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Semnalului Vocal: 2.1 Moduri de Reprezentare
Semnalului Vocal: 2.1 Moduri de Reprezentare
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SEMNALULUI VOCAL
25
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Cuantizarea
2SHUD LDGHFXDQWL]DUHDHDQWLRDQHORUSURGXFHRHURDUHFDUHVHFRPSRUW
n mod normal ca un zgomot alb suprapus peste semnal. Pasul de cuantizare q
YDILGHFLLPSXVGHF WUHUDSRUWXOVHPQDO]JRPRWGRULW'DF SDVXOGHFXDQWL]DUH
este constant, acest raport depinde de amplitudinea semnalului. n cazul
WUDQVPLVLHL WHOHIRQLFH FDUH XWLOL]HD] R OHJH GH FXDQWL]DUH ORJDULWPLF ILHFDUH
HDQWLRQ HVWH UHSUH]HQWDW SULQWUXQ HDQWLRQ GH EL L Q VFKLPE FXDQWL]DUHD
VHPQDOXOXL DXGLR QHFHVLW vQ SULQFLSLX R HURDUH GH FXDQWL]DUH PDL PLF
IRORVLQGXVHFXYLQWHGHEL L
&DUDFWHULVWLFDHVHQ LDO FDUHUH]XOW GLQPRGXOGHUHSUH]Hntare este debitul
binar (sau GHELWXOLQIRUPD LRQDOH[SULPDWvQEL LVQHFHVDUSHQWUXRWUDQVPLVLH
VDXSHQWUXRvQUHJLVWUDUHGHVHPQDOYRFDO7UDQVPLVLDWHOHIRQLF FODVLF QHFHVLW
un debit de 8000 8 = 64 Kb/s. Transmisia sau nregistrarea unui semnal audio
QHFHVLW vQSULQFLSLXXQGHELWGH 16 = 768000 b/s = 768 Kb/s.
5HGXQGDQ D QDWXUDO a semnalului vocal permite reducerea debitului
binarvQWURIRDUWHODUJ P VXU 3UH XOSO WLWYDFRQVWDvQ
FUHWHUHDFRPSOH[LW LLRSHUD LLORUGHSUHOXFUDUH
RDQXPLW GHJUDGDUHDFDOLW LLvQUHJLVWU ULLUHSUH]HQW ULL
De-a lungul timpului au fost propuse diverse tehnici pentru a realiza
obiectivul referitor la reducerea debitului. n fapt, alegerea sistemului de
UHSUH]HQWDUHQXPHULF UH]XOW SHED]DXQXLFRPSURPLVvQWUH
FDOLWDWHDUHSUH]HQW ULL
FRPSOH[LWDWHDSUHOXFU ULL
debitul binar ce trebuie transmis sau nregistrat;
UREXVWH HD UHSUH]HQW ULL DGLF LQVHQVLELOLWDWHD OD FRQGL LLOH GH H[SORDWDUH
zgomotul ambiant, erori de transmisie, etc.)
([LVW GRX PDULPRGXULGHUHSUH]HQWDUHQXPHULF :
1. 5HSUH]HQWDUHDGLUHFW DVHPQDOXOXL (waveform coding = codarea formei
GHXQG
2. 5HSUH]HQWDUHDSDUDPHWULF (source coding = codarea sursei).
