CHAPTER

15

Vectors

1. (a) Scalar
(b) Vector
(c) Scalar
(d) Vector
2. (a)

6.
u
~

5 cm

(b)

3. (a) (i)

3 u
~
2

1 u
~
2
(a)

(b)

1 cm : 10 N
5 cm
2u

v
~

1 cm : 20 m s1

(c)

7. (a) AB = 2u~

RS = 4u~
= 2(2u~)

= 2AB

Therefore, AB and RS are parallel.

(b) RS = 4u~

= 4(3PQ)

= 12PQ

Therefore, RS and PQ are parallel.

u~ = 5 10
= 50 m s1
u~ to the east

(ii)
v~ = 5 10
= 50 m s1
~v to the west

(b) (i) u~ = 50 m s1
u~ to the west
(ii)
v~ = 50 m s1
v~ to the east
4. (a) No
(b) Yes
(c) No

8. AB = 3u~, BC = 7u~

1
AB = 3 BC
7

3
AB = BC
7
Therefore, A, B and C are collinear.

5. PQ = 2u
~

RS = u~

1u
AB = 1
2~

1u
CD =
2~

1
9. (a) (2k 1)u~ = (2 + h)v~
3

1
2k 1 = 0 and 2 +
h = 0
3
1
k =
1
h = 2
2
3
h = 6

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 Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 15

1
(b) 6 k
3
1
6 k
3

+ 2 u~ (3h 2)v
~ = 0~

+ 2 = 0

(b) BC + DE =

=

=

=

2
2

and 3h 2 = 0
2
1
h =

k = 2
3
3
k = 6

15. (a)

~
P

2 + 3, 7b = 0
b = 0

PQ AB
(i)

Substitute b = 0 into 1,
2a + 3(0) 1 = 0
1
a =
2
1
Therefore, a = and b = 0.
2

(b)

AB PQ
(ii)

PQ AB = (AB PQ)
C

D
v

11. (a) AB = DC, DA = CB

(b) SR = PQ, SP = RQ

(c) HE = GF, FE = GH

1 v
~
2

CD RS
(i)

12.

RS CD
(ii)

CD RS = (RS CD)

16. (a) (i) AB CD = 5r~ 3r~

= 2r~

(ii)
CD AB = 3r~ 5r~

= 2r~

(iii)
AB 2CD = 5r~ 2(3r~)

= 5r~ 6r~

= r~

(b) (i) AB CD = 2r~

= 2r~

=22

= 4 units

(ii)
CD AB = 2r~

= 2r~

=22

= 4 units

(iii)
AB 2CD = r~

= r~

= 2 units

~
a+b
~
~

b+a

~ ~

a~ + b~ = b~ + a~

13. (a) 2PQ + 3RS = 2(3u

~) + 3(5u
~)

= 6u~ + 15u~

= 21u~

(b) 2PQ + 3RS = 21u~

= 21u
~

= 21 2

= 42 units

2
BC
14. (a) BC + DE = 6v
~ +
3
2

= 6v~ + (6v~)
3

= 6v~ + 4v~

= 10v~

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2u

1 2, 4a + 6b 2 = 0...................... 3

Q
B

10. 2a + 3b 1 = 0.................................... 1
2 4a + b = 0.................................... 2

10v~
10v~
10 5
50 units

Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 15

22. (a) r~ + ~s = AB + BC

= AC

3
17. (a) AD = BC
2
3
= ~s
2

(b) AC = AD + DC
1
= ~t + (AB)
2
1
= ~t + ~r
2

3
(b) AD BC = ~s ~s
2
1

= ~s
2

1
(c) BC AD = ~s
2
1

= s
2
1

= (5)
2
5

= units
2

1
(c) ~s ~r = BC + CD
2

= BD

23.
p

18.
~

~
q

p+q

~ ~

~
1
p
2~

~ ~

(a)

p+r+s

~ ~ ~

1 p
q
2~

pq

(b)

r
~

(c)

s
~
r
~

p+r+s+q

~ ~ ~ ~

(a)
r

19.

(b)

~
p+q

~ ~

~ ~ ~
q

~
~

(a)

1
p
2~

(b)

(c)

1p
q
~ 2~

pq

pq+r

(c)

24. (a) RQ = RS + SQ

= 4v~ + 5u
~

(b) (i) PQ SQ = 2v~ 5u~

(ii)
RS QS = 4v~ (5u~)

= 5u~ 4v~

20. (a) AB = ~r ~s

(b) PQ = ~r + ~s

(c) UV = ~s + 2r~

21. (a) p + q = BD + DA
~ ~

= BA

(c) PM = PQ + QM


= 2v~ + QS + SM
1

= 2v~ + (5u~) + SR
4
1

= 2v~ 5u~ + (4v~)
4

= 3v~ 5u~

(b) (i) AC + CD = AD

= q
~

(ii)
BA + AC = BC

= 2p
~

(iii)
CB + BA = CA

= CD + DA

= p + q
~ ~
3

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 Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 15

