The bus admittance matrix [Ybus]

2
1
-1
1

1
1

YBUS =

Jan-May 2009

-1

-1

-1

-1

-1

-1

Power Systems Analysis ECNG 3012

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Changes in the system [Ybus]

Remove a line.
Equivalent

to adding a line in parallel to the

one to be removed with y = -yline
Diagonal yline
ii & jj
Off-diagonal
+yline
ij & ji

Add a line.

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Power Systems Analysis ECNG 3012

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Changes in the system [Ybus]

Remove a bus

Assume we are interested only in m buses in

a system with n buses (m<n)
IBUS =

Ia

Ib
Jan-May 2009

Ia

Ib

n-m

VBUS =

Yaa Yab

Va

Yabt Ybb

Vb

Power Systems Analysis ECNG 3012

Va

Vb

n-m

[Ia] = [Yeq] [Va]

And Ib = 0
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Changes in the system [Ybus]

Ib = 0 = YabtVa + YbbVb
Vb = -Ybb-1 Yabt Va
KRONS
REDUCTION

Then:
Ia= YaaVa + YabVb
= YaaVa + Yab(-Ybb-1YabtVa)
Ia = [Yaa YabYbb-1Yabt]Va
Ia = [YBUSEQUIV] Va

[YBUSEQUIV] = Yaa YabYbb-1Yabt

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Power Flow

Operation point of the

system.
Steady State.
Given conditions of
generation, load &
configuration: Operation
Point
Buses
Branches

(V/)
(P, Q)

Solve Equations (Balance generation and load)

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Power Flow Main Objectives

To calculate P&Q flow through elements.

Observe power flow and check overloads.
Effects of contingencies.
Effects of configuration changes.

To calculate voltage magnitude and angle on buses.

Quality of service.
Strategies to operate elements with voltage control ( Taps, Exc.
Generator , Capacitors.)

To design the optimal operation & distribution of

loads.

To define operation guidelines.

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Power Flow

V1

SG1

V2

SG2

V3

SD1

SD3

V5

V4
SD4
Jan-May 2009

SG3

SD5

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Power Flow Basics

Basic
Equations

Power Balance on each node

Power Balance for the system
Sinput = Soutput
SGEN = SLOADS + SLOSSES
S = P + jQ

(Generated real power is calculated with economic dispatch)

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Power Flow
Vg/

Vc/00

R + jX

P+P
Q+Q

P + jQ

Vg

IX

Vc

IR

We want:
V =f(P,Q)
V = f(P,Q)

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Power Flow
Vg2 = (Vc +V)2 + (V)2
Vg2 = (Vc + RI cos + IX sin )2 + (IX cos - RI sin )2
P = VcI cos

; Q = VcI sin

Vg2 = Vc + RP + XQ
Vc
Vc
V = RP + XQ
Vc
If R<< X
Jan-May 2009

+ XP - RQ
Vc
Vc

V = XP RQ
Vc
V = XQ / Vc ; V = XP / Vc
Power Systems Analysis ECNG 3012

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Power Flow

If load P increases

increases

If load Q increases

Vc reduces

Real power flow

Reactive power flow |Vsending end| >|Vreceiving end|

Jan-May 2009

sending end > receiving end

Power Systems Analysis ECNG 3012

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Power Flow - Definitions

At each bus:Vk (Voltage magnitude), k (Voltage angle),

Pk (Total injected real power), Qk(Total injected reactive
power)
Reduced number of unknowns. Assumptions:

At most generator buses, the active power PG is controlled (by

speed governor) and the voltage magnitude is controlled (by the
voltage regulator). Treat these as known.

At most load buses, a reasonable approximation is that the load

active and reactive power demand PD and QD are known.

At one generator bus, leave the active power as a variable (to

make up system losses).

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Power Flow Bus Types

Load bus (PQ)

known

real (P) and reactive (Q) power injections

Voltage controlled bus (PV)

known

real (P) power injection and the voltage

magnitude (V)

Slack bus (swing bus)

known

voltage magnitude (V) and voltage angle ()

must have one generator as the slack bus
takes up the power slack due to losses in the network
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Power Flow Bus Types

LOAD (PQ)

Pk, Qk
Vk, k
Loads, transformer buses

VOLTAGE CONTROLLED (PV)

Given:
Unknown:
Example:

Given:
Unknown:
Example:

Pk, Vk
Qk, k
Generation buses, reactive power
compensation buses

SLACK(V )

Given:
Unknown:

