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RF Radio PDF
RF Radio PDF
Experimental results
The measurements and predictions for the receiving van driven
along 19th St./Nash St.
Line--ofLine
of-Sight Propagation
Attenuation
The strength of a signal falls off with distance
Pr = PG
t t Gr
(4 d ) 2
Pt
Gt
d
Gt and Gr are the transmit and receive antenna gains
Pr
Gr
is the wavelength
d is the T-R separation
Pt is the transmitted power
Pr is the received power
Pt and Pr are in same units
Gt and Gr are dimensionless quantities.
EX: Determine the isotropic free space loss at 4 GHz for the
shortest path to a geosynchronous satellite from earth (35,863
km).
PL=20log10(4x109)+20log10(35.863x106)-147.56dB
PL=195.6 dB
Suppose that the antenna gain of both the satellite and groundbased antennas are 44 dB and 48 dB, respectively
PL=195.6-44-48=103.6 dB
Now, assume a transmit power of 250 W at the earth station.
What is the power received at the satellite antenna?
to the wavelength, or
the number of obstacles per unit volume is large.
Receiver
Diffraction
Transmitter
d0
Pr (d) = PK
t
d d0
Reference point
d
P
do
EE4367 Telecom. Switching & Transmission
dB attenuation model
Free Space
Urban Area
2.7 to 3.5
Suburban Area
Indoor (line-of-sight)
3 to 5
1.6 to 1.8
Noise Power
Noise power in a receiver is usually dominated by thermal
noise generated in the frontend receiver amplifier. In this
case, the noise power can be determined as follows:
F=the receiver noise figure
T0= the reference receiver temperature in degrees Kelvin (2900)
K=1.38 10-23 is Boltzmanns constant
B=the receiver bandwidth
where PT=Pmin-Pt-10log10K
EE4367 Telecom. Switching & Transmission
Cellular Approach
Why Cellular?
By systematically spacing base stations and their channel
groups, the available channels are:
distributed throughout the geographic region
maybe reused as many times as necessary provided that the
Cells
A cell is the basic geographic unit of a cellular system
The term cellular comes from the honeycomb shape of the
areas into which a coverage region is divided
Each cell size varies depending on the landscape
Because of constraints imposed by natural terrain and manmade structures, the true shape of cells is not a perfect
hexagon
Actual cell
Idealistic cell
Cell radius
Frequency Reuse
Cells with the same number have the same set of
frequencies
3 clusters are shown in the figure
Cluster size N = 7
Each cell uses 1/N of available cellular channels (frequency
reuse factor)
3
1
3
4
3
1
12
8
4
(c) i 5 2 and j 5 2
4
5
18
16
15
11
12
4
13
14
16
2
7
18
17
16
12
18
6
17
2
7
11
9
8
19
10
13
14
15
19
12
4
17
14
10
13
11
3
18
10
2
12
17
19
11
1
6
19
8
10
6
10
8
7
6
9
11
1
6
9
7
10
11
2
(b) i 5 1 and j 5 2
(a) i 5 2 and j 5 0
7
3
3
1
3
1
13
16
14
15
(d) i 5 2 and j 5 3
30
j
D
120
i
3R
30
3R
Co
Co--channel Interference and System Capacity
There are several cells that use the same set of frequencies
in a given coverage area
these cells are called co-channel cells
the interference between signals from these cells is co-
channel interference
D
q = = 3N
R
if the radius of the cell is R
and the distance between centers of the nearest co-channel
cells is D
N is the cluster size
the parameter q is called the co-channel reuse ratio
S
=
I
Pr
N
Pi
i =1
d
Pr = Pt K
d0
Approximated SIR
SIR for a mobile can be approximated as
S
=
I
R
NI
(D )
i =1
If the transmit power of each base station is equal
S ( D / R)
=
=
I
NI
3N
NI
if all interfering base stations are equi-distant from each other and
this distance is Di D
Approximated SIR
With hexagon shaped cellular systems, there are always six
cochannel interfering cells in the first tier.
The frequency reuse ratio can be expressed as
determined as
Therefore, the cluster size N should be