25. (a) AB =
=
=

3AP
3(2r~)
6r~

(b) DE : AC = 1 : 2

(c) AD = AB + BD
1
v u
= 2u
~ +
2~ ~
1
= u~ + ~v
2

(b) BC = BA + AC
= 6r
~ + 4s~

(c) PC = PA + AC
= 2r~ + 4s~

28. (a) (i) OR = OQ + QR

1
= q + QP
~ 3

1
)
= q + (QO + OP
~ 3
1
= q + (q + p )
~ 3 ~ ~
1
1
= q q + p
~ 3~ 3~
2
1
= p + q
3~ 3~

(d) PQ = PB + BQ
1
BC
= 4r
~ +
4
1
+ 4s~)
= 4r~ + (6r
4 ~
3
= 4r~ ~r + ~s
2
5

= ~s + ~r
2

(e) AQ = AB + BQ
1
BC
= 6r
~ +
4
1
+ 4s~)
= 6r~ + (6r
4 ~
3
= 6r~ ~r + ~s
2
9
= ~r + ~s
2

(ii)
RS = RP + PS
2
= QP + 2q
~
3
2
= (q + p ) + 2q
3 ~ ~ ~
2
2
= q + p + 2q
~
3~ 3~
4
2
= p + q
3~ 3~

26. (a) RT = QT QR
= 4a~ + hb~ (2a~+ b~)
= 2a~ + (h 1)b~

4
2
(b) RS = p + q
3~ 3~
2
1
= 2 p + q
3 ~ 3 ~

= 2OR

ST = SR + RT
= (a~ b~) + 2a~ + (h 1)b~
= 3a~ + (h 2)b~

Therefore, O, R and S are collinear.

(b) QT = kRT
4a~ + hb~ = k[2a~ + (h 1)b~]
4a~ + hb
~ = 2ka~ + k(h 1)b~
2k = 4 and h = k(h 1)
k = 2 = 2(h 1)
= 2h 2

h = 2

29. (a) i~ 3j
~
(b) 4i~ + 5j
~
(c) 6i~ 5j
~

(b)
(c)

1 2
12
1 2

30. (a)

27. (a) ED = EB + BD
1
= u~ + ~v u~
2
1
= ~v
2
1
= AC
2
Therefore, AC is parallel to DE.

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3
4
5

Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 15

35. (a) 2a~ b~

(1)2 + (3)2
31. (a) ABBBBBBBBB
10 units
= ABB

ABBBBB
42 + 52
41 units
= ABB
(b)

ABBBBBBB
(6)2+ (5)B2
61 units
= ABB

(c)

33. (a) a~ + b~ = (2i~ + 3j ) + (4i~ + 5j )

~
~

= 6i~ + 8j
~

(b) 2a~ + ~c = 2(2i~ + 3j ) + 3i~

~

= 4i~ + 6j + 3i~
~

= 7i~ + 6j
~

11
9

121
1 2
5

12 12 1 2
12 12 1 2
1 2
8

0
2

11

37. (a) r~ ~s + ~t =

1
(b) 2p + ~r + q
~
~ 2
3
1 0
+

=2
2 4
4

1
1
s = 4(3i~ 4j ) (2i~ + 5j )
(b) 4r
~
~
~ 3
3~
2
5

= 12i~ 16j ~i j
~ 3
3~
53
34

= ~i j
3~
3

12 1 2
12

36. (a) r~ ~s = (3i~ 4j ) (2i~ + 5j )

~
~

= 3i~ 4j 2i~ 5j
~
~
= ~i 9j
~

1
(c) d~ + ~c + 2a~
2
1
= (4j ) + 3i~ + 2(2i~ + 3j )
~
2
~

= 2j + 3i~ + 4i~ + 6j
~
~

= 7i~ + 4j
~

10

12 1 2

1 (6i 5j )
(c)
~ ~
ABB
61

1 4
=
2 5

1 (4i + 5j )
(b)
~ ~
ABB
41

1
(b) a~ 3b~
2

1 (i 3j )
32. (a)
~ ~
ABB
10

34. (a) p + q
~ ~
3
=
+
4

12 1 2
1 2 1 2
1 2

=2

1
5

15

1 0 + 3
245
2

1
1
(b) 2r~ ~s + ~t = 2
2
2

1 2 12 1 2
1
2
1 2

1 0

2 4

1 2 12 1 2
1
2
1 2
+

20+3

4 2 5
5

11

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 Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 15

40. Given p // q
~ ~
Let p = kq
~
~

12 12 12
1 2 12

38. (a)

h+1

h + 1 = 4
h = 3
(b) 2

2h 4

10 + 0

2h 4 = 6 and
2h = 10
h = 5
1

h
41. a~ b~ =
4

10 = k
k = 10

1 5
(c)
2 h

5
2k

3
=
2
2
h
6
2

12 12 1 2

= 2

1 2

3 = 2k
2

1
2k =
2
1
k =
4

12 1 2
1 2

h3
5

1 2 12

h 3 = kh

and

6 = 2
2
h
= 4
2

h = 8

5 = 4k
5
k =
4

5
Substitute k = into h 3 = kh,
4
5
h 3 = h
4
5
h h = 3
4
1
h = 3
4
h = 12

62 + 82 + ABBBBBBB
32 + (4)2
39. (a) a~ + b~ = ABBBBB
100 + ABB
25

= ABBB

= 10 + 5

= 15 units

2
42. PQ =
4

(b) a~ + b~ =

=

6i~ + 8j + 3i~ 4j
~
~
9i~ + 4j
~
92 + 42

a~ + b~ = ABBBBB
97 units
= ABB

1 2
1 2

= 2

= 2RS

Therefore, PQ and RS are parallel.