2EVHUYD LH:
Q OLPEDMXO FXUHQW VH FRQIXQG DGHVHRUL UHSUH]HQWDUHD QXPHULF L
codarea semnalului FRGDUHD LQWHUYLQH QXPDL GXS FH vQ SUHDODELO DX IRVW
UHDOL]DWH HDQWLRQDUHD L FXDQWL]DUHD RSHUD LL FH IDF SDUWH GLQ UHSUH]HQWDUHD
QXPHULF
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5HSUH]HQWDUHDGLUHFW DVHPQDOXOXLYRFDO
5HSUH]HQWDUHD GLUHFW DUH FD RELectiv o reprezentare a semnalului sau a
VSHFWUXOXLVHPQDOXOXLFkWPDLILGHOSRVLELOQIRUPDVDFHDPDLVLPSO HDFRQVW
n a reprezenta ILHFDUHHDQWLRQDOVHPQDOXOXL sau al VSHFWUXOXLV X independent
GHWRDWHFHOHODOWH6LVWHPXOFHOPDLFXQRVFXWFDUHVHED]HD] SHDFHVWSULQFLSLX
este sistemul MIC 0RGXOD LDLPSXOVXULORUvQFRGHQJOH] 3&0Pulse Code
Modulation FH RSHUHD] vQ GRPHQLXO WLPS $QWHULRU VD SUHFL]DW F SHQWUX D
DVLJXUD R UHSUH]HQWDUH D VHPQDOXOXL FX R FDOLWDWH VDWLVI F WRDUH HVWH QHFHVDU XQ
DQXPLW GHELW ELQDU QWUXFkW IUHFYHQ D GH HDQWLRQDUH HVWH GHWHUPLQDW GH
IUHFYHQ DPD[LP GLQVSHFWUXOVHPQDOXOXLUHSUH]HQWDWvQVHDPQ F GHELWXOELQDU
QX SRDWH IL UHGXV GHFkW SULQ UHGXFHUHD QXP UXOXL GH EL L DWULEXL L ILHF UXL
HDQWLRQ $FHVW OXFUX SRDWH IL UHDOL]DW SULQ DGDSWDUHD legii de cuantizare la
VWDWLVWLFD GH RUGLQXO D VHPQDOXOXL DGLF OD GHQVLWDWHD GH UHSDUWL LH L OD
YDULDQ D VD $FHDVW LGHH HVWH WUDQVSXV vQ SUDFWLF GH F WUH cuantizarea cu
FRPSUHVLHLH[SDQGDUHSUHFXPLGHF WUHFXDQWL]DUHDORJDULWPLF .
(VWHWRWXLSRVLELODVHPHUJHPDLGHSDUWHSHDFHDVW FDOHSULQDGDSWDUHD
OHJLLGHFXDQWL]DUHODIXQF LDGHDXWRFRUHOD LH$FHDVWDVHED]HD] SHREVHUYD LD
F ILHFDUH QRX HDQWLRQ QX HVWH R LQRYD LH SXU vQ UHDOLWDWH HO ILLQG SXWHUQLF
FRUHODWFXHDQWLRDQHOHFDUHODXSUHFHGDW)LHFDUHHDQWLRQDOVHPQDOXOXLYRFDO
SRDWH IL SUH]LV vQWUR DQXPLW P VXU SOHFkQG GH OD FkWHYD HDQWLRDQH FHO
SUHFHG(VWHGHFLVXILFLHQWvQSULQFLSLXV VHFDOFXOH]HHURDUHDGHSUHGLF LHLV
VHWUDQVPLW DFHDVW HURDUH/DUHFHS LHVHPQDOXOHVWHUHFRQVWLWXLWSULQUHDOL]DUHD
RSHUD LHLLQYHUVH&kWLJXOGLQSXQFWGHYHGHUHDOGHELWXOXLELQDUHVWHGHSHQGHQW
GH FDOLWDWHD SUHGLF LHL 3H DFHVW SULQFLSLX IXQF LRQHD] VLVWHPXO 0,&'
0RGXOD LD LPSXOVXULORU vQ FRG GLIHUHQ LDO HQJOH] '3&0 Differential
PCMED]DWSHSUHGLF LDIL[ LVLVWHPXO0,&'$0RGXOD LDLPSXOVXULORUvQ
FRG GLIHUHQ LDO DGDSWLY HQJOH] $'3&0 Adaptive Differential PCM),
ED]DWSHSUHGLF LDDGDSWLY
Sistemele de codare cu moGXOD LHGHOWDHQJOH] '0Delta Modulation)
VDXFX PRGXOD LDGHOWD DGDSWLY HQJOH] $'0 Adaptive Delta Modulation)
VXQWFD]XULSDUWLFXODUHDOHVLVWHPHORU'3&0$'3&0LQWHUHVDQWHSULQIDSWXOF
UHDOL]HD] FRGDUHDGLIHUHQ LDO FHDPDLVLPSO
ReprezeQWDUHD QXPHULF D XQXL VHPQDO SRDWH IL OD IHO GH ELQH RSHUDW vQ
GRPHQLXO IUHFYHQ SULQ FRGDUHD WUDQVIRUPDWHL )RXULHU &RGDUHD LPHGLDW D
ILHF UXL HDQWLRQ X[k@ DO WUDQVIRUPDWHL )RXULHU GLVFUHWH QX SUH]LQW GHFkW XQ
interes limitat. Multe tehnici de reducere a debitului binar au fost propuse pe
ED]DVSHFXO ULLUHGXQGDQ HLQDWXUDOHDVSHFWUXOXL3HDFHVWSULQFLSLXIXQF LRQHD]
VLVWHPHOHED]DWHSHFRGDUHDvQVXEEHQ]LHQJOH] 6%&Sub-Band CodingL
VLVWHPHOHED]DWHSHFRGDUHDDGDSWLY DWUDQVIRUPDWHLHQJOH] $7&Adaptive
Transform Coding).
