Combined Cycle Power Plant

The Combined Cycle Power Plant consists of two gas turbine generator units Siemens V 94.2, two heat recovery steam
generators, a steam turbine - generator complete with a condenser
and condensate / feedwater system and all required auxiliaries.
A gas turbine that drives its own generator, exhaust into a special
boiler called a Heat Recovery Steam Generator (HRSG) that
generates steam for use in Steam Turbine. One of the principal
reasons for the popularity of the combined cycle power plants is
their high thermal efficiency. Combined cycle plants with thermal
efficiencies as high as 52% have been built. Combined cycle plants
can achieve these high efficiencies because much of the heat
exhaust from the gas turbine(s) is captured and used in the Rankine
cycle portion of the plant. Refer figure. The heat from the exhaust
gases would normally be lost to the atmosphere in an open cycle gas
turbine.
Steam from auxiliary steam boiler

Left

Steam Turbine Cycle

Rankine Cycle

Right
HP Steam Control Valve

HP Stop Valve Right

Gas Turbine Cycle

Brayton Cycle

Steam
Condenser

Cooling

Gland Steam
Condenser

Condensate
Extraction
Pumps

Block-3: Combined Cycle Gas Turbine, Compressor, HRSG & Steam Turbine

Another reason for the popularity of combined cycle plant is that it

requires less time for their construction as compared to a
conventional steam power plant of the same output. Although it
takes longer time to build a combined cycle plant than a simple gas
turbine plant. Natural gas is the most common fuel used by
combined cycle gas turbine power plants. At KAPCO three fuels are
used i.e. Gas, HSD and Furnace Oil.
The main components of a Combined Cycle include the following:

Gas Turbine

Steam Turbine

Diverter
Damper
Feedwater

HRSG

Condenser and Condensate

Pumps

Pumps

Cooling Tower
etc

Introduction to GT V94.2 and ST

1.0MECHANICAL PLANT
The two gas turbines are provided to fire natural gas, high speed
diesel oil and furnace oil (heavy fuel oil).
The Siemens V94.2 gas turbines are driving the air cooled
generators, which have max. output power of 170 MVA (144 MW at
pf = 0.85). The gas turbines flue gasses are directly conveyed to the
adjacent heat recovery boilers the energy of which is transferred to
the feedwater loop.
The HP-system of the boiler is producing the HP steam. For this
purpose it has to be supplied with the right amount of feedwater at
any time during its operation: e.g. during start up, load variations
etc. Additional it has to produce steam of a specific quality, which
means of correct pressure and temperature which varies again with
the different operation modes and load conditions. The HP-system
generates steam at 60 bar / 530 C from the thermal energy
contained in the GT exhaust gas.
The LP-system of the boiler is producing the LP-steam. For this
purpose it has to be supplied with the right amount of feedwater at
any time during its operation: e.g. during start up, load variations
etc. The LP-steam in the range of 3-10 bar is used for condensate
heating and for the feedwater deaeration in the deaerator.
The main steam flows to the steam turbine which drives the air
cooled generator of max. 175 MVA (150 MW at pf = 0.85). The steam
turbine is designed as a single - shaft machine with separate HP and
LP sections. The HP section is a single flow cylinder and the LP
section is a double flow cylinder. Turbine bypass system is to dump
the extra steam in the condenser during startup and steam
unloading conditions. Both the exhaust steam and the bypass steam
are condensed by means of a water cooled box type condenser.
Condensate pumps take suction from the condenser hot well and
discharge through the gland steam condenser and the LP-preheater
to the feedwater storage tank. One condensate storage tank for
controlling the water level is provided. The condensate is further
deaerated in the feedwater tank to the specified oxygen content. LPfeedwater pumps feed the water from the storage tank to the drums
of the preheating system in the HRSG's in order to preheat the
feedwater in the feedwater storage tank. An auxiliary steam system
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Siemens Gas Turbines V 94.2

supplies steam for the turbine gland sealing and for the feedwater
tank heating during start up.
HP-feedwater pumps deliver the feedwater into boiler drums of the
steam generators at the design pressure under all operating
conditions. The function of the circulating water system is to provide
a heat sink for the condenser and remove the heat to the
environment via the cooling tower. Further the system is connected
with the closed cooling water system via the service cooling water
system.
The task of the service cooling water system is to remove the heat
absorbed by the closed cooling water system in cooling components
of the gas turbine generator, the steam-, condensate- and feedwater
cycle via the closed cooling water heat exchanger and to transfer
this heat to the circulating water system.
A
water
treatment
plant
consists
of
a
make-up
water
demineralization plant, regeneration station with chemical storage
tanks and regeneration wastes neutralization is installed with all
necessary equipment for satisfactory operation of the CCPP.
Furthermore a chlorination plant for the main circulating water
system and for the fresh water (Muzafargarh Canal) system is
installed.

2.0ELECTRICAL SYSTEM
The figure 1.1 shows the electrical systems configuration of the CCPP in a
simplified manner. Each gas turbine generator unit and the steam turbine
generator unit are interconnected via its own main transformers to the
220 kV switchyard.
The gas turbine generator is capable of being fully automatically started
by electrical energy fed from the main grid via 220/11 kV main unit
transformer and the unit auxiliary transformer. The steam turbine
generator unit can be started via the 11 kV switchgears either from unit
13 or from unit 14 which are connected by means of bus-coupler to the 11
kV switchgear of the steam turbine generator.
The auxiliary power system is designed to meet all plant auxiliaries and
related buildings service requirements. Power for the auxiliary power
systems is fed from the unit auxiliary transformer via the 11 kV
switchgear. Low voltage auxiliary transformers supply the 380 V unit
switchgear as a 100% back-up. The second supply is interlocked from the
first, so that an operation without interruption shall be possible.

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Siemens Gas Turbines V 94.2

The emergency diesel set has sufficient capacity for emergency supply of
the units, turning gears and emergency light. The capacity covered the
gas turbine units as well as the steam turbine unit.
The DC system consists of a 220V DC and 24V DC system. The 220V DC
system feed all power, control and protection equipment as required. The
24V DC system feed the I & C equipment and the protection equipment
as required. The capacity of each battery charger is 100% of the power
requirements of the whole plant extension. Each battery is designed to
allow for normal operation as well as for safe shut-down of the plant in
case of a total black-out.

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Siemens Gas Turbines V 94.2

D14Q
2

D14Q
1

D14Q
3

GS
012

GS
012

GS
012

14BBT0
1GT002

14BBE

11KV

11KV

13BBT0
1GT002

13BAC01GS001
11KV Breaker

13MBJ0
13MBJ 01
1
GT001

Start
Frequency
13MKC0
Transformer
13MKC
1
01
GT001
Excitation
Transformer

To
COBCB

EDG

13BAC01GS002
11KV Isolator

GT-13
380V

behind CCR-3

13BAT0
1

13BFE

380V

COBCB
00GS00
1

14BFE

13BFT0
1
13BFT 01
GS001

00BHP

00BME

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LV Unit Aux
Transformer

380V

00BHA
00BHT 01

GT-14

00BMT 00BMF
01

00BLE

380V

13BBE

00BHT 03

00BLT 01

Spare

00BLT 01

00BMF

00BHT 04

00BMT
01

14BFT 01

00BHA
00BHT 02

13BFT0
1
GS001

LV Unit Aux
Transformer
14MKC0
14MKC
1
01
GT001
Excitation
Transformer
14MBJ 01

14MBJ01
GT001

Start
Frequency
Transformer

380V

D13Q20

Portable
earths

13BBT0
1

Unit Aux.
Transformer

14BBT0
1

Unit Aux.
Transformer

14BAC01GS001
11KV Breaker

GS 033

Main Unit Tr.

11KV /
220KV

14BAT0
1

GS
012

GS
022

GS
020
GS
021

Portable
earths

14BAC01GS002
11KV Isolator

GS
010

D13Q
3

Generator
Isolator

GS 033

Main Unit Tr.

11KV /
220KV

Turbine Compress
or

GS
011
GS
010

220KV Bus Bar-1

GS
010

GS
022

GS
020

GS
021
Generator
Isolator

GS
011

D13Q
2

GS
011
GS
011
GS
010

220 kV
Feeder
New Multan 3

220 KV Bus Bar2

D13Q
1

D14Q20

220 kV
Feeder
New Multan 4

CONTROL SYSTEM

3.0

The CCPP plant features a high level of automation with plant start
up, operation and shut down being carried out by the TELEPERM ME
control and data acquisition system. For the control system the total
plant is divided into following five functional areas:
1.
2.
3.

4.
5.

Gas Turbines
Heat Recovery Boilers
Water/Steam Cycles
Steam Turbine
Auxiliary Plant

The I & C equipment associated with these functional areas is

distributed throughout the plant and transmit the measured values
and plant status information to local processing units contained
within Power Control Centers. These PCC's are prefabricated units
and enclosed in containers where also the plant related switchgear
is arranged.
The Central Control is located in the Control Room Building 15 UCA
(CCR-3). Information transfer between the control room and the local
plant is achieved via a duplicated data highway. Central redundant
data acquisition and control processors are located in the control
room building for alarm monitoring, logging and plant status display.
The interface between plant and operator is located in the both
central and local control rooms. From here, all plant control functions
can be carried out during both normal and emergency situations.
At Block-3, for the process automation of the CCPP, the TELEPERM ME
process I & C system is used. Its functions are: acquisition and
processing of process data, open and closed-loop control, calculation
and optimizing as well as supervision, signaling, operation and
monitoring of the process in interactive mode on the screen and
using miniaturized control room equipment.
4.0

Start-up from Unit Coordination Program

The plant can be operated in a simple-cycle and a combined-cycle

operation.