(c) a~ 2b~ = 6i~ + 8j 2(3i~ 4j )

~
~

= 6i~ + 8j 6i~ + 8j
~
~

= 16j
~
162

a~ 2b~ = ABB

= 16 units

43. PQ = PO + OQ
1
2
=
+
2
4
=

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2 = 2k
k = 1

Let a~ b~ = ka~
h3
h

= k
5
4

1 2

and

and

Substitute k = 1 into 1 = ka,

1 = ka
1 = (1)(a)
a = 1

1 = ka

3 + k = 8
k = 5

12 1 2 12
1 2 12
5

=k

and
4

1 2 1 2

3+k

1 2 1 2
1 2
3

Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 15

QR = QO + OR
2
4
=
+
4
8
=

46. (a)
2a~ 3b~ + ~c = ~
0
2[3i~ + (1 k)j ] 3(4i~ + 5j ) + hi~ + 7j = ~
0
~
~
~
6i~ + 2(1 k)j + 12i~ 15j + hi~ + 7j = 0~
~
~
~

(18 + h)i~ + [2 2k 15 + 7]j = 0~
~

(18 + h)i~ + [2k 6]j = 0~
~

18 + h = 0
and
2k 6 = 0
h = 18
k = 3

12 12
1 2
12
6

12

=6

(b) a~ 2b~ = 3i~ + (1 k)j 2(4i~ + 5j )

~
~

= 3i~ + (1 4)j + 8i~ 10j
~
~

= 11i~ 13j
~

3
PQ =
6

1 2
12

112 + (13)2

a~ 2b~ = ABBBBBBBBB
290 units

= ABBB

= 3

1
= 3 QR
6

1
= QR
2

(c) Let b~ = mc~

4i~ + 5j = m(hi~ + 7j )
~
~
= mhi~ + 7mj
~

mh = 4........................... 1
7m = 5
5

m = ........................... 2
7
Substitute 2 into 1,
5

h = 4

7
7

h = 4
5
28
=
5
(d)
a~ = b~ ~c
3i~ + (1 k)j = 4i~ + 5j hi~ 7j
~
~
~
= (4 h)i~ 2j
~

4 h = 3
and
1 k = 2
h = 4 3
k = 1 (2)
= 7
k = 3

Therefore, P, Q and R are collinear.

44.

2
PQ =
1

12
12
12
12 1 2
12

2
PO + OQ =
1
1

1 2
3

2
+ OQ =
1

2
OQ =
1
=

1 2

1
4

Therefore, the coordinates of Q are (1, 4).

45. (a) PQ SR
1
5

=
2
3
=

1 (11i 13j )
Unit vector =
~
~
ABBB
290

(e) a~ 2b~ = [3i~ + (1 k)j 2(4i~ + 5j )

~
~

= 3i~ + 8i~ + (k 9)j
~

= 11i~ + (1 9)j
~

= 11i~ 10j
~
112 + (10)2

a~ 2b~ = ABBBBBBBBB
221 units

= ABBB

1 2 1 2
1 2
4

42 + (1)2
(b) PQ SR = ABBBBBBB
17 units

= ABB

2
ABBBBBBBB
B2
(f) a
~ = 3 + (1 k) = 5
32 + (1 k)2 = 25

(1 k)2 = 16

1 k = 4

k = 1 4
= 3, 5

4
1
(c) Unit vector =
ABB
17 1

1 2
7

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 Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 15

2. (a) RQ = RP + PQ


= PR + PQ

= 6b~ + 2a~

(g) 2b~ ~c = 2(4i~ + 5j ) (hi~ + 7j )

~
~

= 8i~ + 10j hi~ 7j
~
~

= (8 h)i~ + 3j
~
(8 h)2 + 32 = ABBB
298

2b~ ~c = ABBBBBBBBBB

(8 h)2 + 32 = 298

(8 h)2 = 298 9
= 289

8 h = 17

h = 8 17
= 25, 9
47.
2

2a~ = 3b~

1 2 1
n1

=3

n+2

1 m

(b) Given QS : SR = 1 : 2
1

\ QS = QR
3

PS = PQ + QS

1
= PQ + QR
3

1
QR
= 2a
~+
3
1

= 2a

~ 3 RQ
1
(6b
= 2a
~ + 2a~)
~
3
2
a
= 2a
~ + 2b~
3~
4
= a~ + 2b~
3

2m = 3n + 6
2m 3n = 6............................. 1
2(n 1) = 3(1 m)
2n 2 = 3 3m
2n = 1 3m
2n + 3m = 1.......................... 2

