Lattice and Lattice-Ladder

Structures for IIR Systems

Lattice IIR Structure

Consider a system with finite poles and all its zeros at z = 0 whose
transfer function is of the form
1
H(z) =
N ( z )
N

where N ( z ) = 1 + aN [ k ] z k is an Nth degree polynomial in z.

k =1

This system has N finite poles and N zeros at z = 0.

Lattice IIR Structure

A Direct Form II system with

N finite poles and N zeros at
z = 0.

Lattice IIR Structure

Compare the Direct Form II structures for FIR and IIR systems.
If, in the FIR system, we exchange the roles of X ( z ) and Y ( z ) ,
change all b's to a's (with b0 = 1) and let N = M 1, we get the
IIR system.

FIR

IIR

Lattice-Ladder IIR Structure

Modify the FIR lattice structure as illustrated below. Reverse the
arrows on all the "f" signals. Reverse the lattice and apply x [ n ]
to the previous output and take y [ n ] from the previous input.
Also reverse the signs of the signals arriving from the bottom. This
is now a recursive or feedback structure which can implement an
IIR filter.

Lattice-Ladder IIR Structure

Take the case N = 1.
x [ n ] = f1 [ n ] , f 0 [ n ] = f1 [ n ] K1 g 0 [ n 1] , g1 [ n ] = K1 f 0 [ n ] + g 0 [ n 1]
and y [ n ] = f 0 [ n ] = g 0 [ n ] = f1 [ n ] K1 g 0 [ n 1]
N

 

= x[ n ]

= y[ n 1]

z transforming
1
z
Y ( z ) + K1 z Y ( z ) = X ( z ) H1 ( z ) =
=
1
1 + z K1 z + K1
1

Single pole at z = K1 and a zero at z = 0.

Lattice-Ladder IIR Structure

Also, for the N = 1 case
g1 [ n ] = K1 y [ n ] + y [ n 1]
G1 ( z )

z + 1/ K1
G1 ( z ) = K1 Y ( z ) + z Y ( z )
= K1 + z = K1
z
Y(z)
1

G1 ( z )
Y(z)

is the transfer function of a system with a single zero at

z = 1/ K1 and a pole at zero.

Lattice-Ladder IIR Structure

For the N = 2 case, it can be shown that
Y(z)

1
z2
=
= 2
H2 ( z ) =
1
2
X ( z ) 1 + K1 ( K 2 + 1) z + K 2 z
z + K1 ( K 2 + 1) z + K 2
and
G2 ( z )
Y(z)

= K 2 + K1 ( K 2 + 1) z 1 + z 2 = K 2

z 2 + K1 (1 + 1/ K 2 ) z + 1/ K 2
z2

Notice that the coefficients for the FIR and IIR systems occur in reverse
order as before.

Lattice-Ladder IIR Structure

For any m,
Hm ( z ) =

Y( z)
X( z)

m ( z )

and

Gm ( z )
Y(z)

= m ( z ) = z m m (1/ z )

and the previous relations for FIR lattices still hold.

0 ( z ) = 0 ( z ) = 1 , m ( z ) = m1 ( z ) + K m z 1 m1 ( z )
m ( z ) = z m m (1/ z ) , K m = m [ m ]
m1 ( z ) =

m ( z ) K mm ( z )
1 K m2

Lattice-Ladder IIR Structure

If we want to add finite zeros to H m ( z ) we can add a ladder network
to the lattice. Then the transfer function will be of the form

N ( 0 ) + N (1) z 1 + " + N ( N ) z N
N ( z )
H(z) =
=
1
2
N
1 + N (1) z + N ( 2 ) z + " + N ( N ) z
N ( z )
N

m =0

m =0

y [ n ] = vm g m [ n ] Y ( z ) = vm G m ( z )

Lattice-Ladder Example
Synthesize the transfer function
1 z 1 + 0.5 z 2
z 2 z + 0.5
H(z) =
= 2
1
2
1 + 0.2 z 0.15 z
z + 0.2 z 0.15
using a lattice-ladder network.
2 ( z ) = 1 + 0.2 z 1 0.15 z 2
K 2 = 0.15 and 2 ( z ) = 0.15 + 0.2 z 1 + z 2
2

2 ( z ) = vm m ( z ) = 1 z 1 + 0.5 z 2 v2 = 0.5
m =0

1 ( z ) = 2 ( z ) v2 2 ( z ) = 1 z 1 + 0.5 z 2 0.5 ( 0.15 + 0.2 z 1 + z 2 )

1 ( z ) = 1.075 1.1z 1 v1 = 1.1
0 ( z ) = 1 ( z ) v11 ( z )

Lattice-Ladder Example
Using m1 ( z ) =
1 ( z ) =

m ( z ) K m m ( z )
1 K m2

1 + 0.2 z 1 0.15 z 2 ( 0.15 ) ( 0.15 + 0.2 z 1 + z 2 )

1 ( 0.15 )

0.9775 + 0.23 z 1
1 ( z ) =
= 1 + 0.23529 z 1
0.9775
K1 = 0.23529 and 1 ( z ) = 0.23529 + z 1

0 ( z ) = 1.075 1.1z 1 ( 1.1) ( 0.23529 + z 1 ) = 1.3382 v0 = 1.3382