Simple-Cycle Operation
The procedure for startup of the gas turbine in simple-cycle operation is
as follows:
-

Diverter damper upstream of the steam generator closed, bypass

path open
Starting of gas turbine, purging of the turbine through bypass stack
during runup to ignition speed
Ignition of the gas turbine burners
Runup to rated speed and loading of the gas turbine

Combined-Cycle Operation
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GT 13, 14 & ST 15

Two procedures are possible for startup of the heat recovery steam
generator (HRSG):
-

Startup of the gas turbine as a function of output load control

Startup of the gas turbine as a function of exhaust temperature
control

The gas turbine is started up as described in the simple-cycle

operation, however, the gas turbine exhaust gas temperature is kept
below < 350 C. After the purging process (for 1 min), gas turbine
output is increased to rated power. The rated temperature is
achieved at about 60% gas turbine output. Startup of the HRSG is
performed by opening the diverter damper upstream of the steam
generator and thus simultaneously closing the bypass path.
In the case of gas turbine startup under temperature control,
the bypass path remains closed after the steam generator has been
purged. The gas turbine load is controlled at the permissible
temperature transients for the thick-walled components of the steam
generator, piping and steam turbine.
For gas turbine startup under load control, the diverter damper is set
at an intermediate position after the steam generator has been purged
such that the cross-section of the line to the steam generator is opened
by about 20%. After expulsion of the water and when the level in the
drums stabilizes and the steam temperature is almost equal to the gas
turbine exhaust gas temperature, the diverter is opened in stages.
Whenever a temperature change in the HRSG permits, a defined time
pulse is released to open the diverter damper a stage further.
The main steam line is warmed up, in accordance with a specified mean
warmup transient, for the leading item (strainer casing). Controlled
warmup of the LP-steam line to the feedwater tank is not necessary owing
to the reduced wall thickness.
The steam turbine is started up under speed control. As soon as the
generator is synchronized with the grid system, the valve lift, which
is limited by the Turbine Stress Evaluator (TSE), is increased by the
startup control until the turbine assumes the full steam mass flow,
the turbine bypass station closes and the initial pressure controller
is activated.
The pressure in the LP-evaporator system is governed by the LPstartup station. If sufficient hot steam is extracted to the feedwater
tank, the LP-startup station closes and lowers the response setpoint.

5.0Plant Design According to Weather Conditions

The HRSG / Steam Turbine plant are capable of utilizing the exhaust
gas from the gas turbines when operating over full range of
operating conditions up to base load according to Kot Addu site
ambient temperatures from 1 C to 50 C (design temperature) and
at relative humidity of up to 80 % (design ambient relative humidity
for electrical and I & C equipment).
Prepared by: Fazal-ur-Rehman Babar

GT 13, 14 & ST 15

The machines are designed according to the following performance

data:
Ambient Temperature
Relative Humidity
Atmospheric Pressure

= 30C,
= 60 %
= 0.996 bar.

The electric output of Block-3 (GT-13, 14 & ST-15) is 406 MW (Net

Power Output = 397 MW), 129 MW from each gas turbine and 148
MW from the steam turbine. The heat input amounts to 818 MJ/sec
so that the overall net efficiency is 48.5 %.

Combined Cycle Components

Some of the components are described here;

1.0 The Gas Turbine

The first major component of the combined cycle power plant is the gas
turbine. Gas Turbine is a machine which runs with the action of flue
gases on its turbine blades. Flue gases are produced by burning the fuel.
When gas turbine exhausts directly to the atmosphere, it is said to be
operating in "open cycle" mode. When a gas turbine exhausts into a heat
recovery steam generator (HRSG) the resultant steam is used to operate
a steam turbine, this operation is called combined cycle.

A model of gas turbine 13, 14 is shown. Unit 13, 14 gas turbines

consist of a single body including 16 stage Compressor, 2
Combustion Chambers and 4 stage Turbine. The turbine rotor has
two bearings one at the air inlet of compressor side and second in
the turbine exhaust. The body is divided in various planes to
facilitate inspection. Mechanical power generated in the turbine is
used to drive both the compressor and the generator. The electric
power is available at the generator terminals in 11KV.
The gas turbine uses air as working fluid which is drawn in through
filters and sound absorbers, it is compressed in the compressor up to
10 bar. Compressed air is directed into the combustion chambers.
Fuel is added and burnt in the combustion chamber, and the resultant
flue gas is heated up to approx. 1050 C for the turbine inlet. The hot
gases are expanded to atmospheric pressure in the turbine and
transfer their energy to the turbine blades, where its energy is used
to drive the shaft. The compressor and turbine blades are arranged
on a common shaft and connected to the generator via the
intermediate shaft. The exhaust gases leave the turbine through the

Prepared by: Fazal-ur-Rehman Babar

GT 13, 14 & ST 15

exhaust diffuser for being discharged into the bypass stack or to the
HRSG for combined cycle operation.

1.1 Main Components of a Gas Turbine

1.1.1Intake Air Filters
These provide clean, filtered and dust free air to the compressor
inlet.

1.1.2Compressor
Air is drawn in and compressed when passing through rows of
rotating blades and stationary vanes. At the end of the compressor,
before reaching the combustion chamber, the air is compressed to
about 10 bar and has been heated to about 300C by compression.

1.1.3Combustor / Combustion Chamber

The combustor or combustion chamber is the heart of the engine;
here the combustible mixture of compressed air and fuel is burnt.
The hot gas output temperature becomes 1000C to 1300C; its
volume becomes more than doubled by the temperature rise where
as pressure remains constant.

1.1.4Turbine
The turbine section converts the thermal and kinetic energy of the
combustion gases into rotational mechanical energy. Gas turbines like
steam turbines have three or four stages of rotating and stationary
blades. However; because gas turbines work with lower initial inlet
pressures, they have fewer stages and less change in blade height from
inlet to exhaust. Turbines normally consist of combination of impulse and
reaction types. The gas turbine also differs from the steam turbine in;
(1) the type of blading material used
(2) the lower ratio of blade length to wheel diameter
(3) less number of turbine stages
Flue gases flow to the turbine with a very high velocity v of about 80
m/s (288 km/hr). It means it has high kinetic energy mv . The
kinetic energy of flue gases is converted to mechanical energy when
flue gas is expanded in the stages of turbine transferring its energy
to the turbine rotor. The volume of flue gases is increased by
expansion and thus temperature is decreased and at the exhaust it
is about 500 C.
2

The turbine parts which are mechanically stressed are at the same
time subject to very high temperature, so that these parts are
designed with special material and cooling paths are provided for
cooling air to flow.

1.1.5Exhaust diffuser
It diverts the de-energized (but still hot) flue gases into the
ambience to complete the cycle. It is fitted with filter and silencer.

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GT 13, 14 & ST 15Prepared by: Fazl-ur-Rehman Babar

10

2.0 Heat Recovery Steam Generator (HRSG)

The HRSG is basically a heat exchanger composed of a series of
economizer, evaporator and superheater sections. These sections
are positioned from gas inlet to gas outlet to maximize heat
recovery from the gas turbine exhaust gases. The heat recovered in
the HRSG is used to supply steam to the steam turbine at the proper
temperature and pressure. The exhaust gases temperature leaving
turbines are in the range as given bellow:
Unit No.
1& 2
3& 4
58
13 & 14

Exhaust temperature Steam flow rate

500 C to 550 C
205 Tons/hour on
220 Tons/hour on
550 C to 610 C
210 Tons/hour
480 C to 530 C
150 Tons/hour on
160 Tons/hour on
530 C to 550 C
203 Tons/hour on
200 Tons/hour on

Gas
FO
Gas
FO
Gas
FO

High temperature gas represents a source of heat energy, some of

which can be recovered thus the output and the efficiency of a
combined cycle power plant is increased.
The function of a heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) is to
recover the waste heat available in these exhaust gases and transfer
that waste heat to water and steam. The heat is used to generate
steam at high pressure and high temperature. The steam is then
used to generate additional power in a steam turbine driven
generator. The HRSG provides a link between the gas turbine and
the steam turbine in a combined cycle plant. Therefore, the HRSG is
a key component in combined cycle efficiency.

2.1 Main Components of an HRSG

2.1.1 Diverter Damper
At outlet of the gas turbine, upstream the boiler, a diverter is
provided which makes it possible to send the exhaust gas directly to
the atmosphere, by means of a bypass stack or to heat the boiler by
opening the path towards the HRSG. The diverter is provided with
hydraulic actuators. The actuators have been sized to permit
intermittent operation of the damper to a predetermined position,
but not regulated control. The close position is with the blade
closed to HRSG and the open to bypass stack. The open position is
with the blade open to HRSG and the close to bypass stack.
The diverter damper is actuated through the various modes of
operation by an electrically controlled hydraulic system. This
hydraulic system comprises an independent, self contained power
unit connected electrically and hydraulically to the diverter blade.
The power unit consists of a weather proof enclosure containing a
system of two motor pump units, one control valve assembly, a hand
pump system and 3 hydraulic accumulators.
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GT 13, 14 & ST 15

11

2.1.2 Water & Steam Heaters

The water and steam are heated at different steps according to the
flue gas temperature. These include HP Economizer, HP Evaporator,
LP Evaporator and Superheater.

2.1.3 Drums
HP drum and LP Drum or LP separator tank are installed to separate
steam from water.

2.1.4 Pumps
These pumps are installed for the circulation of water and they
include HP Feedwater pumps or HP Evaporator recirculation pumps,
LP Feedwater pumps or LP Evaporator recirculation pumps, HP
Economizer recirculation pumps etc.

2.1.5 Soot Blowers

They clean soot deposits from the tubes on flue gas side of the
Boiler.

3.0 Steam Turbine

The Steam Turbine is a power unit which produces power from a
continuous action of steam on its turbine blades, the steam being
delivered to the turbine at a high pressure and exhausted to the
condenser at a low pressure.
Steam turbine converts the heat energy of superheated highpressure steam, coming from the boiler or HRSG, into rotational
mechanical energy. The conversion of energy in the turbine occurs
in two steps.

First, the heat energy in the steam is converted into kinetic

energy of a steam jet by nozzles (stationary blades).

Second, the steam jets blow on buckets or moving blades

mounted on a rotor to produce a mechanical force and torque.

