International Journal of Solids and Structures 44 (2007) 45054523

www.elsevier.com/locate/ijsolstr

Analysis method of planar cracks of arbitrary shape

in the isotropic plane of a three-dimensional transversely
isotropic magnetoelectroelastic medium
MingHao Zhao *, CuiYing Fan, Feng Yang, Tong Liu
Department of Engineering Mechanics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, No. 100 Science Road, Henan Province 450001, China
Received 27 April 2006; received in revised form 6 October 2006
Available online 1 December 2006

Abstract
The hyper-singular boundary integral equation method of crack analysis in three-dimensional transversely isotropic
magnetoelectroelastic media is proposed. Based on the fundamental solutions or Greens functions of three-dimensional
transversely isotropic magnetoelectroelastic media and the corresponding Somigliana identity, the boundary integral equations for a planar crack of arbitrary shape in the plane of isotropy are obtained in terms of the extended displacement
discontinuities across crack faces. The extended displacement discontinuities include the displacement discontinuities,
the electric potential discontinuity and the magnetic potential discontinuity, and correspondingly the extended tractions
on crack face represent the conventional tractions, the electric displacement and the magnetic induction boundary values.
The near crack tip elds and the intensity factors in terms of the extended displacement discontinuities are derived by
boundary integral equation approach. A solution method is proposed by use of the analogy between the boundary integral
equations of the magnetoelectroelastic media and the purely elastic materials. The inuence of dierent electric and magnetic boundary conditions, i.e., electrically and magnetically impermeable and permeable conditions, electrically impermeable and magnetically permeable condition, and electrically permeable and magnetically impermeable condition, on the
solutions is studied. The crack opening model is proposed to consider the real crack opening and the electric and magnetic
elds in the crack cavity under combined mechanical-electric-magnetic loadings. An iteration approach is presented for the
solution of the non-linear model. The exact solution is obtained for the case of uniformly applied loadings on the crack
faces. Numerical results for a square crack under dierent electric and magnetic boundary conditions are displayed to demonstrate the proposed method.
2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Magnetoelectroelastic medium; Planar crack; Extended displacement discontinuity; Boundary integral equation; Extended
stress intensity factor

Corresponding author. Tel.: +86 371 67781752; fax: +86 371 63888816.
E-mail address: memhzhao@zzu.edu.cn (M. Zhao).

0020-7683/$ - see front matter 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2006.11.039

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M. Zhao et al. / International Journal of Solids and Structures 44 (2007) 45054523

1. Introduction
Due to possessing the mechanical-electric-magnetic coupling eect, magnetoeletroelastic composite materials are nding more and more applications in microwave electronics, optoelectronics and electronic instrumentation and smart structures (Van Run et al., 1974). Because defects are often unavoidable in these materials and
the defects aect the integrity and reliability of the structures, the study of defects in magnetoelectroelastic materials and structures has been receiving more and more attentions. For example, Alshits et al. (1995) gave Greens
functions for the angularly inhomogeneous piezoelectric piezomagnetic magnetoelastic anisotropic media subject to line defect. Chung and Ting (1995) obtained two-dimensional Greens functions for a magnetoelectroelastic anisotropic medium with an elliptical cavity or rigid inclusion. Liu et al. (2001) derived the twodimensional Greens functions for anisotropic magnetoelectroelastic solids with an elliptical cavity or a crack
taking into account the electric-magnetic elds inside the cavity. Similar to the fracture analysis of piezoelectric
materials (McMeeking, 2004; Zhang et al., 2002), two common approximate approaches are used to describe
the electric and magnetic boundary conditions. One approach treats the crack as an electrically and magnetically impermeable slit, while the other approach treats the crack as an electrically and magnetically permeable
slit. Wang and Mai (2003) gave closed-form expressions for the energy release rate of an impermeable or permeable crack in a piezomagnetic/piezoelectric solid. Gao et al. (2003a,b, 2004), Gao and Noda (2004) and Zhou
et al. (2004) studied permeable crack problems in two-dimensional magnetoelectroelastic solids, while Tian and
Rajapakse (2005) studied the impermeable cracks. For three-dimensional problems, Pan (2002) derived Greens
functions in anisotropic magneto-electro-elastic full space, half space, and bimaterials. Ding et al. (2005) gave
Greens functions for two-phase transversely isotropic magnetoelectroelastic media. Hou and Leung (2004)
derived the solution for a permeable penny-shaped crack. Chen et al. (2004) obtained the exact three-dimensional expressions for the full-space magneto-electro-thermo-elastic eld for an impermeable penny-shaped crack
subject to a uniform load on the crack surfaces. Very recently, Zhao et al. (2006a,b) studied an elliptical or ellipsoidal cavity in the two- or three-dimensional magnetoelectroelastic medium based on the exact electric and
magnetic boundary conditions. When the minor axis of the cavity is reduced to zero, the exact solution for
the two- or three-dimensional cavity is reduced to the exact solution for a two- or three-dimensional crack.
The results show that an electrically permeable (or impermeable) crack is not certainly a magnetically permeable
(or impermeable) crack. The electric permeability and the magnetic permeability of a crack in magnetoelectroelasic medium are two dierent properties to electric eld and magnetic eld. There exist another two extreme
cases or boundary conditions, i.e., electrically impermeable and magnetically permeable condition, and electrically permeable and magnetically impermeable condition. This indicates that the fracture problem of magnetoelectroelastic materials is more complicated compared with that of piezoelectric materials.
In the present work planar cracks of arbitrary shape with dierent electric and magnetic boundary conditions in the isotropic plane in three-dimensional media are studied by boundary integral equation method.
Following this introduction, the basic governing equations for three-dimensional magnetoelectroelastic medium are given in Section 2. In Section 3, the boundary integral equation method is described in details for
impermeable crack. The inuence of dierent electric and magnetic crack boundary conditions is discussed
in Section 4. In Section 5, a non-linear crack model is proposed to consider the inuence of the crack opening.
Numerical results of the normalized extended stress intensity factors for a square crack are displayed in Section 6. And in Section 7, the present paper is concluded.
2. Basic equation
For a three-dimensional transversely isotropic magneto-electro-elastic medium with the poling direction
being along the z-axis in the oxyz Cartesian coordinate system, in the absence of body force, electric charge
and electric current, the governing equations are given by
rij;j 0;
Di;i 0;
Bi;i 0:

i; j 1; 2; 3x; y; z;

