b{IH$ : lr.

oXbr[ Jm{Q>qIS>rH$a

1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21

2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22

AZwH$_oUH$m

1)

AH$ AmoU g`m ...................................................................................... 3

2)

g`m_Yrb AH$m`m WmoZH$ oH$_Vr ............................................................. 7

3)

ZgoJH$, [yU, [yUmH$, g_ AmoU odf_ g`m .................................................... 9

4)

AH$JoUVr l{T>r ...................................................................................... 12

5)

^yo_Vr l{T>r ........................................................................................... 16

6)

oH$m{Ur g`m, dJ g`m _mobH$m d KZ g`m _mobH$m ..................................... 20

7)

[MH$m{Zr` g`m, fQ>H$m{Zr` g`m............................................................... 28

8)

o\$]m{ZH$s g`m _mobH$m ........................................................................... 31

9)

d`^y g`m`m _mobH$m AmoU `mM{ gJ_ ..................................................... 37

10)

hfX g`m`m _mobH$m............................................................................. 41

11)

g`m _mobH$mM{ AV\$aH$ (Intra differences) .............................................. 43

12)

C[ghma .............................................................................................. 48

1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21

2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22

01. AH$ AmoU g`m

_m{O`m`m JaO{VyZ "g`m' hr gH$[Zm Ambr. g`m b{IZmgmR>r "AH$ oMhmMr' oZo_Vr Pmbr. OJmV AZ{H$
AH$b{IZ[Vr Amh{V. `m[H$s H$mhr AH$b{IZ[Vr [wT>rb _mU{,
Am[`m ^maV X{emVrb ododY ^mfm_`{ "EH$ V{ ZD$' AmoU "ey`' `m g`mgmR>r dm[amV AgUma{ AH$ [wT>rb gmaUrV
oXb{ Amh{V.
H$mp_ar [Om]r ]Jmbr Am{oS>`m
_amR>r (emaXm) (Jw$_wIr) d (CoS>`m) JwOamVr qhXr
(Ago_`m)

CXy

qgYr

V{bwJy

H$ZS> _b`mi_ Vmo_i

am{_Z g`mb{IZ [Vr `m [Vr_`{ odoeQ> g`mgmR>r dU_mb{Vrb odoeQ> Aja{ [wT>rb _mU{ dm[abr OmVmV.
g`m

oMh

g`m

oMh

EH$

[mM

Xhm

[fimg

e^a

[mMe{

EH$ hOma

M
3

1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21

2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22

OJmVrb H$mhr _hdm`m AH$b{IZ [Vr

AmYwoZH$ BoOflV BoOflV ]o]bm{- JrH$ JrH$ oMZr oMZr
am{_Z
hm`am{_amR>r pbo\$H$ ohAa{oQ>H$ oZ`m AoQ>H$ Am`m{oZ`Z XS> oMhmoH$V

oh]y

_m`m

Aa]r Aa]r Aa]r AmYwoZH$

Jw]ma AmYwoZH$ [mo_m`

AjamoH$V

1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21

2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22

g`m OJmV gd "AmVaamQ>r` AH$' oMhmMm C[`m{J H$$Z g`mb{IZ H{$b{ OmV{. ey` V{ ZD$ `m AH$mgmR>r 0,1, 2,
3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 AmoU 9 hr Xhm AH$oMh{ dm[abr OmVmV. o]oQ>e EZgm`bm{o[oS>`m _`{ `m AH$oMhmMm C{I "qhXyAa{o]H$ `w_abg' Agm Amh{. `m AH$ oMhmMm C[`m{J H$$Z O{ g`m b{IZ H{$b{ OmV{ `mbm Xe_mZ g`mUmbr Ag{
hQ>b{ OmV{. OJmV g`m gdgm_m`[U{ "Xe_mZ g`m Umbr_`{M' g`m b{IZ H{$b{ OmV{. `m Xhm AH$oMhmZm "oS>Q>g'
Ag{hr hUVmV.
o_mZ g`mUmbr _`{ H{$di 0 AoU 1 Xm{ZM AH$ oMh{ dm[abr OmVmV. `mZm ]rQ>g (Bit : binary digits) Ag{
hUVmV.
gJUH$s` JoUVmgmR>r o_mZ g`m UmbrMm C[`m{J hm{Vm{. H$mhr g`m Umbr AmoU `m_`{ dm[abr OmUmar AH$
oMh{ [wT>rb _mU{ Amh{V.
g`m Umbr

AH$ oMh{

o_mZ

0 AmoU 1

o_mZ

0, 1 AmoU 2

MVw_mZ

0, 1, 2, AmoU 3

[M_mZ

0, 1, 2, 3, AmoU 4
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 AmoU 7

AQ>oMh [V

0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 AmoU 9

Xe_mZ [V

0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,A, B, C, D, E AmoU F

fm{S>e oMh [V

H$mhr g`m Umbr AmoU `m`mVrb g`m b{IZ [wT>rb _mU{ Amh{.
o_mZ

o_mZ

MVw_mZ

[M_mZ

AQ>oMh [Vr

0000

000

00

00

000

0001

001

01

01

001

0010

002

02

02

002

0011

010

03

03

003

0100

011

10

04

004

0101

012

11

10

005

0110

020

12

11

006

0111

021

13

12

007

1000

022

20

13

010

1001

100

21

14

011

1010

101

22

20

012

10

Xe_mZ

fm{S>e oMh[V

1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21

2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22

o_mZ

o_mZ

MVw_mZ

[M_mZ

1011

102

23

21

013

11

1100

110

30

22

014

12

1101

111

31

23

015

13

1110

112

32

24

016

14

1111

120

33

30

017

15

10000

121

100

31

020

16

10

10001

122

101

32

021

17

11

10010

200

102

33

022

18

12

10011

201

103

34

023

19

13

10100

202

110

40

024

20

14

AQ>oMh [Vr

Xe_mZ

fm{S>e oMh[V

1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21

2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22

02. g`m_Yrb AH$m`m WmoZH$ oH$_Vr

AH$m`m (AH$oMhmMm Dits) C[`m{J H$$Z g`m b{IZ H$aVmZm AH$m`m WmZ[ad{ oH$_VtZm _hd AgV{. `mbmM
g`{Vrb AH$mMr WmoZH$ qH$_V Ag{ hUVmV. `m]m]VM{ Xm{Z bm{H$ og Amh{V.
EH$XeeVghm`wVbj `wVH$m{Q> H$_e &
A]wX_O IdoZId_hm[eH$dV_mV &&
ObqYM` _` [amYo_oV XeJwUm{ma gkm &
g`m`m WmZmZm `dhmamW H$Vm [yd} &&
AW (COdrH$Sy>Z S>mdrH$S>{) AZwH$_mZ{ EH$H$, XeH$, eVH$, hOma, A`wV (Xhm hOma), bmI, `wV (Xhm bmI), H$m{Q>r,
A]wX (Xhm H$m{Q>r) AO (e^a H$m{Q>r), Id (hOma H$m{Q>r), oZId (Xhm hOma H$m{Q>r), _hm[ (EH$ bmI H$m{Q>r), eHy$ (Xhm
bmI H$m{Q>r), OboY (H$m{Q>r H$m{Q>r), A` (Xhm H$m{Q>r H$m{Q>r), _` (AO H$m{Q>r), AmoU [amY (Xhm AO H$m{Q>r) Aer _y`{
(WmoZH$ oH$_Vr) [ydu`m bm{H$mZr H$$Z R>{db{br Amh{V. `{H$ WmZmMr oH$_V COdrH$S>rb WmZm`m oH$_Vr`m Xhm [Q>
Amh{.
AH$mMr WmoZH$ qH$_V WmZ[ad{ (COdrH$Sy>Z S>mdrH$S>{) dmT>V OmV{ hr Jm{Q> ^maVr` JoUVkmZrM W_ em{YyZ H$mT>br.
JrH$ d am{_Z bm{H$ g`mb{IZmgmR>r Aja obo[Mm (qH$dm dUmjamMm) C[`m{J H$aV hm{V{. `m AH$oMhmZm AmO AmVamamQ>r`
AH$ Ag{ hQ>b{ OmV{ Vr AH$oMh{ hr _yiMr ^maVmVrb Amh{V. _gm`m`m [XmWmMm `m[ma H$aVmZm hr ^maVr` AH$oMh{
Aa] X{em`m _m\$V `wam{[_`{ [m{hm{Mb{br Amh{V Ag{ `wam{o[` bm{H$ _m` H$aVmV. BJO
r _`{ Unit, ten, hundred, thousand,
lac(lakh), million (ten lakh, one thousands), crore, billion (a million millions), trillion ( a million cubed)

Aem H$ma`m WmoZH$ oH$_Vr Amh{V. [wT>rb gmaUrM{ H$miOr[ydH$ oZarjU H$am.
WmZ

WmoZH$ qH$_V

WmoZH$ qH$_V

g__y` BJOr eX

EH$H$

100

Unit

XeH$

101

10

Ten

eVH$

102

100

Hundred

hOma

103

1000

Thousand

(A`wV) XhmhOma

104

10000

Ten thousand

(oZ`wV) bmI

105

100000

Lac/Lakh

1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21

2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22

WmZ

WmoZH$ qH$_V

WmoZH$ qH$_V

g__y` BJOr eX

(`wV) Xhm bmI

106

1000000

Million

H$m{Q>r

107

10000000

Crore

(A]wX) Xhm H$m{Q>r

108

100000000

Ten crore

([) AO

109

1000000000

Hundred crore

Id

1010

10000000000

Thousand crore

oZId

1011

100000000000

---

_hm[

1012

1000000000000

Billion

eHy$

1013

10000000000000

Ten billion

(g_w) OboY

1014

100000000000000

hundred billion

A`

1015

1000000000000000

Thousand billion

_`

1016

10000000000000000

---

[amY

1017

100000000000000000

Lac billion

1018

1000000000000000000

Trillion

mMrZ dmL>_`mV oZ`wV (bj), g_w (eVH$m{Q>r) Ag{ g`mdmMH$ eXhr AmT>iyZ `{VmV.
o_mZ g`mUmbr _`{ AH$m`m WmoZH$ oH$_Vr (COdrH$Sy>Z S>mdrH$S>{) AZwH$_{ 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128,
256, 512, 1024,....`m _mU{ Amh{V hUO{ 210 hUyZ 1024 bm "oH$bm{' Ag{hr hQ>b{ OmV{.
o_mZ g`m Umbr _`{ AH$m`m WmoZH$ oH$_Vr (COdrH$Sy>Z S>mdrH$S>{) AZwH$_{ 1, 3, 9, 27, 81, 243, 729, 210,
2187, 6561, 19683,....`m _mU{ Amh{V.
MVw_mZ g`m Umbr_`{ AH$m`m WmoZH$ oH$_Vr AZwH$_{ (COdrH$Sy>Z S>mdrH$S>{) 1, 4, 16, 64, 256, 1024,
4096, 16384,.... `m _mU{ Amh{V.

1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21

2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22

03. ZgoJH$ g`m, [yU g`m, [yUmH$ g`m,

g_g`m, odf_g`m

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, .... `m g`mZm ZgoJH$ g`m (qH$dm _m{Og`m) Ag{ hUVmV. gm_m`[U{ hm
AZV g`mgM 'N' `m AjamZ{ XeodVmV.
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,....`m

g`mZm [yU g`m Ag{ hUVmV. gm_m`[U{ [yU g`mMm gM 'W' `m AjamZ{
XeodVmV. ZgoJH$ g`mMm gM hm [yU g`mgMmMm C[gM Amh{.
F$U [yUmH$ {-1, -2, -3, -4,....{ AmoU [yU g`m `m`m g`m{JmZ{ "[yUmH$ g`m gM' V`ma hm{Vm{. [yUmH$ g`m gM
"I' `m AjamZ{ XeodVmV. ZgoJH$ g`mgM, [yU g`mgM, YZ [yUmH$mMm gM AmoY F$U [yUmH$mMm gM h{ gd gM [yUmH$
g`mgMmM{ C[gM Amh{V.
EImm g`m gMmVrb `{H$ g`m d oVMm WmZ H$_mH$ `m _`{ Agb{`m odoeQ> g]YmZ{ gMmVrb gd g`mMr
_mS>Ur H{$b{br AgV{ V|hm `m H$o_V _mS>Urbm "H$o_H$m' (sequence) Ag{ hUVmV.
oXb{`m g`m H$o_H{$Vrb H$m{U`mhr Xm{Z H$_mJV g`m_Yrb \$aH$ pWa (Constant) Ag{b Va `m g`m H$o_H{$bm
"AH$JoUVr l{T>r' Ag{ hUVmV.
ZgoJH$ g`mgM, [yU g`mgM AmoU [yUmH$ g`mgM _Yrb KQ>H$ MT>`m (qH$dm CVa`m) H$_mZ{ _mS>b{ AgVm
"AH$JoUVr l{T>r' V`ma hm{VmV. `m g`ml{T>r _Yrb Xm{Z H$_mJV g`m_Yrb \$aH$ "EH$' AgVm{. CXm. 1,2,3,4,5,6,....
`m [yUmH$ g`mZm "Xm{ZZ{' oZe{f ^mJ OmVm{ `m g`mZm g_ g`m Ag{ hUVmV. 2, 4, 6, 8, 10,.... `m g_ g`m
Amh{V. H$m{U`mhr [yUmH$ g`{Mr Xwfl[Q> H{$br AgVm g_ g`m o_iV{. CXm. 6 x 2 =12, 5 X 2 = 10. Am[Umg g_ g`m
MT>`m (qH$dm CVa`m) H$_mZ{ _mS>`m AgVm g_ g`mMr AH$JoUVr l{T>r V`ma hm{V{. Aemd{ir H$m{U`mhr Xm{Z H$_mJV
g`m_Yrb \$aH$ "Xm{Z' AgVm{. H$m{U`mhr Xm{Z g_g`mMr ]{arO g_ g`mM AgV{ AmoU H$m{U`mhr g_ g`m_Yrb
\$aH$ X{Irb g_ g`mM AgV{.
`m [yUmH$ g`mZm Xm{ZZ{ oZe{f ^mJ OmV Zmhr (`m [yUmH$ g`mZm Xm{ZZ{ ^mJb{ AgVm "EH$' ]mH$s CaV{) `m
g`mZm odf_ g`m Ag{ hUVmV. H$m{U`mhr [yUmH$ g`{`m Xwfl[Q>rVyZ EH$ dOm H{$bm qH$dm H$m{U`mhr [yUmH$ g`{Mm
Xwfl[Q>r_`{ EH$ o_iodbm AgVm odf_ g`m o_iV{. odf_ g`m MT>`m (qH$dm CVa`m) H$_mZ{ _mS>`m AgVm odf_ g`mMr
AH$JoUVr l{T>r V`ma hm{V{. H$m{U`mhr Xm{Z H$_mJV odf_ g`m_Yrb \$aH$ "Xm{Z' AgVm{. H$m{U`mhr Xm{Z odf_ g`mMr
]{arO hr Z{h_r g_g`m AgV{. Vg{M H$m{U`mhr Xm{Z odf_ g`m_Yrb \$aH$ hm g_ g`mM AgVm{. hr _mohVr Am[Umg
oMhm`m gmhm`mZ{ [wT>rb _mU{ _mS>Vm `{V{.
9