The mechanical energy of the steam turbine is then used to drive a

generator to produce electrical energy. The steam turbine generator is,
by itself, a very simple machine with few moving parts. It is not unusual
for a steam turbine-generator to operate continuously for more than a
year without shutdown.

3.1 Main Components of a Steam Turbine

3.1.1 Turbine

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GT 13, 14 & ST 15

12

The turbine converts the thermal and kinetic energy of the steam into
rotational mechanical energy. ST-15
Stage 1
Stage 2
has 26 stages of HP and 8+8 stages of
LP turbine and their sealing steam
system. There are two types of turbine
blades, Impulse and Reaction types.
Normally,
turbine
consists
of
combination of impulse and reaction
types.

Turbine Principle
Steam enters the rotating channels
with
absolute
velocity
c
with
reference to the fixed parts. When
magnitude and direction of both
velocities are known we get the
relative velocity w with reference to
the rotating blades. Circumferential
velocity u at rotating blade tip can be
calculated by the difference of c and
w.
c absolute velocity
w velocity in rotating
channel
= relative velocity

U1 = C1 W1

u circumferential velocity
Indices
1 Inlet rotating wheel
2 Outlet rotating wheel

Guide
wheel

Rotating
wheel

Guide
wheel

Velocities in Steam Turbine Stages

U2 = C2 W2
Impulse Type Turbine

The basic idea of an impulse turbine is that a jet of steam from a

fixed nozzle pushes against the rotor blades and impels them
forward. The velocity of the steam is about twice as fast as the
velocity of the blades. Only turbines utilizing fixed nozzles are
classified as impulse turbines.

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GT 13, 14 & ST 15

13

Reaction Type Turbine

A reaction turbine utilizes a jet of steam that flows from a nozzle on
the rotor. Actually, the steam is directed into the moving blades by
fixed blades designed to expand the steam. The result is a small
increase in velocity over that of the moving blades. These blades
form a wall of moving nozzles that further expand the steam. The
steam flow is partially reversed by the moving blades, producing
reaction on the blades. Since the pressure drop is small across each
row of nozzles (blades), the speed is comparatively low. So more rows
of moving blades are needed in a reaction turbine than in an impulse
turbine.

3.1.2 Condenser and Vacuum Pumps

It condenses steam when it finishes its work and exit from the turbine.
Vacuum pump regularly runs to evacuate any air accumulation in the
condenser.

3.1.3 Cooling Tower

This is provided to cool the close circulating water from the
condenser. It removes the latent heat of steam and converts it into
condensate.

3.1.4 Lube Oil system

It supplies lubrication and cooling for all bearings like compressor,
turbine, generator and supplies oil to the hydraulic oil system,
torque convertor and turning gear.

3.1.5 Generator
The generator is connected to the gas turbine. Generator converts the
mechanical output power of the gas turbine into electricity. When rotor
rotates in the stator, there is a relative motion between conductor and
rotors magnetic field. Voltage is induced by this relative motion into the
three coils of stator winding. When north and south poles of rotor
magnetic field pass before a stator winding then alternating currents of
sinusoidal (~) wave shape are produced. In this way three phase currents
132 KV
are produced by the three phases of stator winding as shown in figure.

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GT 13, 14 & ST 15

14

The generator is air cooled in closed circuit. Generator output is at

11KV; it is stepped up by main transformer to 132 KV or 220 KV and
sent to WAPDA via transmission lines.

2.0Thermodynamic Cycles
2.1 Gas Turbine (Joule-Brayton) Cycle

HEAT
ADDED

Temperature

The thermodynamic cycle of a gas turbine is referred to as the JouleBrayton Cycle (or simply Brayton Cycle). The four processes of the
Brayton Cycle are represented on a temperature-entropy (T-s)
diagram shown in figure. Entropy is a property of substances that
describes the availability of energy to do work. The T-s diagram is
useful in analyzing thermodynamic cycles because it reveals the
amount of heat required to make a process occur in a cycle. If a
process can be represented as a curve on the T-s diagram, the area
under the curve is the amount of heat required to make that process
occur.

HEAT
REJECTED

Four Processes of Gas

Turbine
Compression
A-B
Combustion
B-C
Expansion
Each
process
in
Heat Rejection
D-A

Compression

Combustion
Expansion
(Turbine)

Brayton Cycle
T-S Diagram

C-D
the
Brayton Cycle can be drawn on the T-s diagram.
The first process is the compression of Heat
air in the compressor
represented by the line A-B. As the air is compressed, its
temperature and pressure increases and there is a corresponding
increase in enthalpy. As work is done on the air, the air stores this
energy in the form of temperature and pressure. The power (energy)
to perform this work originates from the turbine, which is directly
coupled to the gas turbine compressor through a common shaft.

The second process is the addition of heat to the cycle at a constant

pressure by burning of fuel represented by the line B-C. The
temperature of the gas that results from the combustion increases
considerably from the temperature of the air at the compressor outlet.
Normally air temperature at the compressor outlet is 300C and the
flue gas temperature is increased up to 1000C or 1300C.
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GT 13, 14 & ST 15

15

The third process is the expansion and cooling of the gas as it

passes through the turbine, is represented by the line C-D. Here, the
energy of the hot pressurised gas is used to perform work.
The final process in the Brayton cycle is the cooling of the hot gas
that exhausts to the atmosphere represented by line D-A. The
exhausted gas mixes with ambient air, thus decreasing in
temperature.
Amount of heat that is required to make Brayton cycle work is
represented by the area under lines B-C. The area under the line D-A
represents the fraction of heat that is rejected. The area between these
two lines represents the heat that is converted to useful mechanical
energy. The heat converted to useful mechanical energy is 20% to 25%
of the total heat required to make the process work.

2.1.1Thermodynamics of Gas Turbine

The energy at the input is available as fuel
(furnace oil or gas) and it represents
chemical energy. At the output we have
energy in the most valuable form as
electrical energy. Electricity is easily
transported, easily controlled and easily
applied at all instances when energy is
used. There are several steps when energy
is converted from its chemical form to
electrical form:

Generator loss
(0.8 %)
STEP 4

Compressor
Mechanical loss
(0.5 %)
Air
Exhaust
Heat Energy
(61 %)

STEP 2
&3

Turbine
mechanical loss
(0.5 %)

Combustion Chamber
Step 1:
Chemical energy is converted
radiation loss (2 %)
STEP 1
to thermal energy (heat) in the
form of a flow of hot "flue gases".
Step 2:
Heat energy is transformed to
FUEL
kinetic energy by increasing speed
of flue gases in nozzles.
Step 3:
Flue gases act on rotor blades and rotate, in this way
kinetic energy is converted to mechanical energy.
Step 4:
The mechanical energy is used to drive the generator
rotor, and it is converted to electrical energy.

Energy Conversion Processes :

Chemical Energy Heat or Thermal Energy Kinetic Energy
Mechanical Energy Electrical Energy
Now we look at first two steps more closely.

2.1.2Cyclic Process
These first two steps are only possible as parts of a thermodynamic
cyclic process because nature does not grant any gifts without being
paid; i.e. we must come back to the initial conditions where we
started.
Such a cyclic process describes how the fluid changes its state
during its flow through a given machine. State of the fluid can be

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described by a couple of parameters which are inter-dependent.

These parameters are:
- Pressure
- Temperature T
- Entropy
S

We use these parameters to draw "T-S diagrams" which apply to the

actual fluid. For our present considerations we can use the T-S
diagram for air which is applicable for flue gas, too. In the range of
cyclic processes we commonly use the laws for ideal gases which are
valid here. By means of TS diagrams
- cyclic processes can be made apparent
- cyclic processes can be evaluated how efficient they are
- we learn how the machine has to be designed in which a
given cyclic process takes place.
In the following we apply these three uses to our gas turbine
process:
The ideal gas turbine process normally
applied named "Joule-Brayton - Cycle" is
defined by two isentropic and two isobaric
changes of state.

Temperature

2.1.3Gas Turbine Cycle of GT 1,2 & 13,14

1000

Heat Input
(Combustion)

It begins at ambient conditions and an

Expansion
isentropic compression of the fluid (air). It 800
(Turbine)
means that the change of state of the
Specific Power available
fluid is made at constant entropy, i.e. free 600
at Coupling Flange
of any friction and free of any heat
transfer across the boundaries of the
machine. At the end of this ideal 400
Evaluation of Energy
1 square is equivalent to
compression,
both
pressure
and
20 MW
temperature are increased but entropy 200
remained the same. Now heat is added to
100
Exhaust
the fluid by burning the fuel in the
Ambient Conditions
compressed fluid. Thus, entropy and 0
Entropy
temperature are increased but pressure -100
7
8
kJ
remained the same. Hereafter the flue
kg K
Ideal Joule Brayton Cycle
gas is expanded during an isentropic
change of pressure and temperature. The flue gas is now at ambient
pressure again but at elevated entropy and elevated temperature.
In order to complete the cyclic process the flue gases are blown into the
atmosphere and the energy content is dissipated, i.e. wasted. This is
the price we must pay for having converted the energy from a lower to
a higher value.