M. Zhao et al. / International Journal of Solids and Structures 44 (2007) 45054523

4507

The constitutive equations can be expressed as

rij cijkl uk;l ul;k =2 ekij u;k fkij w;k ;
Di eikl uk;l ul;k =2  eik u;k  gik w;k ;

Bi fikl uk;l ul;k =2  gik u;k  lik w;k ;

where rij, Di and Bi denote the stress, electric displacement and magnetic induction components, respectively.
ui(u1 = u, u2 = v and u3 = w) denote the displacement components, and u and w denote, respectively, the electric potential and magnetic potential. cij, eij, fij, eij, gij and lij are the elastic constants, piezoelectric constants,
piezomagnetic constants, dielectric permittivity, electromagnetic constants and magnetic permeability, respectively. A subscript comma denotes the partial dierentiation with respect to the coordinate. For a transversely
isotropic medium, the independent material constants are given in Appendix A, in which the contracted subscript notations are used.
3. Boundary integral equation method for electrically and magnetically impermeable planar crack of arbitrary
shape in the isotropic plane
3.1. Boundary condition
An arbitrarily shaped planar crack S lives on the oxy plane, i.e., the plane of isotropy of an innite transversely isotropic magnetoelectroelastic medium. The upper and lower surfaces of crack S are denoted by S+
and S, respectively, as shown in Fig. 1. The outer normal vectors of S+ and S are respectively given by

fni g f0; 0; 1g;

fni g f0; 0; 1g:

The study in the present paper will be based on four kind boundary conditions. The electrically and magnetically impermeable condition is given by
Dz x; y; 0 Dz x; y; 0 0;
Bz x; y; 0 Bz x; y; 0 0;

x; y 2 S;

4a

where Dz and Bz are the electric displacement and the magnetic induction in the z-direction, while the electrically and magnetically permeable condition is expressed by

x
S

Fig. 1. An arbitrarily shaped planar crack in the oxy plane.

4508

M. Zhao et al. / International Journal of Solids and Structures 44 (2007) 45054523

Dz x; y; 0 Dz x; y; 0 Dcz ; ux; y; 0 ux; y; 0 ;

Bz x; y; 0 Bz x; y; 0 Bcz ; wx; y; 0 wx; y; 0 ;

4b

where Dcz and Bcz denotes the electric displacement and the magnetic induction in the z-axis direction in the
crack cavity, respectively. The other two boundary conditions, i.e., electrically impermeable and magnetically
permeable condition, and electrically permeable and magnetically impermeable condition, are given by Eqs.
(4c) and (4d), respectively
Dz x; y; 0 Dz x; y; 0 0;
Bz x; y; 0 Bz x; y; 0 Bcz ;
Dz x; y; 0 Dz x; y; 0 Dcz ;
Bz x; y; 0 Bz x; y; 0 0:

4c

wx; y; 0 wx; y; 0 ;
ux; y; 0 ux; y; 0 ;

4d

It is known that a crack problem can be regarded as the superposition of two problems. One is the no crack
problem with the given applied loadings. And the other is the perturbed problem with the loadings being only
applied on crack faces. The rst problem is analyzed to obtain the extended tractions on the crack faces of the
perturbed problem, which are written as
pi jS pi jS  ;

xjS xjS  ;

cjS cjS  ;

i 1; 2; 3 or x; y; z:

The extended tractions are related to the general stresses by

pj rij ni ;

x Di ni ;

c B i ni ;

Eq. (5) demonstrates that the loadings on the upper and lower crack surfaces are equal but opposite in sign.
3.2. Boundary integral equations
By using of the fundamental solutions or Greens function given in Appendix B and C and the Somigliana
identity for magnetoelectroelastic media under the electrically and magnetically impermeable condition, the
displacements ui, the electric potential u and the magnetic potential w at any internal point (x, y, z) can be
expressed in the following integral forms
Z
Z
Z
P Fij uj XFi u CFi wdS 
P Fij uj XFi u CFi wdS
pj U Fij xUFi cWFi dS
pj U Fij xUFi cWFi dS;
S
S
S
S
Z
Z
Z
Z
P Dj uj XD u CD wdS 
P Dj uj XD u CD wdS
pj U Dj xUD cWD dS
pj U Dj xUD cWD dS;
 ux;y;z 
S
S
S
S
Z
Z
Z
Z
P Bj uj XB u CB wdS 
P Bj uj XB u CB wdS
pj U Bj xUB cWB dS
pj U Bj xUB cWB dS;
 wx;y;z 

ui x; y; z 

S

S

P Fij ; XFi ; CFi

U Fij ; UFi ; WFi

where
and
denote the extended tractions and the extended displacements of the fundamental solutions corresponding to the unit point force in the i-th direction, respectively, while
P Dj ; XD ; CD ; U Dj ; UD and WD correspond to the unit point electric charge and P Bj ; XB ; CB ; U Bj ; UB and WB correspond to the unit point electric current
P Fij rFijk nk ;

XFi DFik nk ;

CFi BFik nk ;

P Dj rDjk nk ;

XD DDk nk ;

CD BDk nk ;

P Bj

rBjk nk ;

DBk nk ;