1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21

N

{1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,...}

{0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5,... }

{...-3,- 2, -1, 0, 1,2, 3,...}

{x | x

2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22

hr 2 Z{ ^mJ OmUmar [yUmH$ g`m }

{x | x hr 2 Z{ Z ^mJ OmUmar [yUmH$ g`m }

`m g`m gMm_`{ (g`m l{T>t_`{) Am[`mbm [wT>rb doeQ>`{ AmT>iyZ `{VmV.

i) H$m{U`mhr Xm{Z ZgoJH$ g`mMr ]{arO qH$dm JwUmH$ma hm ZgoJH$ g`mM AgV{.
ii) H$m{U`mhr Xm{Z [yUmH$ g`mMr ]{arO, dOm]mH$s qH$dm JwUmH$ma hm Z{h_r [yUmH$ g`mM AgV{.
iii) H$m{U`mhr Xm{Z [yU g`mMr ]{arO qH$dm JwUmH$ma hm [yU g`mM AgV{.
iv) H$m{U`mhr Xm{Z g_ g`mMr ]{arO qH$dm JwUmH$ma hm g_ g`mM AgV{.
v) H$m{U`mhr Xm{Z odf_ g`mMm JwUmH$ma hm odf_ g`mM AgVm{.
vi) H$m{U`mhr Xm{Z odf_ g`mMr ]{arO qH$dm dOm]mH$s hr g_ g`mM AgV{.
vii) H$m{U`mhr Xm{Z ZgoJH$ g`mMr dOm]mH$s ZgoJH$ g`m Ag{bM Ag{ Zmhr.
viii) H$m{U`mhr Xm{Z [yU g`mMr dOm]mH$s [yU g`m Ag{bM Ag{ Zmhr.
ix) H$m{U`mhr Xm{Z ZgoJH$ g`mMr qH$dm [yU g`mMr dOm]mH$s hr Z{h_r [yUmH$ g`mM AgV{.
x) EH$ g_ g`m AmoU EH$ odf_ g`m `mMm JwUmH$ma Z{h_r g_ g`mM AgVm{.
Xi) EH$ g_ g`m AmoU EH$ odf_ g`m `mMr ]{arO hr Z{h_r odf_ g`m AgV{.
xii) EH$ g_ g`m AmoU EH$ odf_ g`m `mMr dOm]mH$s Z{h_r odf_ g`mM AgV{.
oMhm`m _XVrZ{ g`m]m]VM{ oZ`_ [wT>rb_mU{ obohVm `{VmV. `m IwU{Mm AW "Mm KQ>H$ AgU{' Agm Amh{. CXm gM
A = {5, 6, 9} Va 6 h{ A gMmMm KQ>H$ Amh{V h{ 6A Ag{ XmIodVmV d 6 hm A Mm KQ>H$ Amh{ Ag{ dmMVmV.
i)

Oa a AmoU b N, Va a + b N,

a, b N

ii)

Oa a AmoU b W, Va a + b W,

a, b W

iii)

Oa a AmoU b I, Va a + b I,

a, b I

iv)

Oa a AmoU b I, Va a - b I

v)

Oa a AmoU b E, Va a + b E, a - b E

vi)

Oa a AmoU b O, Va ab O

vii)

Oa a AmoU b O, Va a + b E, a - b E

viii)

Oa a AmoU b N, Va a - b I

ix)

Oa a AmoU b W, Va a - b W

x)

Oa a E, AmoU b O Va abE

Xi)

Oa a E, AmoU b o Va a+bO

xii)

Oa a E, AmoU B O Va a-bO
10

1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21

2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22

odf_ g`m`m _mS>UrM{ H$mhr JwUode{f [wT>rb_mU{ Amh{V.

1
1+3
1+3+5
1+3+5+7
1+3+5+7+9
1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 + 11
1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 + 11 + 13
1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 + 11 + 13 + 15
1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 + 11 + 13 +15 +17
1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + 11 + 13 + 15 + 17 + 19

1
4
9
16
25
36
49
64
81
100

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

`m _mS>UrM{ H$miOr[ydH$ oZarjU H{$b{ AgVm Ag{ AmT>iyZ `{V{ H$s, n hr H$m{UVrhr ZgoJH$ g`m Ag{b Va 1 + 3 +
5 + 7 + 9 +....+(2n - 1) = n2 hUO{M [oh`m "n' YZ odf_ g`mMr ]{arO "n2' BVH$s AgV{.
odf_ g`mMr _mS>Ur AmUIr EH$m [VrZ{ H{$br AgVm `m _mS>UrM{ JwUode{f [wT>rb _mU{ AmT>iyZ `{VmV.
1
3+5
7 + 9 + 11
13 + 15 + 17 + 19
21 + 23 + 25 + 27 + 29 + 31
31 + 33 + 35 + 37 + 39 + 41
43 + 45 + 47 + 49 + 51 + 53 + 55
57 + 59 + 61 + 63 + 65 + 67 + 69 + 71
73 + 75 + 77 + 79 + 81 + 83 + 85 + 87 + 89

1
8
27
64
125
216
343
512
729

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

`m _mS>Ur_`{ Am[`mbm H$mhr odf_ g`m`m ]{aO{Z{ [yU KZ g`m o_imb{`m Amh{V.
g_ g`m`m _mS>Ur _`{hr Am[`mbm H$mhr JwUode{f AmT>iyZ `{VmV. g_ g`m`m _mS>UrM{ H$miOr[ydH$ oZarjU
H$am AmoU `m _mS>UrM{ JwUode{f g_OdyZ K{D$ `m.
2

1X2

2+4

2x3

2+4+6

12

3x4

2+4+6+8

20

4x5

2 + 4 + 6 + 8 + 10

30

5x6

2 + 4 + 6 + 8 + 10 + 12

42

6x7

2 + 4 + 6 + 8 + 10 + 12 + 14

56

7x8

2 + 4 + 6 + 8 + 10 + 12 + 14 + 16

72

8x9

2 + 4 + 6 + 8 + 10 + 12 + 14 + 16 + 18

90

9 x 10

11

1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21

2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22

4. AH$JoUVr l{T>r
EImm g`m gMmVrb `{H$ g`m d oVMm WmZ H$_mH$ `m_`{ Agb{`m odoeQ> g]YmZ{ gMmVrb g`mMr H$_dma
_mS>Ur H{$b{br AgV{ V|hm `m H$o_V _mS>Urbm "H$o_H$m (Sequence)' Ag{ hUVmV.
ZgoJH$ g`mgM, [yU g`mgM, [yUmH$ g`mgM, g_ g`mgM, odf_ g`mgM `m "H$o_H$m' Amh{V.
O|hm oXb{`m g`m H$o_H{$Vrb H$m{U`mhr Xm{Z H$_mJV g`m_Yrb \$aH$ pWa Ag{b Va `m g`m H$o_H{$bm "AH$JoUVr
l{T>r' Ag{ hUVmV.
ZgoJH$ g`mgM, [yU g`mgM, [yUmH$ g`mgM, odf_ g`mgM AmoU g_ g`mgM `m "AH$JoUVr l{T>r' Amh{V.
`m oedm` AmUIr H$mhr AH$ JoUVr l{T>tMr CXmhaU{ [wT>rb _mU{.
i)

1, 4, 7,10, 13, 16, 19, 22, 25, 28,....

\$aH$ 3 Mm

ii)

1, 5, 9, 13, 17, 21, 25, 29,....

\$aH$ 4 Mm

iii)

1, 6, 11, 16, 21, 26, 31, 36,....

\$aH$ 5 Mm

iv)

1, 7, 13, 19, 25, 31, 37, 43,....

\$aH$ 6 Mm

v)

1, 8, 15, 22, 29, 36, 43, 50,....

\$aH$ 7 Mm

`m gd AH$JoUVr l{T>t_`{ H{$di ZgoJH$ g`mMm g_m{de AgyZ `{H$ H$o_H{$Vrb W_ [X "EH$' Amh{. `m gd "AH$JoUVr
l{T>r' Amh{V. H$maU H$m{U`mhr H$o_H{$Vrb H$m{U`mhr Xm{Z H$_mJV g`m_Yrb \$aH$ pWa (Constant) Amh{. `m gd "AH$JoUV
l{T>tMm' EH$ JwUode{f Agm Amh{ H$s, H$m{U`mhr EH$m AH$JoUV l{T>rVrb Xm{Z g`mMm JwUmH$ma H$$Z o_iUmar g`m hr
`mM AH$JoUV l{T>r _`{M Ag`mM{ AmT>iyZ `{Bb. darb [oh`m l{T>rV 4 x 7 = 28 h{ l{T>rV Amh{V.
AmVm [wT>rb H$o_H$mM{ H$miOr[ydH$ oZarjU H$am.
1)

13, 17, 21, 25, 29,....

2)

87, 84, 81, 78, 75,....

3)

1.6, 2.8, 4.0, 5.2, 6.4,....

4)

2
7

4
7

6
7

1
7

3
7

5)

6
11

7
11

8
11

9
11

10
,....
11

5
7

,....

`m gd AH$JoUVr l{T>r Amh{V Ag{ oZpMV[U{ hUVm `{V{. 13, 17, 21, 25, 29,.... `m H$o_H{$Vrb W_[X = a = 13
Amh{. AmoU gmYmaU \$aH$ = d = 4 Amh{. `m H$o_H{$Mr _mS>Ur Am[`mbm [wT>rb _mU{ H$aVm `{Bb. (13), (13 + 1 x 4),
12

1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21

2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22

(13 + 2 x 4), (13 + 3 x 4), (13 + 4 x 4),.... hUO{M 13, 17, 21, 25, 29,.... `m H$o_H{$Vrb "n' d{ [X
13 + (n - 1) x 4 h{ Amh{.
87, 84, 81, 78, 75,.... `m H$o_H{$Vrb

= t1 = a = 87 Amh{.

W_ [X

oVr` [X = t2 = a - 3 = 84 Amh{.
VVr` [X

t3 = a - 6 = 81 Amh{.

MVwW [X

t4 = a - 9 = 78 Amh{.

[mMd{ [X

t5 = a - 12 = 75 Amh{.

`m oZarjUmd$Z Ag{ hUVm `{V{ H$s `m AH$JoUVr l{T>rVrb "n' d{ [X tn = 87 - (n - 1) x 3 hm{`. H$maU `m l{T>r_`{
gmYmaU \$aH$ = d = - 3 hm{`. hUyZ oXb{`m AH$JoUV l{T>tMr EH$ gmaUr V`ma H$aVm `{Bb.
H$o_H$m / AH$JoUV l{T>r

W_ [X

gmYmaU \$aH$

gm_m`[X "n' d{ [X

Arithmetic Progression

tn

1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11,....

2n - 1

2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12,....

2n

1, 6, 11, 16, 21, 26,....

5n - 4

13, 17, 21, 25, 29,....

13

4n + 9

87, 84, 81, 78, 75,....

87

-3

90 - 3n

1.6, 2.8, 4, 5.2, 6.4

1.6

1.2

1.2n + 0.4

2
4
6
1
, 2 , 3 , 5 ,....
7
7
7
7

2
7

6
7
8
9
9 , 8 , 7 , 6 ,....
11
11 11 11

6
11

10
11

2
7

9n 7
115 -10n
11

`{H$ g`{Mm [mT>m hr EH$ AH$JoUVr l{T>rM hm{`.

gd gm_m`[U{ AH$JoUV l{T>r [wT>rb [VrZ{ obohVm `{V{. a = W_[X, d = gmYmaU \$aH$ AmoU tn = gm_m` [X
t1 = a
t2 = a + d
t3 = a + 2d
t4 = a + 3d
.............
tn = a + (n - 1) d

Mr qH$_V H$m{UVrhr dmVd g`m Agy eH$V{. d Mr qH$_V hr Z{h_r

ey`{Va g`m AgV{. (d 0) AmoU n Mr qH$_V hr Z{h_r ZgoJH$ g`m
AgV{. (n N) AH$JoUVr l{T>r em{Y`mgmR>r a AmoU d `mMr qH$_V
_mhrV Agmdr bmJV{. (qH$dm em{YyZ H$mT>mdr bmJV{.)
Oa VrZ g`m AH$JoUV l{T>rVrb AgVrb Va _Ybr g`m BVa Xm{Z
g`m`m gamgar EdT>r AgV{.
13

1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21

2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22

CXmhaUmW EH$m AH$JoUV l{T>rM{ 22 d{ [X 153 Amh{ AmoU 37 d{ [X 453 Amh{ Va Vr AH$JoUVr l{T>r em{Ym AmoU `m
l{T>rM{ 16 d{ [X H$m{UV{ V{ gmJm.
CH$b `{W{ t22 = 153 AmoU t37 = 453 Ag{ oXb{b{ Amh{.
t22 = a + (22 - 1) d

= 153 = a + 21d

AmoU t37 = a + (37 - 1) d = 453 a + 36d

(a + 36d) - (a + 21d)

= 453 - 153

a + 36d - a - 21d

= 300

15d = 300
d = 20

AmoU a + 21 d = 153
a + 21 (20) = 153
a + 420 = 153
a = 153 - 420 = - 267

hUO{ oXb{`m AH$JoUV l{T>rM{ W_[X -267 Amh{ AmoU gmYmaU \$aH$ +20 Amh{. hUyZ Vr AH$JoUV l{T>r -267,
-247, -227, -207, -187,.... Aer Amh{. `m AH$JoUV l{T>rM{ 16 [X em{Yy.
tn

= a + (n - 1) d

t16 = -267 + (16 - 1) x 20

t16 = -267 + 300
t16 = 33

AH$JoUV l{T>r _`{ Agb{`m g`mMr ]{arO H$er em{YVm `{Bb V{ g_OmdyZ K{D$.
g_Om EH$m AH$JoUV l{T>rM{ [ohb{ [X "a' Amh{, AI{aM{ [X 'k' Amh{ AmoU gmYmaU \$aH$ "d' Amh{. Va Vr AH$JoUV
l{T>r [wT>rb Xm{Z H$mamZr _mS>Vm `{Bb.
i)

a, a + d, a + 2d, a + 3d,....k

qH$dm

ii)

a,....k - 3d, k - 2d, k - d, l.

