Professional Documents
Culture Documents
NO
-16
May
1980
N e w s l e t t e r o f t h e S o c i e t y of A f r i c a n i s t A r c h a e o l o g i s t s i n America.
E d i t e d by P.L. S h i n n i e and i s s u e d from t h e Department o f Archaeology,
The U n i v e r s i t y of C a l g a r y , Calgazy, A l b e r t a , T2N 1 N 4 , Canada. Typing
and e d i t o r i a l a s s i s t a n c e by Ama O w s u a S h i n n i e .
.........................
The e d i t o r b e g i n s t o wonder
M r . ?Lenses e d i t o r i a l comments on
'Notes t o c o n t r i b u t o r ; on p . 3 of
b i b l i o g r a p h i e s and i n some c a s e s
b e i n g s e n t i n . With t h e hope of
s h e e t on r a t h e r v i v i d l y c o l o u r e d
i f Nyame Akuma i s r e a d ! I n s p i t e o f
t h e l e n g t h of c o n t r i b u t i o n s and t h e
t h e cover long a r t i c l e s with f u l l
un-reproducible f i g u r e s a r e s t i l l
making t h e p o i n t c l e a r e r a s e p a r a t e
p a p e r i s b e i n g s e n t w i t h t h i s number.
P .I,.
1
Shinnie
1979.
The d e p o s i t s a t f g i , as w e l l as t h e l i m i t e d a l l u v i a l f i l l s a l o n g
t h e middle !Kangwa R i v e r v a l l e y a r e t h i n sedimentary v e n e e r s w i t h i n a
major Middle P l e i s t o c e n e valleyway, A t t h e base of t h e jgi sequence
EGYPT
-
1979 SEASON
made w i t h t h e f i e l d i d e n t i f i c a t i o n s o f f a u n a l r e m a i n s i n
what a p p e a r t o be b u t c h e r i n g c o n t e x t s a t a c o u p l e o f
Neolithic sites. Elephant, an equid, rhinoceros, h a r t e b e e s t e ,
g a z e l l e , a u r o c h s and o s t r i c h a l l p r o v i d e e v i d e n c e f o r a
l a n d s c a p e w i t h , permanent s u r f a c e w a t e r , g r a s s l a n d s and
l i g h t f o r e s t sometime p r i o r t o 3,000 B.C.
The f a u n a l complex
i s p r o b a b l y i n c o m p l e t e - no p r e d a t o r s o r r o d e n t s were
r e c o r d e d - b u t it i s p e r h a p s s i g n i f i c a n t t h a t no d o m e s t i c a t e s
occur.
A much f u l l e r r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f t h e P h a r a o n i c
E g y p t i a n s was a l s o r e c o r d e d . M a t e r i a l r e m a i n s now i n c l u d e
c e r a m i c s from t h e A r c h a i c p e r i o d , D y n a s t i e s 111 a n d V I , and
from t h e F i r s t I n t e r m e d i a t e P e r i o d t h r o u g h t h e Middle
Kingdom and i n t o t h e Second I n t e r m e d i a t e P e r i o d . Most o f o u r
i n f o r m a t i o n h e r e comes from cemeteries, a l t h o u g h some o c c u p a t i o n
sites w e r e a l s o t e s t e d
i n c l u d i n g some w i t h p o t t e r y k i l n s .
No m u l t i - p e r i o d s i t e s were found. Although t h e e v i d e n c e i s
much b r o a d e r c h r o n o l o g i c a l l y t h i s s e a s o n , t h e l a t e s i x t h
d y n a s t y r e m a i n s t h e most s t r o n g l y r e p r e s e n t e d p e r i o d o f
a n c i e n t Egyptian a c t i v i t y i n t h e o a s i s . A p a r t i c u l a r l y
i n t e r e s t i n g d i s c o v e r y t h i s s e a s o n i s a s m a l l g r o u p o f hand
made s h e r d s w i t h i n c i s e d d e c o r a t i o n t h a t s t r o n g l y r e s e m b l e s
Pangrave m a t e r i a l .
