ELETRICAL MEASURMENT LAB-330

SEMESTER 3
1.MEASUREMENT OF SINGLE PHASE POWER AND POWER FACTOR
USING THREE AMMETERS.
AIM
To measure the power and power factor of the given R-L circuit using three Ammeters.
(Without using Wattmeter)
APPARATUS REQUIRED:Sl No

Apparatus

1
2
3
4
5

Ammeter
Voltmeter
Rheostat
Autotransformer
Transformer

Specification

Quantity

THEORY
Power factor is the cosine of the angle between phase voltage and current. The maximum
value of power factor is unity, i.e. for pure resistive load and minimum value is zero.ie for pure
inductive load (lagging) or pure capacitive load (leading).
For an R-L circuit, the current lags voltage by certain angle, which is called the power
factor angle .
The vector diagram is shown in figure. Voltage V is taken as the reference, I2is in phase
with V (since current through pure resistance- in phase with V,), I3 lags behind V by angle ,
(since R-L circuit), I1 is the vector sum of I2 and I3.
1 2 = (2 + 3 )2 + ( 3 )2
= 2 2 + 3 2 2 + 22 3 + 3 2 2
= 2 2 + 3 2 + 22 3

 = ( 1 2 2 2 3 2 )/22 3
= 2
, = 3
= 2 3 ( 1 2 2 2 3 2 )/22 3
=

( 1 2 2 2 3 2 )
2

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as in the connection diagram.
2. Check the connections and correct the mistake if any.
3. Switch on the supply
4. First note the reading in the Voltmeter, then gradually increase the input voltage and take
the corresponding readings in all the three meters. Tabulate.
5. Calculate the results accordingly.

RESULT
Power =

Power factor =

OBSERVATION
Sl No

V/m
I1
I3
Power=
I2
ReadingR/2(I12-I22-I32)
Amps Amps Amps
Volts

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

PF=
(I12-I22-I32)/2 I2I3

2.MEASUREMENT OF SINGLE PHASE POWER AND POWER FACTOR

USING THREE VOLTMETERS.
AIM
To measure the power and power factor of the given R-L circuit using three voltmeters.
(Without using Wattmeter)
APPARATUS REQUIRED
Sl No

Apparatus

1
2
3
4
5

Ammeter
Voltmeter
Rheostat
Autotransformer
Transformer

Specification

Quantity

THEORY
Power factor is the cosine of the angle between phase voltage and current. The maximum value
of power factor is unity, i.e. for pure resistive load and minimum value is zero.ie for pure
inductive load (lagging) or pure capacitive load (leading).
For an R-L circuit, the current lags voltage by certain angle, which is called the power factor
angle .
The vector diagram is shown in figure. Voltage V is taken as the reference, I2is in phase with V (
since current through pure resistance- in phase with V,), I3 lags behind V by angle , (since R-L
circuit), I1 is the vector sum of I2 and I3.
V12= (V2+V3Cos)2+ ( V3Sin)2
= V22+V32Cos2+2V2V3Cos+V32Sin2
= V22+V32+2 V2V3 Cos
... PF=( V12-V22-V32)/2 V2V3

We have V2= IR
So, Power Consumed by the load= V3ICos
= ( V12-V22-V32)/2 R
Power =( V12-V22-V32)/2 R

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the circuit as in the connection diagram.
2. Check the connections and correct the mistake if any.
3. Switch on the supply
4. Adjust the autotransformer and take all meter readings.
5. Calculate the results accordingly.

RESULT

Power =

Power factor =

OBSERVATION
Sl No

V/m
V1
V3
Power=
V2
Reading(V12-V22-V32)/2R
Amps
Amps
Amps
Volts

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

PF=
(V12-V22V32)/2V2V3

3. SINGLE PHASE POWER MEASUREMENT BY USING WATTMETER

AIM
To measure the single phase power consumed by the load using a wattmeter and to calculate the
power factor
APPARATUS REQUIRED:Sl No

Apparatus

1
2
3
4
5

Autotransformer
Voltmeter
Ammeter
Wattmeter
Lamp load

Specification

Quantity

THEORY
Electric power is the rate at which electric energy is transferred by an electric circuit.
The SI unit of power is the watt. there are three types of ac power
Apparent power
It is the product of RMS value of applied voltage and current. S = VI KVA
Active power
It the power actually consumed in a ac circuit. P = V Icos KW
Reactive power
This power is due to the reactance of the circuit. Q = VIsin KVAR
By wattmeter method the active power of the circuit is measured.
PROCEDURE
1. Connect the circuit as in the connection diagram.
2. Check the connections and correct the mistake if any.