2.1.4Evaluate

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The T-S diagram is handy for representing energy and heat per fluid
mass unit. These values appear as areas; e.g. 1 square shown on the
T-S diagram is equivalent to 20 MW.
It means, that if we know the mass-flow we can easily calculate
- the power available at the coupling flange
- the heat to be put in
Flue gas mass flow:
Unit 1, 2
426 Kg/sec

Unit 13, 14
471 Kg/sec

Unit 3, 4
322 Kg/sec

Unit 5-8
406 Kg/sec

2.2 The Steam-Water (Rankine) Cycle

The Rankine Cycle used in conventional steam power plants can be
represented on a T-h diagram. As with the Brayton Cycle, each line
segment corresponds to a process in the cycle. A simple Rankine
Cycle consists of only four components; the boiler (often called a
steam generator), a turbine, a condenser and a boiler feed pump.
Boiler is shown with a superheater, thus the steam entering the
turbine is above saturation temperature.
3

Super
heater

HEAT
ADDED

4
Steam
Turbin
e

Super
heater

T
Boiler

Boiler

2
Condenser

Boiler
Feed
Pump

HEAT
REJECTED

Steam
Turbin
e

Boiler
Feed
Pump

Figure: Rankine Cycle T-h

diagram

Condenser

The first process in Rankine Cycle (Line 1-2) is the increase in

pressure of condensate from condenser by the boiler feed pump.
Increase in pressure occurs with a slight increase in enthalpy (h).
The second Rankine Cycle process (Line 2-3) is the addition of heat
to water entering the boiler. Within the boiler, the water is
transformed from a liquid to steam (a gas). The generation of steam
is assumed to occur at a constant pressure. Additional energy is
added to steam as it passes through the superheater (Line 3-4).
Steam is then expanded and cooled as it passes through the turbine
as represented by Line 4-5. Here, the energy of steam is used to
perform work.
The last process in the Rankine Cycle is the condensation of steam
that exhausts from the turbine, represented by line 5-1. During
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condensation, considerable
vaporization, is lost.

heat,

called

the

latent

heat

of

The heat required to make the Rankine Cycle work is determined by

the area under the lines between points 2 to 4; and the heat lost from
the cycle is under the line between points 5 and 1. The area between
the lines represents the heat that is converted to useful mechanical
energy. The useful mechanical energy is only about rd of the heat
required to make the cycle work.
The efficiency of conventional steam power plants is about 30% to
35%. Actual steam power plants are considerably more complex
than the simple cycle shown in Figure, because components such as
Condensate pump, Feedwater tank, Economizer, LP & HP Feedwater
heaters and Air preheater are added to improve efficiency. Typically
only 85% to 90% of the heat energy input is absorbed in Boilers.
This means that the boiler is only 85% to 90% efficient. Additional
auxiliary equipment, such as fans and soot blowers, use part of the
power produced usually around 5%.

2.2.1Actual Steam - Water Cycle / T-s diagram

The T-s diagram (Fig 4.3) illustrates the thermodynamic conditions
and parameters in the actual water- steam cycle.
Clausius established entropy in mathematic formulas in order to
determine transformability of heat energy. Later on Belpair found
that principle of entropy can be presented by areas of transferable
amounts of heat in the T-s diagram.
If one follows the various stages of the water-steam cycle, they can
be presented in the T-s diagram. The area below the curve depicts
the supply or release of heat energy in order to reach a new
condition. The temperature axis must then however be extended to
the absolute "0 K" point. In calculations temperatures are stated in
Kelvin, which means the origin in the diagram is 0 K (- 273.15 C).
The region of wet steam can be easily recognized in the T-s diagram.
The hill, the left margin of which equals x = 0, that is pure water, is
remarkable. The right curve represents saturated steam ( x = 1). All
points in between these margins depict wet steam with a certain
share of water.
One must be careful, because the diagram shows the specific
entropy s in units of kJ/kg/K. So you should keep in your mind, that
the shown values of entropy are good for 1 kg of the media at the
given point.
This T-s diagram shows the turbine cycle all over the Plant i.e.
Steam Turbine and HRSG. It starts with the condenser outlet to the
feedwater tank. The area underneath this line is the amount of heat
brought to the cycle from the LP evaporator into the feedwater tank
by the LP steam.

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600
T [C]

h [kJ/kg]
v [m3/kg]
p [bar]

Outlet
Superheater

Values at Triple Point:

p = 0.006112 bar
T = 0.01 C
s = 0.00 kJ/kg/K (arbitrary)
Values at Critical Point:
p = 221.2 bar (3206.2 psia)
T = 374.15 C (705.4 F)

500

v = 0.00317 m3/kg
h = 2107.4 kJ/kg
s = 4.4429 kJ/kg/K

400

400

T = Temperature

(0.00 C = 273.15 K)

300

300
HP-Drum
Inlet

HP-Drum
Outlet

HP-Turbine
Outlet

200

200

Feedwater
Tank

100

100

Condenser
Outlet
Condenser
Inlet
0

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s = Specific Entropy

s [kJ/kg/K]

20

The area underneath the line feedwater tank to HP drum inlet shows
(theoretically) the amount of heat drawn from the exhaust gases by the
economizer. The HP evaporator draws the heat underneath of the
horizontal line in between HP drum inlet and HP drum outlet. The
superheating is done nearly at the same pressure, but up to higher
temperature. The steam condition becomes far away from the saturated
condition, so the end of the turbine gets better conditions concerning the
arising of water. Due to the heat transfer for superheating the enthalpy
will rise too, gives the turbine a higher "capacity of work".
The arising heat underneath of the line "outlet superheater" to
"condenser inlet" is the heat, Clausius was thinking of Conversion of
heat energy into mechanical energy causes a rising of the entropy,
which is sometimes explained as an arising of losses. These losses in
that connection are losses due to "intermolecular friction", not
losses to the environment.
The amount of heat shown underneath the line "condenser inlet" to
"condenser outlet" has to be given to the environment to
condensate the steam of the turbine and to close the circuit. To
calculate the real amount of heat, one has to multiply this value with
the actual mass flow.

2.3 The Combined Cycle

Gas Turbine

Steam Turbin

Cycle
Combined cycle is a power plant in
ce Cycle
which consists of a gas turbine, Boiler
Heat
and a Steam Turbine. In this cycle a
Rejected
gas turbine is connected to a steam
turbine via a boiler. The steam turbine
cycle makes use of much of the heat in
the gas turbine exhaust gases.
Thermodynamically,
the
combined
cycle can be represented by joining
the high temperature Brayton cycle
with the moderate pressure and
temperature
Rankine
cycle.
An
Combined Cycle T-h Diagram
example of a combined cycle showing
the Brayton cycle (gas turbine) and the Rankine cycle (steam turbine)
on a T-h diagram is shown in Figure.

The area enclosed by the Rankine cycle is within the area that
represents the heat rejected from the Brayton cycle. Thus, the
Rankine cycle area represents the heat energy that is converted to
useful mechanical energy that would other-wise be rejected to the
atmosphere. A large portion of the heat lost from the Brayton cycle is
used in the Rankine cycle. A much greater fraction of the heat added
to the cycle is actually converted to useful mechanical energy in the
combined cycle than either the Brayton cycle or the Rankine cycle
alone. The Rankine cycle parameters (pressure and temperature) are
selected to match the temperature of the available gas turbine
exhaust gases. Usually, the pressure and temperature used in the
Rankine cycle portion of the combined cycle plant are much lower
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than those used in conventional Rankine cycle plants. The lower

pressure and temperature are necessary because the gas turbine
exhaust gas, while very hot, is not nearly as hot as the flue gas
entering the convection pass of a conventional fuel fired boiler.
The challenge in joining the Brayton and Rankine cycles in a
combined cycle plant is the degree of integration needed to
maximize efficiency at an economic cost. The simple combined cycle
can consist of a single gas turbine, HRSG, steam turbine, condenser
and auxiliary systems. In addition, if the environmental regulations
require, an emissions reduction system can be directly integrated
within the HRSG.

Advantages of a Gas Turbine

1.

Its operation is simple, can be started quickly and can be put on

load in very short time. For these reasons, gas turbine power
plants are able to meet peak - load demand, such as at evening
peak.

2.

They require lower capital investment and occupy less space.

The starting cost of the plant is lower than equivalent steam
power plant.

3.

The time required for their construction is short. The plant does
not require heavy foundation and a large building.

4.

The maintenance of the plant is easier and maintenance cost is

lower.

5.

The lubrication of the plant is easy. In this plant lubrication is

needed mainly in compressor bearing, turbine bearing and
bearing of auxiliary equipment.

6.

The gas turbine power plant requires less water as compared to

condensing steam power plant.

7.

Gas Turbine auxiliary consumption is very less and there are

very little standby losses in the gas turbines as compared to a
Steam Turbine.

8.

There is a great simplification of the gas turbine power plant

over the steam turbine power plant due to less auxiliaries and
absence of boilers with their feed water evaporator and
condensing system.

Disadvantages of a Gas Turbine

1.

Major part of the work developed in the turbine, about 60%, is

used to drive the compressor. The remainder of the turbine work
is available to produce power by driving a generator. Therefore
network out put of the plant is lower.

2.

For it starting purpose starting motor is required.

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3.

Since the temperature of the parts in the combustion becomes

too high, so services conditions become complicated even at
moderates pressures. Similarly, the first stage turbine blades
face high temperature flue gases, therefore these are made with
special material and these are coated with high temperature
material.

4.

On open cycle its thermal efficiency is low and it is about 34%.

However in combined cycle mode the overall thermal efficiency
is can be even higher than 45%.