A s y e t , w e have no a r c h a e o l o g i c a l e v i d e n c e
A.J.
Mills
Royal O n t a r i o Museum
GHANA
More Kintampo C u l t u r e f i n d s i n t h e f o r e s t zone o f Ghana
by
L. E. Newton
(Dept. of BioZogicaZ Sciences,
University of Science & TechnoZogy,
Kwnasi, Ghanu)
Xn August 1979 a f r i e n d and I went f o r a d a y ' s o u t i n g t o t h e
Boahung H i l l s , near Kumasi. We had some e x e r c i s e , i n walking over
t h e h i l l s , and enjoyed a p i c n i c lunch i n p e a c e f u l surroundings.
S e v e r a l months l a t e r I r e a l i s e d t h a t we had a l s o discovered what
appears t o be a h i t h e r t o unrecorded s i t e of t h e Kintampo "Neolit h i c " Culture.
The Boahung H i l l s a r e a g r a n i t e i n s e l b e r g c l u s t e r l y i n g j u s t
west o f t h e main road t o Ofinso, about 11 km n o r t h o f Kumasi. One
o f t h e g r a n i t e domes i s now being q u a r r i e d , and t h e remains o f
e a r l i e r quarrying a c t i v i t y can be seen elsewhere i n t h e h i l l s . Most
of t h e h i l l s have l a r g e expanses of exposed g r a n i t e , on which t h e r e
a r e s o i l pockets of v a r i o u s s i z e s covered w i t h low-growing vegetat i o n . On deeper s o i l t h e r e i s a woodland savanna v e g e t a t i o n , much
of which has been d i s t u r b e d by farming a c t i v i t y . One h i l l , which i s
a l s o t h e h i g h e s t (Nkabin Peak, a l t . 414 m e t r e s ) , h a s dense f o r e s t
on t h e upper s l o p e s , b u t on t h e summit t h e r e i s a s m a l l g r a s s y c l e a r ing. Associated with t h i s c l u s t e r of h i l l s is an i s o l a t e d h i l l e a s t
of t h e road, about one kilometre t o t h e n o r t h - e a s t .
This h i l l , which
i s c a l l e d Buoho, l i e s j u s t behind t h e v i l l a g e of Nkwikwia Boahung,
and has a Roman C a t h o l i c s h r i n e b u i l t on one s i d e of it. The o t h e r
s i d e has a savanna woodland v e g e t a t i o n , though t h i s has a l s o been much
d i s t u r b e d f o r farming i n r e c e n t y e a r s . There i s f a r l e s s exposed rock
on Buoho t h a n on t h e main c l u s t e r of h i l l s . The h i l l s l i e w i t h i n t h e
f o r e s t zone and i n v e g e t a t i o n cover t h e y a r e s i m i l a r t o o t h e r savanna
o u t l i e r s , o c c u r r i n g where t h e s o i l is t o o shallow t o support f o r e s t
vegetation.
I n t h e course o f walking over t h e h i l l s we n o t i c e d a few s t o n e
a r t i f a c t s , which we picked up. Some weathered p o t s h e r d s were a l s o
seen, b u t n o t c o l l e c t e d . A few o v a l g r i n d i n g h o l e s were seen on some
of t h e g r a n i t e exposures. I recognised t h e s e items a s r e p r e s e n t i n g
t h e Kintampo C u l t u r e , b u t assumed t h a t such conspicuous h i l l s , l y i n g
a l o n g s i d e a major road, would have been w e l l known a r c h a e o l o g i c a l l y .
The few c o l l e c t e d items were t h e r e f o r e deposited i n a cupboard and
forgotten.
Five months l a t e r P r o f . John S u t t o n , of t h e Legqn Department of
Archaeology, c a l l e d on me d u r i n g a v i s i t t o Kumasi. I n t h e conversat i o n he mentioned t h a t he had n o t i c e d t h e Boahung H i l l s w h i l s t d r i v i n g
along t h e main road and thought it might be of i n t e r e s t t o v i s i t them.