3. (a) OA = 8i~ 6j
~

(b) AB = AO + OB

= OA + OB
= (8i~ + 6j ) + 10j
~
~
= 8i~ + 16j
~
8
=
16

1 2, 4m 6n = 12............ 3
2 3, 6n + 9m = 3............ 4
3 + 4, 13m = 9
9

m =
13
9
Substitute m = into 2,
13
9
2n + 3 = 1
13
27
2n = 1
13
40
=
13
20
n =
13

1 2

1 2

4. AC = AB + BC

1
=
+ AO
2
=

20
9
Therefore, m = and n = .
13
13

1. (2h 3)p + (k 4)q = 0

~
~
Since p and q are non-parallel and non-zero. Therefore,
~
~
the coefficient of p and q are 0 value.
~
~
Thus, 2h 3 = 0
3

h =
2
k 4 = 0
k = 4

3
Hence, h = and k = 4.
2
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PR + 2QR = 5i~ 7j
~

PO + OR + 2(QO + OR) = 5i~ 7j

~

OP + OR + 2QO + 2OR = 5i~ 7j
~

OP + 3OR 2OQ = 5i~ 7j
~
(4i~ + 5j ) + 3(7i~ + 2j ) 2(hi~ + kj ) = 5i~ 7j
~
~
~
~
4i~ 5j + 21i~ + 6j 2hi~ 2kj = 5i~ 7j
~
~
~
~

(25 2h)i~ + (1 2k)j = 5i~ 7j
~
~
25 2h = 5
and
1 2k = 7
2h = 20
2k = 8
h = 10
k = 4

5.

and

1 2
1 2 1 2
1 2

Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 15

6. (a) PR = PO + OR

= OP + OR
= (3i~ 4j ) + 6i~
~
= 3i~ + 4j + 6i~
~
= 3i~ + 4j
~

32 + 42
(b) PR = ABBBBB

= 5 units
1

Unit vector = (3i~ + 4j )
~
5
7. ~r ~s =
=

and
l (k + 1) = 6

4 (k + 1) = 6
3

k + 1 =
2
1

k =
2
(b) p =

p =

4
t

3t

|r~ ~s|=
(2)2 +
(3 t)2 =
13

4 + (3 t)2 = 13

(3 t)2 = 9

3 t = 3

t = 3 3, 3 + 3

t = 0, 6
\ For non-zero t, t = 6.

1 2
12

10. (a) BC = BA + AC
= 4p + 8q
~
~

(b) DA = DB + BA
1
= CB + (4p )
~
3
1
= (4p 8q ) 4p
~ ~
3 ~
8
4
= p q 4p
~
3~ 3~
8
8
= p q
3~ 3~

8. (a) Let AB = mBC

3p 2q = m[(1 k)p + 4q ]
~
~
~
~
= m(1 k)p + 4mq
~
~
4m = 2 and m(1 k) = 3
1
m =
2
1
Substitute m = into m(1 k) = 3,
2
1
(1 k) = 3
2

1 k = 6

k = 7

6
10
8
10
3

= 5
4

1 2 1 2
1 2

ABBBBB
62 + 82 = 10

11. (a) (i) AC = AB + BC

= BA + BC
= (4x
~ + 8y~) + 6x~
= 2x~ 8y
~

(ii)
AE = AB + BE
1
= (4x~ + 8y ) + (6x~)
~ 2
= 4x~ 8y + 3x~
~
= x~ 8y
~

(iii)
BD = BE + ED
1
= 3x~ + EA
3
1
= 3x~ + (x~ + 8y )
~
3
8
1
= 3x~ + ~x + y
3~
3
8
10
= ~x + y
3~
3

1
AB = BC
2
1
AB = BC
2
AB
1
=
BC
2

AB : BC = 1 : 2
(b)

9. (a) Let p = lq
~
6
k+1
= l
8
2

12 1 2

2l = 8
l = 4

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 Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 15

(b) BF = BC + CF
1
= 6x~ + CA
2
1
= 6x~ + (2x
~ + 8y~)
2
= 6x~ ~x + 4y
~
= 5x~ + 4y
~

8
10
BD = ~x + y
3~
3
2
= (5x~ + 4y )
~
3

2
= BF
3

(ii) Given P, A and R are collinear.

Let PA = kPR
4x~ 3ny = k(3y + 6x~)
~
~
= 3ky + 6kx~
~
6k = 4 and 3k = 3n
2
2
k = 3n = 3
3
3
= 2
2

n =
3

1 2

13. (a) (i) OS = OP + PS
2
= 9x~ + PQ
3

2
= 9x~ + (PO + OQ)
3
2
= 9x~ + (9x~ + 3y )
~
3

Therefore, B, D and F are collinear.

