EEE 309

Communication Theory
Instructor: Tishna Sabrina
Summer 2016
Lecture 18
TDM, T1-Carrier System

Multiplexing

Multiplexing is the set of techniques that allows the simultaneous

transmission of multiple signals across a single data link.
A Multiplexer (MUX) is a device that combines several signals into a
single signal.
A Demultiplexer (DEMUX) is a device that performs the inverse
operation.

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Types of Multiplexing

FDM is an analog multiplexing technique that combines

signals.
It can be applied when the bandwidth of a link is greater
than the combined bandwidths of the signals to be
transmitted.

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Communication Theory: Lecture 18

FDM Multiplexing

Time domain

Frequency domain

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FDM Demultiplexing

Time domain

Frequency domain

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Time-division Multiplexing (TDM)

Time-division multiplexing (TDM) is a digital process that

can be applied when the data rate capacity of the
transmission medium is greater than the data rate required
by the sending and receiving devices.

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Classification of TDM

TDM can be implemented in two ways:

1.
2.

synchronous TDM and

asynchronous TDM.

In synchronous TDM, the term synchronous

means that the multiplexer allocates exactly the
same time slot to each device at all times,
whether or not a device has anything to transmit.
Frames: Time slots are grouped into frames. A
frame consists of a one complete cycle of time
slots, including one or more slots dedicated to
each sending device.

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Communication Theory: Lecture 18

Synchronous TDM

In a TDM, the data rate of the link is n times faster,

and the unit duration is n times shorter.

Each time
slot is
transmitted
even if there
is no data
contained
in that slot.
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Communication Theory: Lecture 18

Example

Four 1-Kbps connections are multiplexed together. If 1 bit at a

time is multiplexed (a unit is 1 bit), find (1) the duration of 1
bit (/bit duration) before multiplexing, (2) the transmission rate
of the link, (3) the duration of a time slot, and (4) the duration
of a frame?
Solution:

1. The duration of 1 bit is 1/1 Kbps, or 0.001 s (1 ms).

The data rate of each input connection is 1 kbps. This means that the bit duration is
1/1000 s or 1 ms. The duration of the input time slot is 1 ms (same as bit duration).

2. The rate of the link is 4 Kbps.

3. The duration of each time slot 1/4 ms or 250 ms.
The duration of each output time slot is one-fourth of the input time slot. This
means that the duration of the output time slot is 1/4 ms.

4. The duration of a frame 1 ms.

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Interleaving

Bit by bit interleaving,

Word or byte interleaving
Interleaving channel having different bit rate.
Problem: A multiplexer combines four 100-kbps channels
using a time slot of 2 bits. Show the output with four arbitrary
inputs. What is the frame rate? What is the frame duration?
What is the bit rate? What is the bit duration?
Solution:

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Channels having different bit rate

Multilevel multiplexing:

Multiple-slot multiplexing:

Pulse stuffing:

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Framing bits

Because the time slot order in a synchronous TDM system does not vary
from frame to frame, very little overhead information needs to be
included in each frame.
However, one or more synchronization bits are usually added to the
beginning of each frame.
These bits, called framing bits, allows the demultiplexer to synchronize
with the incoming stream so that it can separate the time slot accurately.

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T-1 Carrier System: Digital Telephony

T-1 line for multiplexing telephone lines:

A pair of wires that used to transmit one audio signal of bw 4kHz is now used to
transmit 24 time-division multiplexed PCM telephone signals with a total of
1.544 MHz.

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T-1 Carrier System: Digital Telephony

T-1 frame structure:

As proposed by the Bell System, this 24 channel T-1 carrier system is used in
North America and Japan. The rest of the world uses 30 channel E-1 carrier
system.

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Digital hierarchy

The 1.544 Mbps signal of the T-1 system is called digital signal level 1 (DS1)
DS1 is used further to multiplex into progressively higher level signals DS2,
DS3, and DS4 as shown below

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Digital Multiplexing

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