Transcript of "Speech mechanism"

1. 1. ENG THE SPEAKING103 PROCESS

2. 2. Stages of the Speaking Process:Breathing stage Phonation stage Resonation stage
Articulation stage
3. 3. BREATHING STAGE
4. 4. Breathing, which isprimarily concerned with maintaining life, is secondarily a forceassisting
in vocalization.It consists of two phases --- inhalation and exhalation.
5. 5. LUNGS Serve as the reservoir of air As you inhale, fill the lungs comfortably in
preparation for speaking.
6. 6. Diaphragm A large sheet of muscle separating the chest cavity from the abdomen Forms
the floor of the chest and the roof of the abdomen Gives pressure to the breath stream
7. 7. BREATHING EXERCISE: 1. Sit up straight. Exhale. 2. Inhale and, at the same time,
relax the belly muscles. Feel as though the belly is filling with air. 3. After filling the belly,
keep inhaling. Fill up the middle of your chest. Feel your chest and rib cage expand. 4. Hold
the breath in for a moment, then begin to exhale as slowly as possible. 5. As the air is slowly
let out, relax your chest and rib cage. Begin to pull your belly in to force out the remaining
breath. 6. Close your eyes, and concentrate on your breathing. 7. Relax your face and
mind. 8. Let everything go. 9. Practice about 5 minutes.
8. 8. PHONATION STAGE
9. 9. Phonation takes place whenvoice is produced in speaking as the expiratory air stream
from the lungs goes up through the trachea or windpipe to the larynx.
10. 10. Larynx Principal organ of phonation Found at the top of the trachea Protuberance is
known as the Adams apple
11. 11. Vocal Cords A pair of bundles of muscles and cartilages Open and close at various
degrees
12. 12. Trachea Also known as windpipe Passageway of air going up from the lungs
13. 13. PHONATION EXERCISE Think about blowing out birthday candles. Begin to blow and
then turn the breath into an "ooo" sound on a comfortable pitch. Feel the tone begin in the
breathing muscles. Repeat
14. 14. RESONATION STAGE
15. 15. The voice produced in phonation is weak. It becomes strong and rich only when
amplified and modified by the human resonators. Resonation isthe process of voice
amplification and modification.
16. 16. Pharynx Common passageway for air and food Located behind the nose and mouth
and includes the cavity at the back of the tongue Divisions of the pharynx: Nasal pharynx
Oral pharynx Laryngeal pharynx
17. 17. Nose Consists of the external and internal portions Nostrils openings of the external
nose Nasal cavity internal nose; directly behind the external nose through which the air
passes on its way to the pharynx Septum divides the external and internal nose into two
separate passageways

18. 18. Mouth Divided into the vestibule and the oral cavity proper Vestibule felt by placing
the tongue tip outside the teeth but inside the lips Oral cavity felt by retracting the tongue,
closing the jaws and moving the tongue about
19. 19. rESONATORS: Upper part of the larynx Oral pharynx cavity Nasal cavity
20. 20. RESONATION EXERCISE: Pronounce the letters according to its size. (biggest letters
mean loudest sounds)a a e e o uo b i i m nu m m b p pb p t l n oa k h h b v
21. 21. RESONATION EXERCISE: Read the black syllables softest and the red syllables
loudest.Pa pa pa pa pa pa pa pa paMa ma ma ma ma ma ma ma maLa la la la la la la la
laTa ta ta ta ta ta ta ta taBa ba ba ba ba ba ba ba baFa fa fa fa fa fa fa fa faVa va va va va va
va va va
22. 22. ARTICULATION STAGE
23. 23. Articulation occurs when thetone produced in the larynx ischanged into specific sounds.
This is the result of themovement of the articulators towards the points of articulation.
24. 24. Lips Highly flexible Can be moved into numerous positions essential to articulation
25. 25. Teeth Serve as important surfaces in articulation Embedded in the alveolar ridge or
gum ridges of the oral cavity
26. 26. Dome Also known as the hard palate Bony roof of the mouth Serves as an important
surface against which the tongue makes contact
27. 27. Uvula Small nub on the lower border of the soft palate Movable tip at the midline of the
free border of the soft palate
28. 28. Velum Also known as the soft palate Separates the nasal pharynx from the oral cavity
A flexible curtain attached along the rear border of the hard palate
29. 29. Tongue Flexible organ consisting of muscles, glands and connective tissues Parts of
the tongue: Apex or tip Blade Front Center Back root
30. 30. articulators Lower jawUvula Lower lip Velum Tongue
31. 31. Upper lip Upper teeth Points of Upperarticulation alveolar ridge Hard palate Soft palate
32. 32. ARTICULATION EXERCISE
33. 33. ARTICULATION EXERCISE