AmVm Am[U `m AH$ JoUV l{T>rVrb gd g`mMr ]{arO H$er H$aVm `{Bb V{ [mh.
'Sn' hr oXb{`m [XmMr ]{arO Ag{b Va
Sn = a + (a + d) + (a + 2d)... (k - 2d) + (k - d) + k
Sn = k + (k - d) + (k - 2d).... (a + 2d) + (a + d) + a

`m Xm{hr _mS>UtMr ]{arO H{$br Va

2 x Sn = (a + k) + (a + k) + (a + k) .... (a + k)

Oa oXb{`m AH$JoUV l{T>r_`{ "n' [X{ AgVrb Va

14

1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21

2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22

2 x Sn = n x (a + k)

Sn = n (a + k)
2

`m dZ Am[`mbm "n' [X{ AgUm`m AH$JoUVr l{T>rVrb gd [XmMr ]{arO hr [ (W_[X + AI{aM{ [X) x EHy$U
[XmMr g`m 2 ] EdT>r AgV{ Ag{ hUVm `{V{.
AI{aM{ [X, k h{ n d{ [X Ag{b Va tn = k = a + (n - 1) d oh qH$_V Am[U darb gymV R>{dy
Sn =

n
(a + { a + (n - 1) d } ]
2

Sn = n [ 2a + (n - 1) d ]
2

h{ gy Am[U EH$m CXmhaUm`m gmhm`mZ{ g_OmdyZ K{D$.

CXmhUmW 23 Z{ oZe{f ^mJ OmUm`m gd VrZ AH$s odf_ g`mMr ]{arO oH$Vr ?
CH$b 23 Z{ oZe{f ^mJ OmUmar bhmZmV bhmZ VrZ AH$s odf_ g`m 115 Amh{. Vg{M 23 Z{ oZe{f ^mJ OmUmar _m{R>mV
_m{R>r VrZ AH$s odf_ g`m 989 Amh{.
hUO{M CXmhaUmV oXb{`m AQ>tZwgma V`ma hm{Um`m AH$JoUV l{T>rVrb [ohb{ [X 115 AgyZ AI{aM{ [X 989 Amh{.
(115 hr 23 Mr [mM [Q> Amh{ AmoU 989 hr 23 Mr {Mmirgmdr [Q> Amh{.)
115

ZVa `{Um`m 161, 207, 253,.... `m VrZ AH$s odf_ g`mZm 23 Z{ oZe{f ^mJ OmVm{. hUyZ `m AH$JoUV
l{T>rVrb gmYmaU \$aH$ 46 Amh{. `m AH$JoUV l{T>r _`{ EHy$U 20 [X{ Amh{V.
a = 115, d = 46, k = 989 AmoU n = 20

`m oH$_VtMm C[`m{J H$$Z Am[U 23 Z{ ^mJ OmUm`m gd VrZ AH$s odf_ g`mMr ]{arO em{Yy.
Sn = n [(a + 1) = 20 (115 + 989)
2

= 10 x 1104 = 11040

qH$dm
Sn =

n
20
[2a + (n - 1) d ] =
[230 + 19 x 46]
2
2

= 10 x [230 + 874] = 2300 + 8740

= 11040

hUO{ 23 Z{ oZe{f ^mJ OmUm`m gd VrZ AH$s g`mMr ]{arO 11040.

`m_mU{ Am[Uhr H$mhr Z aMy eH$Vm d gm{S>dy eH$Vm.

15

1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21

2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22

5. ^yo_Vr l{T>r
O|hm oXb{`m g`m H$o_H{$Vrb H$m{U`mhr Xm{Z H$_mJV g`mM{ JwUm{ma pWa (Constant) Ag{b Vr `m g`m H$o_H{$bm
"^yo_Vr l{T>r' Ag{ hUVmV.
^yo_Vr l{T>rMr H$mhr CXmhaU{ [wT>rb _mU{
i) 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32,....
ii) 1, 3, 9, 27, 81, 243,....
iii) 1, 0.5. 0.25, 0.125, 0.0625,....

`m gd ^yo_Vr l{T>t_`{ W_ [X "1' Amh{. EH$mM l{T>rVrb H$m{U`mhr Xm{Z H$_mJV g`mM{ JwUm{ma pWa Amh{. hUO{
[oh`m l{T>rV 2 = 2, 4 = 2, 8 = 2 `m_mU{ AmoU `{H$ l{T>rVrb H$m{U`mhr Xm{Z [Xm`m JwUmH$mamZ{ o_iUmar g`m
1

hr `mM ^yo_Vr l{T>r _`{ Amh{. hUO{ Xwg`m l{T>rVrb g`mMm JwUmH$ma 3 x 9 = 27, 9 x 27 = 243 `mM l{T>rV Amh{V.
AmVm [wT>rb H$mhr H$o_H$mM{ H$miOr[ydH$ oZarjU H$am.
1) 16, 24, 36, 54, 81....
2) 1024, 512, 256, 128, 64,....
3) 20, 200, 2000, 20000, 200000,....

`m gd ^yo_Vr l{T>r Amh{V Ag{ oZpMV[U{ hUVm `{V{. 16, 24, 36, 54, 81,.... `m H$o_H{$Vrb W_ [X d a = 16 Amh{.
AmoU gmYmaU JwUm{ma (r) Amh{.
r =

24
16

36
54
81
=
=
24
36
54

= ,,,,,,, = 1.5
.

Xwg`m CXmhaUmMm odMma H$$.

1024, 512, 256, 128, 64,.... `m ^yo_Vr l{T>r _`{ a = 1024, r = 0.5
t1

= a

= 1024

t2

= ar

= 1024 x (o.5)

t3

= ar2 = 1024 x (0.5)2 = 256

t4

= ar3 = 1024 x (0.5)3 = 128

t5

= ar4 = 1024 x (0.5)4 = 64

= 512

`md$Z Ag{ hUVm `{V{ H$s ^yo_Vr l{T>rM{ W_ [X a Ag{b AmoU gmYmaU JwUm{ma (Common ratio) r Ag{b Va Vr
^yo_Vr l{T>r a, ar, ar2, ar3, ar4,.... `m _mU{ _mS>Vm `{V{. `m ^yo_Vr l{T>rM{ gdgmYmaU [X (n d{ [X)
tn = ar(n-1) Amh{ Ag{ hUVm `{V{.
16

1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21

2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22

gd gmYmaU[U{ Ag{ hUVm `{V{ H$s ^yo_Vr l{T>r_`{ W_ [X = a hr H$m{UVrhr ey`{Va g`m Agy eH$V{. r Mr qH$_V 0
qH$dm 1 [{jm d{Jir AgU{ Amd`H$ AgV{. n Mr qH$_V H$m{UVrhr ZgoJH$ g`m AgV{.
[ a 0,

r0

or

r 1,

n N]

^yo_Vr l{T>r_`{ AgUm`m g`mZm "[a[naV _mUmV' AgUm`m g`m Ag{hr hUVmV.
Xe_mZ g`m Umbr_Yrb g`m_`{ AgUm`m AH$m`m WmoZH$ oH$_Vr EH$H$ (1), XeH$ (10), eVH$ (100),
gh (1000), Xegh qH$dm A`wV (10000), bmI qH$dm oZ`wV (100000), Xhm bmI qH$dm `wV (1000000), H$m{Q>r
(10000000), XeH$m{Q>r qH$dm A]wX (100000000), AO qH$dm [ (1000000000), Id (10000000000), oZId
(1000000000), _hm[ (1000000000000), eHw$ (1013) g_w qH$dm OboY (1014), A` (1015), _` (1016)
AmoU [amY (1017) hr EH$ ^yo_Vr l{T>rM Amh{.
o_mZ g`m Umbr_Yrb bit ]rQ>`m WmoZH$ oH$_Vr (COdrH$Sy>Z S>mdrH$S>{) 1, 2, 4, 8, 32, 64,.... hr X{Irb EH$
^yo_Vr l{T>rM Amh{.
O|hm VrZ g`m [a[naV _mUmV AgVmV V|hm _Ybr g`m hr BVa Xm{Z g`mMr "^yo_Vr _`' AgV{. H$m{U`mhr Xm{Z
g`mMm ^yo_Vr_` hUO{ `m Xm{Z g`m`m JwUmH$mamM{ dJ_i
y hm{` a AmoU b `m Xm{Z g`mM{ ^yo_Vr_` ab BVH{$ hm{`.
^yo_Vr l{T>r _mS>`mgmR>r W_ [X (a) AmoU gm_m` JwUm{ma (r) `mMr qH$_V _mhrV Agmdr bmJV{.
CXmhaU EH$m ^yo_Vr l{T>rM{ oVga{ [X 576 AgyZ [mMd{ [X 1296 Amh{ Va `m l{T>rM{ AmR>d{ [X H$m{UV{ ? AmoU W_ [X
H$m{UV{ ?
CH$b : oVga{ hUO{ t3 , [mMd{ [X hUO{ t5 AmoU W_ [X hUO{ t1 hm{Bb.
t3 = 576 AmoU t5 = 1296 Va t8 = ?
t5 = ar5-1 = ar4 = 1296 AmoU

t5
t3

ar4
=
ar2

1296
576

t3 = ar3-1 = ar2 = 576

r2 = 2.25

r = 2.25 = 1.5
t8 = ar8-1 = ar7 = ar4 x r3
t8 = 1296 x ( 1.5)3
t8 = 1296 x 3.375
t8 = 4374

`m ^yo_Vr l{T>rM{ AmR>d{ [X 4374 Amh{.

Vg{M t3 = ar2 = 576
a (1.5)2 = 576
a = 576 (1.5)2 = 576 2.25
a = 256

`m ^yo_Vr l{T>rM{ [ohb{ [X 256 Amh{.

17

1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21

2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22

AmVm Am[U ^yo_Vr l{T>rVrb "n' g`mMr ]{arO H$er em{YVmV V{ [mh. g_Om a, ar, ar2, ar3....arn-1 `m ^yo_Vr
l{T>rVrb "n' g`mMr ]{arO Sn Amh{.
a + ar + ar2 + ar4...+arn-1

= Sn

a (1 + r + r2 + r3 + r4 + rn-1) = Sn

Xm{hr ]mOyg (1 - r) Z{ JwUy.

a (1 + r + r2 + r3 + r4 + rn-1) (1 - r) = (1-r) Sn
a (1 - rn) = (1 - r) Sn
1 - rn
Sn = a
1 - r
n
qH$dm Sn = a (r -1)

(r - 1)

AH$JoUV l{T>r AmoU ^yo_Vr l{T>r `mVrb \$aH$ bjmV `{`mgmR>r EH$ [ma[mnaH$ H$Wm gmoJVbr OmV{. Vr [wT>rb_mU{ "A' AmoU "]' `m Xm{Z o_mZr EH$m _oh`mV Ag{ oZpMV H{$b{ H$s A Z{ ] bm Xaam{O "EH$ bmI' $[`{ md`mM{ AmoU
`mM d{ir "A' bm "]' Z{ AmX`m oXder oXb{`m aH$_{`m Xwfl[Q> aH$_ md`mMr Va _ohZm AI{arg H$m{UmOdi OmV aH$_
O_m hm{Bb ?
[wT>rb gmaUr d$Z h{ CXmhaU [Q> hm{Bb.
oXZmH$

A Z{ ] bm oXb{br aH$_

A bm ] H$Sy>Z m aH$_

1)

1,00,000 $

1 [gm

2)

1,00,000 $

2 [g{

3)

1,00,000 $

4 [g{

4)

1,00,000 $

8 [g{

5)

1,00,000 $

16 [g{

6)

1,00,000 $

32 [g{

7)

1,00,000 $

64 [g{

8)

1,00,000 $

128 [g{

9)

1,00,000 $

256 [g{

10)

1,00,000 $

512 [g{

11)

1,00,000 $

1024 [g{

12)

1,00,000 $

2048 [g{

13)

1,00,000 $

4096 [g{
18

1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21

oXZmH$

2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22

A Z{ ] bm oXb{br aH$_

A bm ] H$Sy>Z m aH$_

14)

1,00,000 $

8192 [g{

15)

1,00,000 $

16384 [g{

16)

1,00,000 $

32768 [g{

17)

1,00,000 $

65536 [g{

18)

1,00,000 $

131072 [g{

19)

1,00,000 $

262144 [g{

20)

1,00,000 $

524288 [g{

21)

1,00,000 $

1048576 [g{

22)

1,00,000 $

2097152 [g{

23)

1,00,000 $

4194304 [g{

24)

1,00,000 $

8388608 [g{

25)

1,00,000 $

16777216 [g{

26)

1,00,000 $

33554432 [g{

27)

1,00,000 $

67108864 [g{

28)

1,00,000 $

134217728 [g{

29)

1,00,000 $

268435456 [g{

30)

1,00,000 $

536870912 [g{

`m gmaUrM{ H$miOr[ydH $ oZarjU H{$b{ AgVm AmT>iZy `{V{ H$s, [oh`m 28 oXdgmV A Z{ ] bm oXb{br aH$H$_ 28,00,000
$[`{ AgyZ `mM H$mbmdYr_`{ A bm ] H$Sy>Z m Pmb{br aH$_ 268435455 [g{ hUO{ 26,84,354.55$[`{ Amh{.
_ohZm AI{arg hUO{ 30 oXdgmZVa _mF$ A bm ] Z{ oXb{br EHy$U aH$_ 1073741823 [g{ hUO{M 1,07,37,418
$[`{ 23 [g{ hm{`.
Wm{S>`mV Ag{ AZw_mZ H$mT>Vm `{Bb
hr, 28 oXdgm`m \{$]wdmar _oh`mV, hr X{dmU-K{dmU Pmbr AgVr Va "]' bm
o_imb{br aH$_ OmV hm{Vr. [aVw BVa H$m{U`mhr _oh`mV _m _ohZm AI{arbm "A' bm m Pmb{br aH$_ Iy[M _m{R>r
Amh{. `{W{ "]' bm o_iUmar aH$_ AH$JoUV l{T>rZ{ dmT>V AgyZ "]' bm mdr bmJUmar aH$_ ^yo_Vr l{T>rZ{ dmT>V Amh{.

