Name:

___________
Sekolah Menengah Seri Omega

Teacher: WL Cheng
Class : 4A
Lesson No.:6
Date : 6/2/09
Time : 11.30 12.40

Subject: Mathematics
Chapter:3
Topic: Sets (1)

Sub-topic:
Notes:3.1a Defining Sets
a. Set refers to any collection or group of
objects.
b. Sets are usually specified in three ways.
(a) The description method
Example
{odd numbers}
(b) The roster method
In this method, the set is defined by listing
the numbers.
Example
{1, 3, 7, 9, .}

Exercise 3.1a
1 List the elements of each of the following sets.
(a) H = {multiples of 11, less than 50}

(b) K = {first five letters of the alphabet}

(c) Using set-builder notation

This combines both the roster and
description method.
Example
{ x : x is an odd positive number}
b. The objects in a set are called elements or
members of the set. They are said to belong
to the set.

(c) F = {vowels in the word CLASS }

.

d. Sets are usually denoted by capital letters

and the notation used for sets is braces, { }.
(d) G={x: x is a factor of 12}
Example
A={2, 4, 6, 8}
e. The definition of sets has to be clear and
precise so that the elements can be identified.
f. The same elements in a set need not be
repeated.
Example
B {letters in the word believe }
={b,e,i,l,v}

(e) M = {names of states in Malaysia starting

with K}

2 Define the following sets using a statement or

a word.
(a) M={1,7}

3 Draw a Venn diagram to illustrate each of the

following sets.
(a) J= {7,9,11,15}

(b) P={5,10,15,20,...}
.
(c) Q={3,6,9}

(d) C={Sabah, Sarawak, Selangor}

(e) D= {a, e, i, o, u}

(b) K = {quadrilaterals with 4 equal sides}

Note:In set notation, the symbol means 'is an

element of or 'belongs to and means 'is
not an element of or 'does not belong to'.
Example
A={a,b,c}
a A but e A.

(c) L = {consonants in the word 'SMART }

Notes:a. Sets can also be represented using Venn

diagrams. Geometric shapes such as circles
and rectangles are commonly used to enclose
elements of a set.
b. A dot to the left of an object in a Venn
diagram indicates that the object is an element
of the set.

(d) M= { x : 5 x 0 , x is an integer}

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(e) N={p: 3 p 7,p is a whole number}

(ii) S = {letters in the word LOVE }

Notes:a. The notation n(A) denotes the number of

elements in set A.
b.When a Venn diagram represents the number
of elements in a set, no dot is placed to the
left of the number.

(iii) T = {capitals of states in Malaysia

starting with 'S'} .

4 For each of the following sets,

(a) list the elements in the set,
(b) the number of elements in the set,
(c) draw a Venn diagram to represent the
number of elements in the set
(i) Q= (factors of 18}

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(iv) G = {two digit numbers less than 15

whose units digit is less than 2}

(v) H = {prime factors of 20}

(ii) B = {consonants in the word

'GOOD'}

(iii) C= {x:x > 0,x is a negative number}

(vi) J = {x: 23 x 30 and x is even}

Notes:A set with no elements is called an empty set

or a null set. The symbol (phi) or empty
braces, { }, denotes an empty set. Therefore,
if set Q is an empty set, then Q = { } or Q =
and n(Q) = 0.
5 For each of the following sets,
(a) list the elements in the set,
(b) state the number of elements in the set,
(c) state whether the set is an empty set or
not using set notation.

Notes:a. Two sets are equal if they have the same

elements in them. If set A is equal to set B,
then every element in set A belongs to set B
and vice versa. We denote this by writing

(i) A = {factors of 5 divisible by 3}

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(e)
b. If either set A or set B has at least one element
that is not common to both, then the sets are
said to be unequal and we write A B.

6 Determine whether each of the following pairs

of sets are equal or not.
(a) A={6,9,12}and B={12,6,9}
(f) G = {factors of 2 divisible by 5} and

H = {factors of 23 divisible by 2}

(b) P= {3,6,9} and Q = {multiples of 3 less

than 10}

7 Complete each of the following using the

symbols =, , , given
P = {prime numbers between 2 and 9}
Q = {odd numbers between 1 and 8}
R = {x: x < 0, x is a positive number}
S = [y: -3 < y < 5, y is an integer}

(c) D= {factors of 10} and E={2,5,10}

(d)

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Q={11, -x+7}
P=Q

(a) 3______P
(b) P_____Q
(c) 7_____R
(d) R_____Q
(e) R_____{ }

(f) 0_______ R
(g) -0.2_____S
(h) n(R)_____0
(i) n(S)_____8
(j) 4_______S

8 Determine the value of x in each of the

following sets.
(a) {7,9,10} ={9, x,10}

(b) {6,3,15,21}={15,x+3,3,21}

3.2a Subsets
Notes:a. If every element of a set A is also an element
of a set B, then set A is called a subset of set
B.
Example
A = {2, 3} and B= {2, 3,4, 5}
Every element of set A is an element of set B.
Therefore, set A is a subset of set B. In set
notation, it is written as A B.

(c) {14,21,x,4x}={28,7,14,21}

(d) A ={ factors of 11}

B ={1,x}
A =B

(e) P= {x :10 x 15, x is a prime number}

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b. The Venn diagram below shows the

relationship between set A and set B.

(h) {multiples of 3} ____ {multiples of 6}

(i) {multiples of 6} ____ {multiples of 3}

Exercise
1. Using the symbols or or , fill in the
blanks of the following statements.
(a) {p,q,r}_____{l,m,p,q,r,s}

(j) {factors of 3} _____ {factors of 9}

(k) {factors of 9} _____ {factors of 3}
2 It is given that P Q and Q R. Draw a
Venn diagram to illustrate sets P, Q and R.

(b) { }_____{x: -3 x 15}

(c) { x : 0 x 19 }____{19,20,21,22}

(d) {polygons} _______ {pentagons}

3.
(e) {heptagons}_______{polygons}

The above Venn diagram shows sets A, B,

C and D. Fill in the blanks with the symbols
or .

(f) {3,12,9}_______{12,9,3}

(a) A____ B____ D

(g) {6,5,4}_____{ }
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(b) A____ B____ C

(c) A ____C
(d) D____C
(e) C____D

Notes:a. An empty set is a subset of any set.

b. Every set is a subset of itself.
c. The subsets of set P = {a, b} are { }, {a}, {b}
and {a,b}.
d. The number of subsets for a set with n
elements is 2n.

5 Given that
= {triangles},
L = {isosceles triangles} and
M = {equilateral triangles},
(a) draw a Venn diagram to illustrate the
relationship between L, M and ,

Example
n(P)=2
Number of subsets =22
=2x2
=4
4 It is given that A = {p, q, r, s} and n(B) = 5.
(a) List all the subsets of A.

(b) name the type of triangle that would be

outside the set L

(b) State the number of subsets of set B.

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