This jogged my memory and I produced t h e a r t i f a c t s c o l l e c t e d on t h e
c)
Notwithstanding t h e e x t e n t of t h e a r e a , t h e l i m i t a t i o n of time
and f u n d s , and l a c k of i n t e n s i t y , t h e expedition revealed p r e v i o u s l y
unknown rock art and o t h e r archaeological s i t e s .
a)
b)
No comparable rock p a i n t i n g s i t e e x i s t s w i t h i n t h e
Chelelemuk h i l l s with t h e exception of t h e White one
of human s t i c k f i g u r e l o c a t e d t o t h e South Kakapeli
rock p a i n t i n g s . The i n e v i t a b l e conclusion i s t h a t
Kakapeli p a i n t i n g s , being t h e only s p e c t a c u l a r s i t e of
t h e a r e a , was important t o t h e e a r l y l o c a l i n h a b i t a n t s .
Three more s i t e s BCKi , and B C K i i , BCK3 and B C K ~were
discovered c l o s e by, BCKi and BCKii a r e two s h e l t e r s
formed by t h e same g r a n i t i c plutone e a s t of t h e p a i n t i n g s . One of them, BCKi i s l i t t e r e d on t h e surface
with potsherds and grinding s t o n e s . There a r e
evidences of f i r e as w e l l . Examination of t h e s u r f a c e
revealed t h a t l i t t l e o r none of t h e sherds a r e
observable below t h e s u r f a c e . BCK3 i s a s h e l t e r formed
by two adjacent g r a n i t e t o r s . The f l o o r i s eroded and
s h e r d s , apparently from above, a r e abundant on t h e
s u r f a c e . No subsurface p o t t e r y w a s observed.
Luucho H i l l S i t e
To t h e South East of Kimothon cave, w i t h i n Luucho H i l l s and
overlooking Chwele, Kibabii and Bungoma towns i s a rock l o c a l l y
known as Chemasari. It makes up two s h e l t e r s t h e s m a l l one of
which has n a t u r a l i s t i c p a i n t i n g s analogous t o t h o s e a t Kimothon.
Its b r i e f d e s c r i p t i o n i s as follows:Animals :
There a r e t h r e e animals i n white among which t h e one a t t h e
bottom is superimposed upon some e a r l i e r r e d f i g u r e ; t h e l a t t e r a l s o
has t e a t s and long horns and a c i r c l e i s drawn at i t s head. The
l e g s a r e not s e p a r a t e l y shown. The middle f i g u r e i s a l s o drawn over
an e a r l y r e d f i g u r e and i s apparently a domestic c a t t l e .
Muoma
About a Kilometre from t h e Nyabigena s i t e s i s an a r e a with
i n t e r e s t i n g engravings on s e p a r a t e s t o n e s s c a t t e r e d over an a r e a of
200 by 400 km. The f a r m on which t h e s e s t o n e s a r e s i t u a t e d i s known
as Mwanja Okanya t o which my a t t e n t i o n w a s k i n d l y drawn by
M r . Ongesa Elkana of K i s i i Teachers College. Most of t h e m o t i f s at
Goti Chaki and Nyabigena a r e represented at Muoma. Here a r e minute
engraved s t r i p e s some of which can p r o p e r l y be s t u d i e d only with a
magnifying g l a s s . There a r e h o l e s of v a r i o u s t y p e s , s i z e s and
arrangements. Within one panel i s a combination of minute s t r i p e s ,
h o l e s , peckings of c o n c e n t r i c c i r c l e s , s i n g l e c i r c l e s and a v a r i e t y
of o t h e r geometric designs.
