EEE 3109 Basic Communication Engineering

Semester: January 2019

S. M. Jahadun-Nobi
Lecturer
Department of EEE, NSTU

Slide Courtesy:
Dr. Md. Farhad Hossain
Associate Professor
Department of EEE, BUET
 Part 06:
Multiple Access technique
Multiplexing Vs. Multiple Access(1)

 Multiple cars are sharing the same road

 Requires proper traffic management
policies

 Improper traffic
management: accidents,
traffic jam, delay,
inefficient utilization of
resources
 Multiplexing Vs. Multiple Access(2)

 In early days, a separate pair of wires

was needed for each telephone trunk
circuit (trunk circuits interconnect
intercity switching centers).
 The skies of all the major cities in the
world grew dark with overhead wires as
the demand for telephone service grew.
 In the early 1900s, frequency division
multiplex (FDM) telephony, made it
possible to transmit several telephone
signals simultaneously on a single wire,
and thereby transformed the methods of
telephone transmission.
 Multiplexing Vs. Multiple Access(2)

Multiple users shares the same channel Multiple users under a single base
Multiplexing: station
 Combine signals from several sources
 Allows one channel to be used by multiple sources to send multiple messages
without interfering each other
 Works on the physical layer (L1) of OSI model
Multiple Access (MA):
Decides on - Who will transmit? Whom to transmit? When to transmit? How to transmit?
 Channel access methods based on some principles including multiplexing
 Allocates channels to different users and also handles the situation when there
are more message sources than available channels
 Works on the data link layer (L2) of OSI model
 Multiplexing techniques
 Multiplexing techniques allow sharing a channel by keeping the transmitted
signals from various sources separate so that they do not interfere with one another
 This separation is accomplished by making the signals orthogonal to one
another in the dimensions of frequency, time, code, space, etc.

Various types:
 Time division multiplexing (TDM)
 Frequency division multiplexing (FDM)
 Wavelength division multiplexing (WDM)
 Code division multiplexing (CDM)
 Space division multiplexing (SDM)
 Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM): a variety of FDM
 Polarization division multiplexing (PDM)
 FDM(1)

User 1 User 2 User N

P

t f
Sub-channel 1 Sub-channel Sub-channel
2 N
Channel

 Available bandwidth of the common channel is divided into bands

 Signals are orthogonal (separated) in frequency domain
 Requires guard bands to avoid adjacent-channel interference
 Requires filtering to minimize adjacent channel interference: costly
FDM(2)
 FDM in telephony(1)
 Consider a system based on FDM providing 960 channels, each occupying 4 kHz.
 Modulation is done in cascade stages divided into pregroups, groups and supergroups.
 Pregroup modulator provides 3 carrier oscillators at 12, 16, and 20 kHz.
 USB modulation is used.
 For 960 channels, it required 960/3=320 pregroup modulators.
 FDM in telephony(2)
 Group modulator provides 4 carriers at 84, 96, 108, and 120 kHz.
 LSB modulation is used.
 Carriers are suppressed.
 FDM in telephony(3)
 Supergroup modulator provides carriers at 420, 468, 516, 564, and 612 kHz.
 LSB modulation is used.
 Order of the frequency in slot is reserved.
 All carriers are suppressed.
 FDM in telephony(4)
 Mastergroup modulator provides 16 carrier frequency.
 LSB modulation is used.
 First 3 slots are separated by 12 kHz and the remainder by 8 kHz.
 All carriers are suppressed.
 A single pilot carrier is transmitted at 60 kHz to provide demodulation
synchronization.
 TDM(1)

 A digital transmission technology

 Transmission time is divided into time-slots and unique time slot(s)
are allocated to each user
 Different users can transmit or receive messages, one after the next
in the same bandwidth but in different time slots: Orthogonal in
time-domain
 TDM(2)

 Increases the transmission efficiency (i.e., better resource utilization)

 Permits the utilization of all the advantages of digital techniques: digital speech
interpolation, source coding, channel coding, error correction, bit interleaving, etc.
 Suitable for asymmetric (i.e., unequal uplink and downlink data rate) data rate
 Equipment is becoming increasingly cheaper
 Requires a significant amount of signal processing for synchronization as the
transmission of a users must be exactly synchronized
 Requires guard times between time slots to compensate clock instabilities and
transmission time delay
 TDM Frame