19

1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21

2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22

6. oH$m{Ur g`m, dJ g`m _mobH$m

d KZ g`m _mobH$m

1, 3, 6, 10, 15, 21, 28, 36, 45,... hr EH$ g`m H$o_H$m Amh{. `m g`m H$o_H{$Vrb gd g`m ZgoJH$ (qH$dm _m{O)
g`m Amh{V. hr g`m H$o_H$m AH$JoUVr l{T>r Zmhr qH$dm ^yo_Vr l{T>r hr Zmhr. hr g`m _mobH$m _mS>`mgmR>r odMmamV
K{Vb{bm oZ`_ bjmV K{D$.
t1
t2
t3
t4
t5
t6
t7
t8
t9

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

1
1+2
1+2+3
1+2+3+4
1+2+3+4+5
1+2+3+4+5+6
1+2+3+4+5+6+7
1+2+3+4+5+6+7+8
1+2+3+4+5+6+7+8+9

=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=

1
3
6
10
15
21
28
36
45

`m g`m _mobH{$Vrb Xm{Z H$_mJV g`m_Yrb \$aH$ H$_mH$_mZ{ dmT>V J{b{bm Amh{. 'n' dr oH$m{Ur g`m hUO{ [oh`m
'n' ZgoJH$ g`mMr ]{arO hm{`.
tn = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 +.... + (n-2) + (n-1) + n
tn = [1 + n] + [2 + (n-1) ] + [3 + (n - 2) ]....

Aem n Om{S>m (n g_ Ag{b Va)

2

n -1
a + k
n odf_ Ag{b Va) +
Om{
S
>

m
(
qH$dm

2
2

qH$dm tn = n (n + 1) = n (n + 1)
2

oH$m{Ur g`m [wT>rb _mU{hr _mS>Vm `{VmV.

20

1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21

(1)

(3)

(6)

2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22

(10)

(15)

(21)

oH$m{Ur g`mMr H$mhr doeQ>`{ [wT>rb _mU{ Amh{V.

1)

H$m{U`mhr Xm{Z H$_dma oH$m{Ur g`mMr ]{arO hr Z{h_r [yU dJ g`mM AgV{.

CXmhaUmW 1 + 3 = 4, 3 + 6 = 9, 6 + 10 = 16, 10 + 15 = 25, 15 + 21 = 36, 21 + 28 = 49, 36 + 45 =

81,.... `m _mU{ hr _mohVr Am[`mbm [wT>rb _mU{ X{Irb `V H$aVm `{Bb.

2)

3)

oH$m{Ur g`m

10

15

21

28

36

45

55

oH$m{Ur g`m

10

15

21

28

36

45

Xm{Z H$_dma oH$m{Ur

g`mMr ]{arO

16

25

36

49

64

81

100

H$m{U`mhr oH$m{Ur g`{`m "AmR>[Q>r_`{' "EH$' o_iodbm AgVm odf_ g`{Mm dJ o_iVm{.
oH$m{Ur g`m

10

15

21

28

36

45

55

oH$m{Ur g`{Mr
AmR>[Q>

24

48

80

120

168

224

288

360

440

AmR>[Q> + 1

25

49

81

121

169

225

289

361

441

= 32

= 52

= 72

92

=112

= 132

Xm{Z H$_mJV oH$m{Ur g`m`m dJmMr dOm]mH$s H{$br Va EH$ KZ g`m o_iV{.
oH$m{Ur g`m

10

15

oH$m{Ur g`m

10

oH$m{Ur g`{Mm dJ

36

100

225

oH$m{Ur g`{Mm dJ

36

100

H$_mJV oH$m{Ur g`m`m

dJmMr dOm]mH$s

27

64

125

21

= 152 = 172 = 192 = 212

1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21

4)

oH$m{Ur g`mM{ dJ h{ ZgoJH$ g`m`m KZm`m ]{aO{Z{ `V H$aVm `{VmV.

oH$m{Ur g`m
1
3
6
10
15
21
28
36
45

5)

2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22

oH$m{Ur g`{Mm dJ ZgoJH$ g`m`m KZmMr ]{arO

1
9
36
100
225
441
784
1296
2025

1
1+8
1 + 8 + 27
1 + 8 + 27 + 64
1 + 8 + 27 + 64 + 125
1 + 8 + 27 + 64 + 125 + 216
1 + 8 + 27 + 64 + 125 + 216 + 343
1 + 8 + 27 + 64 + 125 + 216 + 343 + 512
1 + 8 + 27 + 64 + 125 + 216 + 343 + 512 + 729

H$m{U`mhr oH$m{Ur g`{Mr Xwfl[Q> hr Xm{Z H$_dma ZgoJH$ g`m`m JwUmH$mamZ{ `V H$aVm `{V{.
oH$m{Ur g`m

oH$m{Ur g`{Mr Xwfl[Q>

Xm{Z H$_mJV ZgoJH$ g`mMm JwUmH$ma

1 x 2

2 x 3

12

3 x 4

10

20

4 x 5

15

30

5 x 6

21

42

6 x 7

28

56

7 x 8

36

72

8 x 9

45

90

9 x 10

55

110

10 x 11

AmVm Am[U oH$m{Ur g`m`m ]{aO{]m]V _mohVr K{D$.

1x2x3
6

S1 = 1

S2 = 1 + 3

4=

S3 = 1 + 3 + 6

10 =

2x3x4
6
3x4x5
6

22

1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21

2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22

4x5x6
6

S4 = 1 + 3 + 6 + 10

= 20 =

S5 = 1 + 3 + 6 + 10 + 15

= 35

S6 = 1 + 3 + 6 + 10 + 15 + 21

= 56

6x7x8
6

S7 = 1 + 3 + 6 + 15 + 21 + 28

= 84 =

7x8x9
6

5x6x7
6

`md$Z Ag{ hUVm `{V{ H$s [oh`m n oH$m{Ur g`mMr ]{arO

Sn = 1 + 3 + 6 + 10 +....tn =

n (n + 1) (n + 2)
6

`mZVa Am[U oH$m{Ur g`mMr "AH$_wi{' (digital roots) `m]m]V H$mhr _mohVr K{D$.
EImm g`{M{ "AH$_yi' hUO{ `m g`{Vrb gd AH$mMr "EH$ AH$s ]{arO' hm{`.
[oh`m 40 oH$m{Ur g`mMr AH$_yi{
oH$m{Ur g`m

AH$mMr ]{arO

AH$_yi

oH$m{Ur g`m

AH$mMr ]{arO

AH$_yi

120

136

10

153

10

171

15

190

10

21

210

28

10

231

36

253

10

45

276

15

55

10

300

66

12

325

10

78

15

351

91

10

378

18

105

406

10

23

1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21

oH$m{Ur g`m

AH$mMr ]{arO

AH$_yi

435

12

465

15

496

2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22

oH$m{Ur g`m

AH$mMr ]{arO

AH$_yi

630

666

18

19

703

10

528

15

741

12

561

12

780

15

595

19

820

10

`md$Z Am[`mbm oZH$f H$mT>Vm `{Vm{ H$s oH$m{Ur g`{M{ AH$_yi 1,3,6 qH$dm 9 AgV{. hUyZ Am[U Ag{ AZw_mZ H$mTy>
eH$Vm{ H$s `m g`{M{ AH$ _yi 2, 4, 5, 7 qH$dm 8 Amh{ Vr g`m oH$m{Ur g`m AgUma Zmhr. ([aVw `m g`{M{ AH$_yi 1,
3, 6 qH$dm 9 Amh{ Vr g`m oH$m{Ur g`m Ag{bM Ag{ Zmhr) Vg{M oH$m{Ur g`{`m dJmM{ AH$_yi 1 qH$dm 9 AgV{ AmoU
oH$m{Ur g`{`m KZmM{ AH$_yi X{Irb 1 qH$dm 9 AgV{.

1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100,.... `m gd dJ g`m Amh{V. `m H$o_H{$Vrb gd g`m `m ZgoJH$ g`m

Amh{V. hr g`m _mobH$m "AH$JoUVr l{T>r' Zmhr AmoU "^yo_Vr l{T>r' hr Zmhr.
t1 = 1 x 1 = 1
t2 = 4 x 4 = 4
t3 = 3 x 3 = 9
t4 = 4 x 4 = 16

`m g`m _mobH{$Vrb Xm{Z H$_mJV g`m_Yrb \$aH$ H$_mH$_mZ{ dmT>V J{b{b{

Amh{. H$m{U`mhr Xm{Z H$_mJV dJ g`m_Yrb \$aH$ hr EH$ "odf_ g`m'
AgV{.

..............
..............
tn = n x n = n2

Xm{Z H$_mJV dJ g`m_Yrb \$aH$ hm `m Xm{Z dJ g`m`m dJ_wim`m ]{aO{BVH$m AgVm{. dJ g`m [wT>rb_mU{ _mS>Vm
`{VmV.

(1)

(4)

(9)
24

(16)

1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21

2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22

qH$dm
(1)
(4)
(9)
(16)

dJ g`mMr H$mhr doeQ>`{ [wT>rb _mU{ Amh{V.

1) Xm{Z H$_dma oH$m{Ur g`m`m ]{aO{Z{ dJg`m o_iV{.
2) Xm{Z H$_mJV dJg`m_Yrb \$aH$ hm EH$ odf_ g`mM AgVm{.
3) VrZ H$_dma dJ g`m[H$s _Ybr dJ g`m hr BVa Xm{Z dJ g`m`m gamgar [{jm 1 Z{ H$_r AgV{.
(tn, tn + 1 AmoU tn + 2 `m VrZ H$_dma dJ g`m AgVrb Va
tn + 1 =

(tn + tn + 2)
-1

4) EH$ [mgyZ [wT>{ H$_dma odf_ g`mMr ]{arO H{$br AgVm `{H$ ]{arO hr [yU dJ g`m AgV{.
1 + 3 + 5 + 7 +....tn = n2

(`{W{ tn = 2n -1 AmoU n N)
5) tn AmoU tn + 1 `m Xm{Z H$_dma dJ g`m AgVrb Va
tn+1 - tn = 2n + 1 = tn+1 + tn
6) 1 + 4 + 9 + 16 + 25 +....n2 =

n (n + 1) (2n + 1)
6

7) Xm{Z H$_mJV dJ g`mMr ]{arO hr Z{h_r odf_ g`mM AgV{ AmoU Mma H$_mJV dJ g`mMr ]{arO Z{h_r g_ g`mM

AgV{.
8) H$m{U`mhr Mma H$_mJV ZgoJH$ g`m`m JwUmH$mamV EH$ o_iodbm AgVm dJ g`m o_iV{.
n (n + 1) (n + 2) (n + 3) = m2

(m, n N)

9) H$m{U`mhr Mma H$_mJV odf_ g`m`m JwUmH$mamV 16 o_iodb{ AgVm dJ g`m o_iV{.
10) H$m{U`mhr Mma H$_mJV g_ g`m`m JwUmH$mamV 16 o_iodb{ AgVm dJ g`m o_iV{.
11) dJ g`{M{ AH$_yi 1, 4, 7 qH$dm 9 AgV{. (hUO{M `m g`{M{ AH$_yi 2, 3, 5, 6 qH$dm 8 AgV{. Vr g`m dJ

g`m ZgV{.)
12) AH$ _yi 1,4, 7 qH$dm 9 AgUmar `{H$ g`m dJ g`m AgV{M Ag{ Zmhr.

25

1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21

2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22

g_Om x hr g`m Xm{ZXm obhZ ]{arO, dOm]mH$s, JwUmH$ma AmoU ^mJmH$ma H$$Z AZwH$_{ A, B, C AmoU D `m Mma
g`m o_idm.
(A = x + x,

B = x - x,

C=x X x

AmoU D = x x)

A, B, C AmoU D `m Mma g`m`m ]{aO{M{ dJ_yi H$mTy>Z `mVyZ 1 dOm H{$`mg x hrM g`m o_iV{.

A+B+C+D

-1=x

1, 8, 27, 64, 125, 216, 343,....

