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Pressure Vessel
Pressure Vessel
Seminar Highlights
1. General Introduction of
Pressure Vessel
INTRODUCTION
[1]
Vessels, tanks, and pipelines that carry, store, or receive fluids are
called pressure vessels.
A pressure vessel is defined as a container with a pressure
differential between inside and outside.
The inside pressure is usually higher than the outside, except for
some isolated situations.
Pressure vessels often have a combination of high pressures together
with high temperatures.
Because of such hazards it is imperative that the design be such that
no leakage can occur.
Pressure vessels and tanks are, in fact, essential to the chemical,
petroleum, petrochemical and nuclear industries. It is in this class of
equipment that the reactions, separations, and storage of raw
materials occur.
Geometry
Construction
Storage tank
Cylindrical
Process vessel
Spherical
Multi Wall
Steam
Heat Exchanger
Conical
Forged
Lethal
Horizontal/Vertical
Monowall
Service
Cryogenic
Fired/Unfired
[3]
Shell
Heads
Nozzles
Stiffening rings
Supports
[4]
Shell
The shell is the primary component that contains the pressure.
Pressure vessel shells are welded together to form a structure that
has a common rotational axis.
Most pressure vessel shells are cylindrical, spherical and conical in
shape
Head
All pressure vessel shells must be closed at the ends by heads (or
another shell section).
Heads are typically curved rather than flat.
Curved configurations are stronger and allow the heads to be
thinner, lighter, and less expensive than flat heads. Heads are usually
categorized by their shapes.
Support
The type of support that is used depends primarily on the size
and orientation of the pressure vessel.
the pressure vessel support must be adequate for the applied
weight, wind, and earthquake loads.
Typical kinds of supports are as follow:
a. Skirt
b. Leg
c. Saddle
d. Lug
Leg
Saddle
Lug
Skirt
Nozzle
A nozzle is a cylindrical component that penetrates the shell or heads of a
pressure vessel.
The nozzle ends are usually flanged to allow for the necessary connections
and to permit easy disassembly for maintenance or access.
Nozzles are used for attaching piping for flow into or out of the vessel and
attach instrument connections, (e.g., level gauges, thermowells, or pressure
gauges).
Stiffener Rings
Rings made of flat bar or plate or structural shapes welded around the
Circumference of the vessel.
These rings are installed on vessels operating under external pressure to
prevent collapse of the vessel.
Following parts of ASME Code SECTION VIII DIV-1 are used in design [5]
U-1
UG-16
UG-20
Design temperature
UG-21
Loadings
UG-22
UG-23
UG-27
UG-28
UG-29
UG-32
UG-33
UG-45
UW-12
UG-45
UW-12
Appendix V
Charts for determining shell thickness of cylindrical and spherical vessels under
external pressure
Fig:
Screenshot of
PV-Elite Software
2. Materials Selection
Selection of materials
The broad classification of these materials can be done in following categories:
1. Boiler Quality Materials
2. Structural Quality Materials
1. Boiler Quality Materials [5]
These are the materials employed for pressure carrying components.
a) Carbon Steel Principal element is carbon, generally ranging from 0.2 to 0.4.
b) Low Alloy Steel Alloying elements are used, but the total alloy content is
limited to generally 5 %.
c) High alloy steel heavy alloying is done for example Stainless Steels.
Commonly used stainless steels for refinery, petrochemical services are: Austenitic Stainless Steels
Ferritic Stainless Steels.
[5]
2. Impact Testing
The impact testing of materials is done to take care of low temperature
service. This is because the material tend to become more brittle at low
temperature.
Charpy V notch impact test is the most common type of test used.
3. Stresses in Pressure
Vessels
Primary stress
Primary stresses are generally due to internal or external pressure or produced
by sustained external forces and moments.
These stresses act over the full cross section of the vessel. They are produced
by mechanical loads and are the most hazardous of all types of stress.
2. Secondary stress
Secondary mean stresses are developed at the junctions of major components of a
pressure vessel and are produced by sustained loads other than internal or
external pressure.
Types of secondary stresses:
1. Secondary membrane stress, Q
These are the stress which are
a. Thermal stresses.
b. Membrane stress in the knuckle area of the head.
c. Membrane stress due to local loads.
2. Secondary bending stress, QL
These include :
4. CREEP:
Creep is a failure of material due to constant loading and unloading of
material kept at one place for long time.
It arises due to periodic loading and loading. It starts initially from grain
boundary where abnormal grains are there.
It increases to cracks in the material after some time and finally material
fails on load much lower than the yield point stress.
5. CORROSION:
If excessive corrosion occurs than material thickness will decrease
constantly and after a certain limit the material will fail
Due to this the vessels are provided with corrosion allowance thickness.
Generally taken 3mm at inside boundary layer.
At outside some corrosion resistant material are used to prevent the
rusting.
4. Design of Shell
VESSEL NOMENCLATURE
Shell Design
Basically the design of shell consists of following steps-
Pe
Pi
1
HOOP STRESS
Calculate internal
design pressure
P = Pi + Pliquid level
Classical Equation
( . )
LONGITUDINAL
STRESS
Classical Equation
=
2
ASME CODE EQUATION
( + . )
[9].
1.
10
2.
< 10
6)
When A falls to the left of the curves, the value of Pa is determined from
=
7)
For values of Do/t less than 4, the value of factor A can be calculated using
the following formula [9]:
1.1
=
2
2.167
=
0.0833
<
Total internal pressure, P = pressure inside the vessel+ pressure due to liquid
Pressure due to liquid level =
/2
6
10
=
,
< 0.5 < 0.385
( 0.6)
,
= + ()
= + . .
,
(2 + 0.4)
= + ()
= + . .
Step-4: Select the maximum thickness as obtained from the step-1 & 2.
t = maximum (thoop ,tlong)
10
< 10
Follow the steps as described in the section design of cylindrical shell under
external pressure.
+1
iii) Repeat step-4 to 6 for calculating allowable pressure using new value
of L.
References
1.
Nitant M. Tandel, Jigneshkumar M. Parmar, A Review on Pressure Vessel Design and Analysis, Paripex
- Indian Journal Of Research, May 2013
2.
J. Philip Ellenberger PE, Robert Chuse, Bryce E. Carson Sr., Pressure Vessels The ASME code
simplified, 8th edition, Mc Graw- Hill Professional Engineering
3.
B.S.Thakkar, S.A.Thakkar, DESIGN OF PRESSURE VESSEL USING ASME CODE, SECTION VII
DIVISON 1, International Journal of Advanced Engineering Research and Studies, 2012.
4.
Ghader Ghanbari, Mohammad Ali Liaghat, Ali Sadeghian, Pressure Vessel Design, Guides &
Procedures
5.
Dennis R. Moss, Pressure Vessel Design Manual, 3rd Edition-2004, Gulf Professional Publishing (An
imprint of Elsevier)
6.
7.
8.
Henry H. Bednar, Pressure Vessel Design Handbook, 2nd Edition-1991. Krigerer Publishing company
9.
James R. Farr and Maan H. Jawad, Guidebook for the design of ASME Section VIII pressure vessels,
2nd Edition-2001, ASME Press New York.
10.
An international code 2010 ASME Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code, 2010 Edition, VII Section VIII,
Div.1, Rules for Construction of Pressure Vessels, ASME New York
Thank You