3. Switch on the supply

4. First note the reading in the Voltmeter, then one by one increase the load and take the
corresponding readings in all the meters. Tabulate them.
= / /

( / / /)
.

5. Calculate the results accordingly.

RESULT
Power=
Power factor=

OBSERVATION
Sl.
No

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

= (/)

4. MEASUREMENT OF THREE PHASE POWER AND POWER FACTOR USING

TWO WATTMETERS

AIM
To measure the input power and determine power factor of a balanced three phase load using two
W/ms.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:Sl No

Apparatus

1
2
3
4
5

Three phase autotransformer

Voltmeter
Ammeter
Wattmeter
Rheostat

Specification

Quantity

THEORY:
.
. .
. / .
. / .

Two W/m Method: - (Balanced load)

.
.
/ =
= ( + ) = ( + )
=
= =
( )
= ( )
= = =

 = = =
3 .
+ = ( ) + ( + )
= [ ( ) + ( + )]
= .
= . /.
= . = .
= ( ) ( + )
= [ ( ) ( + )]
= . .
= . /. .
= .

= [ (

.
3

+

1
3

tan

)]

PROCEDURE
1. Connections are made as shown in the circuit diagram
2. Keep the autotransformer at minimum position
3. Adjust the autotransformer till the voltmeter reads 400v
4. Take the corresponding v/m, a/m and w/m readings.
5. Tabulate the readings and calculate the power and power factor

RESULT:
Power=
Power factor=

OBSERVATION
Sl no

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

W1

W2

W1+W2 W2-W1

5. VERIFICATION OF KCL&KVL
AIM
To verify KCL&KVL in dc circuits
APPARATUS REQUIRED

Sl No

Apparatus

1
2
3
4

Autotransformer
Voltmeter
Ammeter
Rheostat

Specification

Quantity

THEORY
()
.
=
()

,
, + =

PROCEDURE
1. Connect the circuit as in the connection diagram.
2. Check the connections and correct the mistake if any.
3. Switch on the supply
4. Vary the autotransformer
5. Take all meter readings& tabulate
6. Verify kcl & kvl

RESULT
Verified Kirchhoffs current law &voltage law

OBSERVATION
Sl no

V1

V2

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

V3

V2+V3

I1

I2

I3

I2+I3

6. CALIBRATION OF WATTMETER USING VOLTMETER AND AMMETER.

AIM
To calibrate the given single phase wattmeter using standard voltmeter and ammeter. Draw the
Calibration and error curves.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:Sl No

Apparatus

1
2
3
4

Voltmeter
Ammeter
Wattmeter
Lamp load

Specification

Quantity

THEORY
Calibration of wattmeter means standardizing of meter and finding out the error. A
wattmeter is a device that is constructed out of pressure coil and current coil. The pressure coil is
connected in parallel with the circuit, and current coil in series with the circuit. The current coil
has low resistance connected in series with the ammeter.
There are Induction type (used in AC measurements only) and Dynamometer type
wattmeter (used in both AC & DC measurements).
= .

/
=
.
= / /
,
, .
% =

100

PROCEDURE
1. Connect the circuit as shown in figure
2. Checked the connections and given the supply.

3. Varied the load and taken the corresponding readings.

4. Calculated the true power, recorded power and % error at the different loads.
5. Plotted the graphs of true power Vs recorded power and % error Vs recorded power.
RESULT: Plotted the graphs of recorded power Vs true power and % error Vs recorded power.

OBSERVATION

Sl
No

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

/ / .

8. POLARITY TEST AND TURN`S RATIO TEST ON SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER

AIM:
To conduct polarity test, and determine turn`s ratio, transformation ratio, and magnetizing component of
No Load current of single phase transformer
APPARATUS

Sl No

Apparatus

1
2
3
4
5

Voltmeter
Ammeter
Wattmeter
Transformer
autotransformer

Specification

Quantity

THEORY
= / .
= / = /
= . . . . , = . . . , = /
= . . . / . . . = /

, / = /
, = , = / , = ( / )
=
PROCEDURE
1) Polarity test.
1. Connections are made as shown in figure (1)
2. Checked the connections and given a specified voltage to primary.
3. Noted the volt meter reading and verified the polarity of the transformer.ie If the
voltmeter reading in the inter connected voltmeter is greater than the input voltage, and
then the polarity is additive, So Opposite polarity on the other adjacent terminal on
secondary.