`m gd KZ g`m Amh{V. `m H$o_H{$Vrb gd g`m `m [yUmH$ g`m Amh{V. hr

H$o_H$m (g`m _mobH$m) AH$JoUV l{T>r Zmhr AmoU ^yo_Vr l{T>r Zmhr.
t1 = 1 x 1 x 1
t2 = 2 x 2 x 2
t3 = 3 x 3 x 3
t4 = 4 x 4 x 4
t5 = 5 x 5 x 5
....................
....................
tn = n x n x n

= 1
= 8
= 27
= 64
= 125

= n3

`m _mobH{$Vrb g`m H$_mH$_mZ{ dmT>V J{b{`m Amh{V. H$m{U`mhr Xm{Z H$_mJV KZ g`m_Yrb \$aH$ hr EH$ odf_ g`m
AgV{.
KZ g`mMr H$mhr doeQ>`{ [wT>rb _mU{ Amh{V.
1)
2)
4)
5)
6)
7)

t2 - t1
t3 - t2
t4 - t3
t5 - t4
t6 - t5
t7 - t6

=
=
=
=
=
=

8-1
27 - 8
64 - 27
125 - 64
216 - 125
343 - 216

=
=
=
=
=
=

7
19
37
61
91
127

`m _mU{ Xm{Z H$_mJV KZ g`m`m dOm]mH$sZ{ Am[`mbm 1, 7, 19, 37, 61, 91, 127,....hr EH$ H$o_H$m o_iV{. `m
H$o_H{$Mr _mS>Ur [wT>rb _mU{ H$aVm `{V{.

(1)

(7)

(19)
26

(37)

1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21

2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22

gm_m` [X 3 n2 + 3n + 1 (n W)
= 3n (n + 1) + 1
1

3+5

7 + 9 + 11

27

13 + 15 + 17 + 19

64

21 + 23 + 25 + 27 + 29

125

31 + 33 + 35 + 37 + 39 + 41

216

43 + 45 + 47 + 49 + 51 + 53 + 55

343

KZ g`mMr AH$_yi{ AZwH$_{ 1, 8, 9, 1, 8, 9, 1, 8, 9, 1, 8, 9, 1, 8, 9,.... `m _mU{ Amh{V. hUO{M `{H$ KZ

g`{M{ AH$_yi 1, 8 qH$dm 9 AgV{. (_m AH$_yi 1, 8 qH$dm 9 AgUmar `{H$ g`m KZ g`m Ag{bM Ag{ Zmhr.) `m
g`{M{ AH$_yi 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, qH$dm 7 AgV{ Vr g`m KZ g`m ZgV{.
1 + 8 + 27 +....n3 = [1 + 2 + 3 +...n]2 n N
13 + 23 + 33 + 43 +....n3 =

n2 (n + 1)2
4

Xm{Z H$_mJV KZ g`mMr ]{arO qH$dm dOm]mH$s hr Z{h_r odf_ g`mM AgV{.
H$m{U`mhr VrZ H$_mJV g`m`m JwUmH$mamV _Ybr g`m o_idm hUO{ KZ g`m o_i{b.
n (n + 1) ( n + 2 ) + ( n + 1) = m3 = ( n + 1)3

27

1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21

2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22

7. [MH$m{Zr` g`m, fQ>H$m{Zr` g`m

(1)

(5)

(22)

(12)

(35)

`{W{ 1, 5, 12, 22, 35, 51, 70,....hr EH$ H$o_H$m o_iV{. `m H$o_H{$M{ gdgm_m` [X = tn = n (3n - 1)
2

`m H$o_H{$Vrb `{H$ KQ>H$mbm [MH$m{Zr` g`m Ag{ hUVmV.

1, 5, 12, 22, 35, 51, 70, .... `m H$o_H{$Vrb Xm{Z H$_mJV g`m_Yrb \$aH$mZ{ 4, 7, 10, 13, 16, 19, 22,
25....hr EH$ AH$JoUVr l{T>r o_iV{.
1
= 1
5
= 1+4
12 = 3 + 9
22 = 6 + 16
35 = 10 + 25
51 = 15 + 36
70 = 21 + 49
........................
........................
28

1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21

tn

2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22

= [ (1 + 2 + 3 +....(n - 1) ] + n2
=

(n - 1) x n
] + n2
2

1
[1x1x2]
2

1+5

1
[ 2 x2 x 3 ]
2

1 + 5 + 12

18 = 1 [ 3 x 3 x 4 ]
2

1 + 5 + 12 + 22

40 =

1
[4x4x5]
2

1 + 5 + 12 + 22 + 35

75 =

1
[5x5x6]
2

1 + 5 + 12 + 22 + 35 +....tn

1
[ n x n x (n + 1) ]
2

fQ>H$m{Zr` g`m

(1)

(6)

(15)

(28)

(45)
29

1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21

2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22

1 , 6, 15, 28, 45, 66, 91, 120,.... hr EH$ g`m H$o_H$m Amh{. `m H$o_H{$bm fQ>H$m{Zr` g`mMr H$o_H$m Ag{ hUVmV.
t

t
t
t
t
t
t

2
3
4
5
6
n

1 x (2 - 1)

2 x (4 - 1)

15

3 x (6 - 1)

28

4 x (8 - 1)

45

5 x (10 - 1)

66

6 x (12 - 1)

n(2n - 1) = n x (2 x n-1)

Vg{M
1

1+6

1 + 6 + 15

22

1 + 6 + 15 + 28

50

1 + 6 + 15 + 28 + 45

95

1 + 6 + 15 + 28 + 45 +....tn =

1 x ( 1 + 1) (4 - 1)
6
2 x (2 + 1) (8 - 1)
6
3 x (3 +1) (12 - 1)
6
4 x (4 + 1) (16 - 1)
6
5 x (5 +1) (20 - 1)
6

n x (n +1) (4n -1)

6

Am[`mbm _mhrV Amh{ H$s, 1, 3, 6, 10, 15, 21, 28, 36, 45, 55, 66, 78, 91, 105, 120, 136, 153, 171, 190,
210,....`m gd oH$m{Ur g`m Amh{V AmoU 1, 6, 15, 28, 45, 66, 91, 120, 153, 190, 231,....`m gd fQ>H$m{Zr` g`m
Amh{V `md$Z Am[`mbm Ag{ AZw_mZ H$mT>Vm `{V{ H$s `{H$ fQ>H$m{Zr` g`m oh oH$m{Ur` g`m AgV{M.
1, 6, 15, 28, 45, 91, 120, 153,...`m H$o_H{$Vrb Xm{Z H$_mJV KQ>H$m`m \$aH$mZ{ 5, 9, 13, 17, 21, 25, 29, 33,...

hr EH$ AH$JoUVr l{T>r m hm{V{.

30

1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21

2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22

8. o\$]m{ZH$s g`m
t1

= 1

t2

1 +1

= 2

t3

1+2

= 3

t4

2+3

= 5

t5

3+5

= 8

t6

5+8

= 13

t7

8 + 13

= 21

t8

13 + 21

= 34

t9

21 + 34

= 55

t10

34 + 55

= 89

t11

55 + 89

= 144

1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144, 233, 377, 610, 987, 1597,....

hr EH$ Am`H$maH$ g`m H$o_H$m Amh{. `m g`m H$o_H{$Vrb g`mZm "o\$]m{ZH$s g`m' Ag{ hUVmV. `m g`m
BgdrgZ 1202 _`{ H$moeV H$a`mV Am`m. `m g`m _mobH{$_`{ AZ{H$ Am`H$maH$ JwUode{f AmT>iyZ Am`mZ{ hr
g`m _mobH$m AZ{H$ JoUVVkmM{ AmH$fU Pmb{br Amh{. `m g`m _mobH{$`m gX^mV Ammm[`V AZ{H$ em{Y oZ]Y d{Jd{J`m
JoUV AoYd{eZm_`{ gmXa H$a`mV Amb{b{ Amh{V.
1)

`m g`m _mobH{$Vrb H$mhr J_Vr Am[U g_OmdyZ K{Uma Amhm{V.

i) 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34,....

1 x 3 = 3 AmoU 1 x 2 = 2 ; $3 - 2$ = 1
ii) 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34,.....
1 x 5 = 5 AmoU 2 x 3 = 6 ; 5 - 6$ = 1
iii) 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34.....
2 x 8 = 16 AmoU 3 x 5 = 15 ; $16 - 15$ = 1
31

1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21

2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22

iv) 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34,....

3 x 13 = 39 AmoU 5 x 8 = 40; 39 - 40$ = 1
v) 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34,....
5 x 21 = 105 AmoU 8 x 13 = 104; 105 - 104$ = 1
vi) 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34,....
8 x 34 = 272 AmoU 13 x 21 = 273; $ 272 - 273$ = 1

`{W{ Am[Umg Ag{ hUVm `{V{ H$s,

Oa tn x tn+3 = x AmoU tn + 1 x tn + 2 = y Va x - y$ = 1
2) 1, 1, 2 3, 5, 8 13, 21, 34 55, 89, 144,....
i) 1 x 2 = 2,

12

= 1

ii) 3 x 8 = 24,

52

= 25

iii) 13 x 34 = 442,

212

= 441

iv) 55 x 144 = 7920,

892

= 7921

v) 233 x 610, = 142130

3772

= 142129

AmoU
AmoU
AmoU
AmoU
AmoU

2= 1+1
24 = 25 - 1
442 = 441 + 1
7920 = 7921 - 1
142130 = 142129 + 1

3) 1, 1, 2, 3 5, 8, 13 21, 34, 55 89, 44, 233,...

i) 1 x 3 =3,

22 = 4

AmoU

3=

4-1

ii) 5 x 13 = 65,

82 = 64

AmoU

65 =

64 + 1

iii) 21 x 55 = 1155,

342 = 1156

AmoU

1155 = 1156 - 1

iv) 89 x 233 = 20737,

1442 = 20736

AmoU

20737 = 20736 + 1

4) 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21,

34, 55, 89,

144, 233, 373,....

i) 2 x 5 = 10,

32 = 9

AmoU 10 = 9 + 1

ii) 8 x 21 = 168,

132 = 169

AmoU 168 = 169 - 1

iii) 34 x 89 = 3026

552 = 3025

AmoU 3026 = 3025 + 1

iv) 144 x 377 = 54288, 2332 = 54289

AmoU 54288 = 54289 - 1

`{W{ Am[Umg Ag{ AmT>iyZ `{V{ H$s, VrZ H$_mJV o\$]m{ZH$s g`m[H$s _Y`m g`{Mm dJ hm BVa Xm{Z g`m`m
JwUmH$mam[{jm 1 Z{ H$_r qH$dm 1 Z{ OmV AgVm{.
32

1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21

2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22

VrZ g`m [a[naV _mUmV qH$dm ^yo_Vr l{T>r_`{ AgVrb Va

_Y`m g`{Mm dJ hm BVa Xm{Z g`m`m JwUmH$mamBVH$m AgVm{.
(tn)2 = (tn -1) x (tn+1) + 1 qH$dm - 1
5) 1, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89,....

`m _mobH{$Vrb Xm{Z H$_mJV g`mMr ]{arO H$_mH$_mZ{ H{$br AgVm 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144,....hr g`m
_mobH$m o_iV{. hUO{M Xm{Z H$_mJV o\$]m{ZH$s g`m`m ]{aO{Z{ o\$]m{ZH$s g`mM o_iV{.
6) 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89,....

`m H$o_H{$Vrb Xm{Z H$_mJV KQ>H$m_Yrb \$aH$ H$_mH$_mZ{ em{Ybm AgVm 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 13, 21, 34,.....hr H$o_H$m
o_iV{. hUO{M Xm{Z H$_mJV o\$]m{ZH$s g`m_Yrb \$aH$ hm EH$ o\$]m{ZH$s g`mM AgVm{. Oa n > 2 Ag{b AmoU ( n N)
Va tn -1 + tn -2 = tn = tn+2 - tn+1

7)

1+1

5-3

1+2

8-5

2+3

13 - 8

3+5

21 - 13

5+8

13

34 - 21

8 + 13

21

55 - 34

13 + 21

34

89 - 55

21 + 34

55

144 - 89

34 + 55

89

233 - 144

[wT>rb gmaUrM{ oZarjU H$am

o\$]m{ZH$s g`{Mr Xwfl[Q>

o\$]m{ZH$s g`m

\$aH$

tn + 1

2tn tn+1

1x2=2

1x2=2

2x2=4

3x2=6

5 x 2 = 10

8 x 2 = 16

13

13 x 2 = 26

21

21 x 2 = 42

34

2 x tn

33

1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21

o\$]m{ZH$s g`{Mr Xwfl[Q>

2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22

o\$]m{ZH$s g`m

\$aH$

34 x 2 = 68

55

13

55 x 2 = 110

89

21

89 x 2 = 178

144

34

144 x 2 = 288

233

55

233 x 2 = 466

377

89

377 x 2 = 754

610

144

610 x 2 = 1220

987

233

987 x 2 = 1974

1597

377

`m gmaUrM{ H$miOr[ydH$ oZarjU H{$b{ AgVm Ag{ AmT>iyZ `{V{ H$s, H$m{U`mhr o\$]m{ZH$s g`{`m Xwfl[Q>r _YyZ `m [wT>rb
H$_mJV o\$]m{ZH$s g`m dOm H{$br AgVm CaUmar ]mH$s hr o\$]m{ZH$s g`mM AgV{. (A[dmX t2)
8)

[wT>rb gmaUrM{ H$miOr[ydH$ oZarjU H$am.

o\$]m{ZH$s g`m
tn+1

o\$]m{ZH$s g`m

tn+1 tn

tn

1.5

1.66666666666

1. 6

13

1.625

21

13

1.6153846

34

21

1.6190476

55

34

1.6176471

89

55

1.6181818

144

89

1.6179775

233

144

1.6180556

377

233

1.6180258

610

377

1.6180371

987

610

1.6180328

1597

987

1.6180344

2584

1597

1.6180338
34

1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21

2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22

JrH$ dmVyemm_`{ 1.61805....`m A[na_{` g`{bm gmX`emm`m Q>rZ{ ode{f _hd Amh{. hr x2 = x + 1 `m dJ
1

g_rH$aUmMr YZ CH$b Amh{. gm_m`V `m A[na_{` g`{Mr qH$_V 2 (1 + 5) `m g`{bm OdiMr Amh{, AmoU Xm{Z
H$_mJV o\$]m{ZH$s g`m`m JwUm{mamMr qH$_V gw_ma{ 1.6180 bm Iy[M OdiMr Amh{. hUyZ `m JwUm{ma oH$_Vrbm "gwdU
JwUm{ma' Ag{ hUVmV.
9)