BBk nk ;

where the upper index F, D and B refer to the variables corresponding to a point force, point electric charge
and point electric current, respectively. From the fundamental solutions, one has the following relations on
crack surfaces

M. Zhao et al. / International Journal of Solids and Structures 44 (2007) 45054523

4509

P Fij jS P Fij jS  ;U Fij jS U Fij jS  ;

XFi jS XFi jS  ;UFi jS UFi jS  ;
CFi jS CFi jS  ;WFi jS WFi jS  ;
P Dj jS P Dj jS  ;U Dj jS U Dj jS  ;
XD jS XD jS  ;UD jS UD jS  ;
D

C jS C jS  ;W jS W jS  ;
P Bj jS P Bj jS  ;U Bj jS U Bj jS  ;
XB jS XB jS  ;UB jS UB jS  ;
CB jS CB jS  ;WB jS WB jS  :
Substituting Eqs. (5) and (9) into (7) yields
Z
P Fij kuj k XFi kuk CFi kwkdS;
ui x; y; z 

S
Z
P Dj kuj k XD kuk CD kwkdS;
 ux; y; z 
S
Z
P Bj kuj k XB kuk CB kwkdS;
 wx; y; z 

10

where kujk, kuk and kwk are the displacement discontinuities, the electric potential discontinuity and the magnetic potential discontinuity across the crack faces, respectively, namely
kui n; gk ui n; g; 0  ui n; g; 0 ;
kun; gk un; g; 0  un; g; 0 ; n; g 2 S;

11

kwn; gk wn; g; 0  wn; g; 0 :

Inserting the fundamental solutions into Eq. (10) yields the following concrete expressions
Z ( "
u
kuk x51 D5

!
!#
2
2
2
2
4
X
1
g  y
g  y
1
n  x
n  x



xi1 Di


R5 R5 z5 R35 R5 z5 R25 R5 z5 2
Ri Ri zi R3i Ri zi R2i Ri zi 2
S
i1
"
!
!#
4
X
1
1
1
1

kvk x51 D5 n  xg  y 3
 n  xg  y
12a
xi1 Di 3
R5 R5 z5 R25 R5 z5 2
Ri Ri zi R2i Ri zi 2
i1
"
#
"
#
"
#)
4
4
4
X
X
X
Di
Di
Di
kwk n  x
#i1 3 kuk n  x
#i2 3 kwk n  x
#i3 3 dSn; g;
R
R
R
i
i
i
i1
i1
i1
"
!
!#
Z (
4
X
1
1
1
1

 n  xg  y
kuk x51 D5 n  xg  y 3
xi1 Di 3
v
R5 R5 z5 R25 R5 z5 2
Ri Ri zi R2i Ri zi 2
S
i1
"
!
!#
4
X
1
n  x2
n  x2
1
g  y2
g  y2
kvk x51 D5




xi1 Di

12b
R5 R5 z5 R35 R5 z5 R25 R5 z5 2
Ri Ri zi R3i Ri zi R2i Ri zi 2
i1
"
#
"
#
"
#)
4
4
4
X
X
X
Di
Di
Di
#i1 3 kuk g  y
#i2 3 kwk g  y
#i3 3 dSn; g;
kwk g  y
R
R
R
i
i
i
i1
i1
i1
)
Z (
4
4
4
4
4
X
X
X
X
X
xi1 Ai
xi1 Ai
#i1 Ai zi
#i2 Ai zi
#i3 Ai zi
w
kukn  x
kvkg  y
 kwk
 kuk
 kwk
dSn;g;
12c
R3i
R3i
R3i
R3i
R3i
S
i1
i1
i1
i1
i1
)
Z (
4
4
4
4
4
X
X
X
X
X
xi1 Bi
xi1 Bi
#i1 Bi zi
#i2 Bi zi
#i3 Bi zi
dSn; g; 12d
kukn  x
kvkg  y
 kwk
 kuk
 kwk
u
R3i
R3i
R3i
R3i
R3i
S
i1
i1
i1
i1
i1
(
)
Z
4
4
4
4
4
X
X
X
X
X
xi1 C i
xi1 C i
#i1 C i zi
#i2 C i zi
#i3 C i zi
w
kukn  x

kvkg

y

kwk

kuk

kwk
dSn; g; 12e
3
3
3
3

R
R
R
R
R3i
S
i
i
i
i
i1
i1
i1
i1
i1

where

4510

M. Zhao et al. / International Journal of Solids and Structures 44 (2007) 45054523

zi si z;
q
2
2
Ri n  x g  y z2i ;

i 1; 2; 3; 4; 5;

13

and si are the roots of the material characteristic equation, xij, #ij, Ai, Bi, Ci and Di are all material related
constants given in Appendixes A, B, C.
Inserting Eqs. (12) into the constitutive Eq. (2), one can obtain the extended stress elds expressed in terms
of the extended displacement discontinuities across the crack faces. Substituting the obtained results into the
boundary condition in Eq. (5) yields the boundary integral equations for an arbitrarily shaped planar crack
Z
1
fL11 1  3 cos2 h L12 1  3 sin2 hkuk L13 cos h sin hkvkg 3 dS px x; y;
14
r
S
Z
1
fL13 cos h sin hkuk L12 1  3 cos2 h L11 1  3 sin2 hkvkg 3 dS py x; y;
15

r
ZS
1
L31 kwk L32 kuk L33 kwk 3 dS pz x; y;
16

r
ZS
1
L41 kwk L42 kuk L43 kwk 3 dS xx; y;
17
r
S
Z
1
L51 kwk L52 kuk L53 kwk 3 dS cx; y;
18

r
S
where
2

r2 n  x g  y ;

cos h n  x=r;

sin h g  y=r

19a

and the material related constants Lij are given by

L11

4
X

xi1 c44 Di si c44 Ai  e15 Bi  f15 C i ;

i1

L12 c44 D5 s5 ;
4
X
xi1 c44 Di si c44 Ai  e15 Bi  f15 C i c44 D5 s5 ;
L13
i1

L31 
L32 
L33 
L41 
L42 
L43 
L51 
L52 
L53 

4
X
i1
4
X
i1
4
X
i1
4
X
i1
4
X
i1
4
X
i1
4
X
i1
4
X
i1
4
X
i1

#i1 c13 Di c33 Ai  e33 Bi  f33 C i si ;