General Definitions
a. Newton
The force required to give a mass of 1 Kg an acceleration of 1
m/sec 2 .
b. Joule
Work done is 1 joule when a force of 1 Newton moves a body by
1 meter.
(1 joule = 1 Newton-meter).
c. Watt
Power is the rate of doing work. One watt is the power or rate of
doing work when 1 joule of work is done in 1 second. (1 watt = 1
joule/sec).
d. Calorie
The calorie is the quantity of heat required to raise the temperature
of one gram of water one degree centigrade (more accurately, from
15.5 to 16.5 C).
The multiple is the kilocalorie, quantity of heat required to raise
the temperature of 1000 grams of water one degree centigrade.
The "thermie" equal to 1000 kilocalories, is the quantity of heat
required to raise the temperature of 1000 kilograms of water one
degree centigrade
e. BTU (British Thermal Unit)
BTU is the quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of
1 pound (1lb) of water by one degree Fahrenheit (1F) (more
accurately, from 63.5 to 64.5 F).
1 BTU = 252 calories = 0.252 kilocalorie
f. Calorific Value
It is the heat evolved by burning a unit mass of fuel. For
example 40,200 kJ of energy is released when one kg of Furnace
Oil is burnt and 32,400 kJ of energy is released when 1 M 3 of Gas
is burnt.
g. Fuel Equivalent
210 Ton Fuel Oil = 9.9 MMCF of Gas = 1 GWh
h. Specific Heat

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The specific heat of a substance is the heat in calories required

to raise the temperature of one gram of the substance one
degree centigrade.
In effect there are two sorts of specific heat:
i. Cv - specific heat at constant volume,
Quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of the mass
unit of the gas, one degree centigrade, at constant volume.
j. Cp - specific heat at constant pressure,
Quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of the mass
unit of the gas, one degree centigrade, at constant pressure.
Note: the ratio Cp/Cv generally is labeled .
Besides, it is important to note that in the processes that
constitute the thermodynamic cycle of a gas turbine, Cp can be
considered as constant.
k. Latent Heat
It is the heat used to change the state of a substance e.g.
change of state from water to steam at the same temperature in
HP evaporator. Similarly it is the heat rejected (to cooling tower)
in condenser when turbine exhaust steam at 40 C is converted
to water (condensate) at the same temperature.
l. Entropy (S)
It is the heat quantity evolved in a process when the
temperature considered uniform during the process. S is
expressed in calories per degree centigrade.
m. Enthalpy (h)
It is the heat supplied to the fluid at constant pressure. It is
measured in kJ/kg. The fall of enthalpy is equivalent to
mechanical work output.
n.

Net Power and Work Output (P, W)

are those available at generator terminals.

o.

Power and Work at Turbine Flanges (P f , W f )

are those directly available from the sole engine, before
reduction gear, auxiliaries, etc.

p.

Specific Power (P s )
is the power output for each mass flow unit running the cycle.

q.

Specific Work (W s )
It is the work obtained from the mass unit running a cycle.

r.

Mechanical Efficiency ( m )
is the ratio between the work output at turbine flange and the
internal work of the gas on the blades.

s.

Combustor Efficiency (

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is the ratio between the heat actually supplied to the gas in the
engine combustion system and the heat that a fully burned fuel
should have released.
t.

Overall Efficiency ( g )
is the ratio between the net power output and the product of
fuel flow multiplied by its lower heating value.

u. Heat Rate (HR)

is the inverse of the Overall Efficiency. It is the heat in BTU or kJ
required to generate 1 kW of energy.
v.

Thermal Efficiency ( t )

t=1

where:
rp = pressure ratio
= 1.4 (a constant for flue
gas)

1
rp(1 1/

This equation shows that thermal efficiency depends upon

pressure ratio only which relates to the compressor.
w. Exhaust Temp Calculation
CPD
Tf = Tx
Patm

This equation shows that thermal efficiency depends upon

pressure ratio only which relates to the compressor.
x. Pressure Ratio
It is the ratio of compressor discharge pressure to the inlet
pressure;
Pressure ratio rp
=

P2
P1

y. Work Ratio
It is the ratio of Net work and Gross work;
Work ratio
=

Net work
Gross
=
work

work of expansion work of

compression
work of expansion

Electrical definitions
a.

Coulomb (C)
It is the quantity of charge of 6.02 10 23 electrons or protons.

b.

Ampere (A)
It is the unit of current and it is equal to 1 coulomb charge
flowing in 1 second.
1 Ampere = 1 Coulomb/sec.

c.

Volt (V)

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The potential difference is 1 Volt if 1 Joule of work is done for

moving 1 Coulomb of charge between two points. (1 V = 1 J/C).
d.

Ohm ()
It is the resistance in which a dc current of 1 Ampere generates
heat at the rate of 1 joule/second (1 watt).

e.

Watt (W)
It is the unit of power (P). Between two points if the potential
difference is 1 volt and current is flowing 1 Ampere then the
electrical power is 1 watt. (P = V I). 1 kW = 1000 watt. Domestic
electric energy meters measure electricity in kWh (1 Unit = 1
kWh), it means 1 Unit of electricity is consumed if an electric
iron of 1000 watt work for 1 hour or if a bulb of 100 watt light
for 10 hours.

Gas Turbine Terminology

Turbine
It is a mechanical component in which the thermal energy of the
working medium is converted to mechanical energy by kinetic
action on a rotary element.
Single shaft turbine
Such turbine in which turbine and compressor are on one shaft
is called single shaft turbine.
Turbine stage
It consists of a set of stationary nozzles and one row of moving
blades which are mounted on one disc.
The flue gas expands through the stationary nozzles to a lower
pressure, thus releasing kinetic energy which is absorbed by the
moving blades.
Turbine rotor blades or Bucket (GT 5-8)
Aerofoil sections mounted on a rotor disc and proportioned to
transfer energy from the flue gas volume to the turbine rotor.
Turbine stationary blades or Nozzles (GT 5-8) or Diaphragm (GT 3,4)
A stationary element of the turbine blades used to expand the
flue gas and increase its velocity by reducing pressure and
direct it against the rotating blades.
Axial compressor
The mechanical component through which the air pressure is
increased.
Compressor blades
Aerofoil sections mounted on a disc and proportioned to press
the air through each successive row of compressor stationary
blades or diaphragms.
Compressor stationary blades or diaphragms
A stationary element containing a set of stator blades used to
compress the air and direct it towards the rotating blades.
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Combustor basket
The mechanical component of the combustion system in which
the fuel is burnt to increase the temperature of the flue gas.
Transition piece
Mechanical component which directs the hot gases from
combustor basket to the segmental opening leading to the
turbine inlet.
Fuel nozzle
The component of the combustion system which meters the fuel
to the combustor basket with the proper dispersion pattern.
Igniter
The component of the combustion system which at a predetermined point is energized to provide the spark for igniting
the fuel in the combustor basket.
Cross flame tube
A mechanical interconnection between combustor baskets for
the purpose of carrying the flame from a fired to an unfired
combustor basket.
Temperature control system
Under any normal conditions of operation, it limits input fuel as
necessary to prevent the temperatures in the turbine from
exceeding allowable limits.
Turbine temperature detector
That component of the control system which senses the
temperature of the flue gases and provides the signal to limit
the fuel input to the combustor baskets when maximum predetermined temperature is reached.
Ignition speed
The speed of the compressor shaft at which ignition and fuel are
applied.
Self-sustaining speed
The minimum speed of the compressor shaft at which the
turbine will continue to operate at no-load without cranking
power.
Idling speed:
The specified operating speed of the compressor shaft for noload operation.
Rated speed
The speed of a designated shaft at which it runs on load.
Trip speed
The speed at which the overspeed protective device operates.
Cranking speed
The speed at which the turbine is rotated for washing.
Starting power
The external power which is required to accelerate the
compressor, its turbine, and any connected load to self sustaining speed in a specified time.
Journal-bearing

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This bearing is used to support the rotating elements (shaft) and

it maintains the radial position of the rotor with respect to the
stator.
Thrust bearing
This bearing supports the axial thrust of the rotor to the bearing
housing and it maintains the axial position of the rotor with
respect to the stator.
Bearing housing
An enclosure used to contain and support the shaft bearings and
may be of the bracket or pedestal type.
Interstage seals
Mechanical device used to restrict the leakage of the air or flue
gas between stages.
Compressor bleed valve
An open-close line used to blow off a portion of the air from a
stage of compressor during a start-up or a shut down period.
Rotor assembly
This is the rotating element of the gas turbine which includes all
parts attached on the shaft and has provision for coupling.
Discs or Wheels
They constitute the gas turbine shaft. On these discs the
rotating blades are assembled.
Wheel space or Disc Cavity
It is the space between rotor wheel and diaphragm of the stator
blade. Here thermocouples are placed to measure the
temperature.
Shroud or Seal
A shaped metallic strip next or connected to the blades in order
to limit the leakages.
Governing system ;
which includes but it is not limited to:
Speed governor on the load shaft with load setting device for
manual operation at the machine and/or control panel
Check of turbine maximum over-temperature
Emergency over-speed governor on the load shaft.
Speed governing system
A system of control elements and devices for the control of the
speed or power output of a gas turbine and includes a speed
governor, speed changer, fuel control mechanism, and other
devices and control elements required to actuate the fuel
control valve.
Speed governor
The primary speed-sensitive element which is directly
responsive to speed and which positions or influences the action
of other control elements.
Fuel control mechanism
This mechanism controls the flow of fuel to the gas turbine.
Speed changer
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Used to change the setting of the speed governing system for

the purpose of adjusting the speed and/or load of the gas
turbine during operation.
Control panel
A component on which are mounted the devices used to
regulate and monitor the necessary functions for safe operation
of the gas turbine.
Controlling device
One which automatically initiates action of a system which
controls conditions during the normal operation of the gas
turbine.
External control device
An element which is responsive to signals that are external to
the gas turbine. It may be pneumatically, hydraulically or
electrically actuated from the signal source and acts to control
the energy input to the gas turbine.
Protective device
One which, alone or as part of a system, controls or signals in
some predetermined manner, abnormal conditions which may
occur during the operation of the unit or system to which it is
connected.
Warning device
One which by visible or audible means, or both, indicates that
an abnormal operating condition exists.
Baseplate (bedplate)
A structural metal frame for supporting the gas turbine and its
auxiliaries as a unit.
Inlet silencer
The elements system which decreases the sound power level
transmitted by the air at the inlet of the compressor.
Exhaust silencer
The elements system which decreases the sound power level
transmitted by the flue gases leaving the gas turbine.
Auxiliary gear or Accessory drive
Converts the gas turbine speed to the speed required by the
auxiliary equipment.
Accessories
Apparatus deemed necessary for the proper functioning and
safety of operation of the gas turbine.
Starting equipment

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The starting equipment shall be capable of bringing the gas

turbine up through the normal starting cycle to self-sustaining
speed.
Turning gear
The turning gear rotates the gas turbine rotor at low speed prior
to starting and immediately after shut-down to assure uniform
temperature distribution in the rotor.
Heat Recovery Steam Generator or Exhaust heat boiler
Used to recover and transfer heat from the flue gases leaving
the gas turbine to generate steam or hot water.
Lubricating system ;
Closed forced-feed system including the following:
Oil tank of sufficient capacity and oil piping
Tank oil level indicator
Main oil pump-sized to supply oil requirements for the complete
gas turbine unit during normal operation
Auxiliary and Emergency lube oil pumps with means for testing their
operation
System for automatically activating emergency and auxiliary lube
oil pump
Temperature measuring device in the oil feeding manifold
Lube oil coolers
Pressure gauge on oil feeding manifold
Relief valves
Supervisory instrumentation ;
Electro-pneumatic system for checking and monitoring of unit
performances. It include
Master control switch for semi-automatic start and for stopping
the gas turbine
Speed changer checking system
Relay to provide the necessary functions of control and
protective operations of the gas turbine
Starting and sequence indicating lights
Temperature indicator for the turbine exhaust temperature
Speed indicator for output shaft
Loss of flame indication
Annunciator with audible alarm and individual malfunction
indicators for overspeed, flameout, low lube pressure, high
bearing oil temperature and high turbine cooling water
temperature
Pressure gauges for measuring lube oil manifold pressure, fuel
pressure, overspeed oil pressure and control air pressure.