H$m{U`mhr Xm{Z H$_mJV o\$]m{ZH$s g`mMm _.gm.od. 1 AgVm{ AmoU H$m{U`mhr Xm{Z H$_mJV o\$]m{ZH$s g`mMm
b.gm.od. hm `m`m JwUmH$mam BVH$m AgVm{. hUO{M Xm{Z H$_mJV o\$]m{ZH$s g`m `m gh_yig`m (co-prime numbers)
AgVmV.
10) 1, 1, 4, 9, 25, 64, 169, 441, 1156, 3025, 7921, 20736, 54289, 142129,.... hr H$o_H$m hUO{
o\$]m{ZH$s g`mMm dJ g`mMr g`m _mobH$m hm{`.
12 x 12

= 1x2

12 + 12 + 22

= 2x3

12 + 12 + 22 + 32

= 3x5

12 + 12 + 22 + 32 + 52

= 5x8

12 + 12 + 22 + 32 + 52 + 82

= 8 x 13

12 + 12 + 22 + 32 + 52 + 82 + 132

= 13 x 21

12 + 12 + 22 + 32 + 52 + 82 + 132 + 212

= 21 x 34

12 + 12 + 22 + 32 + 52 + 82 + 132 + 212 + 342 = 34 x 55

12 + 12 + 22 + 32 + 52....Tn2 = Tn x Tn + 1
11)

o\$]m{ZH$s g`m _mobH{$Vrb 1, 2, 5, 13, 34, 89, 233, 610, 1597, 4181, 10946, 28657....`m gd odf_
H$_mH$m`m o\$]m{ZH$s g`m Amh{V.
1

= 1

1+2

= 3

1+2+5

= 8

1 + 2 + 5 + 13

= 21

1 + 2 + 5 + 13 + 34

= 55

1 + 2 + 5 + 13 + 34 + 89

= 144

1 + 2 + 5 + 13 + 34 + 89 + 233

= 377

1 + 2 + 5 + 13 + 34 + 89 + 233 + 610

= 987

...........................
1, 3, 21, 55, 144, 377, 987,....`m gd g_ H$_mH$m`m o\$]m{ZH$s g`m Amh{V.

35

1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21

12)

2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22

[wT>rb gmaUrM{ H$miOr[ydH$ oZarjU H$am.

o\$]m{ZH$s
g`{Mm KZ

o\$]m{ZH$s
g`{Mm KZ

o\$]m{ZH$s
g`{Mm KZ

(Tn+2)3

(Tn+1)3

(Tn)3

(2)3 = 8

(1)3 = 1

(1)3 = 1

8+1-1

(3)3 = 27

(2)3 = 8

(1)3 = 1

27 + 8 - 1

34

(5)3 = 125

(3)3 = 27

(2)3 = 8

125 + 27 - 8

144

(8)3 = 512

(5)3 = 125

(3)3 = 27

512 + 125 - 27

610

(13)3 = 2197

(8)3 = 512

(5)3 = 125

2197 + 512 - 125

2584

(21)3 = 9261

(13)3 = 2197

(8)3 = 512

9261 + 2197 - 512

10946

(Tn+2)3 + (Tn+1)3 -(Tn)3

`m gmaUr d$Z Am[`mbm Ag{ AZw_mZ H$mT>Vm `{V{ H$s, VrZ H$_mJV o\$]m{ZH$s g`m[H$s gdmV bhmZ g`{Mm KZ hm
BVa Xm{Z g`m`m KZm`m ]{aO{VyZ dOm H{$`mZVa CaUmar ]mH$s hr EH$ o\$]m{ZH$s g`mM AgV{.

36

1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21

2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22

9. d`^y g`m`m _mobH$m AmoU `mM{ gJ_

"d`^y g`m' hUO{ H$m` ? h{ g_OmdyZ K{`mgmR>r Am[`mbm "OZH$ g`m' AmoU "oZo_V g`m' `m Xm{Z gH$[Zm
g_OmdyZ K{U{ Amd`H$ Amh{.
H$m{UVrhr ZgoJH$ g`m hr "OZH$ g`m' Agy eH$V{. AmoU H$m{U`mhr OZH$ g`{_`{ `m g`{Vrb AH$mMr ]{arO
o_iodbr AgVm "oZo_V g`m' m hm{V{. hr gH$[Zm Am[U `j CXmhaUm`m _XVrZ{ g_OmdyZ K{D$.
CXmhaU 1 47 hr EH$ ZgoJH$ g`m Amh{. 4 + 7 = 11 hr `m g`{Vrb AH$mMr ]{arO 47 + (4 + 7) = 47 + 11 = 58
`{W{ 47 hr OZH$ g`m AgyZ `m OZH$ g`{Vrb AH$mMr ]{arO 11 Amh{. (OZH$ g`m + oV`m AH$mMr ]{arO =
oZo_V g`m) 47 _`{ 11 o_iodb{ AgVm 58 hr g`m o_iV{. hUyZ 47 hr OZH$ g`m Ag{b Va 58 hr oZo_V g`m hm{`.
CXmhaU 2 58 hr OZH$ g`m Ag{b Va 5 + 8 = 13 hr oV`mVrb AH$mMr ]{arO AmoU 58 + (5 + 8) = 58 + 13 = 71
hUyZ 58 hr OZH$ g`m Ag{b Va 71 hr oZo_V g`m hm{`.
`m Xm{Z CXmhUmd$Z Am[`mbm Ag{ AZw_mZ H$mT>Vm `{V{ H$s,
OZH$ g`m < oZo_V g`m hUO{M oZo_V g`m hr OZH$ g`{[{jm _m{R>r AgV{. 71 Mr OZH$ g`m 47 Amh{. AmVm
Am[U 47 `m g`{Mr OZH$ g`m em{Y`mMm `Z H$$. 47 Mr OZH$ g`m oZpMV[U{ 47 [{jm bhmZ Amh{. 47 [{jm bhmZ
AgUm`m g`m 46, 45, 44, 43, 42, 41, 40, 39, 38, 38, 36, 35,...., `m Amh{V. `m OZH$ g`m AgVrb Va `m`m
[mgyZ AZwH$_{ 56, 54, 52, 50, 48, 46, 44, 51,49, 47, 45, 43,..., 2 `m oZo_V g`m m hm{Vrb.
46
45
44
43
42
41
40

46 + 10
45 + 9
44 + 8
43 + 7
42 + 6
41 + 5
40 + 4

=
=
=
=
=
=
=

56
54
52
50
48
46
44

`{W{ Am[U 46 [mgyZ 41 [`V`m

OZH$ g`mZr V`ma hm{Um`m oZo_V
g`m em{Yb{`m Amh{V.

39 39 + 12 = 51

AmVm Am[U 39 [mgyZ 35 [`V`m OZH$

g`m_wi{ H$m{U`m oZo_V g`m m
hm{VmV V{ [mh.

38
3736
35

37

38 + 11 = 49
37 + 10 = 47
36 + 9

= 45

35 + 8

= 43

1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21

2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22

`m AmH$S>{_m{S>rd$Z Ag{ hUVm `{V{ H$s, O|hm 37 hr OZH$ g`m Ag{b Va 37 + (3 + 7) = 37 + 10 = 47 hUO{
47 hr oZo_V g`m hm{`.
37 = 32 + (3 + 2) = 32 + 5 hUO{ 32 hr OZH$ g`m Ag{b Va 37 hr oZo_V g`m hm{`.

Vg{M,
32 = 25 + (2 + 5) = 25 + 7 hUO{M 25
25

hr OZH$ g`m Ag{b Va 32 hr oZo_V g`m hm{`. Vg{M,

= 17 + (1 + 7) = 17 + 8

hUO{M 17 hr OZH$ g`m Ag{b Va 25 hr oZo_V g`m hm{`. `m _mU{ Am[U `{H$ oZo_V g`{Mr OZH$ g`m
em{Y`mMm `Z H{$bm Va Am[`mbm EH$ g`m _mobH$m o_iV{. `m gmR>r [wT>rb gmaUrM{ oZarjU H$am.
OZH$ g`m

oZo_V g`m

OZH$ g`m

oZo_V g`m

5 + 5 = 10

10

10 + 1 + 10 = 11

11

11 + 1 + 1 = 13

13

13 + 1 + 3 = 17

17

17 + 1 + 7 = 25

25

25+ 2 + 5 + = 32

32

32 + 3 + 2 = 37

37

37 + 3 + 7 = 47

47

47 + 4 + 7 = 58

58

58 + 5 + 8 = 71

5, 10, 11, 13, 17, 25, 32, 37, 47, 58, 71, 79, 95,....hr EH$ oZo_V g`mMr g`m _mobH$m (H$o_H$m) Amh{.

`m_mU{ Am[U "oZo_V g`m`m' AmUIr H$mhr H$o_H$m [mh.

OZH$ g`m

oZo_V g`mMr H$o_H$m

2, 4, 8, 16, 23, 28, 38, 49, 62, 70, 77, 91,....

6, 12, 15, 21, 24, 30, 33, 39, 51, 57, 69, 84, 96,....

10, 11, 13, 17, 25, 32, 37, 47, 58, 71, 79, 95,....

14, 19, 29, 40, 44, 52, 59, 73, 83, 94,....

18, 27, 36, 45, 54, 63, 72, 81, 90, 99,....

`{W{ Am[Umg Ag{ bjmV `{V{ H$s 1, 3, 5, 7 AmoU 9 `m EH$ AH$s g`m Aem Amh{V H$s, `mZm H$m{UVrhr OZH$ g`m
Zmhr. 1, 3, 5, 7 AmoU 9 `m OZH$ g`mZm "d`^y g`m' Ag{ hUVmV. `md$Z Am[U d`^y g`{Mr `m`m V`ma H$$
eH$Vm{.
`m ZgoJH$ g`{bm H$m{UVrhr OZH$ g`m ZgV{ `m g`{bm d`^y g`m Ag{ hUVmV.
`m ZVa Am[U Xm{Z AH$s d`^y g`m H$m{U`m Amh{V V{ em{Yy.
38

1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21

2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22

10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, AmoU 19 `m Xm{Z AH$s "oZo_V g`m' AZwH$_{ 5, 10, 6, 11, 7, 12, 8, 13,
9 AmoU 14 `m "OZH$ g`m[mgyZ V`ma Pmb{`m Amh{V. Vg{M 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18 AmoU 19 `m "OZH$
g`m AgVrb Va AZwH$ _{ 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 23, 25, 27 AmoU 29 `m oZo_V g`m m hm{Vrb. `md$Z
Am[`mbm Ag{ hUVm `{V{ H$s 20 `m ZgoJH$ g`{bm H$m{UVrhr OZH$ g`m Zmhr. hUO{M 20 hr gdmV bhmZ Xm{Z AH$s

d`^y g`m Amh{.

20, 31, 42, 53, 64, 75, 86 AmoU 97 `m Xm{Z AH$s d`^y g`m Amh{V. Am[U 1, 3, 5, 7 AmoU 9 `m EH$AH$s d`^y
g`m`m oZo_V g`m`m _mobH$m [mohb{`m Amh{V. AmVm Am[U 20, 31, 42, 53, 64, 75, 86 AmoU 97 `m Xm{Z AH$s

d`^y g`m`m _mobH$m [mh.

d`^y g`m

d`^y g`{Mr H$o_H$m / oZo_V g`mMr _mobH$m

20

22, 36, 34, 41, 46, 56, 67, 80, 88, 104, 109, 119, 130, 134, 142, 149, 163,....

31

35, 43, 50, 55, 65, 76, 89, 106, 113, 118, 128, 139, 152, 160, 167, 181,....

42

48, 60, 66, 78, 93, 105, 111, 114, 120, 123, 129, 141, 147, 159, 174,...

53

61, 68, 82, 92, 103, 107, 115, 122, 127, 137, 148, 161, 169, 185, 199,....

64

74, 85, 98, 115, 122, 127, 137, 148, 161, 169, 185, 199,....

75

87, 102, 105, 111, 114, 120, 123, 129, 141, 147, 159, 174,....

86

100, 101, 103, 107, 115, 122, 127, 137, 148, 161, 169, 185, 199,....

97

113, 118, 128, 139, 152, 160, 167, 181, 191, 202, 206, 214, 221,....

`m gmaUrM{ H$miOr[ydH$ oZarjU H{$b{ AgVm Am[`mbm Ag{ AmT>iyZ `{V{ H$s, (i) 53 AmoU 64 `m Xm{Z d`^y g`m
[mgyZ oZo_V g`m`m `m H$o_H$m V`ma Pmb{`m Amh{V. `m_`{ 115, 122, 127, 137, 148, 161, 169,....`m
gm_mBH$ Amh{V Vg{M `m gd g`m 86 `m d`^y g`{[mgyZ V`ma hm{Um`m oZo_V g`m`m H$o_H{$Vhr Amh{V. ii) 42 AmoU
75 `m Xm{Z d`^y g`m`m [mgyZ `m oZo_V g`m`m H$o_H$m V`ma Pmb{`m Amh{V `m Xm{hrhr g`m _mobH$m_`{ 105,
111, 114, 120, 123, 129, 141, 147, 159, 174,.... `m gm_mBH$ g`m Amh{V.
darb gd odd{MZmd$Z Am[`mbm Ag{ hUVm `{V{ H$s,
i) 53 AmoU 86 `m d`^y g`m[mgyZ V`ma hm{Um`m H$o_H$mMm gJ_ 103 `m g`{[mer hm{Vm{.
ii) 53 AmoU 64 `m d`^y g`m[mgyZ V`ma hm{Um`m H$o_H$mMm gJ_ 115 `m g`{[mer hm{Vm{.
iii) 64 AmoU 86 `m d`^y g`m[mgyZ V`ma hm{Um`m H$o_H$mMm gJ_ 115 `m g`{[mer hm{Vm{.
iv) 42 AmoU 75 `m d`^y g`m[mgyZ V`ma hm{Um`m H$o_H$mMm gJ_ 105 `m g`{[mer hm{Vm{.
v) 31 AmoU 97 `m d`^y g`m[mgyZ V`ma hm{Um`m H$o_H$mMm gJ_ 113 `m g`{[mer hm{Vm{.
vi) 1 AmoU 86 `m d`^y g`m[mgyZ V`ma hm{Um`m H$o_H$mMm gJ_ 101 `m g`{[mer hm{Vm{.
vii) 3 AmoU 75 `m d`^y g`m[mgyZ V`ma hm{Um`m H$o_H$mMm gJ_ 111 `m g`{[mer hm{Bb AmoU 3 AmoU 42 `m
g`m[mgyZ V`ma hm{Um`m H$o_H$mMm gJ_hr 111 `m g`{[merM hm{Bb.
39

1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21

2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22

91 AmoU 100 `m Xm{Z OZH$ g`m AgVrb Va 91 + (9 + 1) = 101 AmoU 100 + (1 + 0 + 0) = 101. hUO{M
101 m oZo_V g`{bm 91 AmoU 100 `m Xm{Z OZH$ g`m Amh{V. `m _mU{ `m oZo_V g`mZm Xm{Z OZH$ g`m Amh{V.