Jan-May 2009

Vk, k
Pk, Qk
Power Systems Analysis ECNG 3012

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Power Flow Equations

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Power Flow Equations

The equations are nonlinear algebraic equations.
There are n-1 unknown phase angles ( all but the slack bus
which is given as 0).
There are n-m unknown voltage magnitudes (all but the PV and
slack buses, which total m).
Multiple solutions are possible.
Solutions may fail to exist.
Numerical method may fail.
Well designed system will usually only have only one realistic
solution.
Jan-May 2009

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Power Flow Gauss-Seidel

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Power Flow Gauss- Seidel

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Power Flow Gauss-Seidel

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Power Systems Analysis ECNG 3012

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Power Flow Gauss-Seidel

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Power Flow Gauss-Seidel

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Power Flow Gauss-Seidel

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Power Flow Gauss-Seidel

Complete set of equations

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Power Flow Gauss-Seidel

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Power Flow Gauss-Seidel

System characteristics
Since

both components (V & ) are specified

for the slack bus, there are 2(n - 1) equations
which must be solved iteratively.
For the load buses, the real and reactive
powers are known: scheduled
the voltage magnitude and angle must be
estimated.
in per unit, the nominal voltage magnitude is 1 p.u.
the angles are generally close together, so an
initial value of 0 degrees is appropriate.

Jan-May 2009

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Power Flow Gauss-Seidel

For the generator buses, the real power and

voltage magnitude are known
the

real power is scheduled.

the reactive power is computed based on the
estimated voltage values.
the voltage is computed by Gauss-Seidel, only the
angle is kept
the complex voltage is found from the schedule
magnitude and the iterative angle part.

Jan-May 2009

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Power Flow Gauss-Seidel

Start
Select initial voltages
for each bus
Solve for EiNEW
EiNEW = f(Pi,Ej) j = 1 N

Do for all i
i=1N
(i ref)

Find Maximum Voltage Change

EMAX = | Ei Ei -1|MAX OVER i

EMAX

No
= Specified Voltage
Convergence
Tolerance
Jan-May 2009

Yes

Calculate Line Flows,

Losses, Mismatch, etc
Print Results

Power Systems Analysis ECNG 3012

Stop
5- 27

Power Flow Gauss-Seidel Example

Bus

Type

Given Unknown

Load

P1,Q1 V1,1

Voltage
controlled

P2,V2

Load

P3,Q3 V3,3

Load

P4,Q4 V4,4

Load

P5,Q5 V5,5

Slack

V6,6 P6,Q6

Jan-May 2009

Power Systems Analysis ECNG 3012

Q1,2

5- 28

Power Flow Gauss-Seidel Example

Calculate [Ybus]: Y11, Y12, Y13, Y21, Y22, Y26, Y31, Y33, Y34, Y43,
Y43, Y44, Y45, Y54, Y55, Y56, Y62, Y64, Y66
Initial voltages (Flat start)

Jan-May 2009

Bus

V(0)

(0)

1.0

0o

Vknown

0o

1.0

0o

1.0

0o

1.0

0o

Vknown

0o

Power Systems Analysis ECNG 3012

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Power Flow Gauss-Seidel Example

Bus 1

V1(1) =

-P1 + jQ1

Y11

V1(0)*

- Y12 V2(0) - Y13 V3(0)

Bus 2
Q2(1) = V2(0) [ V1(1){G21 sin(21) B21 cos (21)}
21
V2(1) =

1
Y22

+ V6{G26 sin(26) B26 cos (26)}

= 2 - 1
;
26 = 2 - 6
P2 jQ2
V2(0)*

- Y21 V1(1) - Y26 V6

Multiply V2(1) such that |V2(1)| = V2

Jan-May 2009

Power Systems Analysis ECNG 3012

given
5- 30

Example Equations
Bus 3
V3(1) =

-P3 + jQ3

Y33

V3(0)*

-P4 + jQ4

Y44

V4(0)*

Bus 4
V4(1) =

Bus 5
1
V5(1) =
Y55

-P5 + jQ5
V5(0)*

- Y31 V1(1) - Y34 V4(0)

- Y43 V3(1) - Y45 V5(0) - Y46 V6

- Y45 V4(1)

Iterate with these equations

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Gauss Seidel Method

Simple , basic

Slow convergence

Convergence problems
Acceleration Factor
Vi(k)acc = Vi(k-1) + (Vi(k) Vi(k-1))
1.0 2.0

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