Careful observation r e v e a l s t h a t t h e panel w a s c a r e f u l l y
prepared before marks were made on them. Unfortunately, t h e K i s i i
s i t e s a r e i n imminent danger of d e s t r u c t i o n s i n c e t h e y a r e s i t u a t e d
i n farmland a r e a s . The s t o n e s on which t h e engravings a r e executed
a r e being q u a r r i e d and t h e s e s i t e s w i l l soon be reached.
TURBO-ELDORET AREA
Two Rockpainting and one s i r i k w a s i t e s , were discovered d u r i n g
t h e e x p e d i t i o n . The f i r s t i s i n Sango Location, Kakamega D i s t r i c t .
The p a i n t i n g s a r e executed on t h e w a l l of one of t h o s e outcrops
c o l l e c t i v e l y known as M i m a h i l l s . ( ~ i e l d - w o r k at t h i s s i t e w a s made
p o s s i b l e by t h e f i n a n c i a l a s s i s t a n c e from t h e Japanese M i n i s t r y of
Higher Education through Kyoto U n i v e r s i t y Research Team l e d by
P r o f s . Tomikawa and J . Tanaka f o r which I a m g r a t e f u l ) .
Roderick J McIntosh
Susan Keech McIntosh
NIGERIA
An a r c h a e o l o g i c a l s i t e of g r e a t p o t e n t i a l i n t e r e s t h a s f o r t h e
f i r s t time been r e p o r t e d from Yola i n Gongola S t a t e of Nigeria.
One
The
No f o l k memory of any s e t t l e m e n t i n t h i s a r e a of t h e
f i n d h a s however been e s t a b l i s h e d .
The Yola t e r r a - c o t t a head 17.8 cm high r e p r e s e n t s i n my opinion
an e x c e l l e n t l y s c u l p t e d head of an ape i n n a t u r a l i s t i c s t y l e .
This
T h i s head may w e l l r e p r e s e n t a n o u t l i e r o r a
I n essence it may be r e l a t e d t o t h e s u b - s t y l e
None
The following n o t e s
a r e presented i n chronological o r d e r of i n v e s t i g a t i o n of s i t e .
ISHIET EKIM
September 1971.
Ibibio area.
Lug with h o r i z o n t a l
Assi-Abang v i l l a g e , Calabar.
S i t e subsequently much d i s t u r b e d by
MBAK ITAM
EYANGA
ANAMBRA
STATE
Nicklin, K.
1977
P a r t r i d g e , C.L.
1905
Hutchinson, London.
I n t h e Shadow of t h e Bush.
Heinemann, London.
SOUTH AFRICA
The following note has been received from M r . M.L. Wilson of
t h e South A.frican Museum:
M r . Martin H a l l h a s been appointed t h e new Chief Archaeologist
at t h e South African Museum and w i l l t a k e up h i s d u t i e s i n October
1980. He plans t o continue t h e research i n t h e Agulhas r e g i o n
i n i t i a t e d by Frank Schweitzer.
M a t e r i a l Excavated
-.
Conclusions
From our p r e s e n t knowledge, p r i o r t o d e t a i l e d a n a l y s i s being done
on t h e excavated samples, we can g i v e a broad p i c t u r e of resource
e x p l o i t a t i o n of t h e former p r e h i s t o r i c i n h a b i t a n t s of t h e cave.
The cave i s n i c e l y s i t u a t e d on t h e ecotone of two systems:
a ) marine o r c o a s t a l , and b) t e r r e s t r i a l . The m a j o r i t y of t h e food
appears t o have been e x t r a c t e d from t h e c o a s t a l a r e a as marine animals
c o n s t i t u t e d t h e l a r g e s t proportion of t h e d i e t .
I n d i c a t i o n of such a q u a t i c mammals as Hippo suggest t h e v l e i
below t h e cave may have been somewhat g r a s s i e r t h a n t h e p r e s e n t t o
allow them t o g r a z e , but t h e d e t a i l e d b o t a n i c a l d e s c r i p t i o n of t h e
v l e i s t i l l remains t o be done and w i l l give u s a g r e a t e r c o n t r o l
over p o t e n t i a l mammalian h a b i t a t s once it i s completed.
