a different number of connections
depending on its standard.
A standard ATX motherboard will typically have 1x PCI-E 16x connection for
a graphics card, 2x PCI slots for various expansion cards, and 1x PCI-E 1x
(which will eventually supersede PCI. A standard EATX motherboard will
have 1x PCI-E 16x connection for a graphics card, and a varying number of
PCI and PCI-E 1x slots. It can sometimes also have a PCI-E 4x slot. (This
varies between brands and models.)
Some motherboards have 2x PCI-E 16x slots, to allow more than 2 monitors
without special hardware, or use a special graphics technology called SLI (for
Nvidia) and Crossfire (for ATI). These allow 2 graphics cards to be linked
together, to allow better performance in intensive graphical computing
tasks, such as gaming and video editing.
 Temperature and reliability:
Motherboards are generally air cooled with heat sinks often mounted on
larger chips, such as the Northbridge, in modern motherboards. If the
motherboard is not cooled properly, it can cause the computer to crash.
Passive cooling, or a single fan mounted on the power supply, was sufficient
for many desktop computer CPUs until the late 1990s; since then, most have
required CPU fans mounted on their heat sinks, due to rising clock speeds
and power consumption. Most motherboards have connectors for additional
case fans as well. Newer motherboards have integrated temperature sensors
to detect motherboard and CPU temperatures, and controllable fan
connectors which the BIOS or operating system can use to regulate fan
speed.
Bootstrapping using the BIOS:
Motherboards contain some non-volatile memory to initialize
the system and load an operating system from some external peripheral
device. Microcomputers such as the Apple II and IBM PC used ROM chips,
mounted in sockets on the motherboard.
At power-up, the central processor would load its program counter with the
address of the boot ROM and start executing ROM instructions, displaying
system information on the screen and running memory checks, which would
in turn start loading memory from an external or peripheral device (disk
drive). If none is available, then the computer can perform tasks from other
memory stores or display an error message, depending on the model and
design of the computer and version of the BIOS.

Q.4 How to do Partition of Hard disk using f-

disk command.
If you use the following steps on a hard disk that is not empty, all of the data
on that hard disk is permanently deleted.
 How to Partition a Master Hard Disk
To partition a master hard disk, run the fdisk command:

1. Insert the Startup disk in the floppy disk drive, restart your computer,
and then use one of the following methods, depending on your
operating system. For a Windows 98, Windows 98 Second Edition, or
Windows Me Startup disk:

a. When the Microsoft Windows 98 Startup menu is displayed,

select the Start computer without CD-ROM support menu
option, and then press ENTER.
b. At a command prompt, type fdisk, and then press ENTER.
c. View step 2.
For a Windows 95 Startup disk:

a. At a command prompt, type fdisk, and then press ENTER.

b. View step 2.
If your hard disk is larger than 512 MB, you receive the following message:
Your computer has a disk larger than 512 MB. This version of Windows
includes improved support for large disks, resulting in more efficient
use of disk space on large drives, and allowing disks over 2 GB to be
formatted as a single drive.

IMPORTANT: If you enable large disk support and create any new
drives on this disk, you will not be able to access the new drive(s)
using other operating systems, including some versions of Windows 95
and Windows NT, as well as earlier versions of Windows and MS-DOS.
In addition, disk utilities that were not designated explicitly for the
FAT32 file system will not be able to work with this disk. If you need to
access this disk with other operating systems or older disk utilities, do
not enable large drive support.

Do you wish to enable large disk support?

If you want to use the FAT32 file system, press Y and then press
ENTER. If you want to use the FAT16 file system, press N, and then
press ENTER.
After you press ENTER, the following Fdisk Options menu is displayed:
1. Create DOS partition or Logical DOS Drive
2. Set active partition
3. Delete partition or Logical DOS Drive
4. Display partition information
5. Change current fixed disk drive
Note that option 5 is available only if you have two physical hard disks
in the computer.