19b

#i1 e31 Di e33 Ai e33 Bi g33 C i si ;

#i1 f31 Di f33 Ai g33 Bi l33 C i si ;
#i2 c13 Di c33 Ai  e33 Bi  f33 C i si ;
#i2 e31 Di e33 Ai e33 Bi g33 C i si ;
#i2 f31 Di f33 Ai g33 Bi l33 C i si ;
#i3 c13 Di c33 Ai  e33 Bi  f33 C i si ;
#i3 e31 Di e33 Ai e33 Bi g33 C i si ;
#i3 f31 Di f33 Ai g33 Bi l33 C i si :

19c

M. Zhao et al. / International Journal of Solids and Structures 44 (2007) 45054523

4511

S
Fig. 2. The local coordinate system.

In Eqs. (14)(18), the kernel functions have the singularity of O(1/r3), and hence the integral equations are
hyper-singular. The displacement discontinuities kuk and kvk on the crack faces are coupled by Eqs. (14)
and (15), while the displacement discontinuity kwk, the electric potential discontinuity kuk and the magnetic
potential discontinuity kwk are coupled by Eqs. (16)(18).
3.3. Singular behavior and the intensity factors
Choose an arbitrary point o on the crack border C to analyze the singular behavior. The border C of the
crack is smooth at point o. Without loss in generality, the Cartesian coordinate system oxyz is placed such that
the y-axis and x-axis are tangent and normal to C, respectively, while the z-axis is normal to the crack plane S
as shown in Fig. 2.
Let the innitesimal e denote the radius of a circle R centered at point o contained in S. The integrals in Eqs.
(14)(18) should be nite in R and can be written as
Z
1
fL11 1  3 cos2 h L12 1  3 sin2 hkuk L13 cos h sin hkvkg 3 dS Rx x; y;
r
ZR
1
2
fL13 cos h sin hkuk L12 1  3 cos2 h L11 1  3 sin hkvkg 3 dS Ry x; y;
r
ZR
1
L31 kwk L32 kuk L33 kwk 3 dS Rz x; y;
20
r
R
Z
1
L41 kwk L42 kuk L43 kwk 3 dS Ru x; y;
r
ZR
1
L51 kwk L52 kuk L53 kwk 3 dS Rw x; y;
r
R
where Rx(x, y), Ry(x, y), Rz(x, y), Ru(x, y) and Rw(x, y) are all nite functions for (x, y) 2 R.
Based on the elastic theory, the displacement near point o can be obtained by superposing the plane strain
and the anti-plane displacements in the oxz plane. So the extended displacement discontinuities at the neighborhood of point o are given by
kuk Ax oxax ; kvk Ay oxay ; kwk Az oxaz ;
kuk Au oxau ; kwk Aw oxaw ;

21

where the coecients Ax, Ay, Az, Au and Aw depend on the location of point o, and ax, ay, az, au and aw are the
singular indices of the extended displacements and their values are between (0,1).
Inserting Eq. (21) into Eq. (20), and using the following integrals

4512

M. Zhao et al. / International Journal of Solids and Structures 44 (2007) 45054523

Z
ZR
ZR
ZR
ZR
R

kwk
dndg 2xaz 1 Az opaz cot paz ;
r3
kuk
4
cos2 hdndg  xax 1 Ax opax cot pax ;
r3
3
kuk
sin h cos hdndg 0
r3
kuk
2
sin2 hdndg  xax 1 Ax opax cot pax ;
3
r
3
kuk
dndg 2xax 1 Ax opax cot pax ;
r3

22

and letting r ! 0, we obtain

L11 Ax o cot pax 0
L11 Ay o cot pay 0
L31 Az o cot paz L32 Au o cot pau L33 Aw o cot paw 0

23

L41 Az o cot paz L42 Au o cot pau L43 Aw o cot paw 0

L51 Az o cot paz L52 Au o cot pau L53 Aw o cot paw 0
The existence of non-trivial solution of Eq. (23) requires
cot pax cot pay cot paz cot pau cot paw 0:

24

Finally, one obtains the singular indexes

1
ax ay az au aw :
2

25
1

This result reveals that the extended displacements near the crack tip have the classical singularity r2 as in the
fracture mechanics of conventional elastic materials.
Making use of Eq. (10) and the constitutive Eq. (2), the extended stresses at points (q, y, 0) (q > 0) near the
point o are expressed
Z
1
rzx
fL11 1  3 cos2 h L12 1  3 sin2 hkuk L13 cos h sin hkvkg 3 dS;

r
ZS
1
fL13 cos h sin hkuk L12 1  3 cos2 h L11 1  3 sin2 hkvkg 3 dS;
rzy

r
ZS
1
L31 kwk L32 kuk L33 kwk 3 dS;
rzz
26

r
ZS
1
L41 kwk L42 kuk L43 kwk 3 dS;
Dz

r
ZS
1
L51 kwk L52 kuk L53 kwk 3 dS:
Bz
r
S
Substituting Eq. (21) into (26) gives
p
rzx L11 Ax op= q;
p
rzy L12 Ay op= q;

p
rzz L31 Ax o L32 Au o L33 Aw op= q;
p
Dz L41 Ax o L42 Au o L43 Aw op= q;
p
Bz L51 Ax o L52 Au o L53 Aw op= q:

Dening the intensity factors

27

M. Zhao et al. / International Journal of Solids and Structures 44 (2007) 45054523

p
2pqrzz q; y; 0;
q!0
p
K DI lim 2pqDz q; y; 0;
q!0
p
B
K I lim 2pqBz q; y; 0;
q!0
p
F
K II lim 2pqrzx q; y; 0;
q!0
p
F
K III lim 2pqrzy q; y; 0;

4513

K FI lim

28

q!0

inserting Eq. (27) into Eq. (28) yields

p
K FI 2ppL31 Ax o L32 Au o L33 Aw o;
p
K DI 2ppL41 Ax o L42 Au o L43 Aw o;
p
K BI 2ppL51 Ax o L52 Au o L53 Aw o;
p
K FII  2ppL11 Ax o;
p
K FIII  2ppL12 Ay o:

29

Considering Eq. (21), the intensity factors in Eq. (29) can be expressed in terms of the extended displacement
discontinuities
p
p
K FI 2pp limL31 kwk L32 kuk L33 kwk= x;
x!0
p
p
K DI 2pp limL41 kwk L42 kuk L43 kwk= x;
x!0
p
p
K BI 2pp limL51 kwk L52 kuk L53 kwk= x;
30
x!0
p

K FII  2pp lim L11 kuk= x;

x!0
p
p
F
K III  2pp lim L12 kvk= x:
x!0

3.4. Solution method

In this subsection, a solution method will be presented by use of the analogy between the extended displacement discontinuity integral equations of magnetoelectroelastic medium and those of conventional elastic
solids.
Consider the same crack S in an innite conventional elastic medium subjected to the tractions tx, ty and tz
respectively along the x-, y- and z-axis, the displacement discontinuity boundary integral equations take the
form (Ioakimidis, 1987; Linkov and Mogilevshaya, 1986; Zhao et al., 1994)
Z
E
1
f1  2m 3m cos2 hkU k 3m sin h cos hkV kg 3 dS tx x; y;
31
8p1  m2 S
r
Z
E
1
f3m sin h cos hkU k 1  2m 3m cos2 hkV kg 3 dS ty x; y;
32
2
8p1  m S
r
Z
E
kW k
dS tz x; y;
33
8p1  m2 S r3
where E and m are respectively the Youngs modulus and Poisson ratio, and kUk, kVk and kWk are the displacement discontinuities. It can be seen that Eqs. (14) and (15) are identical to Eqs. (31) and (32), which are
the governing equations of asymmetric problem. The solution of the asymmetric problem can be obtained
directly from those of the corresponding elastic material, which has been studied intensively and extensively.
We only consider the symmetric problem in the present paper.

4514

M. Zhao et al. / International Journal of Solids and Structures 44 (2007) 45054523

Let kW pz k, kWxk and kWCk be the solutions of Eq. (33) corresponding to tz = pz, tz = x and tz = c, respectively. The mode I intensity factors along the crack border are given by (Zhao et al., 1994)
9
8
8 p9
s> kW p k >
>
z
=
=
<
< KI >
E
2p
kW
k
34

lim
K xI
x
2
>
>
;
; 81  m q!0 q >
:
: c>
kW c k
KI
Therefore, the solution to Eqs. (16)(18) can be expressed by
E
kW pz k;
8p1  m2
E
kW x k;
L41 kwk L42 kuk L43 kwk
8p1  m2
E
kW c k:
L51 kwk L52 kuk L53 kwk
8p1  m2
L31 kwk L32 kuk L33 kwk

35

Solving Eq. (35) obtains kwk, kuk and kwk, and substituting them into Eq. (30) gives
K FI GFp K pI GF x K xI GF c K cI ;
K DI GDp K pI GDx K xI GDc K cI ;
K BI

Bp

K pI

Bx

K xI

Bc

36

K cI ;

where the coecients G with dierent superscripts are related to the material constants Lij in Eqs. (19). After
lengthy manipulations, one obtains
GFp GDx GBc 1;
GF x GF c GDp GDc GBp GBx 0:

37

Thus, Eq. (36) can be rewritten as

K FI K pI ;
K DI K xI ;
K BI K cI :

38

The results show that the Mode I stress intensity factor, the electric displacement and the magnetic induction
intensity factors for impermeable crack depend on the mechanical, electrical and magnetic loadings, respectively, regardless of the material properties, the loadings and the geometry of the planar crack. They can
be calculated by Eq. (38) directly using the corresponding solutions of purely elastic material that has been
studied intensively and extensively. The similar conclusion was also reached for planar cracks in transversely
isotropic piezoelectric materials (Zhao et al., 1997).
4. Eects of dierent electric and magnetic boundary conditions on solution
In the impermeable crack model, the electric eld and the magnetic eld in the crack cavity are not considered as given in Eq. (4a). The other three kinds of boundary conditions, i.e., electrically and magnetically permeable condition, electrically impermeable and magnetically permeable condition, electrically permeable and
magnetically impermeable condition, are discussed in the following three subsections. Considering the electric
and magnetic elds in crack cavity and using the same procedure in last section and the Gauss theory, the
extended displacement discontinuity boundary integral equations are derived

M. Zhao et al. / International Journal of Solids and Structures 44 (2007) 45054523

1
dS pz x; y;
r3
Z
1
L41 kwk L42 kuk L43 kwk 3 dS xx; y Dcz ;

r
ZS
1
L51 kwk L52 kuk L53 kwk 3 dS cx; y Bcz :

r
S
S

4515

L31 kwk L32 kuk L33 kwk

39

Comparing Eq. (39) with Eqs. (16)(18), it can be seen that the eect of electric displacement and the magnetic
induction in the crack cavity is equivalent to changing the applied electric and magnetic loadings on crack
faces.
4.1. Electrically and magnetically permeable crack
Eq. (4b) can be rewritten as
kuk ux; y; 0  ux; y; 0 0;
kwk wx; y; 0  wx; y; 0 0:

40

Substituting Eq. (40) into (39) gives

L41
p x; y;
L31 z
L51
 Bcz cx; y
p x; y:
L31 z

 Dcz xx; y

41

Therefore the electric displacement and magnetic induction intensity factors are obtained
L41 F L41 p
K
K ;
L31 I
L31 I
L51 F L51 p
K BI
K
K :
L31 I
L31 I

K DI

42

Eq. (42) shows that the intensity factors of the electrically and magnetically permeable crack depend only on
the mechanical loading. The electric displacement intensity factor and the magnetic induction intensity factor
are induced by the mechanical loading through piezoelectric eect and piezomagnetic eect, respectively.
4.2. Electrically impermeable and magnetically permeable crack
The boundary condition in Eq. (4c) gives
Dcz 0;

kwk 0:

43

Substituting Eq. (43) into (39) yields the magnetic induction in the crack cavity
Bcz cx; y

L51 L42  L52 L41

L52 L31  L51 L32
p x; y
xx; y:
L31 L42  L32 L41 z
L31 L42  L32 L41

44

Furthermore the intensity factors are obtained

K FI K pI ;
K DI K xI ;
L51 L42  L52 L41 p L31 L52  L32 L51 x
K BI
K
K :
L31 L42  L32 L41 I L31 L42  L32 L41 I
The result shows that the intensity factors are independent of the magnetic loading.

45

4516

M. Zhao et al. / International Journal of Solids and Structures 44 (2007) 45054523

4.3. Electrically permeable and magnetic impermeable crack

From Eq. (4d), one has
kuk 0;

Bcz 0:

46

Substituting Eq. (46) into Eq. (39), the electric displacement in the crack cavity is derived
Dcz xx; y

L41 L53  L43 L51

L43 L31  L41 L33
pz x; y
cx; y:
L31 L53  L33 L51
L31 L53  L33 L51

47

Finally, the intensity factors are obtained

K FI K pI ;
L41 L53  L43 L51 p L31 L43  L33 L41 c
K DI
K
K ;
L31 L53  L33 L51 I L31 L53  L33 L51 I
K BI K cI ;

49

They are independent of the electrically loading on the crack faces.

The four crack face conditions discussed in the last two sections are four approximate boundary conditions.
The recent study (Zhao et al., 2006a,b) shows that the permeability of the material in the crack cavity and the
opening of the crack have great eect on the solution, while the crack opens under applied mechanical-electric
loading. So it is a typical geometric non-linear problem. A crack opening model will be adopted in the next
section to deal with this problem.
5. The crack opening model for planar cracks of arbitrary shape in the isotropic plane
The extended displacement discontinuity boundary integral equations are still given by Eq. (39), but the
electric displacement Dcz and the magnetic induction Bcz in the crack cavity are related to the extended displacement discontinuity by
Dcz ec kuk=kwk;

Bcz lc kwk=kwk:

50

Eqs. (39) and (50) determine the extended displacement discontinuities on the crack faces, and the electric displacement Dcz and the magnetic induction Bcz in the crack cavity. This model is developed from Hao and Shen
(1994) for piezoelectric materials. It can be seen that these equations are non-linear and the analytical solution
is hard to be obtained. An iteration approach is proposed to solve the non-linear problem.
At rst, the crack is treated as impermeable one by assuming
Dcz x; y 0;
Bcz x; y 0:

51

Inserting Eq. (51) into Eq. (39) yields the extended displacement discontinuities. Then, the new values of the
electric displacements and the magnetic induction in the crack cavity can be calculated from the obtained solutions by Eq. (50). Continuing the iteration can give the solution with the preset accuracy being satised.
For the case of uniformly applied loadings on crack faces, the exact solution can be derived. The constant
extended tractions on the upper and lower crack faces are given by
pz x; y; 0 pz x; y; 0 p0 ;
xx; y; 0 xx; y; 0 x0 ;

52

cx; y; 0 cx; y; 0 c0 :
From the above method, the rst iteration gives the electric displacement and the magnetic induction in the
crack cavity

M. Zhao et al. / International Journal of Solids and Structures 44 (2007) 45054523

L43 L51  L41 L53 p0 L31 L53  L33 L51 x0 L33 L41  L31 L43 c0
;
L42 L53  L43 L52 p0 L33 L52  L32 L53 x0 L32 L43  L33 L42 c0
L41 L52  L42 L51 p0 L32 L51  L31 L52 x0 L31 L42  L32 L41 c0
Bcz lc
:
L42 L53  L43 L52 p0z L33 L52  L32 L53 x0 L32 L43  L33 L42 c0

4517

Dcz ec

53

They are also constant. Therefore it can be concluded that the nal electric displacement and the magnetic
induction in the crack cavity are uniform elds. From Eqs. (39) and (50), a set of algebraic equations is
deduced




Dc
Bc
Dc
Bc
L31  Lz32 cz  L33 cz x0  Dcz L41  L42 cz  L43 cz p0 ;
e
l
e
l


54
c
c
c
c
D
B
D
B
L31  L32 cz  L33 cz c0  Bcz L51  L52 cz  L53 cz p0 :
e
l
e
l
Solving Eq. (54) gives the electric displacement Dcz and the magnetic induction Bcz in the crack cavity. Only one
solution is the real solution, which satises the crack opening condition
kwk P 0:

55

6. Numerical example
Consider a square crack of side length 2a in a composite made of BaTiO3 as the inclusion and CoFe2O4 as
the matrix. The crack is perpendicular to the poling direction. The volume fraction of the inclusions is denoted
by Vi. The material constants are given as follows (Huang et al., 1998)
BaTiO3:
c11 166 GPa;

c33 162 GPa;