The low frequency of t o o l s i s not s u r p r i s i n g as t h i s i s
c o n s i s t e n t with caves i n similar p o s i t i o n s along t h e c o a s t . It
would appear t h a t few f i n i s h e d t o o l s were-needed i n t h e e x p l o i t a t i o n
of marine r e s o u r c e s , s i n c e t h e l a r g e s t p r o p o r t i o n were gathered o r
scavenged, r a t h e r than hunted,
Once t h e d e t a i l e d a n a l y s i s i s completed a frequency d i s t r i b u t i o n
from t h e v a r i o u s l e v e l s through time can be p l o t t e d t o s e e i f any major
s h i f t s i n r e s o u r c e s can be recognized.
REFERENCES
Barnard, K . H .
1922
Divine, A.D.
1922
Goodwin, A . J . H .
South Africa"
VOL
27.
d ~ v e l o p m e n t i n t h i s l a r g e , a r c h a e o l o g i c a l l y unC.?ovn (trea.
Results,
On t h e western margin, t h e s i t e of
(1
Neal~thic.
The s i t e a t Shaqadud, sorrle t h i r t y m i l e s e a s t of t h e N i l e near t h e
On t h o b a s i c o f 5 1 ~ r f a survcy,
c~
he r e p o r t c d t h e presence o f
Fame
as judged by n r t i -
;1
top
:. 5
I t is
prehistory.
Of major s i g n i f i c a n c e i s t h a t i t i s a d e e p l y s t r a t i f i e d
as w e l l as perhaps
p l a y a w i t h t h r e e l o w t e r r a c e s a t t h e s o u t h e r n end.
(The t o t a l e l e v a t i o n a l
The two l o w e s t t e r r a c e s a r e
D r . J o e l S h i n e r o f Southern M e t h o d i s t U n i v e r s i t y .
A t t h a t t i m e numerous
Unfortunately, D r . Shiner
e t al.,
On the basis of
El Hagiz Group:
r,3.
1,000 B . C . ,
s t r u c t ~ ~ r e slocated
,
on the "steppe" a . 1 2 miles e a s t of the
Athara River.
But.ana Group:
c,3.
2,500 !3.C.,
ni.
Sites
One s i t e n e a r t h e Atbara
I\ nmbcr are i n
. ; l t ~
one o ~ nssion,
i
t h e b a s i c qroupings proposed by S h i n e r a r c p r o h a h l y a c c u r a t e .
There i s a s e r i e s o f s i t e s w i t h a t h i c k r e d d i s h p o t t e r y and r i c h
ground and chipped s t o n e assemblages which a r e found fronl t h e edge o f t h e
Atbara t o a t l e a s t t w e l v e m i l e s i n t o t h e steppe t o t h e e a s t .
These seen
i n c l u d i n g f i s h , ttlephant and l a r g e
nedr t h e Atbara f l o o d p l a i n .
as f o l l o w s :
1)
utilized, or i s this
r e a l l y a geoqraphic o u t l i n e r o f t h e "Sangodn"?
What i s t h e degree o f a d a p t i v e
3)
What was t h e n a t u r e o f t h e
a d a p t i v e p a t t e r n , s i n c e f i s h i n g c o u l d n o t have been c a r r i e d o u t
from a l l s i t e s ?
Is i t p o s s i b l e t h a t t h i s group r e p r e s e n t s t h e
e a r l i e s t m a n i f e s t a t i o n o f t h e present-day p a t t e r n of seasonal
s h i f t s f r o m t h e Atbara i n t o t h e Butana and back?
4)
Is
Even a very l o n g p r o j e c t i s u n l i k e l y
..
W
e a l s o had t o i n t e r v e n e v e r y r a p i d l y when houses were c o n s t r u c t e d
i n t h e modern town. A p a r t of t h e m e r o i t i c cemetery h a s been e x c a v a t e d .