Press 1 to select the Create DOS partition or Logical DOS Drive menu option,
and then press ENTER.
Press 1 to select the Create Primary DOS Partition menu option, and then
press ENTER.
After you press ENTER, you receive the following message:
Do you wish to use the maximum available size for primary DOS
partition?
After you receive this message, use one of the following methods,
depending on the file system that you selected.
For a FAT32 File System
a. If you press Y for the FAT32 file system (in step 2) and you want all of the
space on the hard disk to be assigned to drive C, press Y, and then press
ENTER.
b. Press ESC, and then press ESC to quit the Fdisk tool and return to a
command prompt.
c. View step 7.

For a FAT16 File System

If you press N for the FAT16 file system (in step 2), you can accept the
default 2 GB size for the partition size, or you can customize the size of
the partition.

To accept the default partition size:

a. If you want the first 2 GB on the hard disk to be assigned to drive C,

press Y, and then press ENTER.
b. Press ESC to return to the Options menu, and then view step d in the
following "To customize the partition size" section.
To customize the partition size:
a. If you want to customize the size of the partitions (drive letters) on the
hard disk, press N, and then press ENTER.
b. A dialog box is displayed in which you can type the size that you want
for the primary partition in MB or percent of disk space. Note that for
computers that are running either Windows 98 or Windows Me,
Microsoft recommends that you make the primary partition at least
500 MB in size. Type the size of the partition that you want to create,
and then press ENTER.
c. Press ESC to return to the Options menu.
d. To assign drive letters to the additional space on the hard disk, press
1, and then press ENTER.
e. Press 2 to select the Create Extended DOS Partition menu option,
and then press ENTER.
f. You receive a dialog box that is displays the maximum space that is
available for the extended partition. You can adjust the size of the
partition or use the default size. Note that the default maximum space
is recommended, but you can divide the space between multiple drive
letters. Type the amount of space that you want, press ENTER, and
then press ESC.
g. The Create Logical DOS Drive(s) in the Extended DOS Partition
menu is displayed. This is the menu that you can use to assign the
remaining hard disk space to the additional drive letters. Type the
amount of space that you want to assign to the next drive letter in the
Enter logical drive size in Mbytes or percent of disk space (%)
box, and then press ENTER.
h. A table that lists the drive letter that you created and the amount of
space on that drive is displayed. If there is free space on the hard disk,
it is displayed near the bottom of the table. Repeat steps e through g
until you receive the following message:
All available space in the Extended DOS Partition is assigned to
local drives.
i. After you receive this message, press ESC to return to the Options
menu.
j. To activate the partition from which you plan to boot (usually drive C),
press 2 to select the Set active partition menu option, and then
press ENTER.
k. When you receive the following message, press 1, and then press
ENTER:
Enter the number of the partition you want to make active.
l. Press ESC, and then press ESC to quit the Fdisk tool and return to a
command prompt, and then view the following "How to Format a Hard
Disk" section in this article.

Q.5 Format the partition created by FAT-

32.
Format external drive in FAT32 using DOS
Open a command window by going to Start, then Run and typing in CMD.
 Now type in the following command at the prompt:
format /FS:FAT32 X:
Replace the letter X with the letter of your external hard drive in Windows.
Windows will go ahead and begin formatting the drive in FAT32!

Format the hard disk and install Windows XP

a. Use the ARROW keys to select the partition where you want to install
Windows XP, and then press ENTER.
b. Select the format option that you want to use to format the partition. You can
select from the following options:
○ Format the partition by using the NTFS file system
(Quick)
○ Format the partition by using the FAT file system (Quick)
○ Format the partition by using the NTFS file system
○ Format the partition by using the FAT file system
○ Leave the current file system intact (no changes)
Notes
○ If the selected partition is a new partition, the option to leave the
current file system intact is not available.
○ If the selected partition is larger than 32 gigabytes (GB), the FAT
file system option is not available.
 ○ If the selected partition is larger than 2 GB, the Windows Setup
program uses the FAT32 file system (you must press ENTER to
confirm).
○ If the partition is smaller than 2 GB, the Windows Setup program
uses the FAT16 file system.
○ If you deleted and created a new System partition, but you are
installing Windows XP on a different partition, you are prompted
to select a file system for both the System and Startup
partitions.
c. Press ENTER.
d. After the Windows Setup program formats the partition, follow the instructions
that appear on the screen to install Windows XP. After the Windows Setup
program is finished and you have restarted the computer, you can use the
Disk Management tools in Windows XP to create or format more partitions.
Format an Existing Volume to Use FAT32
To format a volume, follow these steps:
1. Click Start, then right-click My Computer, and then click Manage.
2. In the console tree, click Disk Management.
3. In the Disk Management window, right-click the volume that you want
to format (or reformat), and then click Format.
4. In the Format dialog box, do the following:
○ Click FAT32 in the File system box.
○ Type a name for the volume in the Volume label box.

