L7

- Rigi(ty, Out-of-Plane Walls

Shear Wall Rigidity

(Text 3.8.2)

Wall Rigidity
and
Out-of-Plane Walls
CENG 232 Lecture 7

For buildings with rigid

diaphragms, lateral loads

are distributed based on
relative stiffness of walls

Wall rigidity is the shear

required to cause a unit
deflection of the wall:

R=

Shear Wall Rigidity

Shear Wall Rigidity

(Text 3.8.2)

Deformations are due to:

Flexural deformation
Shear deformation
Foundation rotation or uplift

Assuming the shear wall is a

deep cantilever beam:

(Text 3.8.2)

For distribution of EQ loads, only

the relative rigidity is needed.

For walls with the same thickness,

relative rigidity is:

Ri =

VH 3 1.2VH
2H
+
+ F
3Em I
AEv
L

Youngs Modulus: Em = 900 fm

Shear Modulus:
Ev = 0.4Em
Foundation rotation is usually ignored

CENG 232 - Winter 2015

1
H 3
H
4 + 3
L i
L

The force resisted by each wall is:

Vi =

Ri
n

i=1

L7 - Rigi(ty, Out-of-Plane Walls

Shear Wall Rigidity

(Text 3.8.2)

If the top of the wall is

restrained from rotation

(fixed-fixed):

VH 3 1.2VH
+
12Em I
AEv

For walls with the same

thickness, relative rigidity is:

Ri =

1
H 3
H
+ 3
L
L

Load to each shear wall can be calculated

based on relative stiffness.

The walls of this school

have architectural CMU
veneer over loadbearing
CMU.

Determining relative stiffness can be

more difficult for walls with openings like this

CENG 232 - Winter 2015

L7 - Rigi(ty, Out-of-Plane Walls

Rigidity of Walls with Openings

(Text 3.8.2)

Modified stiffness for walls

with openings:

wall = solid wall solid strip + piers

Varying wall stiffness in a CMU building

Example 3.8.3: Rigidity of Walls with Openings

Example 3.8.3: Rigidity of Walls with Openings

Solution:

Wall broken into 6

segments

Relative rigidity found

for each

30 kip force is
distributed according
to relative rigidity

CENG 232 - Winter 2015

L7 - Rigi(ty, Out-of-Plane Walls

Out-of-Plane Loads on Walls

(Text 3.9)

Shear walls loaded out-

of-plane are not part of

the lateral-load resisting
system, and need only
support their own loads.

Because wall deflections

are comparable to the
wall thickness, P-
effects must be
considered.

Christchurch, New Zealand, 2011. An example of out-of-plane

failure of an unreinforced masonry wall.

Out-of-Plane Loads on Walls

(Text 3.9.1)

Out-of-plane EQ loads different

for structural and non-structural
walls.
Structural walls: part of lateral
load resisting system

Fp = 0.4SDS I W p
Fp min = 0.1 W p
SDS = design spectral response
acceleration in short period range
I = importance factor

Christchurch, New Zealand, 2011.

Failure of an reinforced masonry wall.

CENG 232 - Winter 2015

Wp = weight of wall

Non-structural: see text

section 3.9.1 for loads

L7 - Rigi(ty, Out-of-Plane Walls

Walls can be designed to span vertically, or

horizontally between vertical supports:

Out-of-Plane Loads on Walls

Effective
wall height
for design is
based on
supports:

Out-of-Plane Analysis of Slender Walls

(Text 5.5.1)

Out-of-plane wall design MSJC requirements valid if

one of the following is satisfied:
Pu 0.05 fm Ag
0.05 fm Ag < Pu 0.20 fm Ag ;

H
30
t

Pu = factored axial load at location of max moment

Ag = gross cross-sectional area
H = effective height of wall
This wall is being braced while under construction
to reduce its effective height.

CENG 232 - Winter 2015

t = wall thickness

L7 - Rigi(ty, Out-of-Plane Walls

Out-of-Plane Analysis of Slender Walls

(Text 5.5.1)

Equations based on pinned-

Out-of-Plane Analysis of Slender Walls

(Text 5.5.1)

Moment at the middle of the

pinned walls. Use equivalent

span for non-pinned walls.

wall is:

M=

Wall moments due to:

Lateral loads (w)
Eccentricity of floor loads (Pf)
of wall weight x parabolic

wH 2 Pf e
+
+ Pf + Pw
8
2

Note that the wall moment is

based on the wall deflection

(), which is based on the wall
moment.

shape deflection (Pw x 2/3)

(assumes parabolic deflected shape,

with top of wall c.g. at 2/3 of )

(an iterative process)

Cracked Section Properties:

Out-of-Plane Analysis:

Closed form solution for wall deflection

(Text 5.5.1)

Cracked moment:

M cr = Sn fr

See Table 1.6.2 for fr

Substitute wall moment equation into deflection

equation to get closed-form (no iteration) solution for
deflection:
Uncracked:

Cracked:

wH 2 Pf e
+
8
2
=
48Em I g

P
w + Pf
5H 2

Icr
wH 2 Pf e
+

M cr 1
2
Ig
8

=
48Em I g
Pw + Pf
5H 2

Cracked moment of inertia:

Icr = nAse (d c) +
2

n = modular ratio
P + As f y
Ase =
fy

CENG 232 - Winter 2015

bc 3
3

L7 - Rigi(ty, Out-of-Plane Walls

Design of Slender Walls

Design of Slender Walls

(Text 5.5.2)

After wall displacement and corresponding moment

are determined, the section can be designed.

Design requirements:
Out-of-plane moments including P- effects: M n M u

(Text 5.5.2)

One layer of reinforcing:

M n = As f y + Pu d

2
a=

As f y + Pu
0.8 fm b

Horizontal deflection at mid-height under service

(unfactored) loads, s, must be less than 0.007H.

Design of Slender Walls

(Text 5.5.2)

Two layers of reinforcing:

a
t

M n = As f y + Pu d
Pu d

2
2
a=

As f y + Pu
0.8 fm b

CENG 232 - Winter 2015

Design of Slender Walls: Effective Width

Maximum width of compression block is the smallest of:
1. Center to center of bar spacing
2. 6t (t = wall thickness)
3. 72 inches

For partially grouted walls, compression zone cannot include

the ungrouted part of the wall. Calculate T-beam shape
compression block.

L7 - Rigi(ty, Out-of-Plane Walls

Design of Slender Walls:

Max Reinforcement

Example: Design of Slender Walls

Strain in the reinforcing steel must be

at least 1.5 times the yield strain when
the masonry reaches its strain limit.

max =

As,max
bd

max = 0.64

fm
0.0025
P

fy 1.5 f y Es + 0.0025 bdfy

where = 1.5, mu = 0.0025

(see text 5.5.2 for derivation)

CENG 232 - Winter 2015