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5HSUH]HQWDUHDSDUDPHWULF DVHPQDOXOXLYRFDO
3HQWUXDUHGXFHLPDLPXOWGHELWXOELQDUDVWIHOvQFkWV VHDMXQJ ODYDORUL
FXSULQVH vQWUH EV L EV WUHEXLH H[SORDWDW FXQRDWHUHD DSULRUL D
PHFDQLVPXOXL GH SURGXFHUH D VHPQDOXOXL YRFDO $QXPLWH PHWRGH GH DQDOL]
permit estimarea parametrilor unui model de producere. Este vorba de:
SDUDPHWULL FH FDUDFWHUL]HD] WUDQVPLWDQ D WUDFWXOXL YRFDO FkWLJXO L
FRHILFLHQ LL ak cu k = 1,K, n );
SDUDPHWULLFHFDUDFWHUL]HD] PRGXOGHH[FLWD LHDOWUDFWXOXLYRFDO]JRPRWDOE
sau tren de impulsuri periodice).
7RWXL VHPQDOXO YRFDO QX SRDWH IL FRQVLGHUDW FD VHPQDO FYDVLVWD LRQDU
dect pe intervale de timp de ordinul a 20 ms. Ca atare parametrii modelului
WUHEXLHUHvQQRL LPHUHXODFLUFDPVIDSWFHLPSOLF DGRSWDUHDXQRUDOJRULWPL
GHFDOFXOFDUHV RSHUH]HvQWLPSUHDO7UDQVPLVLDDFHVWRUSDUDPHWULQHFHVLW XQ
GHELWELQDUGHRUGLQXODEVQFD]XOvQUHJLVWU ULORUVDXWUDQVPLVLLORUED]DWH
SHDFHDVW SURFHGXU VHYRUEHWHGHFRGDUHDVXUVHLsource coding) sau vocodere
(vocodeurs).
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vQUHJLVWU ULORUFDUDFWHUL]HD] XQVSHFWUXSHWHUPHQVFXUWVDXOLPLWDWYDODELOSHR
GXUDW GHWLPSOLPLWDW 8UHFKHDHVWHVHQVLELO ODDFHVWVSHFWUXSHWHUPHQVFXUW
6H SRDWH DWXQFL H[WLQGH LGHHD GDF VH UHPDUF IDSWXO F XUHFKHD QX SRDWH
GLVWLQJHGHFkWXQQXP UILQLWGHVSHFWUHGLVWLQFWHGHH[HPSOX M = 2 B . Se poate
DVRFLDILHF UXLDGLQWUHDFHVWHVSHFWUHXQFXYkQWGHBEL LFDUHYDILWUDQVPLVVDX
PHPRUDW([SHULHQ DDUDW F VHSRDWHUHGXFHGHELWXOODRYDORDUHPDLPLF GH
EVSHDFHDVW LGHHVHVSULMLQ FXDQWL]DUHDYHFWRULDO
6HPQDOXO VLQWHWLF FDUH UH]XOW vQ XUPD XQHL FRG UL SDUDPHWULFH D
VHPQDOXOXLRULJLQDOQXSUH]LQW RFDOLWDWHVXILFLHQW SHQWUXWHOHIRQLDFRPHUFLDO
QSDUWLFXODUFRGDUHDSDUDPHWULF IDFHIRDUWHGLILFLO RSHUD LDGHUHFXQRDWHUHD
vorbitorului.
$FHVWH WHKQLFL GH FRGDUH FDUH FRPSRUW XQ GHELW ELQDU IRDUWH PLF DX
DSOLFD LL IRDUWH SDUWLFXODUH WHOHIRQLD PRELO GRPHQLXO WUDQVPLVLXQLORU VSHFLDOH
(militare), echipamente multimedia etc.
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