4. Interchanged the connections to confirm first determined polarity.

Turn`s ratio and transformation ratio;

1. Connections are made as in figure (2)
2. Checked the connections and given the supply gradually from minimum voltage to rated
voltage of primary using autotransformer.
3. Noted the V/m readings on primary and secondary and the A/m and W/m reading when
applying the rated primary voltage.
4. Calculate the turns ratio of the transformer
RESULT
Checked the polarity and determined the turns ratio transformation ratio, and magnetizing
component of no load current of 115/220V, 1 KVA transformers.
Turns ratio=

Transformation ratio=

OBSERVATION

Sl No

Prim. V/m
reading E1

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Sec. V/m
reading E2

Watt meter
reading W0

A/m
reading I0

Turns ratio

Transf.
ratio =K

9. ENERGY METER CALIBRATION BY DIRECT LOADING

AIM
To calibrate the energy meter by direct loading.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:Sl No

Apparatus

1
2
3
4
5

Voltmeter
Ammeter
Wattmeter
Lamp load
Energy meter

Specification

Quantity

THEORY
The process of comparing of an instrument with standard or absolute instrument is called
calibration. The energy meter records the energy consumed in KWH. Let be the number
of revolutions of the disc. Is the revolution per KWH (meter constant).
Recorded energy=
The true energy=/
%error= ( )/ 100
PROCEDURE
1.
2.
3.
4.

Connections are made as per the circuit diagram

Keep the autotransformer at minimum position and switch on the supply
Adjust the autotransformer to the rated voltage of the energy meter
Adjust the load to a suitable value and note the corresponding w/m reading and time
taken for 5 revolution of energy meter disc
5. Repeat the step no 4 after increasing the load
6. Tabulate the readings and calculate the %error
RESULT

Calibrated the given single phase energy meter by direct loading at UPF and plotted the error
curve

OBSERVATION
Sl no

v/m in A/m in No. of w/m in Time in True

volt
amps
rev
watts
sec
energy

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Actual
energy

%error

10. CALIBRATION OF WATTMETER BY PHANTOM LOADING

AIM
To calibrate the given single phase wattmeter by phantom loading at UPF and at 0.5pf

APPARATUS REQUIRED:Sl No

Apparatus

1
2
3
4

Voltmeter
Ammeter
Wattmeter
Lamp load

Specification

Quantity

THEORY
When current rating of the meter under test is high, a test with actual loading
arrangements involves considerable waste of power. Phantom loading consists of supplying
the pressure circuit with required normal voltage and the current circuit from a low voltage
supply. the total power required for testing the meter with phantom loading is comparatively
very small.
PROCEDURE
At UPF
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Connections are made as shown in diagram

The rated voltage applied across pressure coil
Keep the autotransformer at its minimum position and switch on the power supply.
Adjust the autotransformer for various values of current from minimum to maximum
Take all meter readings and time taken for 5revolution of E/M disc
Plot error and calibration curve

At 0.5pf lag
1. Connect the pressure coil across N&Y and CC in R phase

2. Repeat the same procedure mentioned above

3. Plot the error and calibration curve
RESULT
The given single phase energy meter is calibrated at UPF and 0.5 lag by phantom loading

OBSERVATION
PF

UPF
0.5
LAG

v/m

A/m

Time for Recorded

5rev
of power=
5 3600
E/M disc

KWH

Actual
power
cos
/1000

Error
%error=

11. MEASUREMENT OF INDUCTANCE USING WATTMETER

AIM
To measure the inductance and power factor of the given coil.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:Sl No

Apparatus

1
2
3
4

Voltmeter
Ammeter
Wattmeter
Inductive coil

Specification

Quantity

THEORY
Inductance is the property of a circuit or a component to oppose the change in current
through it. An induction coil has a small resistance and an inductive reactance.
XL =
But XL=2fL

I.e., L=

Power factor of the coil=

PROCEDURE
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Connections are made as shown in diagram

Keep the autotransformer in the minimum position and switch on the supply
Adjust the autotransformer into rated voltage
Note all meter readings
Tabulate the reading and calculate the inductance and pf of the coil

RESULT
Inductance=
Power factor=

OBSERVATION
Sl no

V/m

A/m

W/m

Z=V/I

R= 2

XL
L=
2
2
= XL 2

Pf=