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CH 7 The Nervous System Notes
CH 7 The Nervous System Notes
Structural Classification
(p 223)
Functional Classification
(pp 223-224)
2. Motor (Efferent) Division- nerve fibers that carry impulses from the CNS to effector organs
ossicles and glands, bringing about a motor response
neurglia
PNS: 2 types
schwann cells
satellite cells
neurglia
2. Microglia- spiderlike phagocytes
dispose of debris (dead brain cells & bacteria)
smallest of glial cells
4. Oligodendrocytes- (CNS)
wrap their flat extensions around axons of many nerves
forms myelin sheath- fatty insulating covering
protects and cushions nerves
speeds up nerve transmission speed
gives rise to white matter of brain
fewer extensions than astrocytes
PNS: 2 types:
1. Schwann cells- cells of PNS that myelinate axons
2. satellite cells- protective & cushioning cells of PNS neurons
Nerve Anatomy
synaptic cleft (synapse)- separation b/w axon terminal and next neuron
PNS:
schwann cells form myelin sheath
covering of most long neurons
formed by wrapping of a Schwann cell
schwann cell- specialized supportive cells
wrap tightly around axon
neurolemma- outermost part of schwann cell
aids in neuron regeneration
nodes of Ranvier- gaps of myelin sheath
b/ w Schwann cells
loc. @ regular intervals
action potential jumps from
node to node- faster
CNS
white matter- dense bundles of myelinated fibers (tracts)
gray matter- unmyelinated fibers and cell bodies
CNS
nuclei
PNS
ganglia groups of cell bodies
tracts
nerves
brain- inside
spinal cord- surface
brain- surface spinal cord- inside
Classification of Neurons
functional classification- according to direction of impulse is traveling relative to CNS
1. sensory neuron- nerve impulse travels towards CNS
afferent
cell bodies outside CNS in ganglion
Classification of Neurons
structural classification- based on number of processes extending from cell body
(pp 235-249)
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3. hindbrain- cerebellum
brain stem (part of it)- medulla oblongata
pons
Forebrain
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Forebrain
Cerebrum- cerebral cortex: 4 lobes
fn- speech, memory, logical & emotional response, consciousness, interpretation of sensation,
voluntary movement, problem solving
frontal lobe
primary motor area- located anterior to central sulcus
initiates voluntary movement of skeletal muscles (motor language too)
premotor area- located anterior to primary motor area
process input regarding body movement, modify movements
prefrontal area- anterior frontal lobe
higher level thought, decision making, planning, impulsivity control
selective attention, personality, problem solving, behavior, emotions
Brocas area- inferior left frontal gyrus
controls facial neurons & speech production- articulation
(works in junction with Wernickes Area- language comprehension)
parietal lobe
somatic sensory area- located posterior to central sulcus
interprets input from sensory receptors (except specialized senses)
aids in spacial orientation
sensory pathways are crossed pathways (left sensory area receives input from right side of body)
temporal lobe- auditory processing
olfactory area (located deep temporal)
memory: right lobe- visual memory (pictures, faces)
left lobe- verbal memory (words, names)
occipital lobe- visual center , processes visual info and visual recognition of shapes & colors
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Forebrain
1. Cerebrum- telencephalon
2. Diencephalon- located superior to brain stem & enclosed by cerebral hemispheres
3 parts- thalamus- relay station for sensory impulses passing upward to somatic sensory cortex
all sensory input passes thru thalamus to cortex (except olfaction)
signals from cerebellum pass thru thalamus up to motor area of cortex
encloses 3rd ventricle (spaces filled w/ cerebrospinal fluid...aids in circulation)
hypothalamus-seat of autonomic nervous system
regulates homeostasis
both nervous & endocrine fns
source of 8 hormones
regulation of: body temp, water balance, blood chemistry, metabolism
heart rate,
death results if damaged
plays imp. part in limbic system- emotional-visceral brain
emotion, motivation
epithalamus- forms roof of 3rd ventricle
choroid plexus- knots of capillaries w/ in ea. ventricle forms CSF
pineal body- endocrine gland
releases melatonin- regulates daily body rhythms
eg: day/ night cycle melatonin released @ night
Brain Stem- pathway for ascending & descending tracts, has gray areas- cranial nerves
help control breathing, heart rate etc.
1. midbrain
2. pons
3. medulla oblongata
reticular formation- extends length of brain stem (middle of hindbrain to midbrain)
role in consciousness & awake/ sleep cycles damaged- coma
Midbrain
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located upper part of brain stem
very small portion of brain stem
evolutionarily: the oldest part of brain
only used for eye reflexes
reticular formation- collects input from higher brain centers & passes it on to motor neurons
substantia nigra- helps smooth out body movements damaged-Parkinsons Disease
ventral tegmental area (VTA)- loaded w/ dopamine-releasing neurons that are activated
by nicotinic acetylcholine receptors & synapse deep w/ in
forebrain
VTA involved in pleasure: nicotine, amphetamines & cocaine
bind to and activate its dopamine-releasing neuronsmay account for their addictive qualities
Hindbrain-consists of
damaged- death
Limbic System- receives input from association areas in cortex & passes signals cerebrum
2 parts: hippocampus- essential for formation of long term memories
amygdala- center of emotions (eg fear)
send signals to hypothalamus& medulla wh/ can activate
fight or flight
receives signals form olfactory system....may account for
powerful effect that odor has on memory
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4. Blood-Brain Barrier
16
249-263)
Structure of a Nerve
nerve- bundle of neuron fibers (held tog. w/ connective tissue)
endoneurium- surrounds each never fiber
perineurium- binds groups of fibers into fasicles
epineurium- bind fascicles together
olfactory
sensory 4 smell
II
optic
sensory 4 vision
III oculomotor
motor fibers to eye muscles
IV trochlear
motor fibers to eye muscles
V trigeminal
sensory 4 face
motor fibers to chewing muscles
VI abducens
motor fibers to eye muscles
VII facial
sensory 4 taste
motor fibers to face
VIII vestibulocochlear
sensory 4 hearing & balance
IX glossopharyngeal
sensory 4 taste
motor fibers to pharynx
vagus
sensory & motor 4 pharynx,
larynx, & viscera
XI accessory
motor nerve to neck &
upper back
XII hypoglossal
motor fibers to tongue
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Autonomic NS
preganglionic nerves
postganglionic nerves
Effector Organs
skeletal muscle
smooth muscle
cardiac muscle
glands
Neurotransmitters
acetylcholine
epinephrine
norepinephrine
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constricts pupils
conserve E
stimulates digestive (increase saliva)
stimulates urinary organs (increase urine production)
inhibit cardiovascular system (slow heart rate)
inhibit respiratory systems (constrict airways,
slow respirations)
21
B. Premature Infants
temperature regulation via hypothalamus