A geosynchronous orbit (sometimes abbreviated GSO) is

an orbit around the Earth with an orbital period that matches the
Earth's sidereal rotation period.[1] The synchronization of rotation and
orbital period means that for an observer on the surface of the Earth,
the satellite appears to constantly hover over the same meridian (northsouth line) on the surface, moving in a slow oscillation alternately north
and south with a period of one day, so it returns to exactly the same
place in the sky at exactly the same time each day

A polar orbit is an orbit in which a satellite passes above or nearly

above both poles of the body (usually a planet such as the Earth, but
possibly another body such as the Sun) being orbited on each
revolution. It therefore has an inclination of (or very close to)
90 degrees to the equator. Except in the special case of a
polar geosynchronous orbit, a satellite in a polar orbit will pass over the
equator at a different longitude on each of its orbits

An intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) is a ballistic missile with a

long range (greater than 5,500 km or 3,500 miles) typically designed
for nuclear weapons delivery (delivering one or more nuclear warheads).
Most modern designs support multiple independently targetable reentry
vehicles (MIRVs), allowing a single missile to carry several warheads,
each of which can strike a different target

An intermediate-range ballistic missile (IRBM) is a ballistic missile with a range of

3,0005,500 km (1,8653,420 miles), between a medium-range ballistic missile and
an intercontinental ballistic missile. Classifying ballistic missiles by range is done
mostly for convenience, in principle there is very little difference between a lowperformance ICBM and a high-performance IRBM. The range definition used here is
used within the U.S. Missile Defense Agency. Some other sources include an
additional category, the long-range ballistic missile (LRBM), to describe missiles
with a range between IRBMs and true ICBMs. The more modern term theater
ballistic missile encompasses IRBMs, MRBMs and SRBMs, including any ballistic
missile with a range under 3,500 km (2,175 mi).

A low Earth orbit (LEO) is generally defined as an orbit within

the locus extending from the Earths surface up to an altitude of
2,000 km. Given the rapidorbital decay of objects below approximately
200 km, the commonly accepted definition for LEO is between 160
2,000 km (1001,240 miles) above theEarth's surface.[1][2]

A Sun-synchronous orbit (sometimes called a heliosynchronous orbit)

is a geocentric orbit which combines altitude and inclination in such a
way that an object on that orbit ascends or descends over any given
point of the Earth's surface at the same local mean solar time. The
surface illumination angle will be nearly the same every time. This
consistent lighting is a useful characteristic for satellites that image the
Earth's surface in visible or infrared wavelengths (e.g. weather and spy
satellites) and for other remote sensing satellites (e.g. those carrying
ocean and atmospheric remote sensing instruments that require
sunlight). For example, a satellite in sun-synchronous orbit might ascend
across the equator twelve times a day each time at approximately 15:00
mean local time. This is achieved by having the osculating orbital
plane precess (rotate) approximately one degree each day with respect
to the celestial sphere, eastward, to keep pace with the Earth's
revolution around the Sun.[1]

In electronics and telecommunications a transmitter or radio

transmitter is an electronic device which, with the aid of
an antenna, produces radio waves. The transmitter itself
generates a radio frequency alternating current, which is applied
to the antenna. When excited by this alternating current, the
antenna radiates radio waves. In addition to their use

in broadcasting, transmitters are necessary component parts of

many electronic devices that communicate by radio, such as cell
phones, wireless computer networks, Bluetooth enabled
devices, garage door openers, two-way radios in aircraft, ships,
and spacecraft, radar sets, and navigational beacons. The
term transmitter is usually limited to equipment that generates
radio waves for communication purposes; or radiolocation, such
as radar and navigational transmitters. Generators of radio waves
for heating or industrial purposes, such as microwave
ovens or diathermy equipment, are not usually called transmitters
even though they often have similar circuits.

The International Telecommunication Union (Union internationale des

tlcommunications, in French) is the specialized agency of the United
Nationswhich is responsible for information and communication
technologies. ITU coordinates the shared global use of the radio
spectrum, promotes international cooperation in assigning satellite
orbits, works to improve telecommunication infrastructure in the
developing world and establishes worldwide standards.
The WARC bands are three portions of the shortwave radio spectrum used by licensed amateur
radio operators. They consist of 30 meters (10.10010.150 MHz), 17 meters (18.06818.168 MHz)
and 12 meters (24.89024.990 MHz). [1][2] They were named after the World Administrative Radio
Conference, which in 1979 created a worldwide allocation of these bands for amateur use. The bands
were opened for use in the early 1980s. Due to their relatively small bandwidth of 100 kHz or less,
there is a sort of gentlemen's agreement that the WARC bands may not be used for generalcontesting
A skip zone, also called a silent zone or zone of silence, is a region where a radio transmission can
not be received located between regions both nearer and further from the transmitter where reception
is possible

The excursion of a radio wave from the Earth to the ionosphere and back to the Earth. The number of
hops indicates the number of reflections from the ionosphere.

A sounding rocket, sometimes called a research rocket, is an instrument-carrying rocket designed

to take measurements and perform scientific experiments during its sub-orbital flight. The origin of the
term comes from nautical vocabulary, where to sound is to throw a weighted line from a ship into the
water to gauge the water's depth. Sounding in the rocket context is equivalent to taking a
measurement.[1]