T h i s r a t h e r poor area h a s n e v e r t h e l e s s f u r n i s h e d v e r y i n t e r e s t i n g
a n t h r o p o l o g i c a l i n f o r m a t i o n . The n e c r o p o l i s a p p e a r s t o be v e r y v a s t
f o r we found approximately 800 m e t e r s f u r t h e r n o r t h a n important s e r i e s
of m e r o i t i c b u r i a l s i t e s . Judging from t h e f u r n i s h i n g s of t h e s e tombs,
t h e y must d a t e from t h e 2nd t o t h e 4 t h c e n t u r i e s A..D. Thus, we a r e
d e a l i n g with a r e l a t i v e l y l a t e r p e r i o d and it can be assumed t h a t t h e
cemetery expanded from s o u t h t o n o r t h .
It i s i n t h e remains of t h e a n c i e n t c i t y t h a t we u n e a r t h e d t h e
chambers of t h e s e tombs d a t i n g from t h e end of t h e m e r o i t i c p e r i o d .
One of t h e b u r i a l chambers, c a r e f u l l y v a u l t e d , p o s s e s s e s a s p e c i a l
arrangement. On t h e descending passage t o t h e tomb, an amphora w a s
smashed at t h e time of t h e f u n e r a l ceremony, perhaps d u r i n g a banquet,
f o r c e r t a i n fragments of t h e broken v a s e were p u t i n t o t h e c l o s i n g
w a l l of t h e e n t r a n c e . I n s p i t e of e x t e n s i v e l o o t i n g , it i s s t i l l
p o s s i b l e t o r e c o n s t i t u t e t h e p o s i t i o n of t h e deceased woman. Her
jewels, s c a r a b b r a c e l e t s , s i l v e r r i n g s , a n k l e t s and p e a r l n e c k l a c e s ,
a r e p a r t of q u a l i t y f i n e r y . Other ceramic'wares complete t h i s
discovery.
The last weeks of t h e mission were devoted t o t h e p r e p a r a t i o n of
a s c i e n t i f i c f i l m f o r t h e Swiss t e l e v i s i o n network. Mr.Pierre Barde,
producer, considered t h a t a p r e s e n t a t i o n of t h e Kerma c i v i l i z a t i o n was
an e x c e l l e n t occasion t o i n c r e a s e t h e p u b l i c ' s awareness of t h e
Sudanese p a s t . T h i s f i l m i s b e i n g co-produced by t h e community of
French-speaking t e l e v i s i o n networks.
C h a r l e s Bonnet
E x t e n s i v e r e c o r d s of o r a l t r a d i t i o n s and t h e c u l t u r a l background
which p e r m i t s i t s i n t e r p r e t a t i o n were made around t h e Imatong Mountains
by J.M. and G.D. O f p a r t i c u l a r i n t e r e s t i s t h e d i s c o v e r y t h a t t h e
Lango, who occupy t h e Imatong an4 Dongatona r a n g e s , one s e c t i o n of
whom a r e r e l a t e d t o t h e Lango of Uganda, p r e s e r v e a n i n e t e e n t h c e n t u r y Latukan d i a l e c t no l o n g e r i n t e l l i g i b l e t o t h e Latuko p r o p e r .
Latuko i s an E a s t e r n N i l o t i c language w h i l s t both o r a l t r a d i t i o n and
a b r i e f d i a l e c t survey i n d i c a t e t h a t many s e c t i o n s of t h e Lango a r e
i n f a c t of Western N i l o t i c background.
John Mack a l s o attempted t o r e c o n s t r u c t former t r a d e l i n k s
amongst t h e peoples of E a s t e r n E q u a t o r i a and t o document contemporary
ones. From t h i s it h a s been p o s s i b l e t o e s t a b l i s h a n eastward movement of iron-working t e c h n i q u e s from t h e N i l e through t h e Latuka and
Lango a r e a and u l t i m a t e l y r e a c h i n g t o t h e Toposa, although archaeolog i c a l evidence f o r iron-working is l a c k i n g i n t h e Toposa r e g i o n . An
i n f l u e n c e from n o r t h e r n Uganda h a s a l s o been suggested i n b r i e f
i n t e r v i e w s w i t h Didinga i n f o r m a n t s .
A f t e r completing excavation and survey around Itohom t h e
a r c h a e o l o g i s t s r e c o n n o i t r e d a l o n g t h e e a s t bank of t h e N i l e about
100 kms both n o r t h and s o u t h of J u b a . I n t h e t s e t s e - i n f e s t e d woodl a n d s t o t h e s o u t h a c c e s s t o t h e banks of t h e r i v e r was d i f f i c u l t .
The local
This is the name used on the 1:250.000 map (NF-36-M).
people call it zbud (transcription from Dr. Herman Bell, Institute
for African and Asian Studies - Khartoum University).
2)
3)
As soon as we arrived in the area, we realised that it was an important archaeological site : some trenches dug for buildings had been
cutting through graves, and a large occupation mound had been disturbed and partly destroyed by bulldozers. Extensive areas had also been
flattened for the laying out of buildings. We succeeded in halting
the work under progress and we hurried back to Khartoum, where it was
decided that rescue work would have to start immediately.
The first campaign covered the whole of April 1976 (1). It was
quite dramatic, as we were working at the same time as the bulldozers,
and did not have any experience of the site. Nevertheless the results
were so striking that we easily obtained from the Shendi authorities
the authorisation to protect the site for another 10 months. This
allowed a second campaign of 3,5 months during the winter 1976-77 : it
was entirely devoted to the excavation of the main mound. As soon as
we stopped our work, in February 1977, the mound was finally destroyed
in front of our eyes.
Meanwhile we had realised that the destroyed area was not the
only archaeological one. The site was very extensive and traces of
human occupation were to be found in many places. A new campaign was
planned for October 1978, when the irrigation ~rojectwas supposed to
be finished. Unfortunately the bulldozers had just come back and once
again we had to use most of our time for rescue work. As destruction
was now occuring everywhere, we were granted money and necessary authorisations to protect the archaeological areas with fences for a total length of more than 2 kilometers.
The material we found during the first campaign was entirely of
Neolithic type ( 2 ) , except for two small pots, clearly Meroitic, which
were coming from another site (3). But when we started the work again,
at the beginning of the second campaign, it appeared that the mound in
squares 12-22 had been used intensively as a burial ground by the
Meroites. On the other hand it was also covering Neolithic graves as
well as a number of unidentified burials and a complete Muslim cemetery.
This gives an idea of the problems which arose during the excavations,
as we would find, going from top to bottom, in the most extreme cases,
the following remains :
1)
Geus 1976, Geus 1977b, Geus & Reinold 1979. The French Unit publishes every year a "Rapport Annuel d1Activit6"which is distributed free of charge. So far three have been issued (1975-1976;
1976-1977; 1977-1978) and a new one is scheduled for December 1979.
Anyone interested may send his address to the French Archaeological
Research Unit, Sudan Antiquities Service, P.O. Box 178, Khartoum.
2)
Cf. infra.
3)
Square 30. The site has been divided into squares measuring 50/50 m.
The wealth of the burial deposits, both in Neolithic and Meroitic graves,
although fascinating, contributed largely to add to the complexity of
the dig.
The Neolithic remains
So far Neolithic remains have been found in three areas :
As the excavations have just been started in square 107, only the
two first areas are going to be mentioned here. They provided us with
three main types of remains : - pot burials;
- pit burials;
- occupation debris.
Pot burials : They are very common in squares 12-22. Some pots are .
quite big and generally they are decorated. They contain the skeleton
of an infant or of a small child, in most cases disturbed, as well as
offerings, which may also be put outside the pot. These include beads,
shells, pots and ostrich eggs.