Aem g`m H$m{U`m V{ [mh.

OZH$ g`m

oZo_V g`m

91 d 100

101

92 d 101

103

93 d 102

105

94 d 103

107

95 d 104

109

96 d 105

111

97 d 106

113

98 d 107

115

99 d 108

117

101, 103, 105, 107, 109, 111, 113, 115, d 117 `m "gJ_ g`m' Amh{V. Xm{Z qH$dm AoYH$ d`^y g`m[mgyZ

V`ma hm{Um`m H$o_H$mMm gJ_ `m g`{[mer hm{V{ `m g`{bm gJ_ g`m Ag{ hUVmV. gJ_ g`mZm Xm{Z qH$dm AoYH$
OZH$ g`m AgVmV.
100, 101, 102, 103, 104, 105, 106, 107 AmoU 109 `m g`m`m OZH$ g`m AZwH$_{ 86, 91, 87, 92, 88,
93, 89, 94, AmoU 104 `m Amh{V. [aVw 108, AmoU 110 `m d`^y g`m Amh{V. `m_mU{ Am[U 3 AH$s d`^y g`m em{Yy

eH$Vm{. 108, 110, 121, 132, 143, 154, 165, 176, 187,.... `m d`^y g`m Amh{V.
d`^y g`m`m _mobH$mM{ o_bZ oZaoZam`m "gJ_ g`m[mer' hm{V AgV{. `m_wi{ d`^y g`m[mgyZ V`ma hm{Um`m
H$o_H$mM{ VrZ JQ> V`ma H$aVm `{Vrb.
1)

`m d`^y g`mZm 3 Z{ ^mJ OmV Zmhr, `m d`^y g`{[mgyZ V`ma hm{Um`m oZo_V g`mZmhr 3 Z{ oZe{f ^mJ
OmV Zmhr.
2) `m d`^y g`{bm 3 Z{ ^mJ OmVm{. [aVw 9 Z{ ^mJ OmV Zmhr. `m d`^y g`{[mgyZ V`ma hm{Um`m oZo_V g`m`m
H$o_H{$Vrb H$m{U`mhr g`{bm 3 Z{ ^mJ OmVm{ [aVw 9 Z{ ^mJ OmV Zmhr.
3) 9 Z{ oZe{f ^mJ OmUm`m `{H$ OZH$ g`{[mgyZ V`ma hm{Um`m oZo_V g`{bmhr 9 Z{ oZe{f ^mJ OmVm{.

40

1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21

2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22

10. hfX g`m`m _mobH$m

`m g`{bm oV`mVrb AH$m`m ]{aO{Z{ oZe{f ^mJ OmVm{, `m g`{bm hfX g`m Ag{ hUVmV.
1, 10, 1000, 10000, 100000, 1000000, 10000000,.....hr EH$ ^yo_Vr l{T>r Amh{. `m l{T>rVrb `{H$ g`m hr
`m g`{`m AmYr AgUm`m g`{`m Xhm[Q> Amh{. `m H$o_H{$Vrb `{H$ g`{Vrb AH$mMr ]{arO 1 Amh{, AmoU `{H$
g`m hr hfX g`m Amh{.

AmVm Am[U 2 Z{ oZe{f ^mJ OmUm`m hfX g`m [mh.

2, 20, 200, 1010, 1100, 2000, 10010, 10100, 11000, 20000,....`m H$o_H{$Vrb `{H$ g`{bm 2 Z{ ^mJ oZe{f
^mJ OmVm{ AmoU `m H$o_H{$Vrb `{H$ g`{Vrb AH$mMr ]{arO 2 Amh{. hUO{ `m H$o_H{$Vrb gd g`m hfX g`m Amh{V.

Vg{M 3, 12, 21, 30, 102, 111, 120, 201, 210, 300, 1002, 1011, 1020, 1101, 1110, 1200, 2001, 2010,
2100, 3000,....`m g`m H$o_H{$Vrb gd g`m `m hfX g`m Amh{V.
H$mhr hfX g`m`m _mobH$m [wT>rb _mU{
od^mOH$

hfX g`mMr _mobH$m

10, 100, 1,000, 10000, 100000, 1000000, 1,0000000, 1,00000000, 1000000000,....

20, 110, 200, 1010, 1100, 2000, 10010, 10100, 11000, 20000, 100010,....

12, 21, 30, 102, 111, 120, 201, 210, 300, 1002, 1011, 1020,....

40, 112, 220, 400, 1012, 1120, 2020, 2200, 3100, 4000, 10012,....

50, 140, 230, 320, 410, 500, 1040, 1130, 1220, 1310, 1400,....

24, 42, 60, 114, 132, 150, 204, 222, 240, 330, 402, 420, 510,....

70, 133, 322, 511, 700, 1015, 1141, 1204, 1330, 2023, 2212, 2401,....

80, 152, 224, 440, 512, 800, 1016, 1160, 1232, 1304, 1520,....

18, 27, 36, 45, 54, 63, 72, 81, 90, 108, 117, 126, 135, 144, 153, 162,....

10

190, 280, 370, 460, 550, 640, 730, 820, 910, 1090, 1180,....
41

1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21

od^mOH$

2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22

hfX g`mMr _mobH$m

11

209, 308, 407, 506, 605, 704, 803, 920, 2090, 3080, 4070,....

12

48, 84, 156, 192, 228, 264, 336, 372, 408, 444, 480, 516, 552,....

13

247, 364, 481, 715, 832, 1066, 1183, 1417, 1534, 1651,....

14

266, 392, 518, 644, 770, 1148, 1274, 1526, 1652, 1904,....

15

195, 285, 375, 465, 555, 645, 735, 825, 915, 1095, 1185,....

16

448, 592, 736, 880, 1168, 1456, 1744, 2176, 2464, 2608, 2752,....

17

476, 629, 782, 935, 1088, 1394, 1547, 1853, 2159, 2465, 2618,....

18

198, 288, 378, 468, 558, 648, 738, 828, 1098, 1188,....

19

874, 1387, 1558, 1729, 2584, 2755, 2926, 3097, 3268, 3439,....

20

3980, 4880, 5780, 6680, 7580, 8480, 9380, 12980, 13880,....

42

1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21

2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22

11. g`m _mobH$mM{ AV\$aH$ (Intra differences)

( Tn+1 - Tn = dn )

g`m _mobH$mM{ AV\$aH$ hUO{ H$m{U`mhr g`m H$o_H{$Vrb Xm{Z H$_mJV g`m_Yrb \$aH$ (Xm{Z H$_dma g`mMr
dOm]mH$s) hm{`.
ZgoJH$ g`m, [yU g`m AmoU [yUmH$ g`m gMm_`{ "AV\$aH$' 1 AgVm{. hUO{ H$m{U`mhr ZgoJH$ g`{_`{, [yU
g`{_`{ qH$dm [yUmH$ g`{_`{ "EH$' o_iodbm AgVm `mM H$o_H{$Vrb [wT>rb H$_mJV g`m o_iV{ AmoU H$m{U`mhr ZgoJH$
g`{_YyZ, [yU g`{_YyZ qH$dm [yUmH$ g`{_YyZ "EH$ dOm H{$bm AgVm `mM H$o_H{$Vrb AJm{XaMr H$_mJV g`m o_iV{.
g_g`m gMm_`{ AmoU odf_g`m gMm_`{ "AV\$aH$'2 AgVm{. hUO{ H$m{U`mhr g_ g`{_`{ 2 o_iodb{ AgVm
[wT>rb H$_mJV g_g`m o_iV{ AmoU H$m{U`mhr g_ g`{_YyZ 2 dOm H{$b{ AgVm AmoYMr H$_mJV g_g`m o_iV{. Vg{M
H$m{U`mhr odf_ g`{V 2 o_iodb{ AgVm [wT>rb H$_mJV odf_ g`m o_iV{ AmoU H$m{U`mhr odf_ g`{_YyZ 2 dOm H{$b{
AgVm AJm{XaMr H$_mJV odf_g`m o_iV{.
O|hm oXb{`m g`m H$o_H{$Vrb "AV\$aH$' pWa (Constant) Ag{b Va `m H$o_H{$bm "AH$JoUVr l{T>r' Ag{ hUVmV.
ZgoJH$g`m, [yUg`m, [yUmH$g`m, g_g`m AmoU odf_g`m `m g`m H$o_H$m ode{f H$ma`m AH$JoUVr l{T>rM
Amh{V. H$m{U`mhr g`{Mm [mT>m hUO{ `m g`{BVH$m AV\$aH$ AgUmar [oh`m Xhm [XmMr AH$JoUV l{T>rM hm{`. a, a+d,
a+2d, a+3d,....a+(n-1) d `m AH$JoUV l{T>r _`{ "d' hm AV\$aH$ Amh{ `mbm gmYmaU \$aH$ (common difference)
Ag{hr hUVmV.
^yo_Vr l{T>r_`{ AgUm`m g`m _mobH$m_`{ "AV\$aH$' hm pWamH$ Zg`mM{ AmT>iyZ `{V{.
CXmhUmW
i) 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64,....`m ^yo_Vr l{T>rVrb g`m Amh{V. `m H$o_H{$Vrb AV\$aH$ AZwH$_{ 1, 2, 4, 8, 32,
64,....`m ^yo_Vr l{T>rVrb g`m Amh{V. `m H$o_H{$Vrb AV\$aH$ AZwH$_{ 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32,.... Amh{. `m

AV\$aH$m_wi{ gwm VrM g`m H$o_H$m V`ma Pmb{br Amh{.

ii) 1, 3, 9, 27, 81, 243, 729, 2187,....`m ^yo_Vr l{T>rVrb g`m Amh{V. `m H$o_H{$V 2, 6, 18, 54, 162, 486,
1458,....AV\$aH$ Amh{V. h{ AV\$aH$ X{Irb EH$ ^yo_Vr l{T>r oZ_mU H$aVmV.
iii) 1, 10, 100, 1000, 10000,....hr EH$ ^yo_Vr l{T>r Amh{. `m H$o_H{$Vrb AV\$aH$ AZwH$_{ 9, 90, 900, 9000,

....`m _mU{ Amh{. hr gwm EH$ ^yo_Vr l{T>rM Amh{.

iv)

gd gm_m`[U{ Ag{ hUVm `{Bb H$s, Oa a, ar, ar2, ar3, ar4,....arn-1 hr EH$ ^yo_Vr l{T>r Ag{b Va AV\$aH$mZ{
V`ma hm{Umar H$o_H$m a(r-1), ar(r-1), ar2 (r-1), ar3 (r -1),....arn-1 (r-1) hr EH$ ^yo_Vr l{T>rM AgV{.
43

1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21

2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22

* 1, 3, 6, 10, 15, 21, 28, 36, 45, 55,....`m oH$m{Ur g`m Amh{V.
`m g`m _mobH{$M{ gm_m`[X tn =

n (n + 1)
2

Amh{.

`m g`m _mobH{$Vrb AV\$aH$ AZwH$ _{ 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,10,....Amh{. hm AV\$aH$ 1 Z{ dmT>V J{b{bm Amh{.

hUO{M oH$m{Ur g`m`m AV\$aH$mZ{ Am[`mbm EH$ AH$JoUVr l{T>r o_iV{. `m AV\$aH$ H$o_H{$Vrb W_ [X = a =
2 Amh{ AmoU gmYmaU \$aH$ = d = 1
oH$m{Ur g`m

AV\$aH$ ([mVir 1)

3
2

AV\$aH$ ([mVir 2)

6
3

10
4

15
5

21

28

7
1

36
8

45

55

66

10

11

* 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, 100,....`m [yU dJ g`m, Mmag g`m (qH$dm MVwH$m{Ur` g`m) Amh{V. `m
g`m _mobH{$Vrb AV\$aH$ AZwH$_{ Xm{Z H$_mJV ZgoJH$ g`m`m ]{aO{ EdT>m Amh{. Vg{M Mmag g`m_Yrb AV\$aH$ hm
Z{h_r odf_ g`mM AgVm{ Ag{ hUVm `{V{. Vg{M Xm{Z H$_mJV Mmag g`m_Yrb \$aH$ (AV\$aH$ hm `m Xm{Z g`m`m
dJ_wim`m ]{aO{ BVH$m AgVm{ Ag{ hr hUVm `{V{. Oa tn AmoU tn + 1 `m Xm{Z Mmag g`m AgVrb Va
tn + 1 - tn = tn+1 + tn

dJ g`m

AV\$aH$ ([mVir 1)

4
3

AV\$aH$ ([mVir 2 )

9
5

16
7

25
9

36
11

49
13

64
15

81

100

17
2

121

19

21

* 1, 8, 27, 64, 125, 216, 343, 512, 729, 1000,....`m gd KZ g`m Amh{V. KZ g`m_Yrb AV\$aH$$AZwH$ _{ 7, 19,

37, 61, 127, 169, 217, 271,....hr EH$ g`m _mobH$m Amh{. `m g`m _mobH{$M{ gm_m`[X 3n (n + 1) +1 AmoU n N Amh{.