The components of speech production...

It is important to understand the mechanisms of speech
production because almost always speech is affected by
hearing loss. Here is a basic overview of what takes place
inside our bodies during the act of speech production.
The steady stream of air as we exhale is the energy source for
speech production. Sounds which come from our mouth, or
even our nose, are the result of interruptions of a stream of air
moving from the lungs through:
--trachea
--larynx
--pharynx

--oral cavity
--nasal cavity
The speech process itself consists of 3 structures:
1.) Structure of respiration
2.) Structure of resonation
3.) Structure of articulation
The first structure, structure of respiration, is the structure
which is our power source to speak. The exhaled air is our
energy source for speech. The organs involved in respiration
are the trachea, rib cage, thorax, abdomen, diaphragm, and
lungs.
How it works:
Our lungs first expand which creates negative pressure and
makes air available for speaking. Then to actually speak, our
lungs deflate and our rib cage contracts forcing the air out, up
into our trachea.
The second structure, structure of resonation, is the
structure which vibrates/makes sound. The organs invovled in
this structure are the larnyx, and the vocal cords/folds. The
vocal cords are part of the larynx. The vocal cords are the
organ responsible for sound!
How it works:
When we talk, the vocal cords open and close rapidly.
Air travels up the larynx, causing pressure to build up which
causes the vocal cords to be pushed apart. A reduction of
pressure causes the vocal cords to be pulled back together.
This vibration (pushing/pulling of the vocal cords) is what is
responsible for making sound (pitch and loudness). The
larynx also acts as a gate between the lungs and mouth. It
opens and closes to control the flow of air from the lungs. The
larynx also closes so that food or liquid do not enter the
trachea and lungs. Hence the saying, "It went down the wrong
pipe."
The third structure, structure of articulation, is responsible
for creating different sounds of speech. The joining together of
speech organs for production of speech sounds is called
articulation. The organs involved in this structure is everything
from the lips up to the vocal cords. This includes the lips,
teeth, tongue, alveolar ridge, soft/hard pallate, and jaw.
How it works:
By moving and shaping these articulators, it enables us to
produce different speech sounds.
In brief, the air flow from the lungs provides energy for speech
production, which in turn allows for the vocal cords to convert
this energy into an audible noise. The articulators--through
altering the shape of the vocal tract--transform the noise into
detectable speech sounds.

Speech Mechanisms

the conventional term for the system of psychophysiological prerequisites that enable a human being to m
ake meaningful utterances and tounderstand anothers speech.
Speech mechanisms are based on physiological systems that develop in man as a result of objectdirected activity and association withother people, and that are impossible without certain innate abilities
and skills (for example, proper coordination of articulation, syllable-formation, and correct breathing). The
systemic localization of speech functions in the cerebral cortex makes possible the differentpsychophysiol
ogical conditionality for the same (as regards linguistic structure) speech utterances. Speech mechanisms
are studied by thephysiology and psychology of speech; and, in terms of their linguistic structure of uttera
nces, they are studied by psycholinguistics andneurolinguistics.