2

e31 4:4 C=m ;

e11 11:2  10

9

c44 43 GPa;
2

C =Nm ;

l11 5:0  106 Ns2 =C2 ;

c13 78 GPa;

e33 18:6 C=m ;

2

c12 77 GPa;

e15 11:6 C=m ;

e33 12:6  109 C2 =Nm2 ;

56

l33 10:0  106 Ns2 =C2 ;

CoFe2O4:
c11 286 GPa;

c33 269:5 GPa;

c13 170:5 GPa;

f31 580:3 N=Am;
e11 0:08  10
l11 590  10

9

6

f 33 699:7 N=Am;

C =Nm ;
2

c44 45:3 GPa;

Ns =C ;

e33 0:093  10

l33 157  10

6

f 15
9
2

c12 173:0 GPa;

550: N=Am;

57

C =Nm ;

Ns =C2 ;
2

Vacuum:
ec 8:85  1012 C2 =Nm2 ;

lc 1:257  106 Ns2 =C2 :

58

The following mixture rule is used to calculate the composite material constants correspondingly from those of
the inclusion and matrix
Kc Ki V i Km 1  V i ;

59

where the superscripts c, i and m represent the composite, inclusion and matrix respectively.
For Vi = 0.5 the material related constants are calculated to be
L31 5:82684  109 ; L32 0:439827;
L41 0:439827;
L51 12:101;

L33 12:101;
9

L42 0:503804  10 ; L43 0:558533  109 ;

L52 0:558533  109 ; L53 12588:2  109 :

60

4518

M. Zhao et al. / International Journal of Solids and Structures 44 (2007) 45054523

The extended tractions on the crack faces are

pz 100 MPa;

x 1:0 C=m2 ;

c 10 N=Am;

61

The square crack problem in pure elasticity was well studied, and the stress intensity factor along the side was
available (Murakami et al., 1992). By use of the solution and the method proposed in the present paper, the
extended intensity factors can be obtained. They are plotted in Figs. 36 respectively for the four kinds of
boundary conditions, where the extended intensity factors are normalized by
p
F I K FI = papz ;

p
F D K DI = pax;

p
F B K BI = pac:

62

The three dimensionless intensity factors for impermeable condition are equal as shown in Fig. 3, with the
maximum value being 0.756 at the middle point of the side. Fig. 4 displays the intensity factors for permeable
condition. The electric displacement and the magnetic induction intensity factors are both smaller than that
under impermeable condition. Figs. 5 and 6 depict the intensity factors under the electrically impermeable
and magnetically permeable condition and electrically permeable and magnetically impermeable condition,
respectively. The electric displacement intensity factor under the electrically impermeable and magnetically
permeable condition is the same as that under impermeable condition. Similarly, the magnetic induction intensity factor under the electrically permeable and magnetically impermeable condition is the same as that under
impermeable condition.

Normalized stress factor FI,FD,FB

.8
.7
.6

FI,FD,FB

.5
2a
.4
.3

2a

.2
0.0

.2

.4

.6

.8

1.0

X/a

Normalized stress factor FI,FD,FB

Fig. 3. Normalized extended intensity factors under electrically and magnetically impermeable boundary condition.

.8
.7
.6
.5

FI

.4

FD/10-2
FB/10-1

.3
.2
.1
0.0
0.0

.2

.4

.6

.8

1.0

X/a
Fig. 4. Normalized extended intensity factors under electrically and magnetically permeable boundary condition.

M. Zhao et al. / International Journal of Solids and Structures 44 (2007) 45054523

4519

Normalized stress factor FI,FD,FB

.8
.7
.6
.5

FI,FD
FB

.4
.3
.2
.1
0.0
0.0

.2

.4

.6

.8

1.0

X /a
Fig. 5. Normalized extended intensity factors under electrically impermeable and magnetically permeable boundary condition.

Normalized stress factor FI,FD,FB

.8
.7
.6
.5
.4

FI,FB
FD/10-2

.3
.2
.1
0.0

.2

.4

.6

.8

1.0

X/a
Fig. 6. Normalized extended intensity factors under electrically permeable and magnetically impermeable boundary condition.

Fields in the crack cavity

11

10

Dc/10-2
c
B
c
-2
Analytical solution D /10
c
Analytical solution B

7
0

12

15

Iteration number
Fig. 7. Numerical results versus the iteration number.

Solving Eq. (54) yields the analytical electric displacement and the magnetic induction in the crack cavity
Dcz 10:3884  102 C=m2 ;

Bcz 9:15062 N=Am:

63

The iteration results for the opening model are shown in Fig. 7. It can be seen that the numerical results converge to the exact solution very fast.

M. Zhao et al. / International Journal of Solids and Structures 44 (2007) 45054523

Normalized stress factor FI,FD,FB

4520

1.2

1.0

.8

.6

FI
FD

.4

FB
.2
0.0

.2

.4

.6

.8

1.0

X/a
Fig. 8. Normalized intensity factors by the crack opening model.

Fig. 8 shows the dimensionless intensity factors by the crack opening model. The electric displacement and
the magnetic induction intensity factors are both larger than that under impermeable condition. The electric
displacement intensity factor increases about 10%, and the magnetic induction intensity factor about 50%.
7. Concluding remarks
The extended displacement discontinuity boundary integral equation approach is described systematically
for a planar crack with dierent electric and magnetic boundary conditions in the isotropic plane of an innite
transversely isotropic magnetoelectroelastic medium. The planar crack can be of arbitrary shape, so the
method and the conclusions are applicable to coplanar cracks. The revealed analogy between the boundary
integral equations of the magnetoelectroelastic materials and the purely elastic materials shows that the solutions can be obtained directly from those of the corresponding purely elastic problems because the fracture
problem of purely elastic material under mechanical loading has been studied intensively and extensively.
The proposed method is applicable to crack problems in piezoelectric, piezomagnetic and purely elastic
materials. The displacement discontinuity method or the hyper-singular boundary integral equation method
for purely elastic problem has been studied intensively, see for example Linkov and Mogilevshaya (1986),
Ioakimidis (1987), Zhao et al. (1994) and Wen (1996), while the method for piezoelectric material can be
referred to Zhao et al. (1997) and Zhang et al. (2002).
Acknowledgments
The work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 10572131) and the
Program for New Century Excellent Talents in University of HeNan Province (HANCET), China.
Appendix A. The material characteristic equation
The material characteristic equation for a transversely isotropic magnetoelectroelastic medium is derived by
using the method of Wang and Shen (2002) as
1

wT A  kB w c11  c44 k1 ;