If you want, you can also change the disk allocation unit size, or
specify whether you want to perform a quick format.
Click OK.

5. Click OK when you are prompted to format the volume.

The format process starts.

Q.6 Installation of windows 98.

How to Install Windows 98
After you partition and format your hard disk, you can install Windows 98:

1. Insert the Windows 98 Startup disk in the floppy disk drive, and then
restart your computer.
 2. When the Windows 98 Startup menu is displayed, choose the Start
computer with CD-ROM support option, and then press ENTER.
3. If CD-ROM support is provided by the generic drivers on the Startup
disk, you receive one of the following messages, where X is the drive
letter that is assigned to your CD-ROM drive:
Drive X: = Driver MSCD001

Drive X: = Driver OEMCD001

NOTE: If your CD-ROM drive is not available after you boot from the
Windows 98 Startup disk, install the CD-ROM drivers that are included
with your CD-ROM drive. For information about how to obtain and
install the most current driver for your CD-ROM drive, view the
documentation that is included with your device, or contact your
hardware manufacturer.

4. Insert the Windows 98 CD-ROM in the CD-ROM drive, type the

following command at a command prompt, and then press ENTER
X:\setup
where X is the drive letter that is assigned to your CD-ROM drive.

5. When you receive the following message, press ENTER, and then
follow the instructions on the screen to complete the Setup procedure:
Please wait while the Setup initializes. Setup is now going to perform a
routine check on your system. To continue press Enter.

The following list describes the minimum hardware requirements for

Windows 98:
• A personal computer with a 486DX 66 megahertz (MHz) or faster
processor (Pentium central processing unit recommended).
• 16 megabytes (MB) of memory (24 MB recommended).
• A typical upgrade from Windows 95 requires approximately 195 MB of
free hard disk space, but the hard disk space may range from between
120 MB and 295 MB, depending on your computer configuration and
the options that you choose to install.
• A full install of Windows 98 on a FAT16 drive requires 225 MB of free
hard disk space, but may range from between 165 MB and 355 MB,
depending on your computer configuration and that options that you
choose to install.
 • A full install of Windows 98 on a FAT32 drive requires 175 MB of free
hard disk space, but may range from between 140 MB and 255 MB,
depending on your computer configuration and the options that you
choose to install.
• One 3.5-inch high-density floppy disk drive.
• VGA or higher resolution (16-bit or 24-bit color SVGA recommended).

Fig. View of windows98

Q.7 Installation of Linux.

UNIX is one of the most popular operating systems worldwide because of its large support base
and distribution. It was originally developed at AT&T as a multitasking system for
minicomputers and mainframes in the 1970's, but has since grown to become one of the most
widely-used operating systems anywhere, despite its sometimes confusing interface and lack of
central standardization.
Many hackers feel that UNIX is the Right Thing--the One True Operating System. Hence, the
development of Linux by an expanding group of UNIX hackers who want to get their hands
dirty with their own system.
Versions of UNIX exist for many systems, from personal computers to supercomputers like the
Cray Y-MP. Most versions of UNIX for personal computers are expensive and cumbersome. At
the time of this writing, a one-machine version of UNIX System V for the 386 runs about
US$1500.
Linux is a free version of UNIX developed primarily by Linus Torvalds at the University of
Helsinki in Finland, with the help of many UNIX programmers and wizards across the Internet.
Anyone with enough know-how and gumption can develop and change the system. The Linux
kernel uses no code from AT&T or any other proprietary source, and much of the software
available for Linux was developed by the GNU project of the Free Software Foundation in
Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.A. However, programmers from all over the world have
contributed to the growing pool of Linux software.
Instructions to Install:

1. Step 1
Download it to your desktop and run the executable program.
2. Step 2
Choose the drive where you want your installation to go. Unlike other
installation methods. Instead, it will place a file on your local drive
which it will use as a virtual hard drive In most Windows installations,
C: is the local hard drive, so choose it from the dropdown menu as
your installation drive. Again, do not worry -- this will not overwrite
your data!
3. Step 3
Choose an installation size. The base installation requires about four
gigabytes. Since you'll want some room to install programs and store
your data, choose a size larger than that.
4. Step 4
Select your language.
5. Step 5
Input a username and password for your installation. Don't forget
these -- unlike Windows, Linux uses your username and password
extensively: you'll need them to log on to your computer, install
programs, and make changes to the system. This is done for security
reasons.
6. Step 6
Click "Install" and Wubi will begin downloading the installation files.
The download is about 600 megabytes, so get some coffee or let it run
overnight.
7. Step 7
Once the installation files are downloaded, you'll be asked to reboot
your system. When you do, your computer will restart, but instead of
booting directly into an operating system, you'll see a screen that asks
 you to select whether you'd like to boot Windows or Ubuntu. Choose
Ubuntu to complete the installation.
8. Step 8
Once the installation has finished, you'll have a completely functional
Ubuntu Linux install. Ubuntu does a great job of detecting and
installing hardware, but if you find that something doesn't work right,
visit the Ubuntu forums and see if it's a known issue. There are
hundreds of people there who are excited you're trying Linux and
they're willing to help you out. If you have a question, don't be afraid
to ask!

Q.8 Installation of XP.

There are five methods for installing Windows XP. Review the following
methods and select the method that is appropriate for your installation.

• Method 1: Perform a clean install of Windows XP

Use this method for a clean installation of Windows XP. A clean
installation removes all data from your hard disk by repartitioning and
reformatting your hard disk and reinstalling the operating system and
programs to an empty (clean) hard disk.
• Method 2: Upgrade to Windows XP
Use this method if you are upgrading to Windows XP from Microsoft
Windows 98, Microsoft Windows Millennium Edition, or Microsoft
Windows 2000 Professional.
• Method 3: Install Windows XP to a new hard disk
Use this method to install Windows XP to a new hard disk. This is
typically done when a new hard disk is installed on your computer.
• Method 4: Install Windows XP to a new folder (parallel
installation)
Use this method to install Windows XP to a new folder (parallel
installation) to either run two operating systems, or to access, repair,
or retrieve data from a damaged disk.
• Method 5: Perform a multiple boot operation
Use this method to install Windows XP as a separate operating system
on your computer. This lets you install more than one operating
 system on your computer and select which operating system that you
want to use every time that you start your computer.

Method 1: Perform a clean install of Windows XP

A clean installation consists of removing all data from your hard disk by
repartitioning and reformatting your hard disk and reinstalling the operating
system and programs to an empty (clean) hard disk. For more information
about important things to consider before you partition and format you hard
disk and how to partition and format your hard disk by using the Windows XP
Setup program, click the following article number to view the article in the
Microsoft Knowledge Base:

To perform a clean installation of Windows XP, follow these steps:

1. Back up all important information before you perform a clean

installation of Windows XP. Save the backup to an external location,
such as a CD or external hard disk.
2. Start your computer from the Windows XP CD. To do this, insert the
Windows XP CD into your CD drive or DVD drive, and then restart your
computer.

Note To boot from your Windows XP CD, the BIOS settings on your
computer must be configured to do this.
3. When you see the "Press any key to boot from CD" message, press
any key to start the computer from the Windows XP CD.
4. At the Welcome to Setup screen, press ENTER to start Windows XP
Setup.
5. Read the Microsoft Software License Terms, and then press F8.
6. Follow the instructions on the screen to select and format a partition
where you want to install Windows XP.
7. Follow the instructions on the screen to complete the Windows XP
Setup.

