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The Conjunctions
Definition: a conjunction is a word which joins words, phrase or sentences together, is called Conjunction.
Or
A conjunction is a joining word: as
And, But, Yet, Untill, Because, Till, as well as, Unless, etc

SENTENCES:
1. Ahmed and Aslam are real brothers. (Joining two Nouns)
2. Qasim is fat but I am thin. (Joining a noun and a pronoun)
3. These are good as well as bad. (Joining Two Adjectives)
4. He writes quickly but Legibly. (Joining Two Adverbs)
5. Ali tried but failed.

Further Examples
1. Rahim and Karim (Here AND Joins Two words)
2. Along the street AND around the corners (Here AND Joins two Phrase)
3. Farida works badly but she play games well (Here BUT Joins two sentences)

KINDS OF CONJUNCTIONS
1. Co-ordinating Conjunctions
2. Sub-ordinating Conjunctions

1. Co-ordinating Conjunctions:
Definition: A co-ordinating Conjunction joins together two ndependant sentences or two equal rank; As.
1. Apples are sweet but oranges are sour.
2. Birds fly and fish swim.
3. He is a doctor and his father is a teacher.

MORE CO-ORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS:

So, Moreover, Nevertheless, And, However, Consequently, Besides, Either..or, Like wise, Yet, So, But,
Therefore, Also, Both.and, Neither..nor, Whether, Whereas, Still, Accordingly, Too, Not only.but also,
Otherwise, Else, ETC.

2. SUB ORDINATIONG CONJUNCTIONS:

Definition: A Sub-Ordinating conjunction joins a clause to an other on which it depends for its full meaning; As,
These Words are commonly used as subordinating Conjunctions.
After,In order (that), Unless, Although, insofar as, until, as, in that, as far as, lest, whenever, as soon as, no
matter, how, where, as if, now that, wherever, as though, once, whether, Because, Provided (that), while, before,
since, why, even if, so that, Even though, supposing (that), How, Than, If, That, in as much as, though, in
case(that), till.

SOME MORE SUB-ORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS

After, That, Till, As, While, Because, Though, Before, When, Lest, If, Although, Unless, Where.

Conjunction That shows Time :

When, After, Before, While, Until, As soon as, As long as, since, etc.

Conjunction That shows Purpose :

That, So that, Provided that, Lest, In order that.

Conjunction That shows Reason/ cause :

Before, As, For, Since, ETC

Conjunction That shows Request/ Consequence :

Such .. that

Conjunction That shows Condition :

If , Provided that, unless,

Conjunction That shows Place :

Where , wherever,

Conjunction That shows Comparison :

AsAs, So..as, No less.than, As much as, than.

Conjunction That shows Limit / Extent :

As long as, As far as, Asso.

CORELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS AND THEIR USE:

Co-relative Conjunctions:
Definition: Conjunctions which are used in pairs, are called as co-relative Conjunctions; As
1. Not only but also.
2. No sooner.than.
3. Both ..and.
4. Either.or
5. Neither..nor
6. Though..yet
7. Whether..or
8. Scarcely.when
9. Rather.than
10. Such .. as
11. Sothat
12. So as
13. Too..to
14.The..the
15.As well as

USE OF ( NOT ONLY BUT ALSO )

Not only must be followed by But also
1. Not only can he read but also write.
2. Not only is she foolish but also obstinate.
3. He is not only intelligent but also hard working.
4. They were not only punished but also fined.
5. He is not only poor but also an honest person.

USE OF ( NO SOONERTHAN )
1. No sooner do I do the sum than I show it to the teacher.
2. No sooner does the bell ring than the student enter the class room.
3. No sooner did the guard whistles than the train starts.
4. No sooner had they left the house than it began to rain.

USE OF ( BOTH.AND )
If two or more than two singular subjects are joined by Both.and, the verb is plural as,
1. We both love and respect him
2. Both my father and mother are going abroad.
3. He is both a fool and a knave.

USE OF ( EITHER OR )
If two or more than two singular nouns or pronouns are joined by Either.or, the verb will agree to the second
subject as:
1. Either Ali or his brother is mistaken
2. Either I or you are mistaken
3. Either do it or leave it.
4. Either he or I am in the right
5 Either I or he is in the wrong.

USE OF ( NITHER ..NOR)

If two or more than two singular subjects are joined by Neither..nor, that verb will agree to the second
subject ; As,
1. Neither I nor he is ready to welcome him.
2. Neither he nor I am ready to welcome him.

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3. Neither he nor I am a doctor.
4. Neither she nor he is wise.

USE OF ( ALTHOUGH ..YET )

Although or though may or may not be followed by yet; but it is never followed y But
1. Though he is ill yet he come to school
2. Although he is poor yet he is honest.
3. Though he is suffering much pain, yet he does not complain.