KZ g`m
AV\$aH$ ([mVir 1)
AV\$aH$ ([mVir 2)
AV\$aH$$ ([mVir 3)

8
7

27
19

12

64
37

18
6

125
61

24
6

216
91

30
6

343
127

36
6

512
169

42
6

729
217

48
6

1000
271

54
6

60
6

* 1, 5, 12, 22, 35, 51, 70, 92, 117, 145,....`m [MH$m{Zr` g`m Amh{V. `m g`m _mobH{$Vrb AV\$aH$ AZwH$_{
4, 7, 10, 13, 16, 19, 22, 25, 28,....Amh{. hr EH$ AH$JoUV l{T>r Amh{. `m l{T>rMm gmYmaU \$aH$ 3 Amh{.
44

1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21

1

[MH$m{Zr` g`m
AV\$aH$ ([mVir 1)

12

AV\$aH$ ([mVir 2)

2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22

22
10

35
13

51
16

70
19

92

117

22

25
3

145
28

* 1, 6, 28, 45, 66, 91, 120, 153, 190,....`m fQ>H$m{Zr` g`m Amh{V. `m g`m H$o_H{$Vrb AV\$aH$ AZwH$_{ 5,
9, 13, 17, 21, 25, 29, 33, 37,....Amh{. hr EH$ AH$JoUV l{T>r AgyZ `m l{T>rVrb gmYmaU \$aH$ 4 Amh{.
1

fQ>H$m{Zr` g`m
AV\$aH$ ([mVir 1)

15

28

AV\$aH$ ([mVir 2)

13
4

45
17

66
21

91
25

120
29

* 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144, 233, 377, 610, 987, 1597, 2584,....hr o\$]m{ZH$s g`mMr
H$o_H$m Amh{. `m g`m _mobH{$Vrb AV\ $aH$ 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144, 233, 377, 610, 987,....Amh{.
o\$]m{ZH$s g`m
AV\$aH$ ([mVir 1)
AV\$aH$ ([mVir 2)
AV\$aH$ ([mVir 3)
AV\$aH$ ([mVir 4)
AV\$aH$ ([mVir 5)
AV\$aH$ ([mVir 6)

1
0

2
1

3
1

0
-1

5
2

1
1

3
1

0
-1

-3

13

21

89
34

13
5

2
1

144 233 377

55

1
0

89
34

1
1

55
21

0
-1

34
13

1
2

21
8

-1
-3

13
5

2
5

144
55

21
8

3
1

i) 1, 3, 5, 7 AmoU 9 `m EH$ AH$s d`^y g`m Amh{V. `m`mVrb AV\$aH$ 2 Amh{.

ii) 09, 20, 31, 42, 53, 64, 75, 86, 97 AmoU 108 `m d`^y g`m_Yrb AV\$aH$ 11 Amh{.
iii) 110, 121, 132, 143, 154, 165, 176, AmoU 187 `m d`^y g`m Amh{V. `m gd d`^y g`mZm 11 Z{ oZe{f

^mJ OmVm{. Vg{M `m`mVrb AV\$aH$ 11 Amh{.

45

1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21

2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22

H$mhr oZo_V g`m`m H$o_H$ AmoU `m`mVrb AV\$aH$ [wT>rb _mU{ Amh{V.
oZo_V g`m

AV\$aH$ ([mVir 1)

4
2

AV\$aH$ ([mVir 2)

8
4

AV\$aH$ ([mVir 3)

AV\$aH$ ([mVir 1)

12
6

AV\$aH$ ([mVir 2)

-3

AV\$aH$ ([mVir 1)
AV\$aH$ ([mVir 2)

oZo_V g`m
AV\$aH$ ([mVir 1 )
AV\$aH$ ([mVir 2)
AV\$aH$ ([mVir 3)
AV\$aH$ ([mVir 4)

13

1
-4

2
1

70
8

-5
-7

77
7

14

-1
4

91

7
8

-4
-11

11

-19

15

21

24

30

33

39

51

57

69

84

-3
-6

3
6

-3
-6

12

3
6

6
3

6
-6

-12

12
6

12

15
3

-3

-6

-3

-15

24

-15

-3

12

17

25

32

37

47

58

71

79

95

4
2

-1
-5

10

-2
-1

5
7

11
1

-4

13
2

16

-5
-7

8
13

109 119
14

-2
-10

-2

-11

-8

20

-23

19

29

40

44

52

59

73

83

94

107

11
1

-4

4
-7

-8
-4

8
4

11
19

7
-1

-5
-16

46

14
7

8
13

10
-3

-10
-18

14

11
1

13
3

2
-2

8
6

8
-5

10
-4

-7

10

15
3

111

12

96

-3

-12

-8

12

12

-4

-8

101 103
10

14

11

62

-11

AV\$aH$ ([mVir 4)

10

49

AV\$aH$ ([mVir 3)

38

13

-2
-1

11

-1

-12

10

28

-7

AV\$aH$ ([mVir 4)

23
7

-5

AV\$aH$ ([mVir 3)

oZo_V g`m

8
4

AV\$aH$ ([mVir 4)

oZo_V g`m

16

1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21

oZo_V g`m
AV\$aH$ ([mVir 1)

18

27
9

AV\$aH$ ([mVir 2)

36
9

2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22

45

9
0

54
9

63
9

72
9

81
9

90
9

99
9

117 126
18

9
-9

darb gmaUtM{ oZarjU H$aVm Ag{ AZw_mZ H$mT>Vm `{V{ H$s 1, 5, 7, 20, 31, 53, 64,....B`mXr (3 Z{ ^mJ Z OmUm`m)
d`^y g`m[mgyZ oZo_V g`m`m `m H$o_H$m V`ma hm{VmV `m H$o_H$m_`{ O{ AV\$aH$ Amh{V `m _`{ d{Jd{i{[Um AmT>iyZ
`{Vm{. Aem gd H$o_H$mM{ gJ_ d{Jd{J`m "gJ_ g`m[mer' hm{VmV.
3, 42, 75, 132, 165,....`m 3 Z{ ^mJ OmUm`m ([aVw 9 Z{ ^mJ Z OmUm`m) d`^y g`m Amh{V. `m d`^y g`m[mgyZ

`m oZo_V g`m`m H$o_H$m m hm{VmV `m`mVrb AV\$aH$m`m g`m _mobH{$Vrb gd AV\$aH$mZm 3 Z{ oZe{f ^mJ
OmVm{.
9, 108, 198,....B`mXr d`^y g`m[mgyZ `m oZo_V g`m`m H$o_H$m V`ma hm{VmV `m`m AV\$aH$mZ{ o_iUm`m

g`mhr 9 Z{ od^m` AgVmV.

47

1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21

2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22

11. C[ghma
g`m _mobH$mM{ A``Z H$aVmZm _Zm{aOZ hm{V AgV{. [aVw H{$di _Zm{aOZ H$aU{ hm g`m_mobH$mMm C{e Zmhr.
"ode{fmH$Sy>Z - gm_m`mH$S>{' `m A``Z AZw^yVrMm `` Am[`mbm g`m_mobH$mM{ Adbm{H$Z H$aVmZm hm{Vm{. g`mM{
ode{f JwUY_ A`mgVmZm Ag{hr AmT>iyZ `{V{ H$s EH$M g`m d{Jd{J`m g`m g_yhmMr KQ>H$ Agy eH$V{. CXmhaUmW 97 hr
g`m "Aod^m` g`m _mobH{$Mr' KQ>H$ Amh{ AmoU 97 hr g`m "d`^y g`m _mobH{$Mr' KQ>H$ Amh{. Vg{M H$m[a{H$a
pWamH$ 6174 AmoU lroZdmg am_mZwOZ _maH$ g`m 1729 `m Xm{hr g`m `m "hfX g`mhr' (dV:`m AH$m`m ]{aO{Z{
od^m` Agb{`m g`m) Amh{V.
g`m_mobH$mM{ A``Z H$aVmZm Am[`mbm VH$emmMm ^a[ya AmYma `mdm bmJVm{. H$maU H$mhr g`mM{ Adbm{H$Z
H$$Z `m gd g`m_`{ AgUmam "gm_mBH$ JwUY_' (Common property) em{Ymdm bmJVm{. `m JwUY_mMm AmYma K{D$Z
`mM H$ma`m AmUIr H$mhr g`m]m]V ^moH$V{ H$a`mgmR>r Am[U gm_m`rH$aU (Generalisation) H$$Z EH$ gm_m`[X
oZ_mU H$aVm{, `m gm_m`[XmVrb ]oOH$ Mbm_`{ AgUma{ g]Y bjmV K{D$Z A[{ojV [X{ em{YyZ H$mT>Vm{. Am[U em{Yb{`m
[Xm`m g`V{]m]VMm [S>Vmim K{D$ eH$Vm{. Vg{M H$mhr g`m_mobH$mMm ZgoJH$ KQ>Zmer H$mhr g]Y
Amh{ H$m` ? `m ]m]VMmhr
_mJm{dm K{Vm `{Vm{.
g`m_mobH$m`m A``ZmMm C[`m{J "[Ym [arjm' X{D$ BpN>Um`m A`mgH$mZmhr hm{V AgVm{. g`m _mobH{$Vrb
g`m`m JwUY_mM{ Adbm{H$Z H$aVmZm qH$dm JwUY_ [S>VmiyZ [mhVmZm H$mhr "JUZ oH$`m' PQ>[Q> H{$`m OmVmV. `m_wi{
AmH$S>{_m{S>r`m H$mhr `w`m X{Irb AdJV hm{VmV. H$mhr OU AH$JoUVmVrb AmH$S>{_m{S>r_wi{ JoUVmMm "YgH$m' K{V AgVmV.
hm YgH$m g`m_mobH$m`m A`mgmZ{ Xya hm{`mg gmhm` hm{V AgV{. JUZ oH$`{]m]VMm "YgH$m' Xya Pmbm Va AmH$S>_{ m{S>r]m]V
Am_odmg m hm{Vm{ AmoU CXmhaU{ gm{S>odVmZm ObX AmH$S>{_m{S> H$$Z d{i dmModVm `{Vm{.
g`m_mobH$mMm A`mg hm g`mM{ dJuH$aU (Classification) H$a`mMm H$ma Amh{. dJuH$aUmMm C[`m{J hm Z{h_r
"oeVmd$Z ^mVmMr [arjm' H$a`mMm H$ma Amh{ Ag{ hUU{ dmdJ{ hm{Uma Zmhr. H$m{U`mhr g`m _mobH{$Vrb VrZ-Mma
g`mMm odMma H$$Z `m g`m _mobH{$Vrb g`m`m JwUY_m]m]V AZw_mZ{ H$mT>U{ h{ dJuH$aU [VrZ{ ghO e` hm{V
AgV{. `m_wi{ H$mhr d{im H$mhr g`m _mobH$mMm C[`m{J "gmH{$oVH$s H$aUmgmR>r' (Coding-decoding) gwm hm{D$ eH$Vm{.
g`mM{ "gd{e' (Permutation) AmoU "H$_d{e' (Combination) X{Irb gmH{$oVH$s H$aUmgmR>r C[`wV R>aVmV.

48

AjaOwiUr
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Q>Q>Z{ H{$b{`m AmoWH$ _XVr_wi{M, A[ oH$_VrV hr [wpVH$m Am[`m[`V `{V Amh{.

dmB VmbwH$m JoUV A`m[H$ _S>i, dmB

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

o_l g`m
od^mJUr d oVMr ^mdS>{
JoUVr `wpVdmX
JoUV _mO
H$m{ZmM o^mOZ
g`mZJarV ^Q>H$Vr

7.
8.
9.

JoUVmVrb H$`mg, Ia{ d MwH$b{b{

j{\$i AmoU KZ\$i, H$mhr VmpdH$ [by
F$U g`m

10.
11.
12.

^yo_Vr` aMZm
g_o_Vr AmoU BVa
oXZXoeH{$_Ybr OmXy

13.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.

EH$mM _mi{M{ _Ur

Xm{Z _wbmIVr
JoUVtM{ oH$g{
oZX{eH$ ^yo_Vr
oH$m{U ZJargh ^yo_VrMr ododYVm
g`m_mobH$m

21.
22.

A[yUmH$ : AmOrH$Sy>Z oeH$m (gr.S>r.)

H$m[m AmoU Om{S>m (gr.S>r.)

- m._.am.amBbH$a
- m._.am.amBbH$a

m._.am.amBbH$a
S>m.d.J.oQ>H{$H$a
m.`.Zm.dmbmdbH$a
lr.Zm.e._m{Z{
m._.am.amBbH$a
lr.[r.H{$.lroZdmgZ
AZwdmX : S>m._YwH$a X{e[mS>{
S>m.d.J.oQ>H{$H$a
S>m.adt ]m[Q>
m._.am.amBbH$a
lr.Zm.e._m{Z{
lr.Zm.e._m{Z{
m._.am.amBbH$a
lr.[r.H{$.lroZdmgZ
AZwdmX : S>m._YwH$a X{e[mS>{
lr.Zm.e._m{Z{
gH$bZ : lr.Zm.e._m{Z{
S>m.d.J.oQ>H{$H$a
m._.am.amBbH$a
m.S>m.gXmoed X{d
lr.oXbr[ Jm{Q>qIS>rH$a

15.00
15.00
15.00
15.00
15.00
20.00
20.00
20.00
20.00
20.00
20.00
20.00
20.00
20.00
20.00
20.00
50.00
40.00
40.00
50.00

JoUV A``Z - A`m[Z - odH$gZ gWm, ZmoeH$

1. M.T.S. / N.T.S.

d A` [YmgmR>r

JoUV ZgJh

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