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G AS

T U R BDI NE SE ISG N

Description
Gas Turbine
Model
Manufacturer

Unit 1, 2

DATA:
Unit 13, 14

Unit 3, 4

Unit 5-8

V-94.2
V-94.2
TG-50
Siemens (Germany) Siemens (Germany) FIAT
M/s GIE (Italy)
Control
ISKAMATIC
TELEPERM
Conventional relay
EA/EHF
type; Fiat Hi Tech
Design Load
114.75 MW
Base Load rating 94 on GAS
110 / 107 on Gas 84 / 83 on GAS
according to IDC 91 on HSD
105 / 103 on HSD 83 / 84 on HSD
test in 1996
91 on FO
105 / 103 on FO
Base Load rating 94 on GAS
110 / 107 on Gas 84 / 83 on GAS
according to ADC 91 on HSD
105 / 103 on HSD 83 / 84 on HSD
test
91 on FO
105 / 103 on FO
Starting time upto 4 Minutes
4 Minutes
25 Minutes
3000 RPM
Spining Reserve
20 MW
20 MW
2 MW, after 90 Sec
Auto Loading
11 MW/minute
11 MW/minute
6 MW/minute
gradient
upto base load
upto base load
App. net thermal
26 %
29 %
25 %
efficiency
(open cycle)
(open cycle)
(open cycle)
Critical speed
1500 1850 rpm
Turbine
Turbine Stages
4
4
4
Max. Turbine Inlet 1050 C
1050 C
1050 C
Temperature
Turbine exhaust
500 to 530 C
500 to 550 C
550 to 610 C
temp. at full load
Heat rate (kJ/kWh)
11,200 on Gas
11,300 on HSD
11,600 on BFO
Flue gas mass flow 426 Kg/sec
471 Kg/sec
322 Kg/sec
Fuel flow (kg/s)
8.73 on Gas
9.28 on HSD
8.55 on BFO

MS 9001 E
M/S ALSTOM
France
Mark IV
Speedtronic control
97.1 MW
80/79/80/80 on Gas
76/76/77/76 HSD
76/76/77/76 on FO
80/79/80/80 on Gas
76/76/77/76 HSD
76/76/77/76 on FO
10 Minutes

Description
Compressor
Compressor Stages
Discharge pressure
varies acc to speed
Compression Ratio
Inlet guide vanes

Unit 1, 2

Unit 13, 14

Unit 3, 4

Unit 5-8

16
1-9 bar

16
1-9 bar

20
1-9 bar

17
1-9 bar

9.11
Fixed

Bleed valves

1.1 is electric
operated,
1.2 is air
operated and both

9.11
12
9.11
Variable,modulated Variable,modulated Variable,modulated
at 34, 57, 84
1.1 and 1.2 3,
4, close with comp
are air operated,
1, stage 6 close discharge air &
and both are at
above 2800 rpm.
open with spring.
stage 5, these close 2, stage 12 close All close at 95%

Prepared by: Fazal-ur-Rehman Babar

4 MW
8 MW/minute
27 %
(open cycle)

3
1050 C
480 to 550 C

406 Kg/sec

GT 13, 14 & ST 15

31

are at stage 5, these

close above 2950rp.
2 is air operated,
at stage 10, close
above 2300 rpm
Starting System
Starting Device

above 2940 rpm.

above 2700 rpm.
speed
2 is air operated, 3, stage 15 close
at stage 10, close above 1900 rpm
above 2280 rpm

S.F.C
Max. startup rating
2900 kW
Declutching Speed 2100 to 2300 RPM
Combustion and Fuel System
No of Combustors 2
Fuel Nozzles/
8 per combustion
Burners
chamber
Spark Plugs
1 for each nozzle

S.F.C
11KV 1915 KW 6.6KV 1000 KW
Max. startup rating
2900 kW
2100 to 2300 RPM 1910 to 1980 RPM 1800 RPM
2
8 per combustion
chamber
1 for each nozzle

18 Nozzles
1 per combustor

Description
Unit 1, 2
Combustion and Fuel System
Fuel oil control
At return line,
valve
hydraulic control

Unit 13, 14

Unit 3, 4

Unit 5-8

At return line,
hydraulic control

Air operated

Fuel oil pressure

low
Fuel oil pressure
high
Dosing pumps

6-7 bar

6-7 bar

VC 3 Fuel bypass
valve and flow
divider control the
fuel oil flow
5-6 bar

65 bar

65 bar

65-70 bar

65-70 bar

2 pumps with low

and high range

2 pumps with low

and high range

2 pumps with low

and high range

TRESSO-46

TRESSO-32

DTE-724

14 reverse flow
1 per combustor

2, electrode type,
spring-injected,
self-retracting,
located at burners
12 & 13.
Flame detectors
2, one at each left 2, one at each left 4, ultra-violet type, 4, ultra-violet type,
and right chambers and right chambers FD1,2 at nozzle 1, located at burners 3,
FD3,4 at nozzle 18. 4, 5 & 11.
Fuel pump
1, Electric motor
2, Electric motor
1, Electric motor
1, Accessory geardriven. Fixed
driven. Fixed
driven. Fixed
driven, Fixed
displacement,
displacement,
displacement,
displacement, screw
screw type pump screw type pump screw type pump type pump
Flow divider
Ram type
Circular, free
wheeling,
14 elements
Fuel oil emergency Open by hydraulic Open by hydraulic Air operated
Open by electrostop valve (ESV) control oil, close by control oil, close by
hydraulic servo
spring force
spring force
control oil, close by
spring force

2 pumps with low

and high range
Lubrication System
Lube Oil Grade
TRESSO-46
Prepared by: Fazal-ur-Rehman Babar

2, located at
burners 12 & 13.

GT 13, 14 & ST 15

32

Total Oil Capacity 11.4 m3

Max. Oil Level

13.5 m3

10.5 m3

320 mm from top

12.13 m3
Min. Oil Level
440 mm (from top 440 mm from top
of oil tank)
10.54 m3
Main lube oil pump One AC motor
No. 1, AC motor
driven Press = 5 bar driven
Auxiliary lube oil 1, AC motor driven No. 2, AC motor
pump
driven

3,300 gallons or
12,540 litres

320 mm from top

2, AC motor driven
Pressure = 4-5 bar
Any one can be
selected as main
and other standby
Emergency lube oil 1, DC motor driven 1, DC motor driven 1, DC motor driven
pump
Pressure = 1.2 bar Pressure = 1.2 bar Pressure = 1.2 bar
Jacking oil pump

1, AC motor driven 1, AC motor driven Nil

Pressure = 140 bar Pressure = 140 bar
Bearings at Compressor, Turbine and Generator Rotor
Quantities
2+2
2+2
2+2
Lubrication
Pressure lubricated Pressure lubricated Pressure lubricated
1 bearing
MBD11, Journal
MBD11, Journal
Located at Turbine Located at Turbine
Exhaust
Exhaust
Journal
Active thrust
Inactive thrust
2 bearing

MBD12, Journal +
Thrust, Located at
Compressor air
Intake

Description
3 bearing

MBD12, Journal +
Thrust, Located at
Compressor air
Intake

1, accessory gear
driven, Pressure
1,AC motor driven,
vertical,submerged,
centrifugal type
DC motor driven,
vertical,submerged,
centrifugal type
Nil

3+2
Pressure lubricated
Located in inlet
casing assembly,
Active and inactive
thrust
Elliptical
Tilting pad,
self-equalizing
Tilting pad,
non-equalizing
Located in
compressor
discharge casing,
Elliptical journal

Unit 1, 2
MKD11, Located at
Generator on
Compressor side
4 bearing
MKD12, Located at
Generator on slipring side
Hydraulic supply system
Main hydraulic
supply pump

Unit 13, 14
Unit 3, 4
MKD11, Located at
Generator on
Compressor side
MKD12, Located at
Generator on slipring side

Unit 5-8
Located in exhaust
frame, Journal,
tilting pad

Auxiliary hydraulic supply pump

Accessory gear
driven, variable
positive
displacement, axial
piston
AC motor driven
88HQ

Control oil system

Prepared by: Fazal-ur-Rehman Babar

GT 13, 14 & ST 15

33

Booster oil pump

1, AC motor driven 1, AC motor driven 2, AC motor driven Press = 8-9 bar

Atomizing air system

Main compressor no air atomizing
fuel burn, pressure
atomization
Starting (booster) compressor

no air atomizing
fuel burn, pressure
atomization
-

Air pre-cooler

Data from Performance Section

Fuel Calorific Values

Accessory gear
driven 51,000 rpm,
centrifugal type
Axial flow, positive
displacement, belt
driven by ACmotor
Water-to-Air heat
exchanger

Net Complex Output (MW) in IDC 1996

Net Complex Output (MW) in ADC 2004
Maximum Generation in a Month (April 2004)
Maximum Generation in one day
Maximum Plant Load