(c)
AC = 2x~ 8y
~

2x~ = 2x
~
= 2 3
= 6 units

= 9x~ 6x~ + 2y
~
= 3x~ + 2y
~

(ii)
QR = QP + PR

8y = 8y
~
~

=82

= 16 units

62 + 162

AC = ABBBBBB
292 units
= ABBB

1
= (9x~ 3y ) + PO
~ 3
1
= 9x~ 3y + (9x~)
~ 3
= 9x~ 3y 3x~
~
= 6x~ 3y
~

(b) (i) QT = nQR

= n(6x~ 3y )
~
= 6nx~ 3ny
~

(ii)
TS = mOS
= m(3x~ + 2y )
~
= 3mx~ + 2my
~

(c) QS = QT + TS
= 6nx~ 3ny + 3mx~ + 2my
~
~
= (6n + 3m)x~ + (2m 3n)y
~
1
Also QS = QP
3

1
)

= (QO + OP
3
1

= (3y + 9x~)
~
3

= y + 3x~
~
3x~ y = (6n + 3m)x
~ + (2m 3n)y~
~
6n + 3m = 3
2n + m = 1.................................. 1
2m 3n = 1................................ 2

1 2, 4n + 2m = 2.................... 3

12. (a) PR = PS + SR
= 3y + 6x
~
~

(b) Given ST =

ST =

2TR
2

SR
3
2
)
= (6x
3 ~
= 4x
~

3
Given SR = PQ
2

2
PQ = SR
3
2
= (6x~)
3
= 4x~

Since ST= PQ
, therefore PQTS is a parallelogram.

(c) (i) PA = PQ + QA

2
= SR + nQT
3
2
) + n(3y )
= (6x
~
3 ~
= 4x~ 3ny
~

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10

Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 15

3. (a)
AB
= 12i~ 5j
~

AO + OB = 12i~ 5j
~

AO
= (12i~ 5j ) OB
~
= 12i~ 5j (4i~ + 3j )
~
~
= 16i~ 8j
~

OA = 16i~ + 8j
~
Therefore, A = (16, 8).

3 2, 7n = 3
3

n =
7
3
Substitute n = into 1,
7
3
2 + m = 1
7
6

m = 1
7
1
=
7
3
1
Therefore, m = and n = .
7
7

1 2

122 + (5)2
(b) AB = ABBBBBBBB

= 13 units
1

Unit vector = (12i~ 5j )
~
13

1. (a) OB = 4i~ + 3j
~

2
4 + 32
(b) OB = ABBBBB

= 5 units
1

Unit vector = (4i~ + 3j )
~
5

4.

ABBBBBBB
42 + (k)2 = 12

16 + k2 = 144
k2 = 128
128
k = ABBB

k2 + (4)2
5. PQ = ABBBBBBB

2
BC =
1

(c)

1 2
1 2
1 2
1 2
1 2 12
12

k2 + 16 = 3k
\ ABBBBB
k2 + 16 = 9k2
8k2 = 16
k2 = 2
2
k = AB

2

BO + OC =
1

2
OB + OC =
1

2
OC =
+ OB
1

=
=

6.

2p q = 4i~ + 5j
~ ~
~
2(ni~ + 4j ) (6i~ mj) = 4i~ + 5j
~
~
~
2ni~ + 8j 6i~ + mj = 4i~ + 5j
~
~
~
(2n 6)i~ + (8 + m)j = 4i~ + 5j
~
~
2n 6 = 4
and
8 + m = 5
n = 5
m = 3

4
3

2
2

Therefore, C = (2, 2).

7. (a) p + q = (5i~ 7j ) + (4i~ + 3j )

~ ~
~
~

= 9i~ 4j
~
92 + (4)2

p + q = ABBBBBBB
~ ~
97 units
= ABB

2. (a) A
5

(b)

kp = (m + 1)q
~
~
k(5i~ 7j ) = (m + 1)(4i~ + 3j )
~
~
5ki~ 7kj = 4(m + 1)i~ + 3(m + 1)j
~
~
5k = 4(m + 1)
= 4m + 4
5k 4m = 4.................................. 1

k=4

(b) AB = AO + OB

= OA + OB
3
2
=
+
4
0
=

CD
= 12

1 2 12
1 2

7k = 3(m + 1)
= 3m + 3
7k 3m = 3................................ 2

11

Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

 Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 15

1 7, 35k 28m = 28.............. 3

2 5, 35k 15m = 15............ 4

10. (a) p + 2q = ki~ + 3j + 2(3i~ 4j )

~
~
~
~

= (k + 6)i~ 5j
~
(k + 6)2 + (5)B2 = ABBB
125

p + 2q = ABBBBBBBBBB
~
~

(k + 6)2 + 25 = 125

(k + 6)2 = 100

k + 6 = 10

k = 10 6
= 4, 16

3 + 4, 43m = 43

m = 1

Substitute m = 1 into 1,
5k 4(1) = 4
5k = 0

k = 0
Therefore, k = 0 and m = 1.

k2 + 32 = ABBBB
k2 + 9B
(b) p = ABBBBB
~
32 + (4)2 = 5

q = ABBBBBBB
~
Given
p + 2q = 15
~
~
2
ABBBB
k + 9B + 2 5 = 15

ABBBB
k2 + 9B = 5


k2 + 9 = 25

k2 = 16

k = 4

8. (a)