4 4 4

1 1 1
2 2 2
3 3 3
Time

TDM Frame TDM Frame TDM Frame

 Digital Carrier Systems using TDM

Two main systems for voice communications:

1. T-carrier
 Developer: Bell Labs, USA
 Used in North America, Japan and South Korea
 US system based on DS-1 signaling format
 ITU-T use a similar (but different) system
 Formats: T-1, T-2, T-3, T-4
2. E-Carrier
 Developer: European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications
Administrations (CEPT)
 With some revisions, ITU-T has accepted it
 Used throughout Europe and most of the rest of the world

* DS = Digital Signal, ** ITU‐T = ITU Telecommunication Standardization Sector

T Carrier (1)
 T Carrier
Voice Channels • T-1 multiplexes 24 voice channels.
1 • Each channel is sampled at 8 kHz. (Sampled every 1/8kHz = 125 μs)
2 T-1 • ADC converts every samples to serial digital words
3 - MUX • Each sample is an 8 bit word, 7 bits of magnitude
- 1.544 Mb/s
24 - and 1 bit for supervisory purposes.
1 • Total bits = 24 channels × 8 bits/channel = 192bits
2 T-2 • One additional bit(synchronizing pulse is added
3 - MUX • One fame contains (192+1)=193 bits
Digital - 6.312 Mb/s
4 - • Time per channel = 125/24 μs
Data • Channel sampling rate =
1
2 1/(125/24)=192 kHz
T-1
• 24 channels per frame 3 - • Total bit rate = 193×8=1.544 Mb/s
MUX
• 1 bit per frame (The first bit
- 44.736 Mb/s
7 -
of a frame) is framing bit used
1
for synchronization 2 T-1
• 8 kHz sampling rate and 8 3 - MUX
bits/sample = 64 kbps/channel - 274.176 Mb/s
• Uses μ-law with μ = 255 7 -
 Example 1
Following figure shows synchronous TDM with a data stream for each input and
one data stream for the output. The unit of data is 1 bit. Find (a) the input bit
duration, (b) the output bit duration, (c) the output bit rate, and (d) the output
frame rate.

a. The input bit duration is the inverse of the bit rate: 1/1 Mbps = 1 μs
b. The output bit duration is one-fourth of the input bit duration, or 1/4 μs
c. The output bit rate is the inverse of the output bit duration, i.e., 4 Mbps
d. The frame rate is always t same as any input rate. So the frame rate is 1,000,000
frames per second
 Example 2
We have four sources, each creating 250 8-bit characters per
second. If the interleaved unit is a character and 1
synchronizing bit is added to each frame, find –
(a) the data rate of each source
(b) the duration of each character in each source
(c) the frame rate
(d) the duration of each frame
(e) the number of bits in each frame
(f) the data rate of the link
Solution
a. The data rate of each source is 250 × 8 = 2000 bps = 2 kbps
b. Each source sends 250 characters per second. Therefore, the duration of a
character is 1/250 s, or 4 ms.
c. Each frame has one character from each source, which means the link needs to
send 250 frames per second to keep the transmission rate of each source.
 Example 2
We have four sources, each creating 250 8-bit characters per
second. If the interleaved unit is a character and 1
synchronizing bit is added to each frame, find –
(a) the data rate of each source
(b) the duration of each character in each source
(c) the frame rate
(d) the duration of each frame
(e) the number of bits in each frame
(f) the data rate of the link
Solution
d. The duration of each frame is 1/250 s, or 4 ms. Note that the duration of each
frame is the same as the duration of each character coming from each source.
e. Each frame carries 4 characters and 1 extra synchronizing bit. This means that
each frame is 4 × 8 + 1 = 33 bits
f. 33 bits are transmitted in 4 ms. Hence the data rate = 33 x 1000 /4 = 8250 bps
Differences
 Multiple Access (MA) Techniques
Decides on - who will transmit? whom to transmit? when to transmit? How to transmit?

Random access (contention methods): No station is superior to another station and none is
assigned the control over another. No station permits, or does not permit, another station to
send.
Controlled access: The stations consult one another to find which station has the right to
send. A station cannot send unless it has been authorized by other stations.
Channelization techniques: The available bandwidth of a link is shared in time, frequency,
or through code, between different stations. Usually, it is controlled by a system
administrator.