Sui Gas
: 32,400 kJ/m3,
HSD
: 36,300 kJ/Ltr
FO
: 40,200 kJ/kg
1345 MW
1360 MW
789,665 MWh
35,667 MWh
1541 MW

Conversion
1 mm of Water Column
1 bar (= 1 M water column)
3412 BTU = 3600 kJ

2.81 mbar; 2.107 mm of Mercury

14.7 PSI = 100,000 Pascal
1 kWh

Prepared by: Fazal-ur-Rehman Babar

GT 13, 14 & ST 15

34

S T E A M
Description
Steam Turbines
Make
Type
Rated Power
No. of Cylinders
First Cylinder
Stages
Second Cylinder
Stages
HP steam inlet
pressure
Temperature
LP steam inlet pres
Temperature
Vacuum
Turning Gears
Make
Drive
Turning Speed
Condensers
Make
Type
Water passes
Cooling Area
Circulating water
flow
Vacuum
Total steam flow
CW flow
CW vel in tubes
CW inlet temp
Cond pres loss
No. of tubes
Tube outer dia
Tube thickness
Tube Material

T U R B IN E S

D E S IG N

D A T A :

Unit 9, 10

Unit 11, 12

Unit 15

ABB, Germany
DK 2056
112.2 MW
2

RATEAU, France
VEGA 209 110 B
103.4 MW
1

SIEMENS, Germany
030-16, N30-2X5-B-9
148.6 MW
2

16 Reaction

12 HP, 5 LP

26 Reaction

7+7 reaction double flow 47.9 bar

40 bar

8+8 reaction double flow

57 bar

495 C
3.99 bar
190.6 C
0.091 bar (a)

510.8 C
0.091 bar (a)

528 C
5.78 bar
221 C
0.091 bar (a)

ABB, Germany
AC motor driven
reduction gear
43 rpm

FLENSER, France
AC motor driven
reduction gear
50 rpm

KWU, Germany
57 bar

ABB, Germany
Spring mounted surface
condenser
2
8204 m2

DELAS
Rigid mounted surface
condenser
2
8651 m2

KWU
Rigid mounted surface
condenser
2
9982 m2
5.690 m3/sec or
20,484 Ton/hr
0.091 bar (a)
128.04 Kg/sec
5650.1 Kg/sec
1.9 m/sec
28.5 C
0.41 bar
16032 + 1236
23 mm
1 mm & 0.7 mm
CuZn28Sn1F32
X 2CrNiMo N17135
Epoxy Paint

0.091 bar (a)

110.551 Kg/sec
4681.6 Kg/sec
1.91 m/sec
29 C
0.38 bar
13000
24 mm
1 mm
CuZn28Sn
X 2CrNiMo
Corrosion prot for Rubber Lined
Water Box

Prepared by: Fazal-ur-Rehman Babar

0.091 bar (a)

97.64 Kg/sec
4626 Kg/sec
1.95 m/sec
30 C
0.46 bar
12532
24 mm
1 mm
Admiralty Brass
Stainless Steel
Epoxy Paint

58 rpm

GT 13, 14 & ST 15

35

Description
Unit 9, 10
Circulating Water Pumps
Make
TORISHIMA
Type
1200-SPB
Flow
9630 Ton/hr
TDH
23.2 m
NPSH
5m
Speed
325 rpm
Power
920 KW
Material
Casing
JIS FC25
Shaft
JIS S45C
Impeller
SCS1
Condensate Pumps
Type
WKTA-200/2
Flow
(t/h)
403.1
TDH
(m)
75.6
NPSH (m)
3.3
Speed (rpm)
1480
Power (kw)
130 KW
Material
Casing
JIS SCPM 2
Shaft
JIS SUS42OL2
Impeller
JIS SC51
LP Feedwater Pumps
Make
TORISHIMA
Type
RPK50-400
Flow
(t/h) 30
Head
(m) 190
NPSH
(m) 1.9
Speed
(rpm) 2945
Power
(kw) 55
Material
Casing
JIS SCS1
Shaft
JIS SUS420J2
Impeller
JIS SCS1

Prepared by: Fazal-ur-Rehman Babar

Unit 11, 12

Unit 15

KSB
PHZ 900-990
8360 Ton/hr
17.2 m
3.5 m
590 rpm
462 KW

TORISHIMA
SPV 1200
11320 Ton/hr
22.3 m
12.3 m
295 rpm
1000 KW

Cast Iron
Carbon Steel
Bronze GCu SN10

JIS FC 250
JIS S45C
SCS1

FEX.36-3
422
96
33.4
1480
150

12QLQC 21/60/3
465
195
2.5
1480
316

A420CM
Z15CN16-02
Z4CND13-412

ASTMA 48 CL.35
ASTMA 276-410
ASTMA 743CA6NM

INGERSOL DRESSER
ERP100-200
175
6.7
7.8
2950
30.1

WORTHINGTON
HED
39.24
20
0.884
2980
65

A216GrWCB
A193GrB7
A473CA6NM

A216 GR WCB
A276 410
A487 GR CA6NM

GT 13, 14 & ST 15

36

Description

Unit 9, 10

HP Feedwater Pumps
Make
TORISHIMA
Type
HGC 4/8
Flow
(t/h) 206.9
Head
(m) 831.2
NPSH
(m) 6
Speed
(rpm) 2970
Power
(kw) 671
Material
Casing
Shaft
Impeller

SFVE2
13CR
SCS1T2

Vacuum Pumps
Make
SIEMEN
Type
2BW4303-0=OML49
HOGGING OPERATION
Suction Pressure
0.3 bar
Design Flow
5200 m3/h
Rated Power
65 kw
HOLDING OPERATION
Suction Pressure
0.0326 bar
Suction Temp. C 40
Design vapor
mixture flow
37.3 Kg/h

Prepared by: Fazal-ur-Rehman Babar

Unit 11, 12

Unit 15

BYRON JACKSON

WORTHINGTON

183.5
675
6.51
2980

337
933
10.50
2980
1200

A743-CA-6MM
A276-TP410
A743-CA-6MM

A 487 GR CABNM
A 276 TY 410
A 487 GR CABNM

HIBON
SHR215006H00.950

SIEMEN
2BE 1303-OZY4Z

0.39 bar
25.5 kg/h
42 kw

300 mm bar
30 Kg/hrs

0.083 bar
44

0.1 bar
100

108 Kg/h

67.5 Kg/h

GT 13, 14 & ST 15

37

G E N E R A T O R S
Description
Type
Make
Rated Out Put
(MVA)
Power Factor
Rated Voltage
(KV):
Rated Current (A)
Frequency (HZ)
Speed (RPM)
Over Speed Limit
(RPM)
Field Voltage (V)
Field Current (A)
Short Circuit Ratio
Direct-Axis subtransient Reactance
(Xd ) per unit
Direct-Axis
Transient
Reactance (Xd )
per unit
Direct-Axis
Transient Open
circuit time
constant Td (Sec)
Direct-Axis
Transient short
circuit time
constant T d (Sec)
Rotor Resistance
(ohm)
Stator Resistance
(ohm)
Insulation Class
Excitation system

Unit 1,2
TLRI
108/41
KWU

Unit 3,4
SGTIC
243704

Unit 5-8 Unit 9,10 Unit 11,12

T 229-320 WX 21L- T-229-320
064LL
ALSTHOM ABB
ALSTHOM

Unit 13,14
TLRI
108/36
KWU

Unit 15
TLRI
108/41
KWU

135

87

125.95

132

121.647

170

175

0.85
10.5

0.85
11.0

0.85
11.5

0.85
11.0

0.85
11.5

0.85
11.0

0.85
11.0

7423
50
3000
3600

4567
50
3000
3600

6223
50
3000
3600

6928
50
3000
3600

6107
50
3000
3600

8923
50
3000
3600

9185
50
3000
3600

333
641
0.5
0.148

142
810
0.6
0.114

151
2110
0.51
0.195

236
1495
0.5
0.17

146
2011
0.58
0.175

432
946
0.502
0.183

432
865
0.534
0.176

0.242

0.145

0.275

0.26

0.252

0.304

0.286

13.3

11.6

6.56

7.4

7.2

11.34

10.8

0.27

0.04

0.40

0.04

0.25

1.56

1.62

0.3638
(at 20 C)
0.00061
(at 20 C)
F
SEMIPOL
(Static)

0.175
(at 75 C)
0.0011
(at75 C)
F
STATIC

0.0508
(at 20 C)
0.00107
(at 20 C)
F
ROTA
DUCT
(Rotary)
Brushless
50

0.1165
(at 20 C)
0.00079
(at 20 C)
F
STATIC

0.226
(at 20 C)
0.001
(at 75 C)
F
ROTA
DUCT
(Rotary)
Brushless
36

0.3242
(at 20 C)
0.00058
(at 20 C)
F
SEMIPOL
(Static)

0.3671
(at 20 C)
0.00053
(at 20 C)
F
SEMIPOL
(Static)

40

40

Cold Air Temp C 55

Prepared by: Fazal-ur-Rehman Babar

ERCOLE
MARELLI

50

33.3

GT 13, 14 & ST 15

38

S W IT C H G E A R S
Description

Unit 9, 10

Unit 11, 12

Unit 15

220 KV CIRCUIT BREAKERS

Make
Nova Magrin Galiloo Italy GEC ALSTHOM
Type
SF6 / Air operated
SF6 / Hydraulic oil
operated
Rated Voltage
145 KV
145 KV
Rated current
2000 Amp
2000 Amp
Rated breaking
40
(KA)
40
(KA)
capacity
BIL
1050 KV
1050 KV
No. of circuit
6
18
breaker
132 KV CIRCUIT BREAKERS
Make
Nova Magrin Galiloo Italy
Type
SF6/Air operated
Rated Voltage
145 KV
Rated current
1600 Amp
Rated breaking
40
(KA)
capacity
BIL
650 KV
No. of circuit
17
breaker
11 KV CIRCUIT BREAKERS
Description
Unit 1,2
Make
SIEMENS
Germany
Type
Vacuum
Rated Voltage
Rated current
Rated breaking
capacity
No. of circuit
breaker