Method 2: Upgrade to Windows XP

This section describes how to upgrade to Windows XP from Windows 98,
Windows Millennium Edition, and Windows 2000 Professional.
Important Before you start the upgrade process, contact your computer
manufacturer to obtain the latest BIOS upgrades for your computer and then
install the upgrades. If you update the BIOS after you upgrade the computer,
you may have to reinstall Windows XP to take advantage of features such as
Advanced Configuration and Power Interface (ACPI) support in the BIOS. If
you can do this, update the firmware in all the hardware devices before you
start the upgrade.
To upgrade to Windows XP, follow these steps:

1. Start your computer, and then insert the Windows XP CD into the CD
or DVD drive.
2. If Windows automatically detects the CD, click Install Windows to
start the Windows XP Setup Wizard.

If Windows does not automatically detect the CD, click Start. Then
click Run. Type the following command, and then click OK:
CD drive letter:\setup.exe
3. When you are prompted to select an installation type, select Upgrade
(the default setting), and then click Next.
4. Follow the instructions on the screen to complete the upgrade.

Method 3: Install Windows XP to a new hard disk

This method describes how to install Windows XP to a new hard disk. This is
typically done when a new hard disk is installed on your computer.

Note You will need the CD for your previous operating system in order to
complete this method.

Before you start, start your computer by using one of the following media:

• Microsoft Windows 98/Windows Millennium startup disk

• Windows XP CD or Windows XP boot disks

To install Windows XP to a new hard disk, follow these steps:

1. Start your computer from the Windows XP CD (or boot disks). To do
this, insert the Windows XP CD into your CD or DVD drive, and then
restart your computer.
 2. When the "Press any key to boot from CD" message appears on the
screen, press any key to start the computer from the Windows XP CD.
3. At the Welcome to Setup screen, press ENTER to begin Windows XP
Setup.
4. Read the Microsoft Software License Terms, and then press F8.
5. When you are prompted for the Windows XP CD, insert your Windows
XP CD.
6. Restart your computer.
7. When you see the "Press any key to boot from CD" message, press
any key to start the computer from the Windows XP CD.
8. At the Welcome to Setup screen, press ENTER to start Windows XP
Setup.
9. Follow the instructions on the screen to select and format a partition
where you want to install Windows XP.
10.Follow the instructions on the screen to complete Windows XP Setup.

Method 4: Install Windows XP to a new folder (parallel installation)

This method describes how to install Windows XP to a new folder (parallel
installation) to either run two operating systems, or to access, repair, or
retrieve data from a damaged disk.

Before you start, start your computer by using one of the following media:

• Microsoft Windows 98/Windows Millennium Edition startup disk

• Windows XP CD or Windows XP boot disks

Note The Windows XP CD is the preferred media in the following

steps. However, the Windows XP boot disks will work if you do not
have the CD.
To install Windows XP to a new folder (also known as a parallel installation),
follow these steps:
1. Start your computer from the Windows XP CD (or boot disks). To do
this, insert the Windows XP CD into your CD or DVD drive, and then
restart your computer.
2. When the "Press any key to boot from CD" message appears on the
screen, press any key to start the computer from the Windows XP CD.
3. At the Welcome to Setup screen, press ENTER to begin Windows XP
Setup.
 4. Read the Microsoft Software License Terms, and then press F8.
5. Select the partition in which you want to install Windows XP, and then
press ENTER.
6. Select the Leave the current file system intact (no changes)
option, and then press ENTER to continue.
7. Press ESC to install to a different folder.
8. Press ENTER to continue.
9. Follow the instructions on the screen to complete Windows XP Setup.

Method 5: Perform a multiple boot operation

Use this method to install Windows XP as a separate operating system on
your computer. This lets you install more than one operating system and
select which operating system that you want to use every time that you start
your computer. For more information about how to multiple boot Windows
XP and other versions of Windows and MS-DOS, click the following article
number to view the article in the Microsoft Knowledge Base: