FORKLIFT

A forklift is a powered industrial truck used to lift and move materials short distances.it
consists of

Truck frame - is the base of the machine to which the mast, axles, wheels,
counterweight, overhead guard and power source are attached. The frame may have fuel
and hydraulic fluid tanks constructed as part of the frame assembly.

Counterweight - is a mass attached to the rear of the forklift truck frame. The purpose of
the counterweight is to counterbalance the load being lifted. In an electric forklift the large
lead-acid battery itself may serve as part of the counterweight.

Cab - is the area that contains a seat for the operator along with the
control pedals, steering wheel, levers, switches and a dashboard containing operator
readouts. The cab area may be open air or enclosed but it is covered by the cage-like
overhead guard assembly. When enclosed, the cab may also be equipped with a cab heater
for cold climate countries along with a fan or air conditioning for hot weather.

Overhead guard - is a metal roof supported by posts at each corner of the cab that helps
protect the operator from any falling objects. On some forklifts, the overhead guard is an
integrated part of the frame assembly.

Power source - may consist of an internal combustion engine that can be powered
by LP gas, CNG, gasoline or diesel fuel. Electric forklifts are powered by either
a battery or fuel cells that provides power to the electric motors. The electric motors used on
a forklift may be either DC or AC types.

Tilt cylinders - are hydraulic cylinders that are mounted to the truck frame and the mast.
The tilt cylinders pivot the mast backward or forward to assist in engaging a load.

Mast - is the vertical assembly that does the work of raising and lowering the load. It is
made up of interlocking rails that also provide lateral stability. The interlocking rails may
either have rollers or bushings as guides. The mast is driven hydraulically, and operated by
one or more hydraulic cylinders directly or using chains from the cylinder/s. It may be
mounted to the front axle or the frame of the forklift. A 'container mast' variation allows the
forks to raise a few meters without increasing the total height of the forklift. This is useful
when double-loading pallets into a container or under a mezzanine floor.

Carriage - is the component to which the forks or other attachments mount. It is mounted
into and moves up and down the mast rails by means of chains or by being directly attached
to the hydraulic cylinder. Like the mast, the carriage may have either rollers or bushings to
guide it in the interlocking mast rails.

Load back rest - is a rack-like extension that is either bolted or welded to the carriage in
order to prevent the load from shifting backward when the carriage is lifted to full height.

Attachments - may consists of a mechanism which is attached to the carriage, either

permanently or temporarily, to help in proper engagement of the load. A variety of material
handling attachments are available. Some attachments include side shifters, slip-sheet
attachments, carton clamps, multipurpose clamps, rotators, fork positioners, carpet poles,
pole handlers, container handlers and roll clamps.

Tires - either solid for indoor use, or pneumatic for outside use.

MOBILE CRANE
The most basic type of mobile crane consists of a truss or telescopic boom mounted on a mobile
platform be it on road, rail or water. Common terminology is conventional and hydraulic cranes
respectively. A crane mounted on a truck carrier provides the mobility for this type of crane. This
crane has two parts: the carrier, often referred to as the Lower, and the lifting component which

includes the boom, referred to as the Upper. These are mated together through a turntable,
allowing the upper to swing from side to side. These modern hydraulic truck cranes are usually
single-engine machines, with the same engine powering the undercarriage and the crane. The
upper is usually powered via hydraulics run through the turntable from the pump mounted on the
lower.
Generally, these cranes are able to travel on highways, eliminating the need for special
equipment to transport the crane unless weight or other size constrictions are in place such as
local laws. If this is the case, larger cranes are equipped with either special trailers to help spread
the load over more axles or are able to disassemble to meet requirements. When working on the
job site, outriggers are extended horizontally from the chassis then vertically to level and stabilize
the crane while stationary and hoisting. Many truck cranes have slow-travelling capability (a few
miles per hour) while suspending a load. Great care must be taken not to swing the load
sideways from the direction of travel, as most anti-tipping stability then lies in the stiffness of the
chassis suspension.