~r + ~s = 2r~
k
4
k
+
=2
3
n
3

12 12 12
1 2 1 2

k+4

3+n

k + 4 = 2k
k = 4

2k

and

3 + n = 6
n = 3

11. (a) BC =
=

BA + AC
x~ + y
~

(b) AD = AB + BD
2
= ~x + BC
3
2
= ~x + (x~ + y )
3
~
2
2

= ~x ~x+ y
3
3~
2
1
= ~x + y
3~
3

(b) Let ~r + ~s = mr~

k+4
k

= m
3+n
3

1 2 12

k + 4 = mk.................................... 1

3 + n = 3m
3+n
m = .............................. 2
3
Substitute 2 into 1,
3+n
k + 4 = k
3
3k + 12 = 3k + nk
nk = 12
12
k =
n

12. (a) PT = PQ + QT
3
= 2x~ + QR
4
3
= 2x~ + (4y )
4 ~
= 2x~ + 3y
~

(b) PT = 2(2i~ + 3j ) + 3(i~ 4j )

~
~
= 4i~ + 6j + 3i~ 12j
~
~
= 7i~ 6j
~

72 + (6)2

PT
= ABBBBBBB
ABB
= 85 units

9. 2a~ 3b
~ = 4c~
2
k
2a~ 3b~ = 2
3
3
h
=

12 12
1 2
4 3k

6 3h

(4 3k)2 + (6 3h)2
2a~ 3b~ = ABBBBBBBBBBBBBB

4c~ = 4c~
(4)2 + 32
= 4ABBBBBBB
= 4 5
= 20

ABBBBBBBBBBBBBB
(4 3k)2 + (6 3h)2 = 20


(4 3k)2 + (6 3h)2 = 400
16 24k + 9k2 + 36 36h + 9h2 = 400
9k2 + 9h2 24k 36h 348 = 0
3k2 + 3h2 8k 12h 116 = 0
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12

13. (a) BD = BA + AD
2

= 4x~ + AC
3
2

= 4x~ + (AB + BC)
3
2

= 4x~ + (4x~ + 12y )
3
~
8

= 4x~ + ~x + 8y
3
~
4
= ~x + 8y
3
~

Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 15

(b) AB
= 4x~

= 4x~

=43

= 12 units

BC
= 12y
~

= 12y
~

= 12 2

= 24 units

15. (a) PT =
=
=

24 units

12 units

PS + ST
(2x
~ 4y~) + (8x~ + 4y~)
6x~

PT
m
(b) =
TQ
1

PT
m =
TQ

242 12B2

AC
= ABBBBBB
432 units
= ABBB

6x~

=
2x~

3
=
1
= 3

2

AD
= AC

3
2
432 units
= ABBB
3

ABBBBBBBBB

(432) + 122
BD
=
9
336 units
= ABBB

(iii)
DF = DA + AF
= 3y + 4x~
~
= 4x~ 3y
~

(b) AF
= 4x~

FB
= 2x~

\ Area of ACF = 2 Area of BCF

= 2 12
= 24 unit2

(c) TR = TS + SR
= 8x~ 4y + 8x~
~
= 4y
~

(d) SP = 2x~ + 4y
~

2
14. (a) (i) AF = AB
3

3
AB = AF
2
3
= (4x
)
2 ~
= 6x~

4y

2
(ii)
DC = AB
3
2
= (6x
)
3 ~
= 4x~

SO
= 2x~

= 2x~

=23

= 6 units

PO = 4y
~

=44

= 16 units

162 + 6B2

SP
= ABBBBB
ABBB
= 292 units

AC = AD + DC
= 3y + 4x~
~

1
AE = AC
2
1
= (3y + 4x~)
2 ~
3
= 2x~ + y
2~

13

2x

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 Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 15

16. (a) (i)

17. (a) (i) OM = OA + AM
1
= u~ + AB
2

1
= u~ + (AO + OB)
2
1
= u~ + (u
+ v )
2 ~ ~
1
1
= u~ u~ + ~v
2
2
1
1
= u~ + ~v
2
2

~b

~a

1
ON = OB
2
1
= b~
2

(ii)
OM = OA + AM
1
= a~ + AB
2

1
= a~ + (AO + OB)
2
1
= a~ + (a~ + b~)
2
1
1
= a~ a~ + b~
2
2
1
1
= a~ + b~
2
2

1
(ii)
AT = AB
4
1
= (u~ + ~v)
4
1
1
= u~ + ~v
4
4
(b) Since AOT and AOB has the base ratio
AT : AB = 1 : 4 with O as the vertex, therefore
the area of AOT
1
= Area of AOB
4
1
= 24
4

= 6 unit2

(b) (i) OL = hOM

1
1
= h a~ + b~
2
2
1
1
= ha~ + hb~
2
2

(c) u~ ~v = BA

u~ ~v
= BA

(ii)
AL
= kAN

AO + OL = k(AO + ON)

1
a~ + OL
= k a~ + b~
2

OL
= ka~ + kb~ + a~
2
1
= (1 k)a~ + kb
2 ~

B
30

Compare (i) and (ii)