Unit 3,4

SIEMENS
SF6 / Hydraulic oil
operated
145 KV
2000 Amp
40
(KA)
1050 KV
9

Nova Magrin Galiloo Italy

SF6/Air operated
145 KV
3000 Amp
40
(KA)
650 KV
1

Unit 5-8

Nova Magrin Marlin

Galiloo Italy Gerin

Unit 9,10
AEG

Unit 11,12
Marlin
Gerin
SF6

Unit 13,14
SIEMENS
ABB
Vacuum
12 KV
800 Amp
20 (KA)
48

SF6

Vacuum

12 KV
1250 Amp
25 (KA)

Air
Magnetic
12 KV
1250 Amp
25 (KA)

12 KV
1250 Amp
25 (KA)

12 KV
25 (KA)

12 KV
630 Amp
25 (KA)

26

24

42

40

36

Prepared by: Fazal-ur-Rehman Babar

GT 13, 14 & ST 15

39

UNIT POWER TRANSFORMERS

Description
Make

Unit 1,2

Unit 3,4

TRAFO
UNION

ANSALDO ALSTHOM TOSHIBA

Rated Power MVA

Rated Voltage KV
(LV/HV)
Rated Frequency
No of Phases
Rated Current (A)
(LV/HV)
Connection
Symbol
Type of Cooling

117.6/147 77/95.5
10.5/139 11.139

125
11.5/240

90/135
11/139

50 Hz
3

50 Hz
3

50 Hz
3

Temp. Rise C
Winding/Oil
Type of Tap
Changer
Total No. of Taps
Impedance %
Connection
(HV/LV)

50 Hz
3

Unit 5-8

Unit 9,10 Unit 11,12 Unit 13,14 Unit 15

ALSTHOM TRAFO
UNION

TRAFO
UNION

112/125
11.5 /
240.18
50 Hz
3

168
11 / 258

190
11 / 258

50 Hz
3

50 Hz
3

8083/611 5012/396 6276/300 7090/561 6276/300 8819/422 8083/661

YNd11
YNd11
YNd11
YNd11
YNd11
YNd11
Ynd11
ONAN/
ONAF
55/50

ONAN/
ONAF
55/50

ONAN/
ONAF
55/50

ONAN/
ONAF
55/50

ONAN/
ONAF
55/50

On Load On Load Off Load On Load Off Load

ONAN/
ONAF
55/50

ONAN/
ONAF
55/50

Off Load

Off Load

17
15
09
17
09
11
11
9.2/11.5 10.9
14.5
12.63
14
14
15.5
Star/Delta Star/Delta Star/Delta Star/Delta Star/Delta Star/Delta Star/Delta

UNIT AUXILIARY TRANSFORMERS

Description
Make

Unit 1,2 Unit 3,4

SIEMENS O.T.E

Unit 5-8

Unit 15
SIEMENS

ONAN
1250

Unit 9,10 Unit 11,12 Unit 13,14

ALSTHOM TRAFO
PEL
UNION
ONAN
ONAN
ONAN
630
630
800KVA

Type of cooling
Rated power
(KVA)
Frequency (Hz)
Impedance %
Rated voltage KV
(HV/LV)
Rated current
(AMP)
Vector group
Total no. of taps
Type of tap
changer
Temp. rise
oil/winding
Connection
(HV/LV)
Weight of oil KG

ONAN
1000

ONAN
2500

50
5.47
11/0.4

50
8.38
11/0.415

50
5.5
11.5/0.4

50
4.09
11/0.4

50
5.98
11/0.4

52.5/
1443.4
DYN11
5
Off Load

131.2/
3478
DYN11
5
Off Load

6.56/1804 33.1/
909.3
DYN11
DYN11
5
5
Off Load Off Load

ALSTHOM

50/55

50
4.21 %
11/400

50
5.8 %
11/400

ONAN
1250

33.1/909.3 42/1155
DYN11
5
Off Load

65.6/
1804.2
DYN1
DYN11
5
5
Off Load Off Load
55

Delta/Star Delta/Star Delta/Star Delta/Star Delta/Star Delta/Star Delta/Star

/
/
/
/
/
/
/
1035
1200
5100
600
385
1257

Prepared by: Fazal-ur-Rehman Babar

GT 13, 14 & ST 15

40

GENERATOR EXCITATION TRANSFORMER

Description
Make

Unit 1,2
SIEMENS

Unit 3,4
STEMTRENTO
ONAN
3
Continuous
450
50
23.6/927

Unit 9,10
MAY &
CHRISTE
AN
3
Continuous
800
50
42/1499.6

Unit 13,14
TRAFO
UNION
AN
3
Continuous
1660
50
87.1/1229

Unit 15
TRAFO
UNION
AN
3
Continuous
1025
50
53.5/845

Type of cooling
No. of phases
Operation
Rated power(KVA)
Frequency
Rated current
HV/LV(A)
Rated voltage
HV/LV(B)
Type of tap
changer
No. of taps
Vector group
Temp. Rise at 50 C
Winding/oil
Impedance %

ON
3
Continuous
630
50
33.06/
673.6
11000/940

11000/280

11000/380

11000/780

11000/700

Off Load

Off Load

Off Load

Off Load

Off Load

5
YD-5

5
YD-11

5
YD-5

3
YD5

3
YD-5

50/45
5.55

50/45
7.0

50/45
6.05

50 C
5.9

5.8

EXCITATION SYSTEM
Description
Type
Make
Rated power (kw)
Rated voltage (V)
Rated Current (A)
Converters / Blade
Duty
Class of Insulation
Supply source

Unit 1,2

Unit 3,4

Unit 5-8
STATIC
STATIC
Rotating
with Carbon with Carbon Diodes
Brushes.

Brushes

Unit 9,10 Unit 11,12 Unit 13,14 Unit 15

STATIC Rotating STATIC STATIC
Diodes

AEG

Ercole
Marelli

Alsthom

Telefuncon

MAY &
Christe

215
342
658
6

115
142
810
3

319
151
2110
18

Continuous

Continuous

Continuous

AEG

353
236
1495
3

Als AEG
tho Telefuncon
m
293.6
408
146
423
2011
946
18
6

Continuous

Continuous

Continuous

Continuous

Telefuncon

366
423
865
6

F
F
F
F
F
F
F
Auxiliary Auxiliary Auxiliary Auxiliary Auxiliary Auxiliary Auxiliary

Prepared by: Fazal-ur-Rehman Babar

GT 13, 14 & ST 15

41

HEAT RECOVERY STEAM GENERATORS

Description
Boiler output (T/H)
Design Gauge Pressure (bar)
Superheater outlet Pressure (bar)
Superheater Steam Temp. (C)
Heating Surface Area
LP Evaporator
HP Economizer
HP Evaporator
HP Superheater
Total heating Surface

(m2)
(m2)
(m2)
(m2)
(m2)

Unit 1,2
208
62
47.1
505

Unit 3,4
180.8
62
48
500

Unit 11,12
96.25
51
42
512

Unit 15
234
60.7
60.7
530

4345
18200
28220
5415
56180

10200
17950
22820
3212
54182

7439
13139
26014
9794
56386

9914
33909
34578
5693
84094

REQUIREMENTS OF WATER AT HRSGs

FEED WATER AND WATER FOR SPRAY ATTEMPERATOR
Description
General requirements
Conductivity
PH-Value
Oxygen
Total Iron
Total Copper
Silica
Carbon dioxide
Hardness
KMnO4 Consumption
Oil

Unit
at 25 C S/cm
at 25 C O2
mg/kg
Fe
mg/kg
Cu
mg/kg
SiO2
mg/kg
CO2
mg/kg
mval/kg
mg/kg
mg/kg

Clear and Colorless

0.2
9
0.02
0.02
0.003
0.02
Not detectable
Not detectable
5
0.3

Unit
at 25 C S/cm
at 25 C SiO2
mg/kg
PO4
mg/kg

150
9.5 10.5
5
61

BOILER WATER
Description
Conductivity
PH-Value
Silica
Phosphate

Prepared by: Fazal-ur-Rehman Babar

GT 13, 14 & ST 15

42

Symbols in System Diagrams

Symbols used in System Diagrams are stipulated in DIN 2481. This standard
provides the full scope of symbols which are used in power plant
engineering. An excerpt of this standard containing most frequently used
symbols in the system diagrams is filed here.

DIN Standard Valve

Symbols
Shut off valve general

Shut off through valve

Hand Operated

Fitting with constant

setting action

Motor Operated

Fitting with safety function

Solenoid Operated

Non-return
valve general

Non-return
through-valve

Fluid Operated
Non-return valve
without spring

Non-return valve
with spring

Piston Operated
Controlled
non-return valve

Diaphragm Operated

Control valve
Angle valve or ball valve

Throttle valve
adjustable

Throttle valve with

constant restriction

Check valve
Three way valve

Four way valve

Pressure reducing valve

Safety shut off

valve

Safety relief valve

Coupling general

Separator general

Gate valve or
Main slide valve

Air Filter

Ball/cock valve

Liquid Filter

Strainer

3-way cock valve

Cooling Tower general
Butterfly valve

Prepared by: Fazal-ur-Rehman Babar

GT 13, 14 & ST 15

Fitting with constant

setting action
Non-return
through-valve

43

DIN Standards Pumps

Compressors

Pump general

Compressor general

Centrifugal pump

Diaphragm Compressor

Reciprocating pump

Rotary vane

Rotary pump

Reciprocating

Screw pump

Turbo Compressor

Gear pump

Liquid ring Compressor

Screw Compressor
Root Compressor

Special Accessories
Orifice
Flow meter

Gas Turbine

Inspection glass
Mixing section

Surface heat exchanger

Steam Turbine

Ignition gas cylinder

Generator
Burner

Combustion chamber

Prepared by: Fazal-ur-Rehman Babar

Tank

GT 13, 14 & ST 15