A:1

where
2

c13 c44

6
7
w 4 e15 e31 5;
f15 f31

c33

6
A 4 e33
f33

e33

f33

e33

7
g33 5;

g33

l33

c44

6
B 4 e15
f15

e15

f15

e11

7
g11 5:

g11

l11

A:2

M. Zhao et al. / International Journal of Solids and Structures 44 (2007) 45054523

4521

where the contracted notations of subscripts are used.

Both A and B are real and symmetric matrices. Considering the following eigenvalue problem
An dBn;

A:3

we obtain the eigen-matrix

Y n1 ; n2 ; n3 :

A:4

Thus, Eq. (A.1) can be reduced to

~ T Y1 B1 AY  kI1 w
^;
c11  c44 k1 w

A:5

where
^ Y1 B1 w:
~ YT w; w
w

A:6

Finally, Eq. (A.5) becomes

^ 1w
~1
^ 2w
~2
^ 3w
~3
c44
w
w
w

c11 :
d1  k d 2  k d3  k
k

A:7

Solving Eq. (A.7) obtains the four characteristic roots ki  1=s2i i 1; 2; 3; 4, therefore, determines four sets
kji(j = 1, 2, 3) by
c44 k 1i c13 c44 k 2i e15 e31 k 3i f15 f31
k 1i c33 k 2i e33 k 3i f33

c11
c13 c44 k 1i c44 k 2i e15 k 3i f15
k 1i e33  k 2i e33  k 3i g33
k 1i f33  k 2i g33  k 3i l33

ki :
e15 e31 k 1i e15  k 2i e11  k 3i g11 f15 f31 k 1i f15  k 2i g11  k 3i l11

A:8

The real parts of si are real. The material constants kji will be used in Appendix B.
The fth characteristic root is denoted by
k5

c44
;
c66

c66

c11  c12
:
2

A:9

Appendix B. Fundamental solutions corresponding to unit point force P3 in the z-direction

Using the derivation procedure of Ding et al. (2005), the fundamental solutions are obtained
sxm P 3

4
X
xim Ai x
;
R3i
i1

sym P 3

4
X
xim Ai y
;
R3i
i1

rm P 3

4
X
#im Ai zi
;
R3i
i1

B:1

where zi = siz, sx1 = sxz, sx2 = Dx, sx3 = Bx, sy1 = syz, sy2 = Dy, sy3 = By, r1 = rzz, r2 = Dz and r3 = Bz, and
the material related constants are given by

4522

M. Zhao et al. / International Journal of Solids and Structures 44 (2007) 45054523

aim si k mi ;
ni c13 ai1 e31 ai2 f31 si  c12 ;

B:2

x51 c44 s5 ; x52 e15 s5 ; x53 f15 s5 ;

xi1 c44 si ai1 e15 ai2 f15 ai3 ;
xi2 e15 si ai1  e11 ai2  g11 ai3 ;
xi3 f15 si ai1  g11 ai2  l11 ai3 ;

B:3

#i1 c33 ai1 e33 ai2 f33 ai3 si  c13 ;

#i2 e33 ai1  e33 ai2  g33 ai3 si  e31 ;
#i3 f33 ai1  g33 ai2  l33 ai3 si  f31 ;
and
4
P

Ai 0;

4p

i1

4
P

#i1 Ai 1;

i1

4p

4
P

#i2 Ai 0; 4p

i1

4
P

B:4
#i3 Ai 0:

i1

Solutions corresponding to unit point electric charge P4 and point electric current P5 are in the same form as
Eq. (31), but respectively by using of P4 and Bi and P5 and Ci instead of P3 and Ai. The coecients Bi and Ci
are determined respectively by
4
P

Bi 0;

4p

i1
4
P

#i2 Bi 1;

4p

i1

4
P

B:5
#i3 Bi 0;

i1

C i 0;

4p

i1

4p

#i1 Bi 0;

i1

4p
4
P

4
P

4
P

#i1 C i 0;

i1
4
P

#i2 C i 0; 4p

i1

4
P

B:6
#i3 C i 1:

i1

Appendix C. Fundamental solutions corresponding to unit point force P1 in the x-direction

This fundamental solutions take the forms
"
#
1
y2
y2


sxm  P 1 x5m D5
R5 R5  z5 R35 R5  z5 R25 R5  z5 2
"
#
4
X
1
x2
x2
P1


xim Di
;
Ri Ri  zi R3i Ri  zi R2i Ri  zi 2
i1
"
#
1
1

sym  P 1 x5m D5 xy 3
R5 R5  z5 R25 R5  z5 2
"
#
4
X
1
1
 P 1 xy

xim Di 3
;
Ri Ri  zi R2i Ri  zi 2
i1
rm P 1

4
X
i1

#im

Di x
;
R3i

where the coecients Di are given by

C:1

C:2
C:3

M. Zhao et al. / International Journal of Solids and Structures 44 (2007) 45054523

4
X

4523

aim Di 0;

i1

s5 D5

4
X

si Di 0:

C:4

i1

2pc44 s5 D5  2p

4
X

xi1 Di 1:

i1

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