1
h = 1 k
2

h = 2 2k........................ 1

1
k =
2

k =

BM
sin 30 =
10
BM = 5

h
2
h................................ 2

u~ ~v = 2 5

= 10 units

Substitute 2 into 1,
h = 2 2h
3h = 2
2

h =
3
2
From 2, k =
3
2
2
Therefore, h = and k = .
3
3
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1 (u v)

2 ~ ~

14

10

Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 15

AP
= kAB

AO + OP
= k(AO + OB)
2
1
a~ + a~ + b~ = k(a~ + b~)
3
3
1
1

a~ + b~ = ka~ + kb~
3
3
1
1
\ k = and k =
3
3
1
k =
3

1
Since k are the same, then AP = AB.
3

3. Let
1. (a)

b
~

5 cm

a
~
6 cm

AC
= AB + BC

= (AO + OB) + (a~)

= a~ + b~ a~
= b~ 2a~

Therefore, APB is a straight line.

4.

(b) OE = OA + AE
= a~ + ~
b

1
1 2 12 1

OP2 + PE2
|a~ + b~| = ABBBBBBBB
122 + 52
= ABBBBBB

= 13 units

u~ + 2v~ =

+2

p
q

3 + 2p
2

3 + 2p
2

2
2

\ 2 + 2q = 2
2q = 4

q = 2

2. Let AB = kAC where k is a constant

AO + OB = k(AO + OC)
l~i + (2i~ + 3j ) = k[l~i + 3i~ 4j ]
~
~
l~i + 2i~ + 3j = kl~i + 3ki~ 4kj
~
~
(l + 2)i~ + 3j = (kl + 3k)i~ 4kj
~
~
\ l + 2 = kl + 3k.....................1
and
3 = 4k
3

\ k =
4
3
Substitute k = into 1,
4
3
3
l + 2 = l + 3
4
4
3
9
= l
4
4
3
9
l + l = 2 +
4
4
7
17
l =

4
4
7l = 17

AB
|v
~| = 5
2
ABBBBB
p + q = AB
5
p2 + q2 = 5................................ 1
2

Substitute q = 2 into 1,
p2 + 22 = 5

p2 = 1

p = 1, p = 1 is ignored since p . 0.
Hence, p = 1, q = 2.

AB = 2i~ + 3j
~

AO + OB = 2i~ + 3j
~

AO + (i~ + 5j ) = 2i~ + 3j
~
~

AO = i~ 2j
~

OA
= ~i + 2j
~

\ A(1, 2)

5. (a)

(b) AC = AB + BC
= (2i~ + 3j ) + (3i~ 4j )
~
~
= ~i j
~

12 + (1)2

|AC| = ABBBBBBB
= AB
2 units

17
l =
7

15

Penerbitan Pelangi Sdn. Bhd.

 Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 15

6. (a) AC = AO + OC
= (2i~ 3j ) + l(i~ + 5j )...................1
~
~
= 2i~ 3j l~i + 5lj
~
~
= (2 l)i~ + (5l 3)j
~

(2 l)2 + (5l 3)2

|AC| = ABBBBBBBBBBBBBB

1
1
p + pk = 1
2
2

p + pk = 2........................... 1
and 4pk = 1
1
pk = ..................................... 2
4

Substitute 2 into 1,
1

p + = 2
4
7
p =
4
7
Substitute p = into 2,
4
7
1
k =

4
4
1

k =
7

(b) Since AB = pAD

7
= AD
4
AD
4

\ =
7
AB

4 + 4l + l2 + 25l2 30l + 9
= ABBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB

26l2 26l + 13
= ABBBBBBBBBBB

(b) AB = AO + OB
= (2i~ 3j ) + (4i~ + 20j )..................2
~
~

Given |AB| = |AC|

From 1 and 2,

l(i~ + 5j ) = 4i~ + 20j
~
~
l = 4 and

l = 4

5l = 20
20
l =
5
= 4

\ l2 l = 42 4

= 12

Therefore, AD : AB = 4 : 7

7. (a)

8.

A
a
~

b
~ M

b B
~

3b
~

A, B and D are collinear, therefore AB= pAD

where p is a constant.

AO+ OB = p(AM + MD)

1
a~ + ~
b = p a~ + kMC)
2

1
= pa~ + pkMC
2

1
= pa~ + pk(MO + OC)
2

2
4

123 h 12b~ + 1h 23 h2a~ = 12 kb~ + ka~

1
1
= p pk a~ + 4pkb~
2
2

1
1
\ p pk = 1
2
2

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1
1
= pa~ + pk a~ + 4b~
2
2
1
1
= pa~ pka~ + 4pkb~
2
2

Given OD = hOC
and BD = kMA

BD = kMA

BO + OD = k(MO + OA
)

1
b~ + hOC = k b~ + a~
2

1
b~ + h(OA+ AC) = kb~ + ka~
2

2
1
b~ + h a~ + AB = kb~ + ka~
3
2

2
1
b~ + h a~ + (AO + OB) = kb~ + ka~
3
2
2
1
b~ + h a~ + (a~ + b~) = kb~ + ka~
3
2
2
2
1
b~ + ha~ ha~ + hb~ = kb~ + ka~
3
3
2

a
~

16

123 h 12b~ + 13 ha~ = 12 kb~ + ka~

Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 15

2
1
1
\ h 1 = k and h = k
3
2
3

h = 3k

10.

2
1
Substitute h = 3k into h 1 = k,
3
2
2
1
(3k) 1 = k
3
2
1
2k + k = 1
2
5

k = 1
2
2

k =
5
2
Substitute k = into h = 3k,
5

T
O

2
6
Therefore, k = , h =
5
5
D
T

1 P

Q
1
A

1OB + 3OA
OQ =
1+3
4y + 3(6x~)
~
=
4
9
= y + ~x
~ 2

6a
~

4b
~

6x
~

OA = 6x~, OB= 4y , BT = kBP
, OT = hOQ
~

2BO + 1BA
(a) BP =
2+1

2(4y ) + (BO + OA
)
~
=
3
8y + [(4y ) + 6x~]
~
~
=
3
8y 4y + 6x~
~
~
=
3
= 2x~ 4y
~

1 2

2a
~

4y
~

2
h = 3
5
6
=
5

9. (a)

CA = CB + BA
= 6a~ + 4b~

BD = BA + AD
= 4b~ + 2a~

Given CT = hCA

= h(6a~ + 4b~)

= 6ha~ + 4hb~

and
BT = kBD

BC + CT = k(4b
~ + 2a~)
6a
+
(6ha
+
4hb
) =
4kb
~
~
~
~ + 2ka~
6a~ 6ha~ + 4hb~ = 4kb~ + 2ka~
(6 6h)a~ + 4hb~ = 4kb~ + 2ka~.......................1

Equating coefficient of b~,
4h = 4k

\ h = k

(b) BT = kBP
= k(2x~ 4y )
~
= 2kx~ 4ky
~

(c) BT = BO + OT

= 4y + hOQ
~
9
= 4y + h y + ~x
~ 2
~
9
= 4y + hy + hx~
~
~ 2
9
= (h 4)y + hx~
~ 2

Compare
BT = 2kx~ 4ky and
~

9

BT = (h 4)y + hx~
~ 2

\ h 4 = 4k
h = 4 4k................................ 1
9


2k = h.................................... 2
2

(b) For coefficient of ~

a in 1,
6 6h = 2k
6 6k = 2k
8k = 6
3
k =
4

17

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 Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 15

12.

Substitute 1 into 2,
9
2k = (4 4k)
2
= 18 18k

1 2b~ + a~
b~ +
= ha~
3
k

82 + 62
(d) (i) |AB| = ABBBBB
100
= ABBB

= 10 units
8
(ii) tan OAB =
6

2
1
b~ + b~ + a~ = ha~
3k
3k

2
1
1 + b~ + a~ = ha~
3k
3k

2
1
\ 1 + = 0 and = h
3k
3k
2

= 1
3k
3k = 2
2

k =
3

8
OAB = tan1
6
= 538

1 2

11. (a) DM = DC + CM

1
= AB + CB
2
1
= u~ + (4v
~)
2
= u~ 2v
~

2
1
Substitute k = into = h,
3
3k
1
h =
2
3
3
1
=
2

1 2

4
(b) DN = DA
5
4

= CB
5
4
= (4v~)
5
16

= ~v
5

2
1
Therefore, k = , h =
3
2

(c) MN = MD + DN

16
= (u~ 2v~) + ~v
5
16

= u~ + 2v~
v
5 ~
6

= u
~ 5 ~v

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b
~

Given BX = hOA
, OM = kOX

BX = hOA

BO + OX = ha~
1
b~ + OM
= ha~
k

1 2

M
1

9
Substitute k = into 1,
10
9

h = 4 4
10
18
= 4
5
2
=
5

a
~

20k = 18
18

k =
20
9
=
10

18

Additional Mathematics SPM Chapter 15

13.

D
1

4b
~

14. OA = 12a~, OB = 12b

~

3
12a
~

8b
~

B
Q

(a) DB = DA+ AB
= 4b~ + 12a~

4b
~

1 AB + 3 AD

AE =
1+3
12a~ + 12b~
=
4
= 3a~ + 3b~

4a

~


AR
= AP+ PR
1
= 8a~ + PB
4

1
= 8a~ + (PO + OB)
4
1

= 8a
~ + 4 (4a~ + 12b~)
= 8a~ a~ + 3b~

(b) BC = BD + DC

4
= (4b~ 12a~) + AB
3
4
= 4b~ 12a~ + (12a
~)
3
= 4b~ 12a~ + 16a~
= 4b~ + 4a~

AE = 3(a
~ + b~) and BC = 4(a~ + b~)
AE
3

\ =
BC
4

8a
~

= 9a~ + 3b~
= 3(3a~ + b~)

AQ = AO + OQ
= 12a~ + 4b~
= 4(3a~ + b~)
1
= 4 AR
3
4

= AR
3

AE : BC = 3 : 4

Therefore, A, R and Q are collinear.

19

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