Pit burials : In both areas superimposed burials seem to have been a
general rule. Although the shape of the grave is not always very clear,
many burial pits were found to be circular or subcircular. The skeletons are in very poor conditions. All of them are more or less contracted, but the orientations differ from burial to burial. Some bear
traces of red ochre, and some personnal adornments like :
- beads of bone, carnelian stone, amazonite;
- nose or lip plugs;
- ivory anklets.
Sometimes the remains of what may have been a mat are found under the
burial.
In most cases the funerary deposits are important, including :
- pottery, decorated and undecorated;
- ostrich.,eggs ;
- Unio shells, some with serrated edges;
- polished hard stone palettes, axes, mace-heads, perforated
discs;
sandstone palettes, lower grindstones and upper grindstones;
bones;
voluntary broken quartz pebbles and chert flakes;
clay and sandstone figurines.
All these being sometimes organised as complex deposits.
Settlement : Few words only may be said about the settlement situated
in squares 12-22, as all the material collected from the occupation
debris through sieving is still kept in thousands of small bags. It
includes quartz, chert and sandstone fragments, as well as pottery
sherds and bones. The study will be started as soon as the work on
the graves, which requires fresher memory of the excavations, is
finished. Some of the most fragile and typical objects have been
isolated during the sieving. They include shell hooks, bone harpoons
and beads, some of them unfinished, as well as shells from well known
types of snails. On the other hand the microlithic industry is apparently quite poor, the finished tools being very few compared to the
extensive flaking.
Conclusion : It would be premature to propose definite conclusions
about a culture so far unknown, and whose contribution to the cultural
development in the Nile valley has certainly been of great importance.
The finds from el Kadada are quite different from the ~eolithic
material published by Arkell in Early Khartoum and esh Shaheinab.
Gouges are totally absent, the microlithic industry is quite poor and
polished finished tools are common. Yet both include amazonite beads,
Unio shells with serrated edges, shell hooks, and bone harpoons. As
far as pottery is concerned it seems to be much more related to what
is presented as possibZy o f protodynastic date in the same publications.
On the other hand it shows many affinities with the A-Group and C-Group
pottery of lower Nubia and it belongs certainly to the C-Horizon, as
defined by Trigger (1).
Nevertheless, in order to avoid confusions, we decided to give up
Arkell's terminology, as it could imply direct cultural relations with
Egypt, use of metal and drastic changes in the Neolithic development
of the central Sudan. This development has to be considered as a whole,
and el Kadada definitely belongs to it. Therefore the el Kadada remains are described as ~eolithic. So far, unfortunately, no C14 date
could be obtained from the samples collected.
The Meroitic graves
Up to now no trace of a Meroitic settlement has been found, but we
know that around el Kadada, in different places, mounds covered with
red bricks could be observed until recently. In fact the last of these
mounds was destroyed in 1976, just before our discovery of the site.
1)
Conclusion : Although el Kadada is situated in the heart of the Meroitic kingdom, the Meroitic graves are the first to be excavated outside
Meroe where, except for some units found by Garstang and unpublished (I),
only the royal and high rank burials have been excavated. Therefore
the Kadada graves add considerably to our knowledge of burial traditions
and material culture in the Meroitic times and show the importance and
wealth of the communities settled near the river in this specific area.
1)
REFERENCES
B.S.F.E.
C.R.I.P.E.L.
Geus, F.
1976
Geus, F.
1977a
Geus, F.
1977b
Geus, F.
1979
Geus, F. et
Reinold, J.
1979
Gratien, B.
1977
Trigger, B.
1976
Vercoutter, J.
1962
-.
~ e o l i t h i cp o t s from e l Kadada ( s c a l e 1 : 2 ) .
Notice of P u b l i c a t i o n s
Palaeoecology of A f r i c a
E d i t e d by E.M. van Zinderen Bakker S r and J . A .
Coetzee.
3 a r e o u t of p r i n t .
The E d i t o r s : D r s . J . A .
U n i v e r s i t y of t h e O.F.S.,