REMEMBER:
After THOUGH word YET may or may not come but, BUT can not come.
1. Though he is poor but he is honest. (Wrong)
2. Though he is poor (yet) he is honest.(Correct)
3. Although he is proud but he is very kind to me. (Wrong)
4. Although he is proud (yet) he is very kind to me. (Correct)

USE OF ( WHETER..OR )
Whether must be followed by or, as:
1. I do not care whether you help or not.
2. I do not care whether you go or stay.
3. We shall help the needy whether they like it or not.
4. He will fight with the enemy whether you help him or not.

USE OF ( HARDLY/ SCARCELY..WHEN )

Hardly must be followed by when, as,
1. I had hardly stepped out of my home, when the rain stopped.

USE OF ( WOULD RATHER..THAN )

Would rather is followed by than ;As,
1. I would rather die than beg.
2. Hafeez would rather resign than take bribe.
3. I would rather fail than copy.

USE OF ( SUCH.AS )
Such must be followed by As; As,
1. I like such boys as are very honest.
2. Such people as are dishonest should be kept off.
3. I like such books as are interesting.

USE OF ( SO..THAT )
SO is followed by That, As,
1. I am so weak that I can not walk a step further.
2. He is so rude that we can not talk with him further.

USE OF ( SO ..AS )
SO must be followed by AS, as,
1. She is not so clever as her brother.
2. I am not so intelligent as my brother.
3. You are not so healthy as your friend.

USE OF ( AS WELL AS )
When two or more than two singular subjects will be joined by as well as, the verb will agree to the first
Subject, As,
1. He as well as I am doing sums (Wrong)
2. He as well as I am doing sums
3. We as well as she has made a mistake (wrong)
4. We as well as she have made a mistake
5. Ali, as well as I am ill.
I as well as Ali are ill.

SOME IMPORTANT CONJUNCTIONS AND THEIR USAGE

USE OF ( AS .IF

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As If must be followed by the verb were other wise the sentence will be wrong; As,
1. Hafeez speaks English fluently as if it was his mother tongue.(Wrong )
Hafeez speaks English fluently as if it were his mother tongue.
2. He sang as if he was born a singer.
He sang as if he were born a singer.
3. She talked as if she was ill.
She talked as if she were ill.

USE OF ( LEST )
LEST means so that not and it must be followed by SHOULD otherwise the sentence will be wrong; As,
1. Walk carefully lest you fall. ( Wrong)
Walk carefully lest you should ( so that you should not ) fall (correct)
2. Run fast lest you miss the bus ( Wrong)
Run fast lest you should (so that you should not ) miss the bus. (correct)

USE OF ( UNLESS )
UNLESS means IF NOT. It expresses negative purpose, and other NOT should be used; As,
1. Unless you run fast (if you not run fast) you can not catch the train.
2. Unless you work hard (if you do not work hard you can not pass the examination.
3. Unless you struggle (if you do not struggle) you can not succeed in life.

USE OF ( SO THAT / IN ORDER TO

)
1. I come to you so that you help me.
2. He went to the hospital in order to seek medical advice.
3. Quaid-e-Azam strove hard so that he may achieve Paksitan.
4. He is poor so that he can not join the college.

USE OF SOME OTHER IMPORTANT WORDS

USE OF (AS FAR AS

As Far As show EXTENT and is always used in the beginning of the sentence; As,
1. As far as I know, he is and arrogant person
2. As far as I know Aslam bear a good moral character.
3. As far as I know, she is a poor.

USE OF ( AS LONG AS )
As long as God is with me, none can do me any harm.
As long as you support me, none can dare to fight with me.

USE OF ( COME WHAT MAY )

1. I will help him come what may.
2. He shall kidnap the boy come what may.

USE OF (HOWEVER

1. However hard you may work, you can not pass.

2. However fast you may run, you will miss the train.
3. However weak you may be, you must appear in the exam.
4. However cold it may be, we will go out.

USE OF ( NOT TO TALK OF / NOT TO SPEAK OF )

1. Not to talk of working hard, he wastes his time.
2. Not to talk of eating , he can not drink even water.
3. Not to talk of walking, she can not even move.

USE OF ( FAR FROM

Far from helping the poors, he looks down upon them.

USE OF ( HAD BETTER

)
You had better vacate this house.
He had better come to terms with the enemy.

USE OF (BUT FOR

)
But for your help, I would have failed.
(But for your help means Had you not helped me )

USE OF ( HAVING

Having done my work I went to Lahore.

Having taken tea I went to school.
Having written the letter I dropped it into the letter box.

USE OF (AS SOON AS )

As soon as I saw the lion I began to tremble with fear.